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CHAIWORAPONGSA T, ROMERO R, GOMEZ-LOPEZ N, SUKSAI M, GALLO DM, JUNG E, BERRY SM, AWONUGA A, TARCA AL, BRYANT DR. Preeclampsia at term: evidence of disease heterogeneity based on the profile of circulating cytokines and angiogenic factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 230:450.e1-450.e18. [PMID: 37806612 PMCID: PMC10990810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravascular inflammation and an antiangiogenic state have been implicated in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. On the basis of the profiles of their angiogenic/antiangiogenic factors, women with preeclampsia at term may be classified into 2 subgroups with different characteristics and prevalence of adverse outcomes. This study was undertaken to examine whether these 2 subgroups of preeclampsia at term also show differences in their profiles of intravascular inflammation. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the plasma profiles of cytokines and chemokines in women with preeclampsia at term who had a normal or an abnormal angiogenic profile. STUDY DESIGN A nested case-control study was conducted to include women classified into 3 groups: women with an uncomplicated pregnancy (n=213) and women with preeclampsia at term with a normal (n=55) or an abnormal (n=41) angiogenic profile. An abnormal angiogenic profile was defined as a plasma ratio of placental growth factor and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 multiple of the median <10th percentile for gestational age. Concentrations of cytokines were measured by multiplex immunoassays. RESULTS Women with preeclampsia at term and an abnormal angiogenic profile showed evidence of the greatest intravascular inflammation among the study groups. These women had higher plasma concentrations of 5 cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-12/interleukin-23p40, interleukin-15, and interleukin-16) and 7 chemokines (eotaxin, eotaxin-3, interferon-γ inducible protein-10, monocyte chemotactic protein-4, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, macrophage-derived chemokine, and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine compared to women with an uncomplicated pregnancy. By contrast, women with preeclampsia at term and a normal angiogenic profile, compared to women with an uncomplicated pregnancy, had only a higher plasma concentration of monocyte chemotactic protein-4. A correlation between severity of the antiangiogenic state, blood pressure, and plasma concentrations of a subset of cytokines was observed. CONCLUSION Term preeclampsia can be classified into 2 clusters. One is characterized by an antiangiogenic state coupled with an excessive inflammatory process, whereas the other has neither of these features. These findings further support the heterogeneity of preeclampsia at term and may explain the distinct clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinnakorn CHAIWORAPONGSA
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto ROMERO
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Nardhy GOMEZ-LOPEZ
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Manaphat SUKSAI
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Dahiana M. GALLO
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Eunjung JUNG
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Stanley M. BERRY
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Awoniyi AWONUGA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Adi L. TARCA
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - David R. BRYANT
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Miller D, Romero R, Myers L, Xu Y, Arenas-Hernandez M, Galaz J, Soto C, Done B, Quiroz A, Awonuga AO, Bryant DR, Tarca AL, Gomez-Lopez N. Immunosequencing and Profiling of T Cells at the Maternal-Fetal Interface of Women with Preterm Labor and Chronic Chorioamnionitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1082-1098. [PMID: 37647360 PMCID: PMC10528178 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
T cells are implicated in the pathophysiology of preterm labor and birth, the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Specifically, maternal decidual T cells infiltrate the chorioamniotic membranes in chronic chorioamnionitis (CCA), a placental lesion considered to reflect maternal anti-fetal rejection, leading to preterm labor and birth. However, the phenotype and TCR repertoire of decidual T cells in women with preterm labor and CCA have not been investigated. In this study, we used phenotyping, TCR sequencing, and functional assays to elucidate the molecular characteristics and Ag specificity of T cells infiltrating the chorioamniotic membranes in women with CCA who underwent term or preterm labor. Phenotyping indicated distinct enrichment of human decidual effector memory T cell subsets in cases of preterm labor with CCA without altered regulatory T cell proportions. TCR sequencing revealed that the T cell repertoire of CCA is characterized by increased TCR richness and decreased clonal expansion in women with preterm labor. We identified 15 clones associated with CCA and compared these against established TCR databases, reporting that infiltrating T cells may possess specificity for maternal and fetal Ags, but not common viral Ags. Functional assays demonstrated that choriodecidual T cells can respond to maternal and fetal Ags. Collectively, our findings provide, to our knowledge, novel insight into the complex processes underlying chronic placental inflammation and further support a role for effector T cells in the mechanisms of disease for preterm labor and birth. Moreover, this work further strengthens the contribution of adaptive immunity to the syndromic nature of preterm labor and birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Miller
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, and Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, and Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Luke Myers
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, and Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Marcia Arenas-Hernandez
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, and Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Jose Galaz
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, and Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Cinque Soto
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Bogdan Done
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, and Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Angelica Quiroz
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Awoniyi O. Awonuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - David R. Bryant
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Adi L. Tarca
