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Than NG, Romero R, Fitzgerald W, Gudicha DW, Gomez-Lopez N, Posta M, Zhou F, Bhatti G, Meyyazhagan A, Awonuga AO, Chaiworapongsa T, Matthies D, Bryant DR, Erez O, Margolis L, Tarca AL. Proteomic Profiles of Maternal Plasma Extracellular Vesicles for Prediction of Preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 2024; 92:e13928. [PMID: 39347565 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Preeclampsia is a heterogeneous syndrome of diverse etiologies and molecular pathways leading to distinct clinical subtypes. Herein, we aimed to characterize the extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated and soluble fractions of the maternal plasma proteome in patients with preeclampsia and to assess their value for disease prediction. METHOD OF STUDY This case-control study included 24 women with term preeclampsia, 23 women with preterm preeclampsia, and 94 healthy pregnant controls. Blood samples were collected from cases on average 7 weeks before the diagnosis of preeclampsia and were matched to control samples. Soluble and EV fractions were separated from maternal plasma; EVs were confirmed by cryo-EM, NanoSight, and flow cytometry; and 82 proteins were analyzed with bead-based, multiplexed immunoassays. Quantile regression analysis and random forest models were implemented to evaluate protein concentration differences and their predictive accuracy. Preeclampsia subgroups defined by molecular profiles were identified by hierarchical cluster analysis. Significance was set at p < 0.05 or false discovery rate-adjusted q < 0.1. RESULTS In preterm preeclampsia, PlGF, PTX3, and VEGFR-1 displayed differential abundance in both soluble and EV fractions, whereas angiogenin, CD40L, endoglin, galectin-1, IL-27, CCL19, and TIMP1 were changed only in the soluble fraction (q < 0.1). The direction of changes in the EV fraction was consistent with that in the soluble fraction for nine proteins. In term preeclampsia, CCL3 had increased abundance in both fractions (q < 0.1). The combined EV and soluble fraction proteomic profiles predicted preterm and term preeclampsia with an AUC of 78% (95% CI, 66%-90%) and 68% (95% CI, 56%-80%), respectively. Three clusters of preeclampsia featuring distinct clinical characteristics and placental pathology were identified based on combined protein data. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal distinct alterations of the maternal EV-associated and soluble plasma proteome in preterm and term preeclampsia and identify molecular subgroups of patients with distinct clinical and placental histopathologic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nándor Gábor Than
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roberto Romero
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Wendy Fitzgerald
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dereje W Gudicha
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Máté Posta
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Semmelweis University Doctoral School, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fei Zhou
- Unit on Structural Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gaurav Bhatti
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Arun Meyyazhagan
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Awoniyi O Awonuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Doreen Matthies
- Unit on Structural Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David R Bryant
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Offer Erez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Arbuzova S. Common pathogenesis of early and late preeclampsia: evidence from recurrences and review of the literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2024; 310:953-959. [PMID: 37740793 PMCID: PMC11258074 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-07217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether there is an association between the gestational age at the onset of preeclampsia in recurrent cases and the gestational age at the onset of preeclampsia in previous pregnancies. METHODS This retrospective nested case-control study was designed to investigate whether gestational age at diagnosis and at delivery in recurrent cases of preeclampsia correlates with gestational age at diagnosis and delivery in the previous cases of preeclampsia in the same individuals. The database of a Ukrainian research network was used to find patients with the diagnosis of preeclampsia between 2019 and 2021. The database was further queried to identify those with a history of preeclampsia in a previous pregnancy. The comparison was made using the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS One hundred and three patients who were diagnosed with preeclampsia were identified. Of those, 15 had recurrent preeclampsia, 2 of whom had preeclampsia in 2 previous pregnancies. There was no statistically significant correlation: based on gestational age at delivery R = - 0.28 (P = 0.30; 95% confidence interval (- 0.69 to 0.28) and based on gestational age at the time of diagnosis R = - 0.14 (P = 0.62; - 0.60 to 0.41). CONCLUSION Our data do not find an association between the gestational age of recurrent preeclampsia and preeclampsia diagnosed in a previous pregnancy. This supports the idea that there is single pathogenesis for preeclampsia regardless of the gestational age. It suggests that there are variations in the course of preeclampsia that may be determined by the capacity of the compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Arbuzova
- Eastern-Ukrainian Center for Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Mariupol, Kiev, Ukraine.
- Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter, Studio 3.4, Block M, Birks Hall, New North Road, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4GH, England, UK.
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Strahler L, Horky A, Spahn S, Bahlmann F, Gradhand E. Unveiling Clinical Relevance: Investigating Placentas Submitted for Histological Examination and Their Correlation with Clinical Indications and Histological Findings. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:927. [PMID: 39202670 PMCID: PMC11355816 DOI: 10.3390/life14080927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In Germany, there is currently no official guideline for the submission of placentas for histopathological examination. Placentas are sent for histological examination by obstetricians according to locally defined indications, which leads to different practices in different centers. In this study, two cohorts of placentas were compared to assess the clinical relevance of placental examination. One cohort consisted of placentas with a clinical indication for histologic examination and the other of placentas with a clinically healthy pregnancy and a healthy infant. In this study, a placenta request form based on established international guidelines was used. Placentas from singleton and twin pregnancies with and without clinical indications were histopathologically examined. Clinical information was extracted from the request form and later correlated with histological findings. A total of 236 placentas were examined, including 127 (53.8%) with clinical indications and 109 (46.2%) without. The concordance between submission reasons and histopathological findings was higher in singleton pregnancies with clinical indications (90.9%) compared to twin pregnancies (62.97%). Placentas from singleton and twin pregnancies with clinical indications exhibited significantly more pathological findings than their respective healthy control groups. Histopathological examination of the placenta can confirm or reveal placenta pathologies and therefore improve the care of the mother, child and future pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Strahler
- Department of Pediatric and Perinatal Pathology, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Alexander Horky
- Department Obstretrics, Bürgerhospital und Clementine Kinderhospital, 60316 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (A.H.); (S.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Stephan Spahn
- Department Obstretrics, Bürgerhospital und Clementine Kinderhospital, 60316 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (A.H.); (S.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Franz Bahlmann
- Department Obstretrics, Bürgerhospital und Clementine Kinderhospital, 60316 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (A.H.); (S.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Elise Gradhand
- Department of Pediatric and Perinatal Pathology, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany;
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Rose SJ, Nguyen EM, Branda ME, Melo V, Vega B, Kazemi-Butterfield N, Cheek-Norgan EH, Girard S, Norgan AP, Theiler RN, Enninga EAL. Maternal Factors and Placental Pathologies Associated with a Diagnosis of Chronic Villitis. Am J Perinatol 2024; 41:e3351-e3362. [PMID: 38057089 PMCID: PMC11156567 DOI: 10.1055/a-2223-3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate maternal risk factors associated with chronic villitis of unknown etiology (VUE) and to describe cooccurring placental pathologies. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective case-control study was conducted using placental pathology records from deliveries ≥ 20 weeks between 2010 and 2018. Cases were placentas with documented chronic villitis without infectious cause, hereafter called VUE. Controls were placentas without this diagnosis, matched to the cases 2:1. Maternal and neonatal demographic and clinical data were collected. Descriptive statistics are reported with Fisher's exact test or a chi-squared test, as appropriate, and multivariable conditional logistic regression was conducted. RESULTS Our study included 352 cases with VUE and 657 controls. A diagnosis of gestational diabetes (p = 0.03) and gestational hypertension (p = 0.06) was 1.5 times more likely to occur in those with a VUE diagnosis. A trend was also seen for chronic hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7, p = 0.07) and preeclampsia (OR = 1.5, p = 0.09) compared with controls. Placentas with VUE, specifically high-grade VUE, were more likely to be small for gestational age (p = 0.01), and to be diagnosed with other placental findings including lymphoplasmacytic or chronic deciduitis (p < 0.01), maternal (p < 0.01) and fetal vascular malperfusion (p = 0.02), and chorionitis (acute or chronic; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Gestational diabetes and hypertension were associated with a diagnosis of VUE, and overall, VUE placentas have more abnormal placental findings compared with control. Understanding VUE risk factors may facilitate prenatal care strategies and counseling to achieve the best outcomes for pregnant patients and their neonates. KEY POINTS · VUE is a common inflammatory lesion of the placenta.. · Gestational diabetes and hypertension are associated with a VUE diagnosis.. · Findings of other placental pathologies increase in VUE..
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrill J. Rose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eliza M. Nguyen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Megan E. Branda
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Valeria Melo
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Beatriz Vega
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nazanin Kazemi-Butterfield
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Sylvie Girard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Regan N. Theiler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ann L. Enninga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Hirschel J, Barcos-Munoz F, Chalard F, Chiodini F, Epiney M, Fluss J, Rougemont AL. Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke: how informative is the placenta? Virchows Arch 2024; 484:815-825. [PMID: 38502326 PMCID: PMC11106178 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-024-03780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Neuroplacentology is an expanding field of interest that addresses the placental influence on fetal and neonatal brain lesions and on further neurodevelopment. The objective of this study was to clarify the link between placental pathology and perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS). Prior publications have reported different types of perinatal stroke with diverse methodologies precluding firm conclusions. We report here the histological placental findings in a series of 16 neonates with radiologically confirmed PAIS. Findings were grouped into 3 categories of lesions: (1) inflammation, (2) placental and fetal hypoxic lesions, and (3) placentas with a high birthweight/placenta weight ratio. Matched control placentas were compared to the pathological placentas when feasible. The eight term singleton placentas were compared to a series of 20 placentas from a highly controlled amniotic membrane donation program; in three twin pregnancies, the placental portions from the affected twin and unaffected co-twin were compared. Slightly more than half (9/16, 56%) had histopathological features belonging to more than one category, a feature shared by the singleton control placentas (13/20, 65%). More severe and extensive lesions were however observed in the pathological placentas. One case occurring in the context of SARS-CoV-2 placentitis further expands the spectrum of COVID-related perinatal disease. Our study supports the assumption that PAIS can result from various combinations and interplay of maternal and fetal factors and confirms the value of placenta examination. Yet, placental findings must be interpreted with caution given their prevalence in well-designed controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hirschel
- Division of Neonatal and Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francisca Barcos-Munoz
- Division of Neonatal and Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Chalard
- Unit of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florence Chiodini
- Therapeutic Tissue Biobank, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuella Epiney
- Obstetrics Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joel Fluss
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Laure Rougemont
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Kedar Sade E, Lantsberg D, Tagar Sar-El M, Gefen S, Gafner M, Katorza E. Identifying causes and associated factors of stillbirths using autopsy of the fetus and placenta. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2024:10.1007/s00404-024-07522-1. [PMID: 38691157 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-024-07522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to evaluate the causes of death and associated factors in cases of stillbirth, using post-mortem examination and applying a rigorous, evidence-based holistic approach. METHODS Our retrospective observational study included cases of autopsy following stillbirth that occurred at our tertiary medical center during a period of 8 years. Detailed up-to-date criteria that incorporate clinical reports, medical history, prenatal imaging, and histopathological findings were used to evaluate the cause of death and associated factors. RESULTS After applying our proposed methodology, 138 cases of stillbirth were classified into eight categories based on the causes of death. A definitive cause of death was observed in 100 (72%) cases, while 38 (28%) cases were considered unexplained. The leading cause of death was placental lesions (n = 39, 28%) with maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM) lesions being the most common (54%). Ascending infection was the second most common cause of fetal death (n = 24, 17%) and was often seen in the setting of preterm labor and cervical insufficiency. CONCLUSION The largest category of cause of death was attributed to placental pathology. Using rigorous detailed up-to-date criteria that incorporate pathological and clinical factors may help in objectively classifying the cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliel Kedar Sade
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Affiliated With the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Daniel Lantsberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Sheizaf Gefen
- Department of Internal Medicine 'E', Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Gafner
- Department of Pediatrics B, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eldad Katorza
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Gertner Institute for Epidemiology & Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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7
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Budal EB, Kessler J, Eide GE, Ebbing C, Collett K. Placental pathology and neonatal morbidity: exploring the impact of gestational age at birth. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:201. [PMID: 38486145 PMCID: PMC10938777 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate placental pathology in term and post-term births, investigate differences in clinical characteristics, and assess the risk of adverse neonatal outcome. METHODS This prospective observational study included 315 singleton births with gestational age (GA) > 36 weeks + 6 days meeting the local criteria for referral to placental histopathologic examination. We applied the Amsterdam criteria to classify the placentas. Births were categorized according to GA; early-term (37 weeks + 0 days to 38 weeks + 6 days), term (39 weeks + 0 days to 40 weeks + 6 days), late-term (41 weeks + 0 days to 41 weeks + 6 days), and post-term births (≥ 42 weeks + 0 days). The groups were compared regarding placental pathology findings and clinical characteristics. Adverse neonatal outcomes were defined as 5-minute Apgar score < 7, umbilical cord artery pH < 7.0, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit or intrauterine death. A composite adverse outcome included one or more adverse outcomes. The associations between placental pathology, adverse neonatal outcomes, maternal and pregnancy characteristics were evaluated by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Late-term and post-term births exhibited significantly higher rates of histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA), fetal inflammatory response, clinical chorioamnionitis (CCA) and transfer to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) compared to early-term and term births. HCA and maternal smoking in pregnancy were associated with adverse outcomes in an adjusted analysis. Nulliparity, CCA, emergency section and increasing GA were all significantly associated with HCA. CONCLUSIONS HCA was more prevalent in late and post-term births and was the only factor, along with maternal smoking, that was associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. Since nulliparity, CCA and GA beyond term are associated with HCA, this should alert the clinician and elicit continuous intrapartum monitoring for timely intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth B Budal
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jørg Kessler
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Geir Egil Eide
- Centre for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cathrine Ebbing
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karin Collett
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Pathology, Helse Bergen HF, Haukeland University Hospital, Post box 1400, Bergen, N-5021, Norway.