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, and Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, 48201, and Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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Hoffmann JA, Gründler K, Richter DU, Stubert J. Prediction of spontaneous preterm birth using CCL2 and CXCL10 in maternal serum of symptomatic high-risk pregnant women: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:697. [PMID: 37770883 PMCID: PMC10537471 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-06016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CCL2 and CXCL10 are putative biomarkers for the prediction of spontaneous preterm birth. This study evaluates these markers in a cohort of pregnant high-risk women. MATERIAL AND METHODS In our prospective study, we included 109 women with signs of preterm labor between 20 + 0 and 31 + 6 weeks of gestation. Inclusion criteria were regular (< 3/30 min) or painful contractions, cervical length < 25 mm or a history of previous preterm birth (PTB). Blood samples were obtained upon first admission to our clinic. Biomarker concentrations were measured using pre-coated sandwich immunoassays (ELISA). Primary study outcome was spontaneous preterm birth < 34 weeks, secondary outcome was delivery < 37 weeks or within seven days after study inclusion. RESULTS Sixteen women (14.7%) delivered < 34 weeks and twenty women between 34 + 0 and 36 + 6 weeks (18.4%). Six patients (5.5%) gave birth within seven days after study admission. CXCL10 showed higher medium serum levels in women with PTB < 34 weeks (115 pg/ml compared to 61 pg/ml ≥ 34 weeks; p < 0.001) and < 37 weeks (103 pg/ml vs. 53 pg/ml; p < 0.001). In contrary, lower CCL2 serum levels were associated with PTB < 34 weeks (46 pg/ml vs. 73 pg/ml; p = 0.032) and birth within 7 days (25 pg/ml vs. 73 pg/ml; p = 0.008). The CXCL10/CCL2-ratio further improved the predictive model with a ROC-AUC of 0.83 (95% CI 0.73-0.93, p < 0.001) for delivery < 34 weeks. These corresponds to a sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of 0.67, 0.86 and 0.43 at a cut-off of 2.2. CONCLUSION Low maternal serum CCL2 levels are associated with a higher risk of preterm delivery within seven days. High CXCL10 serum levels are more associated with a high risk for preterm birth < 34 weeks. Elevated CXCL10/CCL2-ratio is showing the best predictive performance. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER (DRKS-ID) DRKS00010763, Registration date: September 02, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Alana Hoffmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kathleen Gründler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HELIOS Hospital Schwerin, Schwerin, Germany
| | - Dagmar- Ulrike Richter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Stubert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany.
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Yang J, Liu Y, Dong M. Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis to Screen Hub Gene Signatures for Fetal Growth Restriction. Genet Res (Camb) 2023; 2023:3367406. [PMID: 37033160 PMCID: PMC10079385 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3367406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is the impairment of the biological growth potential of the fetus and often leads to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The molecular mechanisms for the development of FGR, however, are still unclear. The purpose of this study is to identify critical genes associated with FGR through an integrated bioinformatics approach and explore the potential pathogenesis of FGR. Methods. We downloaded FGR-related gene microarray data, used weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to screen hub genes. The GSE24129 gene set was used for validation of critical gene expression levels and diagnostic capabilities. Results. A weighted gene co-expression network was constructed, and 5000 genes were divided into 12 modules. Of these modules, the blue module showed the closest relationship with FGR. Taking the intersection of the DEGs and genes in the blue module as pivotal genes, 277 genes were identified, and 20 crucial genes were screened from the PPI network. The GSE24129 gene set verified the expression of 20 genes, and CXCL9, CXCR3, and ITGAX genes were identified as actual pivotal genes. The expression levels of CXCL9, CXCR3, and ITGAX were increased in both the training and validation sets, and ROC curve validation revealed that these three pivotal genes had a significant diagnostic ability for FGR. Single-gene GSEA results showed that all three core genes activated “hematopoietic cell lineage” and “cell adhesion molecules” and inhibited the “cGMP-PKG signaling pathway” in the development of FGR. CXCL9, CXCR3, and ITGAX may therefore be closely associated with the development of FGR and may serve as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of FGR.
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SARS-CoV-2 placentitis, stillbirth, and maternal COVID-19 vaccination: clinical-pathologic correlations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2023; 228:261-269. [PMID: 36243041 PMCID: PMC9554221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stillbirth is a recognized complication of COVID-19 in pregnant women that has recently been demonstrated to be caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection of the placenta. Multiple global studies have found that the placental pathology present in cases of stillbirth consists of a combination of concurrent destructive findings that include increased fibrin deposition that typically reaches the level of massive perivillous fibrin deposition, chronic histiocytic intervillositis, and trophoblast necrosis. These 3 pathologic lesions, collectively termed SARS-CoV-2 placentitis, can cause severe and diffuse placental parenchymal destruction that can affect >75% of the placenta, effectively rendering it incapable of performing its function of oxygenating the fetus and leading to stillbirth and neonatal death via malperfusion and placental insufficiency. Placental infection and destruction can occur in the absence of demonstrable fetal infection. Development of SARS-CoV-2 placentitis is a complex process that may have both an infectious and immunologic basis. An important observation is that in all reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 placentitis causing stillbirth and neonatal death, the mothers were unvaccinated. SARS-CoV-2 placentitis is likely the result of an episode of SARS-CoV-2 viremia at some time during the pregnancy. This article discusses clinical and pathologic aspects of the relationship between maternal COVID-19 vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 placentitis, and perinatal death.
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Romero R, Jung E, Chaiworapongsa T, Erez O, Gudicha DW, Kim YM, Kim JS, Kim B, Kusanovic JP, Gotsch F, Taran AB, Yoon BH, Hassan SS, Hsu CD, Chaemsaithong P, Gomez-Lopez N, Yeo L, Kim CJ, Tarca AL. Toward a new taxonomy of obstetrical disease: improved performance of maternal blood biomarkers for the great obstetrical syndromes when classified according to placental pathology. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 227:615.e1-615.e25. [PMID: 36180175 PMCID: PMC9525890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major challenge for obstetrics is the prediction and prevention of the great obstetrical syndromes. We propose that defining obstetrical diseases by the combination of clinical presentation and disease mechanisms as inferred by placental pathology will aid in the discovery of biomarkers and add specificity to those already known. OBJECTIVE To describe the longitudinal profile of placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), and the PlGF/sFlt-1 ratio throughout gestation, and to determine whether the association between abnormal biomarker profiles and obstetrical syndromes is strengthened by information derived from placental examination, eg, the presence or absence of placental lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion. STUDY DESIGN This retrospective case cohort study was based on a parent cohort of 4006 pregnant women enrolled prospectively. The case cohort of 1499 pregnant women included 1000 randomly selected patients from the parent cohort and all additional patients with obstetrical syndromes from the parent cohort. Pregnant women were classified into six groups: 1) term delivery without pregnancy complications (n=540; control); 2) preterm labor and delivery (n=203); 3) preterm premature rupture of the membranes (n=112); 4) preeclampsia (n=230); 5) small-for-gestational-age neonate (n=334); and 6) other pregnancy complications (n=182). Maternal plasma concentrations of PlGF and sFlt-1 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in 7560 longitudinal samples. Placental pathologists, masked to clinical outcomes, diagnosed the presence or absence of placental lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion. Comparisons between mean biomarker concentrations in cases and controls were performed by utilizing longitudinal generalized additive models. Comparisons were made between controls and each obstetrical syndrome with and without subclassifying cases according to the presence or absence of placental lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion. RESULTS 1) When obstetrical syndromes are classified based on the presence or absence of placental lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion, significant differences in the mean plasma concentrations of PlGF, sFlt-1, and the PlGF/sFlt-1 ratio between cases and controls emerge earlier in gestation; 2) the strength of association between an abnormal PlGF/sFlt-1 ratio and the occurrence of obstetrical syndromes increases when placental lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion are present (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 13.6 vs 6.7 for preeclampsia; aOR, 8.1 vs 4.4 for small-for-gestational-age neonates; aOR, 5.5 vs 2.1 for preterm premature rupture of the membranes; and aOR, 3.3 vs 2.1 for preterm labor (all P<0.05); and 3) the PlGF/sFlt-1 ratio at 28 to 32 weeks of gestation is abnormal in patients who subsequently delivered due to preterm labor with intact membranes and in those with preterm premature rupture of the membranes if both groups have placental lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion. Such association is not significant in patients with these obstetrical syndromes who do not have placental lesions. CONCLUSION Classification of obstetrical syndromes according to the presence or absence of placental lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion allows biomarkers to be informative earlier in gestation and enhances the strength of association between biomarkers and clinical outcomes. We propose that a new taxonomy of obstetrical disorders informed by placental pathology will facilitate the discovery and implementation of biomarkers as well as the prediction and prevention of such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI.
| | - Eunjung Jung
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternity Department "D," Soroka University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Dereje W Gudicha
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Yeon Mee Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Pathology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sun Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Pathology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Pathology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; División de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Medicina Materno-Fetal, Unidad de Alto Riesgo Obstétrico, Hospital Sotero Del Rio, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Andreea B Taran
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Bo Hyun Yoon
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonia S Hassan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Office of Women's Health, Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Chaur-Dong Hsu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, AZ
| | - Piya Chaemsaithong
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Faculty of Medicine, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Lami Yeo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI
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7
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Dou M, Ding C, Zheng B, Deng G, Zhu K, Xu C, Xue W, Ding X, Zheng J, Tian P. Immune-Related Genes for Predicting Future Kidney Graft Loss: A Study Based on GEO Database. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859693. [PMID: 35281025 PMCID: PMC8913884 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to identify feature immune-related genes that correlated with graft rejection and to develop a prognostic model based on immune-related genes in kidney transplantation. Methods Gene expression profiles were obtained from the GEO database. The GSE36059 dataset was used as a discovery cohort. Then, differential expression analysis and a machine learning method were performed to select feature immune-related genes. After that, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify prognosis-related genes. A novel Riskscore model was built based on the results of multivariate regression. The levels of these feature genes were also confirmed in an independent single-cell dataset and other GEO datasets. Results 15 immune-related genes were expressed differently between non-rejection and rejection kidney allografts. Those differentially expressed immune-related genes (DE-IRGs) were mainly associated with immune-related biological processes and pathways. Subsequently, a 5-immune-gene signature was constructed and showed favorable predictive results in the GSE21374 dataset. Recipients were divided into the high-risk and low-risk groups according to the median value of RiskScore. The GO and KEGG analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between high-risk and low-risk groups were mainly involved in inflammatory pathways, chemokine-related pathways, and rejection-related pathways. Immune infiltration analysis demonstrated that RiskScore was potentially related to immune infiltration. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis suggested that recipients in the high-risk group had poor graft survival. AUC values of 1- and 3-year graft survival were 0.804 and 0.793, respectively. Conclusion Our data suggest that this immune-related prognostic model had good sensitivity and specificity in predicting the 1- and 3-year kidney graft survival and might act as a useful tool for predicting kidney graft loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Dou
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Hospital of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chenguang Ding