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Irmakci I, Nateghi R, Zhou R, Vescovo M, Saft M, Ross AE, Yang XJ, Cooper LAD, Goldstein JA. Tissue Contamination Challenges the Credibility of Machine Learning Models in Real World Digital Pathology. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100422. [PMID: 38185250 PMCID: PMC10960671 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) models are poised to transform surgical pathology practice. The most successful use attention mechanisms to examine whole slides, identify which areas of tissue are diagnostic, and use them to guide diagnosis. Tissue contaminants, such as floaters, represent unexpected tissue. Although human pathologists are extensively trained to consider and detect tissue contaminants, we examined their impact on ML models. We trained 4 whole-slide models. Three operate in placenta for the following functions: (1) detection of decidual arteriopathy, (2) estimation of gestational age, and (3) classification of macroscopic placental lesions. We also developed a model to detect prostate cancer in needle biopsies. We designed experiments wherein patches of contaminant tissue are randomly sampled from known slides and digitally added to patient slides and measured model performance. We measured the proportion of attention given to contaminants and examined the impact of contaminants in the t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding feature space. Every model showed performance degradation in response to one or more tissue contaminants. Decidual arteriopathy detection--balanced accuracy decreased from 0.74 to 0.69 ± 0.01 with addition of 1 patch of prostate tissue for every 100 patches of placenta (1% contaminant). Bladder, added at 10% contaminant, raised the mean absolute error in estimating gestational age from 1.626 weeks to 2.371 ± 0.003 weeks. Blood, incorporated into placental sections, induced false-negative diagnoses of intervillous thrombi. Addition of bladder to prostate cancer needle biopsies induced false positives, a selection of high-attention patches, representing 0.033 mm2, and resulted in a 97% false-positive rate when added to needle biopsies. Contaminant patches received attention at or above the rate of the average patch of patient tissue. Tissue contaminants induce errors in modern ML models. The high level of attention given to contaminants indicates a failure to encode biological phenomena. Practitioners should move to quantify and ameliorate this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Irmakci
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ramin Nateghi
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rujoi Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mariavittoria Vescovo
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Madeline Saft
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ashley E Ross
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ximing J Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lee A D Cooper
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffery A Goldstein
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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Dal Y, Karagün Ş, Akkuş F, Çolak H, Aytan H, Coşkun A. In premature rupture of membranes, maternal serum delta neutrophil index may be a predictive factor for histological chorioamnionitis and affect fetal inflammatory markers: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Am J Reprod Immunol 2024; 91:e13823. [PMID: 38406995 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM We aimed to investigate the predictive value of delta neutrophil index (DNI) for histological choriomanionitis (HCAM) and the effect of maternal inflammatory markers on neonatal outcomes and fetal inflammatory parameters. METHOD OF STUDY In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 68 pregnant women without HCAM (group 1) and 46 pregnant women diagnosed with HCAM (group 2) were divided into two groups. Demographic stories of the groups; maternal hematological parameters; maternal DNI and systemic inflammatory index (SII) values; outcomes of newborns; fetal inflammatory markers were recorded and compared between groups. RESULTS Maternal DNI, and SII levels were significantly higher in group 2 (p value < .05 for all). Admission to the neonatal unit (NICU) was higher in group 2 than in group 1 (p = .0001). We found that fetal inflammatory markers were significantly higher in group 2 (p values .001 for CRP, .0001 for DNI, and .002 for leukocyte). Maternal DNI was determined to be significantly diagnostic at a value of ≥1.3 in HCAM (p = .001). We observed that SII had a significant predictive value of 953036.6 (p = .019) for NICU admission. There is also a positive correlation between fetal inflammatory markers and maternal inflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS We found that maternal inflammatory markers are high in HCAM, maternal DNI can predict patients who will develop HCAM, maternal SII value can predict NICU admission, fetal inflammatory markers are high in HCAM, and these markers are affected by maternal inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Dal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Perinatology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Şebnem Karagün
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Perinatology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Fatih Akkuş
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Perinatology, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hatun Çolak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Hakan Aytan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Coşkun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Perinatology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
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de Graaff E, Anderson N, Sadler L, Lakhdhir H, Simon-Kumar R, Peiris-John R, Burgess W, Okesene-Gafa K, Cronin R, McCowan L, Bartlett K. A validation of placental pathology reports by ethnicity in New Zealand, through systematic analysis of histological slides. Placenta 2024; 145:162-168. [PMID: 38142649 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reliability studies of placental examination have shown differing interobserver agreement for certain pathological features, a lack of uniform reporting criteria and variable experience among pathologists. In previous analyses we have shown that placental pathology differs by ethnicity. This validation study was performed to investigate whether bias related to ethnicity is a feature of placental pathology reporting in New Zealand (NZ). METHODS 199 of 1726 eligible perinatal death cases between 2008 and 2017 were selected at random for this audit-type study, including 51 cases from South Asian, Māori and NZ European ethnicity and 46 cases from Pacific mothers. Stored histology slides were blinded and re-examined by an experienced perinatal pathologist, and linked to the corresponding original pathology report. Interobserver agreement (overall, by ethnicity and by gestational age) was described by proportional differences and kappa coefficients. RESULTS Total interobserver agreement between original placental reporting and the validation review was 89.7 %, which differed by pathological feature. There was generally more underreporting than overreporting (3.6 % and 6.7 %, respectively). There was little disagreement by ethnicity (decidual vasculopathy [p = 0.03]), although there were more differences by gestational age (villous morphology [p < 0.01], chorioamnionitis [p = 0.03], high-grade villitis of unknown etiology [p < 0.01], and placental haemorrhage [p = 0.03]). DISCUSSION No systematic bias in placental pathology reporting in NZ was identified by ethnicity or gestational age, as observed differences could be related to the underlying prevalence of pathology. We identified more underreporting than overreporting of pathology in the original reports, emphasizing the importance of placental investigation by specialised perinatal pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esti de Graaff
- The University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Building 507, 22-30 Park Avenue, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Ngaire Anderson
- The University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Building 507, 22-30 Park Avenue, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Lynn Sadler
- The University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Building 507, 22-30 Park Avenue, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; Te Toka Tumai Auckland, Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, 2 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Heena Lakhdhir
- Counties Manukau District, Division of Women's Health, Te Whatu Ora - Health New Zealand, 100 Hospital Road, Ōtāhuhu, Auckland, 2025, New Zealand.
| | - Rachel Simon-Kumar
- The University of Auckland School of Population Health, Building 507, 22-30 Park Avenue, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Roshini Peiris-John
- The University of Auckland Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Building 507, 22-30 Park Avenue, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Wendy Burgess
- The University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Building 507, 22-30 Park Avenue, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Karaponi Okesene-Gafa
- The University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Building 507, 22-30 Park Avenue, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; Counties Manukau District, Division of Women's Health, Te Whatu Ora - Health New Zealand, 100 Hospital Road, Ōtāhuhu, Auckland, 2025, New Zealand.
| | - Robin Cronin
- The University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Building 507, 22-30 Park Avenue, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; Counties Manukau District, Division of Women's Health, Te Whatu Ora - Health New Zealand, 100 Hospital Road, Ōtāhuhu, Auckland, 2025, New Zealand.
| | - Lesley McCowan
- The University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Building 507, 22-30 Park Avenue, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Kate Bartlett
- Auckland District Health Board LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Building 31, Gate 4 Grafton Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1148, New Zealand.
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11
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Davis DL, Lechner AC, Chapel DB, Slack JC, Carreon CK, Quade BJ, Parra-Herran C. Outcome-Based Risk Stratification Model for the Diagnosis of Placental Maternal Vascular Malperfusion. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100370. [PMID: 38015042 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The Amsterdam Consensus Statement introduced the term maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM) to group a constellation of findings associated with impaired maternal-placental circulation. In isolation, these findings are relatively common in placentas from normal gestations, and there is uncertainty on how many, and which, are required. We aimed to determine the criteria essential for MVM diagnosis in correlation with obstetrical outcomes. A total of 200 placentas (100 with a reported diagnosis of MVM and 100 controls matched by maternal age and gravida-para-abortus status) were reviewed to document MVM features. Obstetrical outcomes in the current pregnancy were recorded including hypertension, pre-eclampsia with or without severe features, gestational diabetes, prematurity, fetal growth restriction, and intrauterine fetal demise. On univariate logistic regression analysis, adverse outcome was associated with low placental weight (LPW, <10% percentile for gestational age), accelerated villous maturation (AVM), decidual arteriopathy (DA), infarcts (presence and volume), distal villous hypoplasia, and excess multinucleated trophoblast in basal plate ≥2 mm (all P < .01) but not with retroplacental hemorrhage. In a multivariable model DA, infarcts and AVM were significantly associated with adverse outcomes, whereas LPW showed a trend toward significance. A receiver-operating characteristic curve including these 4 parameters showed good predictive ability (area under the curve [AUC], 0.8256). Based on the probability of an adverse outcome, we recommend consistent reporting of DA, AVM, infarcts, and LPW, summarizing them as "diagnostic of MVM" (DA or AVM plus any other feature, yielding a probability of 65%-97% for adverse obstetrical outcomes) or "suggestive of MVM" (if only 1 feature is present, or only 2 features are infarcts plus LPW, yielding a probability of up to 52%). Other features such as distal villous hypoplasia, excess (≥2 mm) multinucleated trophoblast, and retroplacental hemorrhage can also be reported, and their role in MVM diagnosis should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L Davis
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam C Lechner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - David B Chapel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jonathan C Slack
- Robert J. Tomsich Institute of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Bradley J Quade
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carlos Parra-Herran
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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12
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Cheloufi M, Coulomb A, Abisror N, Kayem G, Fain O, Alijotas-Reig J, Mekinian A. Massive perivillous fibrin deposition: Diagnosis, obstetrical features, and treatment. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2024; 292:125-132. [PMID: 37995528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2023.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
MPVFD (Massive perivillous fibrin deposition) is placental lesion characterized by extensive massive deposits of fibrin in the intervillous space, extending over at least 25 % of the placental volume. Currently, this pathology can only be detected through histopathological examination of the placenta after a pregnancy has ended. The underlying mechanisms are poorly studied, there is no biomarker available for the diagnosis of MPVFD and treatment protocols are experimental and still lacking. The objective of this study is to systematically review the literature on the associated clinicopathologic features, treatment, and prognosis of MPVFD. We ended up with 17 studies, of these 12 studies were considered relevant for this article and included in the final analysis. All studies reporting MPVFD are retrospective. MPVFD is associated with recurrent miscarriage, intra uterine fetal death (IUFD), intra uterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preterm delivery. The prevalence in pregnancies with a delivery after 22 weeks of gestation was at 1.1 % and even higher to 2.7 % in recurrent early miscarriages. The reported risk of fetal death in MPVFD ranges mainly from 15 to 80 %. Preterm delivery is spontaneous in 50 to 70 % of cases and induced by of a severe intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in 30 to 50 % of cases depending on the study. Its causes and treatment are still poorly understood, although several avenues have been explored. This review summarizes current understanding of the prevalence, diagnostic features, clinical consequences, immune pathology, and potential prophylaxis against recurrence in this chronic inflammatory placental syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryam Cheloufi
- Sorbonne Université, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, F-75012, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Coulomb
- Sorbonne Université, service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Noémie Abisror
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, service de Médecine Interne (DMU i3), F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Kayem
- Sorbonne Université, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, F-75012, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Fain
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, service de Médecine Interne (DMU i3), F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Jaume Alijotas-Reig
- Systemic Autoimmune Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Vall d'Hebrón University Hospital, and Departament of Medicine Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arsène Mekinian
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, service de Médecine Interne (DMU i3), F-75012 Paris, France.