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Hospital of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bingxuan Zheng
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Hospital of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ge Deng
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Hospital of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Hospital of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Cuixiang Xu
- Center of Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Laboratory, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Wujun Xue
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Hospital of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoming Ding
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Hospital of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jin Zheng
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Hospital of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Puxun Tian
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Hospital of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Puxun Tian,
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8
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The etiology of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 226:S844-S866. [PMID: 35177222 PMCID: PMC8988238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.11.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is one of the "great obstetrical syndromes" in which multiple and sometimes overlapping pathologic processes activate a common pathway consisting of endothelial cell activation, intravascular inflammation, and syncytiotrophoblast stress. This article reviews the potential etiologies of preeclampsia. The role of uteroplacental ischemia is well-established on the basis of a solid body of clinical and experimental evidence. A causal role for microorganisms has gained recognition through the realization that periodontal disease and maternal gut dysbiosis are linked to atherosclerosis, thus possibly to a subset of patients with preeclampsia. The recent reports indicating that SARS-CoV-2 infection might be causally linked to preeclampsia are reviewed along with the potential mechanisms involved. Particular etiologic factors, such as the breakdown of maternal-fetal immune tolerance (thought to account for the excess of preeclampsia in primipaternity and egg donation), may operate, in part, through uteroplacental ischemia, whereas other factors such as placental aging may operate largely through syncytiotrophoblast stress. This article also examines the association between gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal obesity with preeclampsia. The role of autoimmunity, fetal diseases, and endocrine disorders is discussed. A greater understanding of the etiologic factors of preeclampsia is essential to improve treatment and prevention.
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9
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Para R, Romero R, Miller D, Galaz J, Done B, Peyvandipour A, Gershater M, Tao L, Motomura K, Ruden DM, Isherwood J, Jung E, Kanninen T, Pique-Regi R, Tarca AL, Gomez-Lopez N. The Distinct Immune Nature of the Fetal Inflammatory Response Syndrome Type I and Type II. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:735-751. [PMID: 34521696 PMCID: PMC9394103 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) is strongly associated with neonatal morbidity and mortality and can be classified as type I or type II. Clinically, FIRS type I and type II are considered as distinct syndromes, yet the molecular underpinnings of these fetal inflammatory responses are not well understood because of their low prevalence and the difficulty of postdelivery diagnosis. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing of human cord blood samples from preterm neonates diagnosed with FIRS type I or FIRS type II. We found that FIRS type I was characterized by an upregulation of host immune responses, including neutrophil and monocyte functions, together with a proinflammatory cytokine storm and a downregulation of T cell processes. In contrast, FIRS type II comprised a mild chronic inflammatory response involving perturbation of HLA transcripts, suggestive of fetal semiallograft rejection. Integrating single-cell RNA sequencing-derived signatures with bulk transcriptomic data confirmed that FIRS type I immune responses were mainly driven by monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. Last, tissue- and cell-specific signatures derived from the BioGPS Gene Atlas further corroborated the role of myeloid cells originating from the bone marrow in FIRS type I. Collectively, these data provide evidence that FIRS type I and FIRS type II are driven by distinct immune mechanisms; whereas the former involves the innate limb of immunity consistent with host defense, the latter resembles a process of semiallograft rejection. These findings shed light on the fetal immune responses caused by infection or alloreactivity that can lead to deleterious consequences in neonatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Para
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | - Derek Miller
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Jose Galaz
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Bogdan Done
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Azam Peyvandipour
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Meyer Gershater
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Li Tao
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Kenichiro Motomura
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Douglas M Ruden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Jenna Isherwood
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Eunjung Jung
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Tomi Kanninen
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Roger Pique-Regi
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI; and
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
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Amabebe E, Anumba DO. The transmembrane G protein-coupled CXCR3 receptor-ligand system and maternal foetal allograft rejection. Placenta 2020; 104:81-88. [PMID: 33296735 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic placental inflammatory lesions lead to poor obstetric outcomes. These lesions often proceed undetected until examination of placental tissues after delivery and are mediated by CXCR3, a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, and its chemokine ligands - CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11. CXCR3-chemokine ligand interaction disrupts feto-maternal immune tolerance and activate obnoxious immunological responses similar to transplant rejection and graft-versus-host disease. The resultant chronic inflammatory responses manifest in different parts of the placenta characterised by the presence of incompatible immunocompetent cells from the feto-maternal unit i.e. maternal CD8+ T cells in the chorionic membrane or plate (chronic chorioamnionitis); foetal Hofbauer cells and maternal CD8+ T cells in the chorionic villous tree (villitis of unknown aetiology); maternal CD8+ T and plasma cells in the basal plate (chronic deciduitis); and maternal CD8+ T cells, histiocytes and T regulatory cells in the intervillous space (chronic intervillositis). This review critically examines how the CXCR3-chemokine ligand interaction disrupts feto-maternal immune tolerance, initiates a series of chronic placental inflammatory lesions, and consequently activates the pathways to intrauterine growth restriction, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, preterm prelabour rupture of membranes, preterm labour and birth. The possibility of interrupting these signalling pathways through the use of CXCR3 chemokine inhibitors to prevent adverse reproductive sequelae as well as the potential clinical utility of CXCR3 chemokines as non-invasive predictive clinical biomarkers are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Amabebe
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Dilly O Anumba
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, UK.