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13
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Johng S, Licht DJ, Hedrick HL, Rintoul N, Linn RL, Gebb JS, Xiao R, Massey SL. Prenatal Brain Maturation is Delayed in Neonates with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. J Pediatr 2024; 264:113738. [PMID: 37722557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess brain development in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) using a fetal Total Maturation Score (fTMS). STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective cohort study using data from a single-center clinical registry. Neonates with an antenatal diagnosis of CDH between 2014 and 2020 and prenatal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (n = 48) were included. We compared our study sample with historical healthy controls (n = 48). The relationship between fTMS and gestational age (GA), as well as the association between fTMS and key prenatal variables and placental pathologic findings, were evaluated. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, neonates with CDH had a significant delay in fTMS (P value <.001). Within the CDH cohort, there was no significant difference in fTMS based on CDH severity, intrathoracic liver position, right vs left CDH, sex, presence of abnormal echocardiogram findings, treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), or in-hospital mortality. Placentas of neonates with CDH had a high proportion of fetal vascular malperfusion (56%) and chronic inflammation (67%), and relatively large placentas had a protective effect on prenatal brain maturation (P value = .025). CONCLUSIONS Prenatal brain maturation in neonates with CDH is delayed. Placental pathology may influence fetal brain development. The etiology and clinical impact of prenatal brain immaturity in neonates with CDH warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Johng
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Daniel J Licht
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Holly L Hedrick
- Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Natalie Rintoul
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rebecca L Linn
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Juliana S Gebb
- Richard D Wood, Jr Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shavonne L Massey
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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14
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Feenstra ME, Bourgonje MF, Bourgonje AR, Schoots MH, Hillebrands JL, Muller Kobold AC, Prins JR, van Goor H, Ganzevoort W, Gordijn SJ. Systemic Oxidative Stress in Severe Early-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction Associates with Concomitant Pre-Eclampsia, Not with Severity of Fetal Growth Restriction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:46. [PMID: 38247471 PMCID: PMC10812523 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placental insufficiency is an important mechanism underlying early-onset fetal growth restriction (eoFGR). Reduced placental function causes impaired metabolic and gaseous exchange. This unfavorable placental environment is among other processes characterized by increased oxidative stress. Systemic free thiols (FT) are known for their reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity, and higher plasma levels of FT are associated with a better outcome in a multitude of ischemic and inflammatory diseases. We aimed to investigate the relationships between systemic FT levels and maternal and perinatal clinical characteristics and outcomes. STUDY DESIGN In a post hoc analysis of the Dutch Strider study, a cohort of women with eoFGR, we investigated the association between the maternal redox status (FT) levels at study inclusion, placental biomarkers, and maternal and neonatal outcomes in 108 patients. RESULTS FT were significantly lower in pregnancies complicated with eoFGR with concurrent maternal hypertensive disorders (pregnancy-induced hypertension; ρ = -0.281 p = 0.004, pre-eclampsia; ρ = -0.505 p = 0.000). In addition, lower FT levels were significantly associated with higher systolic (ρ = -0.348 p = 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (ρ = -0.266 p = 0.014), but not with the severity of eoFGR. FT levels were inversely associated with sFlt (ρ = -0.366, p < 0.001). A strong relation between systemic FT levels and PlGF levels was observed in women with pre-eclampsia at delivery (ρ = 0.452, p = 0.002), which was not found in women without hypertensive disorders (ρ = 0.008, p = 0.958). CONCLUSIONS In women with pregnancies complicated with eoFGR, FT levels reflect the severity of maternal disease related to the underlying placental insufficiency rather than the severity of the placental dysfunction as reflected in eoFGR or perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjon E. Feenstra
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.E.F.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Martin F. Bourgonje
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.F.B.); (A.R.B.); (M.H.S.); (J.-L.H.); (H.v.G.)
| | - Arno R. Bourgonje
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.F.B.); (A.R.B.); (M.H.S.); (J.-L.H.); (H.v.G.)
| | - Mirthe H. Schoots
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.F.B.); (A.R.B.); (M.H.S.); (J.-L.H.); (H.v.G.)
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.F.B.); (A.R.B.); (M.H.S.); (J.-L.H.); (H.v.G.)
| | - Anneke C. Muller Kobold
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jelmer R. Prins
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.E.F.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.F.B.); (A.R.B.); (M.H.S.); (J.-L.H.); (H.v.G.)
| | - Wessel Ganzevoort
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Sanne J. Gordijn
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.E.F.); (J.R.P.)
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15
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Dehner LP. The Placenta and Neonatal Encephalopathy with a Focus on Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2023; 42:950-971. [PMID: 37766587 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2023.2261051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Background: Placental examination is important for its diagnostic immediacy to correlate with maternal and/or fetal complications and parturitional difficulties. In a broader context, clinicopathologic studies of the placenta have addressed a range of pathogenetic questions that have led to conclusive and inconclusive results and interpretations. Methods: Recent standardized morphologic criteria and terminology of placental lesions have facilitated the ability to compare findings from studies that have focused on complications and outcomes of pregnancy. This review is an evaluation of recent studies on placental lesions associated with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Conclusion: No apparent consensus exists on whether it is fetal inflammation with the release of cytokines or chronic maternal and/or fetal vascular malperfusion is responsible for HIE with a lowering of the threshold for hypoxic ischemia. The counter argument is that HIE occurs solely as an intrapartum event. Additional investigation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P Dehner
- Lauren V. Ackerman Laboratory of Surgical Pathology, Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children's Hospitals, State of Washington University in St. Louis Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
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16
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Bosco M, Romero R, Gallo DM, Suksai M, Gotsch F, Jung E, Chaemsaithong P, Tarca AL, Gomez-Lopez N, Arenas-Hernandez M, Meyyazhagan A, Al Qasem M, Franchi MP, Grossman LI, Aras S, Chaiworapongsa T. Clinical chorioamnionitis at term is characterized by changes in the plasma concentration of CHCHD2/MNRR1, a mitochondrial protein. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2023; 36:2222333. [PMID: 37349086 PMCID: PMC10445405 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2222333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitochondrial dysfunction was observed in acute systemic inflammatory conditions such as sepsis and might be involved in sepsis-induced multi-organ failure. Coiled-Coil-Helix-Coiled-Coil-Helix Domain Containing 2 (CHCHD2), also known as Mitochondrial Nuclear Retrograde Regulator 1 (MNRR1), a bi-organellar protein located in the mitochondria and the nucleus, is implicated in cell respiration, survival, and response to tissue hypoxia. Recently, the reduction of the cellular CHCHD2/MNRR1 protein, as part of mitochondrial dysfunction, has been shown to play a role in the amplification of inflammatory cytokines in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine whether the plasma concentration of CHCHD2/MNRR1 changed during human normal pregnancy, spontaneous labor at term, and clinical chorioamnionitis at term. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study that included the following groups: 1) non-pregnant women (n = 17); 2) normal pregnant women at various gestational ages from the first trimester until term (n = 110); 3) women at term with spontaneous labor (n = 50); and 4) women with clinical chorioamnionitis at term in labor (n = 25). Plasma concentrations of CHCHD2/MNRR1 were assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS 1) Pregnant women at term in labor with clinical chorioamnionitis had a significantly higher plasma CHCHD2/MNRR1 concentration than those in labor without chorioamnionitis (p = .003); 2) CHCHD2/MNRR1 is present in the plasma of healthy non-pregnant and normal pregnant women without significant differences in its plasma concentrations between the two groups; 3) there was no correlation between maternal plasma CHCHD2/MNRR1 concentration and gestational age at venipuncture; and 4) plasma CHCHD2/MNRR1 concentration was not significantly different in women at term in spontaneous labor compared to those not in labor. CONCLUSIONS CHCHD2/MNRR1 is physiologically present in the plasma of healthy non-pregnant and normal pregnant women, and its concentration does not change with gestational age and parturition at term. However, plasma CHCHD2/MNRR1 is elevated in women at term with clinical chorioamnionitis. CHCHD2/MNRR1, a novel bi-organellar protein located in the mitochondria and the nucleus, is released into maternal plasma during systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Bosco
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, AOUI Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Romero
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Dahiana M Gallo
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Manaphat Suksai
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Eunjung Jung
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Piya Chaemsaithong
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Marcia Arenas-Hernandez
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Arun Meyyazhagan
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Centre of Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Malek Al Qasem
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - Massimo P Franchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, AOUI Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lawrence I Grossman
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Siddhesh Aras
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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17
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Gallo DM, Fitzgerald W, Romero R, Gomez-Lopez N, Gudicha DW, Than NG, Bosco M, Chaiworapongsa T, Jung E, Meyyazhagan A, Suksai M, Gotsch F, Erez O, Tarca AL, Margolis L. Proteomic profile of extracellular vesicles in maternal plasma of women with fetal death. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2023; 36:2177529. [PMID: 36813269 PMCID: PMC10395052 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2177529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fetal death is a complication of pregnancy caused by multiple etiologies rather than being the end-result of a single disease process. Many soluble analytes in the maternal circulation, such as hormones and cytokines, have been implicated in its pathophysiology. However, changes in the protein content of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which could provide additional insight into the disease pathways of this obstetrical syndrome, have not been examined. This study aimed to characterize the proteomic profile of EVs in the plasma of pregnant women who experienced fetal death and to evaluate whether such a profile reflected the pathophysiological mechanisms of this obstetrical complication. Moreover, the proteomic results were compared to and integrated with those obtained from the soluble fraction of maternal plasma. METHODS This retrospective case-control study included 47 women who experienced fetal death and 94 matched, healthy, pregnant controls. Proteomic analysis of 82 proteins in the EVs and the soluble fractions of maternal plasma samples was conducted by using a bead-based, multiplexed immunoassay platform. Quantile regression analysis and random forest models were implemented to assess differences in the concentration of proteins in the EV and soluble fractions and to evaluate their combined discriminatory power between clinical groups. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to identify subgroups of fetal death cases with similar proteomic profiles. A p-value of <.05 was used to infer significance, unless multiple testing was involved, with the false discovery rate controlled at the 10% level (q < 0.1). All statistical analyses were performed by using the R statistical language and environment-and specialized packages. RESULTS Nineteen proteins (placental growth factor, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, endoglin, regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES), interleukin (IL)-6, macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha, urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, IL-8, E-Selectin, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, pentraxin 3, IL-16, galectin-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1, matrix metalloproteinase-1(MMP1), and CD163) were found to have different plasma concentrations (of an EV or a soluble fraction) in women with fetal death compared to controls. There was a similar pattern of change for the dysregulated proteins in the EV and soluble fractions and a positive correlation between the log2-fold changes of proteins significant in either the EV or the soluble fraction (ρ = 0.89, p < .001). The combination of EV and soluble fraction proteins resulted in a good discriminatory model (area under the ROC curve, 82%; sensitivity, 57.5% at a 10% false-positive rate). Unsupervised clustering based on the proteins differentially expressed in either the EV or the soluble fraction of patients with fetal death relative to controls revealed three major clusters of patients. CONCLUSION Pregnant women with fetal death have different concentrations of 19 proteins in the EV and soluble fractions compared to controls, and the direction of changes in concentration was similar between fractions. The combination of EV and soluble protein concentrations revealed three different clusters of fetal death cases with distinct clinical and placental histopathological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahiana M Gallo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Detroit, MI, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidad Del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Wendy Fitzgerald
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Detroit, MI, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Dereje W Gudicha