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11
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Goldstein JA, Gallagher K, Beck C, Kumar R, Gernand AD. Maternal-Fetal Inflammation in the Placenta and the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:531543. [PMID: 33281808 PMCID: PMC7691234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.531543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Events in fetal life impact long-term health outcomes. The placenta is the first organ to form and is the site of juxtaposition between the maternal and fetal circulations. Most diseases of pregnancy are caused by, impact, or are reflected in the placenta. The purpose of this review is to describe the main inflammatory processes in the placenta, discuss their immunology, and relate their short- and long-term disease associations. Acute placental inflammation (API), including maternal and fetal inflammatory responses corresponds to the clinical diagnosis of chorioamnionitis and is associated with respiratory and neurodevelopmental diseases. The chronic placental inflammatory pathologies (CPI), include chronic villitis of unknown etiology, chronic deciduitis, chronic chorionitis, eosinophilic T-cell vasculitis, and chronic histiocytic intervillositis. These diseases are less-well studied, but have complex immunology and show mechanistic impacts on the fetal immune system. Overall, much work remains to be done in describing the long-term impacts of placental inflammation on offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery A. Goldstein
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kelly Gallagher
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Celeste Beck
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital and Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alison D. Gernand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
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12
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Florova V, Romero R, Tarca AL, Galaz J, Motomura K, Ahmad MM, Hsu CD, Hsu R, Tong A, Ravel J, Theis KR, Gomez-Lopez N. Vaginal host immune-microbiome interactions in a cohort of primarily African-American women who ultimately underwent spontaneous preterm birth or delivered at term. Cytokine 2020; 137:155316. [PMID: 33032107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that alterations in the vaginal microbiome allow for the assessment of the risk for spontaneous preterm birth (PTB), the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, the associations between the local immune response and the vaginal microbiome are still poorly understood. Herein, we characterize the vaginal host immune-microbiome interactions in women who ultimately underwent PTB and in those who delivered at term. METHODS Vaginal fluid samples from 52 pregnant women (of whom 18 underwent PTB and 34 delivered at term) were collected between 10 and 32 weeks of gestation in a case-control study. Concentrations of 33 immune mediators were determined using sensitive and specific immunoassays. The previously published 16S rRNA gene sequence and bacterial phylotype data of these subjects were utilized in this study. Linear mixed effects models were utilized to test associations between vaginal immune mediator concentrations and bacterial phylotype relative abundances. RESULTS 1) In the overall study population, vaginal concentrations of CXCL10, CCL2, CCL3, SLP1 and VEGF negatively correlated with non-Lactobacillus, Community State Type IV (CST IV) members of the vaginal microbiome; 2) CXCL10, in particular, negatively correlated with 15 bacterial phylotypes, most of which are typical members of CST IV, such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Megasphaera spp., and Atopobium vaginae; 3) Gemella spp., also members of CST IV, negatively correlated with vaginal concentrations of VEGF, CCL2, CCL3, SLPI, and CXCL10; 4) when comparing PTB cases to term controls, five soluble immune mediators (CCL26, CCL22, CCL2, CXCL10, and IL-16), especially CCL26, were negatively correlated with five typical members of CST IV: Sneathia sanguinegens, Parvimonas micra, Veillonellaceae, BVAB2, and Gemella spp.; and 5) Sneathia sanguinegens had stronger negative associations with all five soluble immune mediators (CCL26, CCL22, CCL2, CXCL10, and IL-16) in PTB cases than in term controls. CONCLUSIONS The assessment of vaginal host immune-microbiome interactions revealed that specific soluble immune mediators, mainly CXCL10, negatively correlated with typical members of CST IV of the vaginal microbiome. Sneathia sanguinegens, in particular, had stronger negative associations with different immune mediators, including CXCL10 and CCL26, in women who ultimately underwent PTB compared to those who delivered at term. These findings provide insight into the vaginal host immune-microbiome interactions in normal and complicated pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Florova
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jose Galaz
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kenichiro Motomura
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Madison M Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chaur-Dong Hsu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Richard Hsu
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Anna Tong
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin R Theis
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Parris KM, Amabebe E, Cohen MC, Anumba DO. Placental microbial-metabolite profiles and inflammatory mechanisms associated with preterm birth. J Clin Pathol 2020; 74:10-18. [PMID: 32796048 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is growing emphasis on the potential significance of the placental microbiome and microbiome-metabolite interactions in immune responses and subsequent pregnancy outcome, especially in relation to preterm birth (PTB). This review discusses in detail the pathomechanisms of placental inflammatory responses and the resultant maternal-fetal allograft rejection in both microbial-induced and sterile conditions. It also highlights some potential placental-associated predictive markers of PTB for future investigation. The existence of a placental microbiome remains debatable. Therefore, an overview of our current understanding of the state and role of the placental microbiome (if it exists) and metabolome in human pregnancy is also provided. We critical evaluate the evidence for a placental microbiome, discuss its functional capacity through the elaborated metabolic products and also describe the consequent and more established fetomaternal inflammatory responses that stimulate the pathway to preterm premature rupture of membranes, preterm labour and spontaneous PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M Parris
- Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Marta C Cohen
- Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Histopathology, Sheffield Childrens Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Dilly O Anumba
- Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Enninga EAL, Raber P, Quinton RA, Ruano R, Ikumi N, Gray CM, Johnson EL, Chakraborty R, Kerr SE. Maternal T Cells in the Human Placental Villi Support an Allograft Response during Noninfectious Villitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2931-2939. [PMID: 32321754 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During human pregnancy, proinflammatory responses in the placenta can cause severe fetal complications, including growth restriction, preterm birth, and stillbirth. Villitis of unknown etiology (VUE), an inflammatory condition characterized by the infiltration of maternal CD8+ T cells into the placenta, is hypothesized to be secondary to either a tissue rejection response to the haploidentical fetus or from an undiagnosed infection. In this study, we characterized the global TCR β-chain profile in human T cells isolated from placentae diagnosed with VUE compared with control and infectious villitis-placentae by immunoSEQ. Immunosequencing demonstrated that VUE is driven predominantly by maternal T cell infiltration, which is significantly different from controls and infectious cases; however, these T cell clones show very little overlap between subjects. Mapping TCR clones to common viral epitopes (CMV, EBV, and influenza A) demonstrated that Ag specificity in VUE was equal to controls and significantly lower than CMV-specific clones in infectious villitis. Our data indicate VUE represents an allograft response, not an undetected infection. These observations support the development of screening methods to predict those at risk for VUE and the use of specific immunomodulatory therapies during gestation to improve outcomes in affected fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reade A Quinton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Rodrigo Ruano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Nadia Ikumi
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa 7791
| | - Clive M Gray
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa 7791
| | - Erica L Johnson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Rana Chakraborty
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905; and
| | - Sarah E Kerr
- Hospital Pathology Associates, Minneapolis, MN 55407
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16
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Tarca AL, Romero R, Pique-Regi R, Pacora P, Done B, Kacerovsky M, Bhatti G, Jaiman S, Hassan SS, Hsu CD, Gomez-Lopez N. Amniotic fluid cell-free transcriptome: a glimpse into fetal development and placental cellular dynamics during normal pregnancy. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:25. [PMID: 32050959 PMCID: PMC7017452 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-0690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The amniotic fluid (AF) cell-free transcriptome is modulated by physiologic and pathologic processes during pregnancy. AF gene expression changes with advancing gestation reflect fetal development and organ maturation; yet, defining normal expression and splicing patterns for biomarker discovery in obstetrics requires larger heterogeneous cohorts, evaluation of potential confounding factors, and novel analytical approaches. Methods Women with a normal pregnancy who had an AF sample collected during midtrimester (n = 30) or at term gestation (n = 68) were included. Expression profiling at exon level resolution was performed using Human Transcriptome Arrays. Differential expression was based on moderated t-test adjusted p < 0.05 and fold change > 1.25; for differential splicing, a splicing index > 2 and adjusted p < 0.05 were required. Functional profiling was used to interpret differentially expressed or spliced genes. The expression of tissue-specific and cell-type specific signatures defined by single-cell genomics was quantified and correlated with covariates. In-silico validation studies were performed using publicly available datasets. Results 1) 64,071 genes were detected in AF, with 11% of the coding and 6% of the non-coding genes being differentially expressed between midtrimester and term gestation. Expression changes were highly correlated with those previously reported (R > 0.79, p < 0.001) and featured increased expression of genes specific to the trachea, salivary glands, and lung and decreased expression of genes specific to the cardiac myocytes, uterus, and fetal liver, among others. 2) Single-cell RNA-seq signatures of the cytotrophoblast, Hofbauer cells, erythrocytes, monocytes, T and B cells, among others, showed complex patterns of modulation with gestation (adjusted p < 0.05). 3) In 17% of the genes detected, we found differential splicing with advancing gestation in genes related to brain development processes and immunity pathways, including some that were missed based on differential expression analysis alone. Conclusions This represents the largest AF transcriptomics study in normal pregnancy, reporting for the first time that single-cell genomic signatures can be tracked in the AF and display complex patterns of expression during gestation. We also demonstrate a role for alternative splicing in tissue-identity acquisition, organ development, and immune processes. The results herein may have implications for the development of fetal testing to assess placental function and fetal organ maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, 𝐸𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑𝑦 𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, 𝐸𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑𝑦 𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Roger Pique-Regi
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, 𝐸𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑𝑦 𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Percy Pacora
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, 𝐸𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑𝑦 𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bogdan Done
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, 𝐸𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑𝑦 𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Marian Kacerovsky
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, 𝐸𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑𝑦 𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gaurav Bhatti
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, 𝐸𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑𝑦 𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sunil Jaiman
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, 𝐸𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑𝑦 𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sonia S Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, 𝐸𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑𝑦 𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chaur-Dong Hsu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, 𝐸𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑𝑦 𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, 𝐸𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑𝑦 𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicin, Detroit, MI, USA.