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Nándor Gábor Than
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Detroit, MI, USA.,Systems, Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mariachiara Bosco
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Detroit, MI, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Detroit, MI, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Eunjung Jung
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Detroit, MI, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Arun Meyyazhagan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Detroit, MI, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Manaphat Suksai
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Detroit, MI, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Detroit, MI, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Detroit, MI, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Detroit, MI, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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Tian X, Goemaere NNT, van der Meeren L, Yang J, Kapsenberg JM, Lashley LEELO, Eikmans M, van der Hoorn MLP. Inflammatory placental lesions are specifically observed in healthy oocyte donation pregnancies with extreme fetal-maternal incompatibility. Placenta 2023; 143:100-109. [PMID: 37866320 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oocyte donation (OD) pregnancy is a risk factor for pre-eclampsia (PE). Due to a higher extent of fetal-maternal human leukocyte antigens (HLA) mismatching in OD pregnancies compared to naturally conceived (NC) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancies, the immune response in OD placentas is probably divergent and affects clinical outcomes. We hypothesized that placental pathology varies among diverse pregnancy conditions and is related to fetal-maternal HLA incompatibility. METHODS Placental lesions were scored in four patient groups: OD-PE (n = 16), OD-healthy (n = 37), NC-PE (n = 45), and IVF-healthy (n = 17). All combinations were genotyped for HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, and -DQ to calculate fetal-maternal HLA mismatches. Placentas showing chronic deciduitis with plasma cells were immunofluorescently stained with CD138 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). RESULTS The distribution and severity of placental lesions varied among groups. The OD-healthy group had the highest inflammation score and greatest extent of chronic deciduitis with plasma cells (p < 0.05). However, the majority of CD138+ plasma cells (90%) in OD-healthy group expressed IL-10, in contrast to the OD-PE group (58%). The OD-healthy group was separated into semi-allogeneic (≤5 HLA mismatches) and fully allogeneic (>5 mismatches) subgroups. The elevated inflammatory pathology score and chronic deciduitis with plasma cells were found more often in the HLA-class-I fully allogeneic OD-healthy group than the IVF-healthy group (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION Placental inflammatory lesions are most often present in uncomplicated OD pregnancies. Immune cells that infiltrate these lesions might play an immunosuppressive role to protect OD pregnancies from complications when facing a higher extent of fetal-maternal HLA mismatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezi Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Lotte van der Meeren
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jiayi Yang
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna M Kapsenberg
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa E E L O Lashley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Eikmans
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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19
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Layden AJ, Bertolet M, Parks WT, Adibi JJ, Roberts JM, Catov JM. Prepregnancy obesity and risk of placental inflammation at term: a selection bias analysis. Ann Epidemiol 2023; 86:25-33.e7. [PMID: 37302673 PMCID: PMC10546767 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Placental histopathology is a resource for investigating obesity-associated pregnancy conditions. However, studies oversample adverse pregnancies, biasing findings. We examine the association between prepregnancy obesity (risk factor for inflammation) and histologic placental inflammation (correlated with impaired infant neurodevelopment) and how selection bias may influence the association. METHODS Singleton term deliveries between 2008 and 2012 from the Magee Obstetric Maternal and Infant database were analyzed. Prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) was categorized as underweight, lean (referent), overweight, and obese. Outcomes were diagnoses of acute (acute chorioamnionitis and fetal inflammation) and chronic placental inflammation (chronic villitis). Risk ratios for associations between BMI and placental inflammation were estimated using selection bias approaches: complete case, exclusion of pregnancy complications, multiple imputation, and inverse probability weighting. E-values approximated how susceptible estimates were to residual selection bias. RESULTS Across methods, obesity was associated with an 8-15% lower risk of acute chorioamnionitis, a 7%-14% lower risk of acute fetal inflammation, and a 12%-30% higher risk of chronic villitis relative to lean women. E-values indicated modest residual selection bias could explain away associations, though few measured indications of placental evaluations met this threshold. CONCLUSIONS Obesity may contribute to placental inflammation, and we highlight robust methods to analyze clinical data susceptible to selection bias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marnie Bertolet
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - W Tony Parks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA
| | - Jennifer J Adibi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - James M Roberts
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Janet M Catov
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
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20
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Alongi S, Lambicchi L, Moltrasio F, Botto VA, Bernasconi DP, Cuttin MS, Paterlini G, Malguzzi S, Locatelli A. Placental pathology in perinatal asphyxia: a case-control study. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2023; 4:1186362. [PMID: 37790677 PMCID: PMC10545088 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1186362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Placentas of term infants with birth asphyxia are reported to have more lesion such as maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM), fetal vascular malperfusion (FVM) and chorioamnionitis with fetal response (FIR) than those of term infants without birth asphyxia. We compared the placental pathology of asphyxiated newborns, including those who developed hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), with non-asphyxiated controls. Methods We conducted a retrospective case-control study of placentas from neonates with a gestational age ≥ 35 weeks, a birthweight ≥ 1,800 g, and no malformations. Cases were asphyxiated newborns (defined as those with an umbilical artery pH ≤ 7.0 or base excess ≤ -12 mMol, 10-minute Apgar score ≤ 5, or the need for resuscitation lasting >10 min) from a previous cohort, with (n=32) and without (n=173) diagnosis of HIE. Controls were non-asphyxiated newborns from low-risk l (n= 50) or high-risk (n= 68) pregnancies. Placentas were analyzed according to the Amsterdam Placental Workshop Group Consensus Statement 2014. Results Cases had a higher prevalence of nulliparity, BMI>25, thick meconium, abnormal fetal heart monitoring, and acute intrapartum events than controls (p<0.001). MVM and FVM were more frequent among non-asphyxiated than asphyxiated newborns (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in inflammatory lesions or abnormal umbilical insertion site. Histologic meconium-associated changes (MAC) were observed in asphyxiated newborns only (p= 0.039). Discussion Our results confirm the role of antepartum and intrapartum risk factors in neonatal asphyxia and HIE. No association between neonatal asphyxia and placental lesions was found, except for in the case of MAC. The association between clinical and placental data is crucial to understanding and possibly preventing perinatal asphyxia in subsequent pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Alongi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Laura Lambicchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione MONZA e BRIANZA per il BAMBINO e la sua MAMMA (MBBM), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Francesca Moltrasio
- Department of Pathology, Desio Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Brianza, Desio, MB, Italy
| | | | - Davide Paolo Bernasconi
- Bicocca Bioinformatics Biostatistics and Bioimaging Centre – B4, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Cuttin
- Department of Pathology, Vimercate Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Brianza, Vimercate, MB, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Paterlini
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione MONZA e BRIANZA per il BAMBINO e la sua MAMMA (MBBM), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Silvia Malguzzi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione MONZA e BRIANZA per il BAMBINO e la sua MAMMA (MBBM), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Anna Locatelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, MB, Italy
- Obstetrics, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
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21
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Barak O, Lovelace T, Piekos S, Chu T, Cao Z, Sadovsky E, Mouillet JF, Ouyang Y, Parks WT, Hood L, Price ND, Benos PV, Sadovsky Y. Integrated unbiased multiomics defines disease-independent placental clusters in common obstetrical syndromes. BMC Med 2023; 21:349. [PMID: 37679695 PMCID: PMC10485945 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placental dysfunction, a root cause of common syndromes affecting human pregnancy, such as preeclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction (FGR), and spontaneous preterm delivery (sPTD), remains poorly defined. These common, yet clinically disparate obstetrical syndromes share similar placental histopathologic patterns, while individuals within each syndrome present distinct molecular changes, challenging our understanding and hindering our ability to prevent and treat these syndromes. METHODS Using our extensive biobank, we identified women with severe PE (n = 75), FGR (n = 40), FGR with a hypertensive disorder (FGR + HDP; n = 33), sPTD (n = 72), and two uncomplicated control groups, term (n = 113), and preterm without PE, FGR, or sPTD (n = 16). We used placental biopsies for transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics data, and histological evaluation. After conventional pairwise comparison, we deployed an unbiased, AI-based similarity network fusion (SNF) to integrate the datatypes and identify omics-defined placental clusters. We used Bayesian model selection to compare the association between the histopathological features and disease conditions vs SNF clusters. RESULTS Pairwise, disease-based comparisons exhibited relatively few differences, likely reflecting the heterogeneity of the clinical syndromes. Therefore, we deployed the unbiased, omics-based SNF method. Our analysis resulted in four distinct clusters, which were mostly dominated by a specific syndrome. Notably, the cluster dominated by early-onset PE exhibited strong placental dysfunction patterns, with weaker injury patterns in the cluster dominated by sPTD. The SNF-defined clusters exhibited better correlation with the histopathology than the predefined disease groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that integrated omics-based SNF distinctively reclassifies placental dysfunction patterns underlying the common obstetrical syndromes, improves our understanding of the pathological processes, and could promote a search for more personalized interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Barak
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tyler Lovelace
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 800 Murdoch Building, 3420 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Joint CMU-Pitt PhD Program in Computational Biology, 800 Murdoch Building, 3420 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Samantha Piekos
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terri Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Tianjiao Chu
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Zhishen Cao
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Elena Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Mouillet
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Yingshi Ouyang
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - W Tony Parks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Simcoe Hall, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Leroy Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terri Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Nathan D Price
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terri Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Thorne HealthTech, 152 West 57th Street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Panayiotis V Benos
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 800 Murdoch Building, 3420 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Joint CMU-Pitt PhD Program in Computational Biology, 800 Murdoch Building, 3420 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
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22
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Elenga N, Aboubacar Ahidan MR, Buende Eyenga R, Houadjeto D. Prenatal transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, resulting in neonatal severe acute pneumonia, from an asymptomatic mother: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2023; 17:382. [PMID: 37674194 PMCID: PMC10483710 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-023-04120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report a case of prenatal coronavirus disease 2019, which evolved 6 days after birth into severe pneumonia with signs of multiple organ failure, in a mother with asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019. CASE PRESENTATION At minute 11 of life, our patient from Afro-Caribbean had polypnea with mild signs of struggle; Silverman's index was scored at three. Chest radiography showed bilateral opacities consistent with respiratory distress syndrome. On the 6th day of life, a thoracic computed tomography scan showed bilateral parenchymatous lesions (10-20%) in ground glass, compatible with coronavirus disease 2019-type infection. At the same time, the neonate showed signs of multiple organ failure (elevated liver and cardiac enzyme levels). She was treated with azithromycin (20 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. All the signs recovered fully by day 12. Real-time polymerase chain reaction results were positive in the first 30 min of life, suggesting prenatal transmission. Our patient has been followed until 2 years old and is developing well with no sequelae. CONCLUSION This case report demonstrates the incompatibility between maternal asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 and severe neonatal lung involvement. We emphasize the need for vigilance to avoid missing the most severe forms of neonatal coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narcisse Elenga
- Pediatric Medicine and Surgery, Andrée Rosemon Regional Hospital, Cayenne Hospital, Rue des Flamboyants, BP 6006, 97306, Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana.