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17
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Gomez-Lopez N, Romero R, Hassan SS, Bhatti G, Berry SM, Kusanovic JP, Pacora P, Tarca AL. The Cellular Transcriptome in the Maternal Circulation During Normal Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Study. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2863. [PMID: 31921132 PMCID: PMC6928201 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy represents a unique immunological state in which the mother adapts to tolerate the semi-allogenic conceptus; yet, the cellular dynamics in the maternal circulation are poorly understood. Using exon-level expression profiling of up to six longitudinal whole blood samples from 49 pregnant women, we undertook a systems biology analysis of the cellular transcriptome dynamics and its correlation with the plasma proteome. We found that: (1) chromosome 14 was the most enriched in transcripts differentially expressed throughout normal pregnancy; (2) the strongest expression changes followed three distinct longitudinal patterns, with genes related to host immune response (e.g., MMP8, DEFA1B, DEFA4, and LTF) showing a steady increase in expression from 10 to 40 weeks of gestation; (3) multiple biological processes and pathways related to immunity and inflammation were modulated during gestation; (4) genes changing with gestation were among those specific to T cells, B cells, CD71+ erythroid cells, natural killer cells, and endothelial cells, as defined based on the GNF Gene Expression Atlas; (5) the average expression of mRNA signatures of T cells, B cells, and erythroid cells followed unique patterns during gestation; (6) the correlation between mRNA and protein abundance was higher for mRNAs that were differentially expressed throughout gestation than for those that were not, and significant mRNA-protein correlations were observed for genes part of the T-cell signature. In summary, unique changes in immune-related genes were discovered by longitudinally assessing the cellular transcriptome in the maternal circulation throughout normal pregnancy, and positive correlations were noted between the cellular transcriptome and plasma proteome for specific genes/proteins. These findings provide insights into the immunobiology of normal pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Gaurav Bhatti
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Stanley M. Berry
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Research and Innovation in Maternal-Fetal Medicine (CIMAF), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sótero del Río Hospital, Santiago, Chile
| | - Percy Pacora
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Adi L. Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, United States
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18
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Exposure to systemic and intrauterine inflammation leads to decreased pup survival via different placental mechanisms. J Reprod Immunol 2019; 133:52-62. [PMID: 31280130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Exposure to systemic maternal inflammation (i.e., maternal sepsis, influenza, human immunodeficiency virus, or pyelonephritis) and intrauterine (IU) inflammation (i.e., chorioamnionitis or preterm labor) have been associated with adverse perinatal sequelae. Whether systemic and localized inflammation leading to adverse outcomes have similar placental mechanisms remain unclear. METHOD OF STUDY We conducted a study by murine modeling systemic and localized IU inflammation with injections of either intraperitoneal (IP) or IU interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and compared fetoplacental hemodynamic changes, cytokine/chemokine expression, and fetal loss. RESULTS IU IL-1β exposure reduced offspring survival by 31.1% and IP IL-1β exposure by 34.5% when compared with control pups. Despite this similar outcome in offspring survival, Doppler analysis revealed a stark difference: IU group displayed worsened fetoplacental hemodynamic changes while no differences were found between IP and control groups. While both IU and IP groups had increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, specific gene expression trends differed between the two groups, once again highlighting their mechanistic differences. CONCLUSION While both IP and IU IL-1β exposure similarly affected pup survival, only IU inflammation resulted in fetoplacental hemodynamic changes. We speculate that exposure to maternal systemic and IU inflammation plays a key role in fetal injury by utilizing different placental inflammatory pathways and mechanisms.
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19
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Targeted expression profiling by RNA-Seq improves detection of cellular dynamics during pregnancy and identifies a role for T cells in term parturition. Sci Rep 2019; 9:848. [PMID: 30696862 PMCID: PMC6351599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of maternal blood transcriptomic markers to monitor placental function and risk of obstetrical complications throughout pregnancy requires accurate quantification of gene expression. Herein, we benchmark three state-of-the-art expression profiling techniques to assess in maternal circulation the expression of cell type-specific gene sets previously discovered by single-cell genomics studies of the placenta. We compared Affymetrix Human Transcriptome Arrays, Illumina RNA-Seq, and sequencing-based targeted expression profiling (DriverMapTM) to assess transcriptomic changes with gestational age and labor status at term, and tested 86 candidate genes by qRT-PCR. DriverMap identified twice as many significant genes (q < 0.1) than RNA-Seq and five times more than microarrays. The gap in the number of significant genes remained when testing only protein-coding genes detected by all platforms. qRT-PCR validation statistics (PPV and AUC) were high and similar among platforms, yet dynamic ranges were higher for sequencing based platforms than microarrays. DriverMap provided the strongest evidence for the association of B-cell and T-cell gene signatures with gestational age, while the T-cell expression was increased with spontaneous labor at term according to all three platforms. We concluded that sequencing-based techniques are more suitable to quantify whole-blood gene expression compared to microarrays, as they have an expanded dynamic range and identify more true positives. Targeted expression profiling achieved higher coverage of protein-coding genes with fewer total sequenced reads, and it is especially suited to track cell type-specific signatures discovered in the placenta. The T-cell gene expression signature was increased in women who underwent spontaneous labor at term, mimicking immunological processes at the maternal-fetal interface and placenta.