| | - Maman Rabiou Aboubacar Ahidan
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saint Laurent-du-Maronil Hospital, Avenue Paul Castaing, 97320, Saint-Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Régine Buende Eyenga
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saint Laurent-du-Maronil Hospital, Avenue Paul Castaing, 97320, Saint-Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Dandjeffo Houadjeto
- Department of Radiology, Saint Laurent-du-Maronil Hospital, Avenue Paul Castaing, 97320, Saint-Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana
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23
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Shallow placental implantation (SPI) features placental maldistribution of extravillous trophoblasts and includes excessive amount of extravillous trophoblasts, chorionic microcysts in the membranes and chorionic disc, and decidual clusters of multinucleate trophoblasts. The histological lesions were previously and individually reported in association with various clinical and placental abnormalities. This retrospective statistical analysis of a large placental database from high-risk pregnancy statistically compares placentas with and without a composite group of features of SPI. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-four independent abnormal clinical and 44 other than SPI placental phenotypes were compared between 4,930 placentas without (group 1) and 1,283 placentas with one or more histological features of SPI (composite SPI group; group 2). Placentas were received for pathology examination at a discretion of obstetricians. Placental lesion terminology was consistent with the Amsterdam criteria, with addition of other lesions described more recently. RESULTS Cases of group 2 featured statistically and significantly (p < 0.001after Bonferroni's correction) more common than group 1 on the following measures: gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, oligohydramnios, polyhydramnios, abnormal Dopplers, induction of labor, cesarean section, perinatal mortality, fetal growth restriction, stay in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), congenital malformation, deep meconium penetration, intravillous hemorrhage, villous infarction, membrane laminar necrosis, fetal blood erythroblastosis, decidual arteriopathy (hypertrophic and atherosis), chronic hypoxic injury (uterine and postuterine), intervillous thrombus, segmental and global fetal vascular malperfusion, various umbilical cord abnormalities, and basal plate myometrial fibers. CONCLUSION SPI placentas were statistically and significantly associated with 48% abnormal independent clinical and 51% independent abnormal placental phenotypes such as acute and chronic hypoxic lesions, fetal vascular malperfusion, umbilical cord abnormalities, and basal plate myometrial fibers among others. Therefore, SPI should be regarded as a category of placental lesions related to maternal vascular malperfusion and the "Great Obstetrical Syndromes." KEY POINTS · SPI reflects abnormal distribution of extravillous trophoblasts.. · SPI features abnormal clinical and placental phenotypes.. · SPI portends increased risk of complicated perinatal outcome..
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Stanek
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Diaz NM, Zemtsov GE, Ryan E, Chao A, Santoli CMA, Grace MR, Dotters-Katz SK. Maternal and peripartum risk factors for acute funisitis among term deliveries complicated by intraamniotic infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2023; 5:101013. [PMID: 37178719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2023.101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute funisitis-the histologic diagnosis of inflammation within the umbilical cord-represents a fetal inflammatory response and has been associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. Little is known regarding the maternal and intrapartum risk factors associated with the development of acute funisitis among term deliveries complicated by intraamniotic infection. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify the maternal and intrapartum risk factors associated with developing acute funisitis among term deliveries complicated by intraamniotic infection. STUDY DESIGN After institutional review board approval, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of term deliveries affected by clinical intraamniotic infection at a single tertiary center between 2013 and 2017, with placental pathology consistent with histologic chorioamnionitis. The exclusion criteria included intrauterine fetal demise, missing delivery information or placental pathology, and documented congenital fetal abnormalities. Maternal sociodemographic, antepartum, and intrapartum factors were compared among patients with acute funisitis on pathology to those without acute funisitis using bivariate statistics. Regression models were developed to estimate the adjusted odds ratios. RESULTS Of 123 patients meeting the inclusion criteria, 75 (61%) had acute funisitis on placental pathology. Compared with placental specimens without acute funisitis, acute funisitis was observed more frequently among patients with maternal BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (58.7% vs 39.6%, P=.04) and labor courses with increased rupture of membrane duration (17.3 vs 9.6 hours, P=.001). Use of fetal scalp electrode was observed less frequently in acute funisitis (5.3% vs 16.7%, P=.04) than cases without acute funisitis. In regression models, maternal BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (adjusted odds ratio, 2.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-5.90) and rupture of membrane >18 hours (adjusted odds ratio, 2.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-5.75) were significantly associated with acute funisitis. Fetal scalp electrode use (adjusted odds ratio, 0.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.04-0.71) was negatively associated with acute funisitis. CONCLUSION In term deliveries with intraamniotic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis, maternal BMI ≥30 kg/m2, and rupture of membrane>18 hours were associated with acute funisitis on placental pathology. As insight into the clinical impact of acute funisitis grows, the ability to predict which pregnancies are at the greatest risk for its development may allow for a tailored approach to predicting neonatal risk for sepsis and related comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Diaz
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (Ms Diaz).
| | - Gregory E Zemtsov
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (Drs Zemtsov and Santoli)
| | - Emma Ryan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN (Dr Ryan)
| | - Agnes Chao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (Dr Chao)
| | - Carmen M A Santoli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (Drs Zemtsov and Santoli)
| | - Matthew R Grace
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (Dr Grace)
| | - Sarah K Dotters-Katz
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (Dr Dotters-Katz)
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Antolini-Tavares A, Nobrega GM, Guida JP, Luz AG, Lajos GJ, do-Valle CR, Souza RT, Cecatti JG, Mysorekar IU, Costa ML. Morphological placental findings in women infected with SARS-CoV-2 according to trimester of pregnancy and severity of disease. Placenta 2023; 139:190-199. [PMID: 37442007 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placental morphology findings in SARS-CoV-2 infection are considered nonspecific, although the role of trimester and severity of infection are underreported. Therefore, we aimed to investigate abnormal placental morphology, according to these two criteria. METHODS This is an ancillary analysis of a prospective cohort study of pregnant women with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, managed in one maternity, from March 2020 to October 2021. Charting of clinical/obstetric history, trimester and severity of COVID-19 infection, and maternal/perinatal outcomes were done. Placental morphological findings were classified into maternal and fetal circulatory injury and acute/chronic inflammation. We further compared findings with women with suspected disease which tested negative for COVID-19. Diseases' trimester of infection and clinical severity guided the analysis of confirmed COVID-19 cases. RESULTS Ninety-one placental discs from 85 women were eligible as a COVID-19 group, and 42 discs from 41 women in negative COVID-19 group. SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred in 68.2% during third trimester, and 6.6% during first; 16.5% were asymptomatic, 61.5% non-severe and 22.0% severe symptomatic (two maternal deaths). Preterm birth occurred in 33.0% (one fetal death). Global maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM) were significant in COVID-19 group whether compared with negative COVID-19 tests group; however, fetal vascular malperfusion lesions and low-grade chronic villitis were not. Three placentas had COVID-19 placentitis. Decidual arteriopathy was associated with infection in first/mid trimester, and chorangiosis in asymptomatic infections. DISCUSSION Placental abnormalities after an infection by COVID-19 were more frequent after first/mid-trimester infections. Extensive placental lesions are rare, although they may be more common upon underlying medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Antolini-Tavares
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Nobrega
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José P Guida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana G Luz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Giuliane J Lajos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - CarolinaC Ribeiro do-Valle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato T Souza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José G Cecatti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Maria L Costa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Gibson B, Goodfriend E, Zhong Y, Melhem NM. Fetal inflammatory response and risk for psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:224. [PMID: 37355708 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to numerous neuropsychiatric disorders, especially those that first appear in childhood. Maternal intrauterine environment, including the placenta, has a role in brain development and risk for neuropsychiatric disorders. This study examines the link between fetal inflammatory syndrome (FIRS), which is placental inflammation in the peri-partem period, and neuropsychiatric disorders during childhood.This is a retrospective cohort study using data from electronic medical records over a 19-year period at one women's hospital. The study includes 4851 children born with placentas meeting criteria for and 31,927 controls identified with normal placentas born during the same period. To be diagnosed with FIRS placenta must contain chorionic vasculitis and/or funisitis. Children had to be in study period for at least 5 years. The primary outcome of the study is incidence of neuropsychiatric disorders during childhood. The secondary outcomes were psychiatric medications prescribed, and psychiatric hospitalizations and treatment. Children born to placentas meeting criteria for FIRS were more likely to be diagnosed with neuropsychiatric disorders (OR = 1.21, CI 95% [1.09,1.35]). Specifically, they were more likely to be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (OR = 1.35, CI 95% [1.08, 1.67]), ADHD (OR = 1.27, CI 95% [1.07, 1.49]), conduct disorder (OR = 1.50, CI 95% [1.24, 1.81]), PTSD (OR = 2.46. CI 95% [1.21, 5.04]), adjusting for maternal history of psychiatric disorders, intra-partem substance use, and prescriptions of anti-inflammatory drugs. Children born with placental inflammation are at an increased risk to develop neuropsychiatric disorders. This has profound implications for future research, and early detection, monitoring, and treatment in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Gibson
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eli Goodfriend
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yongqi Zhong
- The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nadine M Melhem
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Lechner AC, Slack JC, Carreon CK, Quade BJ, Parra-Herran C. Placental lesions attributed to shallow implantation, excess extravillous trophoblast and decidual hypoxia: Correlation with maternal vascular malperfusion and related obstetric conditions. Placenta 2023; 139:61-67. [PMID: 37329860 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM) is one of four main patterns of placental injury defined by the Amsterdam consensus statement and is associated with adverse fetal and maternal outcomes. Laminar decidual necrosis (DLN), extravillous trophoblast islands (ETIs), placental septa (PS), and basal plate multinucleate implantation-type trophoblasts (MNTs) are lesions attributed to decidual hypoxia, excess trophoblast, and shallow implantation, but are not included in the current MVM diagnostic criteria. We aimed to investigate the relationship between these lesions and MVM. METHODS A case-control model was used to evaluate for DLN, ETIs, PS, and MNTs. Placentas with MVM on pathologic examination (defined as ≥2 related lesions) constituted the case group, and maternal age- and GPA-status-matched placentas with less than 2 lesions constituted the control group. MVM-related obstetric morbidities were recorded, including hypertension, preeclampsia, and diabetes. These were correlated with the lesions of interest. RESULTS 200 placentas were reviewed: 100 MVM cases and 100 controls. MNTs and PS showed significant enrichment in the MVM group (p < .05). Furthermore, larger foci of MNTs (>2 mm linear extent) were significantly associated with chronic or gestational hypertension (OR = 4.10; p < .05) and preeclampsia (OR = 8.14; p < .05). DLN extent correlated with placental infarction, but DLN and ETIs (including size and number) lacked association with MVM-related clinical conditions. DISCUSSION As a marker of abnormally shallow placentation and related maternal morbidities, MNT merits inclusion within the MVM pathologic spectrum. Consistent reporting of MNTs >2 mm in size is recommended, as these lesions correlate with other MVM lesions and MVM-predisposing morbidities. Other lesions, particularly DLN and ETI, lacked such association questioning their diagnostic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Lechner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jonathan C Slack
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chrystalle Katte Carreon
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bradley J Quade
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carlos Parra-Herran
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Gallagher K, Aruma JFC, Oji-Mmuo CN, Pauli JM, Curtin WM, Goldstein JA, Stuckey HL, Gernand AD. Placental pathology reports: A qualitative study in a US university hospital setting on perceived clinical utility and areas for improvement. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286294. [PMID: 37289756 PMCID: PMC10249791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore how placental pathology is currently used by clinicians and what placental information would be most useful in the immediate hours after delivery. STUDY DESIGN We used a qualitative study design to conduct in-depth, semi-structured interviews with obstetric and neonatal clinicians who provide delivery or postpartum care at an academic medical center in the US (n = 19). Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using descriptive content analysis. RESULTS Clinicians valued placental pathology information yet cited multiple barriers that prevent the consistent use of pathology. Four main themes were identified. First, the placenta is sent to pathology for consistent reasons, however, the pathology report is accessed by clinicians inconsistently due to key barriers: difficult to find in the electronic medical record, understand, and get quickly. Second, clinicians value placental pathology for explanatory capability as well as for contributions to current and future care, particularly when there is fetal growth restriction, stillbirth, or antibiotic use. Third, a rapid placental exam (specifically including placental weight, infection, infarction, and overall assessment) would be helpful in providing clinical care. Fourth, placental pathology reports that connect clinically relevant findings (similar to radiology) and that are written with plain, standardized language and that non-pathologists can more readily understand are preferred. CONCLUSION Placental pathology is important to clinicians that care for mothers and newborns (particularly those that are critically ill) after birth, yet many problems stand in the way of its usefulness. Hospital administrators, perinatal pathologists, and clinicians should work together to improve access to and contents of reports. Support for new methods to provide quick placenta information is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Gallagher
- Ross and Carol Nese College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jane-Frances C. Aruma
- College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine University Park Campus, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christiana N. Oji-Mmuo
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jaimey M. Pauli
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William M. Curtin
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffery A. Goldstein
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Heather L. Stuckey
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alison D. Gernand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Šantić K, Biljan B, Kos M, Serdarušić I, Rajc J, Kardum D. Placental Findings in Infants Gestational Age < 34 Weeks and Impact on Short-Term Outcomes. JOURNAL OF MOTHER AND CHILD 2023; 27:168-175. [PMID: 37920111 PMCID: PMC10623114 DOI: 10.34763/jmotherandchild.20222601.d-23-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To analyse placental changes in infants' gestational age < 34 weeks and its correlation to short-term respiratory outcomes or death until hospital discharge. MATERIAL AND METHODS Information regarding all in-house born preterm infants born before 34 weeks gestation and born from January 2009 until December 2014 were collected and included among others, placental pathology and relevant data on demographics and outcomes of infants. RESULTS Placental abnormalities was found in 157/253 (65.05%) cases. Acute placental inflammation was found to be the most common in both groups of premature neonates, followed by maternal vascular underperfusion. Maternal vascular underperfusion was significantly more common in GA ≤ 27 weeks compared to infants GA 28-33 weeks (35.2% vs. 13.7%; p = 0.018). Similarly, chronic placental inflammation was more common in infants GA ≤ 27 weeks compared to infants GA 28-33 weeks (14.3% vs. 3.3%; p = 0.014). Infants with placental pathology had a lower median birth weight (1460g vs. 1754g; p = 0.001, and were of shorter median GA at birth (31 vs. 32; p = 0.001). Infants with any placental disease had higher rates of death until hospital discharge (10.2% vs. 3.1%; p = 0.039) and higher rates of any stage of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (41.4% vs. 26.0%; p = 0.013). There were no significant differences in mechanical ventilation rates, duration of mechanical ventilation and duration of supplemental oxygen therapy. CONCLUSION Identifiable placental abnormalities were found in most infants born < 34 weeks gestation. Placental pathology is associated with increased rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and death until hospital discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krešimir Šantić
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University J. J. Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000Osijek, Croatia
| | - Borna Biljan
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University J. J. Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Kos
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University J. J. Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Serdarušić
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University J. J. Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Rajc
- Faculty of Medicine, University J. J. Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000Osijek, Croatia
- Clinical Institute for Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Centre Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000Osijek, Croatia
| | - Darjan Kardum
- Faculty of Medicine, University J. J. Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000Osijek, Croatia
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000Osijek, Croatia
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Lukanović D, Batkoska M, Kavšek G, Druškovič M. Clinical chorioamnionitis: where do we stand now? Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1191254. [PMID: 37293298 PMCID: PMC10244675 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1191254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraamniotic infection is an infection resulting in the inflammation of any combination of the amniotic fluid, the placenta, the fetus itself, the fetal membranes, umbilical cord, or the decidua. In the past, an infection of the amnion and chorion or both was dubbed chorioamnionitis. In 2015, a proposal was made by an expert panel that, instead of clinical chorioamnionitis, the name intrauterine inflammation or infection or both be used, abbreviated as Triple I or simply IAI. However, the abbreviation IAI did not gain popularity, and this article uses the term chorioamnionitis. Chorioamnionitis may arise prior to, during, or following labor. It can present as a chronic, subacute, or acute infection. Its clinical presentation is generally referred to as acute chorioamnionitis. The treatment of chorioamnionitis varies widely across the world due to different bacterial causes and the absence of sufficient evidence to support a specific treatment regimen. There are limited randomized controlled trials that have evaluated the superiority of antibiotic regimens for treating amniotic infections during labor. This lack of evidence-based treatment suggests that the current choice of antibiotics is based on limitations in existing research, rather than absolute science. Chorioamnionitis cannot be cured by antibiotic therapy alone without delivery, and therefore it is necessary to make a decision according to the guidelines for induction of labor or acceleration of delivery. When a diagnosis is suspected or established, it is therefore necessary to apply broad-spectrum antibiotics according to the protocol used by each country, and to continue with them until delivery. A commonly recommended first-line treatment for chorioamnionitis is a simple regimen consisting of amoxicillin or ampicillin and once-daily gentamicin. Available information is not sufficient to indicate the best antimicrobial regimen to treat this obstetric condition. However, the evidence that is currently available suggests that patients with clinical chorioamnionitis, primarily women with a gestational age of 34 weeks or more and those in labor, should receive treatment with this regime. However, antibiotic preferences may vary based on local policy, clinician experience and knowledge, bacterial reasons for the infection, antimicrobial resistance patterns, maternal allergies, and drug availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lukanović
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ljubljana University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Batkoska
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ljubljana University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gorazd Kavšek
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Perinatology, Ljubljana University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mirjam Druškovič
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Perinatology, Ljubljana University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Prasad P, Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Gomez-Lopez N, Lo A, Galaz J, Taran AB, Jung E, Gotsch F, Than NG, Tarca AL. Further Evidence that an Episode of Premature Labor Is a Pathologic State: Involvement of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor System. Fetal Diagn Ther 2023; 50:236-247. [PMID: 37231893 PMCID: PMC10591834 DOI: 10.1159/000530862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 47% of women with an episode of preterm labor deliver at term; however, their infants are at greater risk of being small for gestational age and for neurodevelopmental disorders. In these cases, a pathologic insult may disrupt the homeostatic responses sustaining pregnancy. We tested the hypothesis of an involvement of components of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study in which maternal plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated plasma protease (PAPP)-A, PAPP-A2, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), and IGFBP-4 were determined in the following groups of women: (1) no episodes of preterm labor, term delivery (controls, n = 100); (2) episode of preterm labor, term delivery (n = 50); (3) episode of preterm labor, preterm delivery (n = 100); (4) pregnant women at term not in labor (n = 61); and (5) pregnant women at term in labor (n = 61). Pairwise differences in maternal plasma concentrations of PAPP-A, PAPP-A2, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-4 among study groups were assessed by fitting linear models on log-transformed data and included adjustment for relevant covariates. Significance of the group coefficient in the linear models was assessed via t-scores, with p < 0.05 deemed a significant result. RESULTS Compared to controls, (1) women with an episode of premature labor, regardless of a preterm or a term delivery, had higher mean plasma concentrations of PAPP-A2 and IGFBP-1 (each p < 0.05); (2) women with an episode of premature labor who delivered at term also had a higher mean concentration of PAPP-A (p < 0.05); and (3) acute histologic chorioamnionitis and spontaneous labor at term were not associated with significant changes in these analytes. CONCLUSION An episode of preterm labor involves the IGF system, supporting the view that the premature activation of parturition is a pathologic state, even in those women who delivered at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Prasad
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Anderson Lo
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jose Galaz
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Andreea B. Taran
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Eunjung Jung
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adi L. Tarca
- Pregnancy Research Branch**, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
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Irmakci I, Nateghi R, Zhou R, Ross AE, Yang XJ, Cooper LAD, Goldstein JA. Tissue contamination challenges the credibility of machine learning models in real world digital pathology. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.04.28.23289287. [PMID: 37205404 PMCID: PMC10187357 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.28.23289287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) models are poised to transform surgical pathology practice. The most successful use attention mechanisms to examine whole slides, identify which areas of tissue are diagnostic, and use them to guide diagnosis. Tissue contaminants, such as floaters, represent unexpected tissue. While human pathologists are extensively trained to consider and detect tissue contaminants, we examined their impact on ML models. We trained 4 whole slide models. Three operate in placenta for 1) detection of decidual arteriopathy (DA), 2) estimation of gestational age (GA), and 3) classification of macroscopic placental lesions. We also developed a model to detect prostate cancer in needle biopsies. We designed experiments wherein patches of contaminant tissue are randomly sampled from known slides and digitally added to patient slides and measured model performance. We measured the proportion of attention given to contaminants and examined the impact of contaminants in T-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE) feature space. Every model showed performance degradation in response to one or more tissue contaminants. DA detection balanced accuracy decreased from 0.74 to 0.69 +/- 0.01 with addition of 1 patch of prostate tissue for every 100 patches of placenta (1% contaminant). Bladder, added at 10% contaminant raised the mean absolute error in estimating gestation age from 1.626 weeks to 2.371 +/ 0.003 weeks. Blood, incorporated into placental sections, induced false negative diagnoses of intervillous thrombi. Addition of bladder to prostate cancer needle biopsies induced false positives, a selection of high-attention patches, representing 0.033mm2, resulted in a 97% false positive rate when added to needle biopsies. Contaminant patches received attention at or above the rate of the average patch of patient tissue. Tissue contaminants induce errors in modern ML models. The high level of attention given to contaminants indicates a failure to encode biological phenomena. Practitioners should move to quantify and ameliorate this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffery A. Goldstein
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Olson 2-455, 710 N. Fairbanks Ave, Chicago IL, 60611,
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Erez O, Gotsch F, Jung E, Chaiworapongsa T, Gudicha DW, Suksai M, Gallo DM, Chaemsaithong P, Bosco M, Al Qasem M, Meyyazhagan A, Than NG, Romero R. Perturbations in kinetics of the thrombin generation assay identify women at risk of preeclampsia in the first trimester and provide the rationale for a preventive approach. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2023; 228:580.e1-580.e17. [PMID: 36368431 PMCID: PMC10149548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.11.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the coagulation system and increased thrombin generation have been implicated in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia, and this rationale supports the administration of low-molecular-weight heparin to prevent this syndrome in patients at risk. Yet, randomized trials of this prophylactic measure have yielded contradictory results. A possible explanation is that only a subset of patients with preeclampsia have excessive thrombin generation and would benefit from the administration of low-molecular-weight heparin. Therefore, the key questions are whether and when patients who subsequently develop preeclampsia present evidence of abnormal thrombin generation. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine (1) the kinetics of thrombin generation throughout gestation in women with a normal pregnancy and in those with early and late preeclampsia, and (2) the diagnostic performance of in vivo thrombin generation parameters to predict the development of preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN This retrospective, nested case-control study was based on a prospective longitudinal cohort of singleton gestations. Cases comprised women who developed preeclampsia (n=49), and controls consisted of patients with a normal pregnancy (n=45). Preeclampsia was classified into early-onset (n=24) and late-onset (n=25). Longitudinal changes in the parameters of the thrombin generation assay (lag time, time to peak thrombin concentration, peak thrombin concentration, endogenous thrombin generation, and velocity index) throughout gestation were compared between the study groups, and normal pregnancy percentiles were derived from the control group. We tested whether a single parameter or a combination of parameters, derived from the kinetics of thrombin generation, could identify patients who subsequently developed preeclampsia. Time-related parameters <10th percentile were considered short, and concentration-related parameters >90th percentile were considered high. RESULTS (1) Patients who developed preeclampsia (early- and late-onset) had abnormal thrombin generation kinetics as early as 8 to 16 weeks of pregnancy; (2) patients with a combination of a short lag time and high peak thrombin concentration at 8 to 16 weeks of pregnancy had an odds ratio of 43.87 for the subsequent development of preeclampsia (area under the curve, 0.79; sensitivity, 56.8%; specificity, 92.7%; positive likelihood ratio, 7.76); (3) at 16 to 22 weeks of gestation, patients with a combination of a short lag time and a high velocity index had an odds ratio of 16 for the subsequent development of preeclampsia (area under the curve, 0.78; sensitivity, 62.2%; specificity, 92.5%; positive likelihood ratio, 8.29). CONCLUSION During early pregnancy, the thrombin generation assay can identify the subset of patients at a greater risk for the development of preeclampsia owing to accelerated and enhanced production of thrombin. This observation provides a rationale for testing the efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparin in this subset of patients. We propose that future research on the efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparin and other interventions targeting the coagulation system to prevent preeclampsia should be focused on patients with abnormal kinetics of thrombin generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Eunjung Jung
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Dereje W Gudicha
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Manaphat Suksai
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Dahiana M Gallo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Piya Chaemsaithong
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mariachiara Bosco
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Malek Al Qasem
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Arun Meyyazhagan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Maternity Private Clinic, Budapest, Hungary; First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI.