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20
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Gomez-Lopez N, Romero R, Xu Y, Miller D, Leng Y, Panaitescu B, Silva P, Faro J, Alhousseini A, Gill N, Hassan SS, Hsu CD. The immunophenotype of amniotic fluid leukocytes in normal and complicated pregnancies. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 79:e12827. [PMID: 29500850 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The immune cellular composition of amniotic fluid is poorly understood. Herein, we determined: 1) the immunophenotype of amniotic fluid immune cells during the second and third trimester in the absence of intra-amniotic infection/inflammation; 2) whether amniotic fluid T cells and ILCs display different phenotypical characteristics to that of peripheral cells; and 3) whether the amniotic fluid immune cells are altered in women with intra-amniotic infection/inflammation. METHOD OF STUDY Amniotic fluid samples (n = 57) were collected from 15 to 40 weeks of gestation in women without intra-amniotic infection/inflammation. Samples from women with intra-amniotic infection/inflammation were also included (n = 9). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy adults were used as controls (n = 3). Immunophenotyping was performed using flow cytometry. RESULTS In the absence of intra-amniotic infection/inflammation, the amniotic fluid contained several immune cell populations between 15 and 40 weeks. Among these immune cells: (i) T cells and ILCs were greater than B cells and natural killer (NK) cells between 15 and 30 weeks; (ii) T cells were most abundant between 15 and 30 weeks; (iii) ILCs were most abundant between 15 and 20 weeks; (iv) B cells were scarce between 15 and 20 weeks; yet, they increased and were constant after 20 weeks; (v) NK cells were greater between 15 and 30 weeks than at term; (vi) ILCs expressed high levels of RORγt, CD161, and CD103 (ie, group 3 ILCs); (vii) T cells expressed high levels of RORγt; (viii) neutrophils increased as gestation progressed; and (ix) monocytes/macrophages emerged after 20 weeks and remained constant until term. All of the amniotic fluid immune cells, except ILCs, were increased in the presence of intra-amniotic infection/inflammation. CONCLUSION The amniotic fluid harbors a diverse immune cellular composition during normal and complicated pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Derek Miller
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yaozhu Leng
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bogdan Panaitescu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Pablo Silva
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan Faro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ali Alhousseini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Navleen Gill
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sonia S Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chaur-Dong Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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21
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The biological basis and prevention of preterm birth. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2018; 52:13-22. [PMID: 29703554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The time of birth is a critical determinant of perinatal and long-term outcomes. Preterm birth is still the first cause of infant mortality and morbidity; unfortunately, rates of preterm birth remain high in both high- and low-resource countries, ranging from 5% to 18%. Preterm parturition is a syndrome, which can be induced by various factors such as infection, cervical pathology, uterine overdistension, progesterone deficiency, vascular alterations (utero-placental ischemia, decidual hemorrhage), maternal and fetal stress, allograft reaction, allergic phenomena, and probably other several unknown factors. These various etiologies can lead to the pathological activation of a common pathway of decidua/fetal membranes, which causes uterine contractility, cervical ripening, and rupture of membranes. Moreover, the mechanisms responsible for these processes have been identified, which involve receptors, chemokines, and inflammatory cytokines. It is very important to understand the cellular and biochemical pathways responsible for preterm labor to identify, treat, and prevent negative outcome in a timely manner. Clinicians and researchers play a key role in improving biochemical knowledge on preterm delivery, identifying risk factors, and shaping interventions that can address this complex syndrome.
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Lannaman K, Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Kim YM, Korzeniewski SJ, Maymon E, Gomez-Lopez N, Panaitescu B, Hassan SS, Yeo L, Yoon BH, Kim CJ, Erez O. Fetal death: an extreme manifestation of maternal anti-fetal rejection. J Perinat Med 2017; 45:851-868. [PMID: 28862989 PMCID: PMC5848503 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2017-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the association between chronic placental inflammation and amniotic fluid (AF) markers of maternal anti-fetal rejection as well as the presence of microorganisms in the AF fluid of patients with fetal death. STUDY DESIGN This cohort study included 40 patients with fetal death whose placentas were examined for chronic inflammatory lesions and whose AF chemokine ligand (CXCL)10 and interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations were determined by immunoassays. AF was processed for bacteria, mycoplasmas and viruses using cultivation and molecular microbiologic techniques (i.e. PCR-ESI/MS). RESULTS (1) The most prevalent placental findings were maternal vascular underperfusion (63.2%, 24/38), followed by chronic inflammatory lesions (57.9%, 22/38); (2) chronic chorioamnionitis (18/38) was three times more frequent than villitis of unknown etiology (6/38); (3) an elevated AF CXCL10 concentration (above the 95th centile) was present in 60% of the cases, and a receiver operating characteristics (ROC)-derived cut-off of 2.9 ng/mL had a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 75% in the identification of chronic placental inflammatory lesions; (4) only five cases had microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity, and the presence of microorganisms did not correlate with chronic placental inflammation. CONCLUSION In women with unexplained fetal death, there is an association between elevated AF CXCL10 and chronic placental inflammatory lesions. Therefore, we conclude that a subset of patients with fetal death may have endured a breakdown of maternal-fetal tolerance, which cannot be attributed to microorganisms in the amniotic cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia Lannaman
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yeon Mee Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Steven J. Korzeniewski
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Eli Maymon
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bogdan Panaitescu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lami Yeo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bo Hyun Yoon
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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