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Goldstein JA, Nateghi R, Irmakci I, Cooper LAD. Machine learning classification of placental villous infarction, perivillous fibrin deposition, and intervillous thrombus. Placenta 2023; 135:43-50. [PMID: 36958179 PMCID: PMC10156426 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placental parenchymal lesions are commonly encountered and carry significant clinical associations. However, they are frequently missed or misclassified by general practice pathologists. Interpretation of pathology slides has emerged as one of the most successful applications of machine learning (ML) in medicine with applications ranging from cancer detection and prognostication to transplant medicine. The goal of this study was to use a whole-slide learning model to identify and classify placental parenchymal lesions including villous infarctions, intervillous thrombi (IVT), and perivillous fibrin deposition (PVFD). METHODS We generated whole slide images from placental discs examined at our institution with infarct, IVT, PVFD, or no macroscopic lesion. Slides were analyzed as a set of overlapping patches. We extracted feature vectors from each patch using a pretrained convolutional neural network (EfficientNetV2L). We trained a model to assign attention to each vector and used the attentions as weights to produce a pooled feature vector. The pooled vector was classified as normal or 1 of 3 lesions using a fully connected network. Patch attention was plotted to highlight informative areas of the slide. RESULTS Overall balanced accuracy in a test set of held-out slides was 0.86 with receiver-operator characteristic areas under the curve of 0.917-0.993. Cases of PVFD were frequently miscalled as normal or infarcts, the latter possibly due to the perivillous fibrin found at the periphery of infarctions. We used attention maps to further understand some errors, including one most likely due to poor tissue fixation and processing. DISCUSSION We used a whole-slide learning paradigm to train models to recognize three of the most common placental parenchymal lesions. We used attention maps to gain insight into model function, which differed from intuitive explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramin Nateghi
- Northwestern University, Department of Pathology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ismail Irmakci
- Northwestern University, Department of Pathology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lee A D Cooper
- Northwestern University, Department of Pathology, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern University, McCormick School of Engineering, Evanston, IL, USA
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Kienast P, Prayer D, Binder J, Prayer F, Dekan S, Langthaler E, Sigl B, Eichinger S, Perkmann-Nagele N, Stuempflen I, Stuempflen M, Schirwani N, Pateisky P, Mitter C, Kasprian G. SARS-CoV-2 variant-related abnormalities detected by prenatal MRI: a prospective case-control study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2023; 26:100587. [PMID: 36713638 PMCID: PMC9860502 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background There are known complications for fetuses after infection with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. However, previous studies of SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy have largely been limited to histopathologic studies of placentas and prenatal studies on the effects of different SARS-CoV-2 variants are scarce to date. To examine the effects of SARS-CoV-2 variants on the placenta and fetus, we investigated fetal and extra-fetal structures using prenatal MRI. Methods For this prospective case-control study, two obstetric centers consecutively referred pregnant women for prenatal MRI after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thirty-eight prenatal MRI examinations were included after confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2 and matched 1:1 with 38 control cases with respect to sex, MRI field strength, and gestational age (average deviation 1.76 ± 1.65, median 1.5 days). Where available, the pathohistological examination and vaccination status of the placenta was included in the analysis. In prenatal MRI, the shape and thickness of the placenta, possible lobulation, and vascular lesions were quantified. Fetuses were scanned for organ or brain abnormalities. Findings Of the 38 included cases after SARS-CoV-2 infection, 20/38 (52.6%) were infected with pre-Omicron variants and 18/38 (47.4%) with Omicron. Prenatal MRIs were performed on an average of 83 days (±42.9, median 80) days after the first positive PCR test. Both pre-Omicron (P = .008) and Omicron (P = .016) groups showed abnormalities in form of a globular placenta compared to control cases. In addition, placentas in the pre-Omicron group were significantly thickened (6.35, 95% CI .02-12.65, P = .048), and showed significantly more frequent lobules (P = .046), and hemorrhages (P = .002). Fetal growth restriction (FGR) was observed in 25% (n = 5/20, P = .017) in the pre-Omicron group. Interpretation SARS-CoV-2 infections in pregnancy can lead to placental lesions based on vascular events, which can be well visualized on prenatal MRI. Pre-Omicron variants cause greater damage than Omicron sub-lineages in this regard. Funding Vienna Science and Technology Fund.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric Kienast
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Binder
- Department of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Dekan
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Langthaler
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Sigl
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Eichinger
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ingrid Stuempflen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Klinik Floridsdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Stuempflen
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nawa Schirwani
- Department of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Pateisky
- Department of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Mitter
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Corresponding author. Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Austria
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36
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Than NG, Romero R, Györffy D, Posta M, Bhatti G, Done B, Chaemsaithong P, Jung E, Suksai M, Gotsch F, Gallo DM, Bosco M, Kim B, Kim YM, Chaiworapongsa T, Rossi SW, Szilágyi A, Erez O, Tarca AL, Papp Z. Molecular subclasses of preeclampsia characterized by a longitudinal maternal proteomics study: distinct biomarkers, disease pathways and options for prevention. J Perinat Med 2023; 51:51-68. [PMID: 36253935 PMCID: PMC9837387 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2022-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The heterogeneous nature of preeclampsia is a major obstacle to early screening and prevention, and a molecular taxonomy of disease is needed. We have previously identified four subclasses of preeclampsia based on first-trimester plasma proteomic profiles. Herein, we expanded this approach by using a more comprehensive panel of proteins profiled in longitudinal samples. METHODS Proteomic data collected longitudinally from plasma samples of women who developed preeclampsia (n=109) and of controls (n=90) were available from our previous report on 1,125 proteins. Consensus clustering was performed to identify subgroups of patients with preeclampsia based on data from five gestational-age intervals by using select interval-specific features. Demographic, clinical, and proteomic differences among clusters were determined. Differentially abundant proteins were used to identify cluster-specific perturbed KEGG pathways. RESULTS Four molecular clusters with different clinical phenotypes were discovered by longitudinal proteomic profiling. Cluster 1 involves metabolic and prothrombotic changes with high rates of early-onset preeclampsia and small-for-gestational-age neonates; Cluster 2 includes maternal anti-fetal rejection mechanisms and recurrent preeclampsia cases; Cluster 3 is associated with extracellular matrix regulation and comprises cases of mostly mild, late-onset preeclampsia; and Cluster 4 is characterized by angiogenic imbalance and a high prevalence of early-onset disease. CONCLUSIONS This study is an independent validation and further refining of molecular subclasses of preeclampsia identified by a different proteomic platform and study population. The results lay the groundwork for novel diagnostic and personalized tools of prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nándor Gábor Than
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Budapest, Hungary
- Genesis Theranostix Group, Budapest, Hungary
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Dániel Györffy
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Genesis Theranostix Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Posta
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Genesis Theranostix Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Károly Rácz Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gaurav Bhatti
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Bogdan Done
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Piya Chaemsaithong
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Eunjung Jung
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Manaphat Suksai
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Dahiana M. Gallo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidad Del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Mariachiara Bosco
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Bomi Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Mee Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - András Szilágyi
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Genesis Theranostix Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Adi L. Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Genesis Theranostix Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Zoltán Papp
- Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Kyathanahalli C, Snedden M, Hirsch E. Is human labor at term an inflammatory condition?†. Biol Reprod 2023; 108:23-40. [PMID: 36173900 PMCID: PMC10060716 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Parturition at term in normal pregnancy follows a predictable sequence of events. There is some evidence that a state of inflammation prevails in the reproductive tissues during labor at term, but it is uncertain whether this phenomenon is the initiating signal for parturition. The absence of a clear temporal sequence of inflammatory events prior to labor casts doubt on the concept that normal human labor at term is primarily the result of an inflammatory cascade. This review examines evidence linking parturition and inflammation in order to address whether inflammation is a cause of labor, a consequence of labor, or a separate but related phenomenon. Finally, we identify and suggest ways to reconcile inconsistencies regarding definitions of labor onset in published research, which may contribute to the variability in conclusions regarding the genesis and maintenance of parturition. A more thorough understanding of the processes underlying normal parturition at term may lead to novel insights regarding abnormal labor, including spontaneous preterm labor, preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes, and dysfunctional labor, and the role of inflammation in each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekara Kyathanahalli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Madeline Snedden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Emmet Hirsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Torem M, Marom O, Gonen N, Gindes L, Schreiber L, Kovo M. Is there an association between isolated sonographic abdominal circumference below the 10th percentile and placental vascular lesions? Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2023; 160:59-64. [PMID: 35277973 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association between prenatal diagnosis of isolated abdominal circumference (AC) below the 10th percentile (AC <10th) in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates and placental vascular lesions. METHODS A prospective study was conducted of healthy women who underwent sonographic fetal biometric measurements, up to 7 days before delivery, and delivered AGA neonates. The study cohort was divided into those with and without prenatal isolated AC <10th. Placental histopathology lesions were classified into maternal and fetal vascular malperfusion (MVM, FVM) lesions. RESULTS Compared to the AC over 10th percentile group (n = 85), the AC <10th group (n = 85) was characterized by lower maternal body mass index, higher rate of smokers, and increased rate of induced labor (P = 0.029, P = 0.029, P = 0.001, respectively). There were no between-group differences regarding maternal age, gestational age, and neonatal outcome. Mean placental weight was lower in the isolated AC <10th (P < 0.001). The rate of MVM or FVM lesions did not differ between the groups. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, isolated AC <10th was not found to be associated with increased risk for placental vascular lesions. CONCLUSION Isolated AC <10th is associated with increased rate of induction of labor; however, it is not associated with increased placental vascular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Torem
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel, affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Or Marom
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel, affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noa Gonen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel, affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Gindes
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel, affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Letizia Schreiber
- Department of Pathology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel, affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Kovo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel, affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Belak U, Pinter B, Ban Frangež H, Velikonja M, Korošec S. Pathology of the Placenta in Singletons after Assisted Reproductive Technology Compared to Singletons after Spontaneous Conception: A Systematic Review. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2022; 42:438-449. [PMID: 36580043 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2022.2157228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: We reviewed the literature comparing the pathological characteristics of singleton births conceived after assisted reproductive technology (ART) with those after spontaneous conception. Methods: We reviewed PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, Google Scopus, Scholar, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Web of Science for the previous 10 years, up to November 2022. Results: Four eligible studies included 3445 placentas, 806 after ART (IVF/ICSI). Placentas after ART differed in frequency of retroplacental and marginal hematomas (p = 0.04), increased thickness (p = 0.02), higher overall occurrences of vascular and anatomical pathology (p < 0.001) and more frequent marginal (p = 0.001) and membranous (p = 0.02) umbilical cord insertion than placentas from non-ART pregnancies. Conclusion: Further research is needed to determine the extent to which these placental changes in ART pregnancies alter its function and pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Belak
- Department of Gyneacology and Obstetrics, General Hospital Celje, Celje, Slovenia.,Faculty of medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Pinter
- Faculty of medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Human Reproduction, Division of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena Ban Frangež
- Faculty of medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Human Reproduction, Division of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Velikonja
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Korošec
- Faculty of medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Human Reproduction, Division of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Kusanovic JP, Jung E, Romero R, Green PM, Nhan-Chang CL, Vaisbuch E, Erez O, Kim CJ, Gonçalves LF, Espinoza J, Mazaki-Tovi S, Chaiworapongsa T, Diaz-Primera R, Yeo L, Suksai M, Gotsch F, Hassan SS. Characterization of amniotic fluid sludge in preterm and term gestations. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2022; 35:9770-9779. [PMID: 35341439 PMCID: PMC10291738 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2022.2053102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the characteristics of amniotic fluid sludge obtained from patients in term and preterm gestations. METHODS This cross-sectional study included patients with dense aggregates of particulate matter detected in amniotic fluid, observed with transvaginal sonography. All patients were in labor and had an impending delivery, either preterm or at term. Echogenic material contained within amniotic fluid was retrieved transvaginally by needle amniotomy under direct visualization. The amniotic fluid analysis consisted of a Gram stain, cultures for aerobic/anaerobic bacteria and genital mycoplasmas, and a white blood cell count. RESULTS Twenty-five patients ranging from 18 to 41 weeks of gestation were included in the study. We observed the following: (1) the appearance of amniotic fluid was consistent with pus-like material, vernix, or meconium by naked eye examination; (2) samples collected before 33 weeks of gestation (n = 13) had a pus-like appearance; however, after this gestational age, most of the samples [83% (10/12)] appeared to be consistent with vernix; (3) amniotic fluid cultures were positive for microorganisms in 13 patients, of which 10 were preterm gestations before 33 weeks; (4) the most frequent microorganisms retrieved by culture were genital mycoplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum [46% (6/13)]), followed by Mycoplasma hominis [31% (4/13)] and Candida albicans [15% (2/13)]; and (5) patients with sonographic particulate matter in preterm gestations frequently presented acute histologic chorioamnionitis and funisitis, but these conditions were rare in patients at term. CONCLUSION The nature of amniotic fluid particulate material varies as a function of gestational age. The material obtained in preterm gestations is frequently related to an inflammatory process, while that obtained at term is often consistent with vernix and appears to represent a maturational process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Research and Innovation in Maternal-Fetal Medicine (CIMAF), High Obstetric Risk Unit, Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eunjung Jung
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Pooja Mittal Green
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital-Ann Arbor, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Nhan-Chang
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edi Vaisbuch
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Luis F. Gonçalves
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Fetal Imaging, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jimmy Espinoza
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shali Mazaki-Tovi
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ramiro Diaz-Primera
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lami Yeo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Manaphat Suksai
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Office of Women’s Health, Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Manvelyan E, Millington KA, Abittan BS, Blitz MJ, Kwait B, Shan W, Goldman RH. Histopathologic evaluation of dichorionic twin placentas in unassisted and in vitro fertilized pregnancies affected by preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2022; 35:10262-10270. [PMID: 36167346 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2022.2121645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pregnancies achieved with assisted reproductive technology have an increased risk of multiple gestations, preeclampsia, and placental morphologic abnormalities. Inflammatory processes affect dichorionic twin pregnancies disproportionately more than singleton gestations and have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia. Our objective is to investigate the placental morphology of dichorionic twin pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia conceived with in vitro fertilization (IVF) versus unassisted. METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of placentas from dichorionic twin pregnancies affected by preeclampsia conceived with IVF versus without assistance from 2010 to 2016 at a tertiary care university hospital. Placental pathology findings were analyzed both independently and in aggregate stratified into composite outcome scores using a modified placental synoptic framework. Individual placental abnormalities were grouped into composite categories based on the site of origin: anatomic placental abnormalities; maternal vascular malperfusion; placental villous maldevelopment; fetal vascular malperfusion; chronic utero-placental separation; maternal-fetal interface disturbance; inflammation of infectious etiology; and inflammation of idiopathic etiology. Placental histopathological statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test. Demographic variables and pregnancy outcomes were compared between groups using the Student's t test or Mann-Whitney U test, where appropriate. p < .05 defined statistical significance. RESULTS Of 117 dichorionic twin pregnancies, 60 resulted from IVF (Group A) and 57 were conceived without assistance (Group B). Patients in Group A were older (36 [29-37] vs. 33 [32-38] respectively; p = .042) and less parous (18.3% vs. 38.6% percent parous in Group A and Group B, respectively p = .009) than Group B, respectively. No differences were found between groups regarding mode of delivery, gestational age at delivery, placental weight/birthweight, fetal growth restriction, and discordance of fetal growth. There were significantly more inflammatory changes of unknown etiology and composite inflammatory abnormalities in Group A versus Group B (26.7% vs. 10.5%, p = .02). The cumulative number of inflammatory abnormalities per patient had a significantly different distribution among groups (p = .005), and Composite Chronic Inflammation and Infection were found to be significantly more abundant in Group A versus Group B (p = .02). The distribution of placental composite anatomic placental abnormalities, maternal vascular malperfusion, placental villous maldevelopment, fetal vascular malperfusion, chronic utero-placental separation, or maternal-fetal interface disturbance was not statistically different between groups. The distribution of placental abnormalities was not different between groups for any individually analyzed pathological condition. Due to the relatively small sample size, adjustment for potential confounders was not performed. CONCLUSION Dichorionic twin pregnancies affected by preeclampsia are associated with more placental inflammatory abnormalities if conceived with IVF versus unassisted. Further research is needed to ascertain the underlying mechanisms of these observed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Manvelyan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell South Shore University Hospital, Bay Shore, NY, USA
| | - Karmaine A Millington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Baruch S Abittan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Zucker School of Medicine at, Hofstra/Northwell. Manhasset, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew J Blitz
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Zucker School of Medicine at, Hofstra/Northwell, Bay Shore, NY, USA
| | - Brittany Kwait
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at, Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Weiwei Shan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Biostatistics Unit at The Feinstein School of Medical Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Randi H Goldman
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Zucker School of Medicine at, Hofstra/Northwell. Manhasset, New York, NY, USA
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Maternal Underweight and Obesity Are Associated with Placental Pathologies in Human Pregnancy. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:3425-3448. [PMID: 35739350 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-00983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maternal underweight and obesity are prevalent conditions, associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation, poor fetal development, and long-term adverse outcomes for the child. The placenta senses and adapts to the pregnancy environment in an effort to support optimal fetal development. However, the mechanisms driving these adaptations, and the resulting placental phenotypes, are poorly understood. We hypothesised that maternal underweight and obesity would be associated with increased prevalence of placental pathologies in term and preterm pregnancies. Data from 12,154 pregnancies were obtained from the Collaborative Perinatal Project, a prospective cohort study conducted from 1959 to 1974. Macro- and microscopic placental pathologies were analysed across maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) to assess differences in the presence of pathologies among underweight, overweight, and obese BMI groups compared to normal weight reference BMI at term and preterm. Placental pathologies were also assessed across fetal sex. Pregnancies complicated by maternal obesity had placentae with increased fetal inflammation at preterm, and increased inflammation of maternal gestational tissues at term. In term pregnancies, increasing maternal BMI associated with increased maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM), odds of an appropriately mature placenta for gestational age, and placental weight, and decreased placental efficiency. Male placentae, independent of maternal BMI, had increased inflammation, MVM, and placental efficiency than female placentae, particularly at term. Maternal underweight and obesity are not inert conditions for the placenta, and the histomorphological changes driven by suboptimal maternal BMI may serve as indicators of adversities experienced in utero and potential predictors of future health trajectories.
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Yeo L, Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Para R, Johnson J, Kmak D, Jung EJ, Yoon BH, Hsu CD. Resolution of acute cervical insufficiency after antibiotics in a case with amniotic fluid sludge. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2022; 35:5416-5426. [PMID: 33596766 PMCID: PMC8521637 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1881477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cervical insufficiency generally refers to a condition in which there is mid-trimester cervical dilatation or protruding chorioamniotic membranes in the absence of uterine contractions. Such condition is a risk factor for spontaneous mid-trimester abortion or early preterm birth, and is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. Both intra-amniotic infection and inflammation ascertained by amniocentesis have been identified in patients with cervical insufficiency, and are poor prognostic factors. A subset of patients with intra-amniotic inflammation will have no demonstrable microorganisms detected via cultivation or molecular methods, and therefore represent cases of sterile intra-amniotic inflammation. Amniotic fluid sludge (free-floating hyperechogenic material within the amniotic fluid in close proximity to the uterine cervix) identified on sonography is a biomarker for intra-amniotic infection and inflammation. Recent evidence suggests that intra-amniotic infection, as well as sterile intra-amniotic inflammation can be treated successfully using antimicrobial agents. We report a unique case in which administration of antibiotics in the presence of mid-trimester cervical insufficiency, sterile intra-amniotic inflammation, and amniotic fluid sludge was associated with resolution of the cervical findings, as demonstrated on both sonographic and speculum examination. The patient successfully underwent elective cesarean delivery at 36-2/7 weeks of gestation. This case illustrates that antibiotic therapy may be effective despite the presence of several high-risk pregnancy conditions, and that successful outcome is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lami Yeo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert Para
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeffrey Johnson
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - David Kmak
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Eun Jung Jung
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Bo Hyun Yoon
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaur-Dong Hsu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Jaiman S, Romero R, Gotsch F, Gowrishankar S, Mohiuddin K, Gallo DM, Jung E, Suksai M, Fernandez E. Fetal sepsis: a cause of stillbirth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2022; 35:9966-9970. [PMID: 35647781 PMCID: PMC9976197 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2022.2079404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Infection is considered a leading cause of fetal death, responsible for approximately 20% of cases. Such estimates are derived from the frequency of acute histological chorioamnionitis and funisitis in cases of fetal death rather than direct detection of microorganisms in the fetal compartment. We report a case of clinically unexplained fetal death at 38 weeks of gestation in an uncomplicated pregnancy resulting in delivery of an appropriate-for-gestational-age fetus. The mother did not have any clinical signs of infection. Overwhelming bacterial invasion in multiple fetal organs, including the heart, liver, spleen, and kidneys, was observed despite the lack of evidence of maternal clinical infection. The bacteria were visualized by using standard histologic techniques (e.g. H&E/ tissue Gram stain) highlighting the value of autopsy in determining the cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Jaiman
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Kashif Mohiuddin
- Department of Pathology, KIMS Hospitals, Begumpet, Secunderabad, India
| | - Dahiana M. Gallo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Eunjung Jung
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Manaphat Suksai
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Vilotić A, Nacka-Aleksić M, Pirković A, Bojić-Trbojević Ž, Dekanski D, Jovanović Krivokuća M. IL-6 and IL-8: An Overview of Their Roles in Healthy and Pathological Pregnancies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314574. [PMID: 36498901 PMCID: PMC9738067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an acknowledged inflammatory cytokine with a pleiotropic action, mediating innate and adaptive immunity and multiple physiological processes, including protective and regenerative ones. IL-8 is a pro-inflammatory CXC chemokine with a primary function in attracting and activating neutrophils, but also implicated in a variety of other cellular processes. These two ILs are abundantly expressed at the feto-maternal interface over the course of a pregnancy and have been shown to participate in numerous pregnancy-related events. In this review, we summarize the literature data regarding their role in healthy and pathological pregnancies. The general information related to IL-6 and IL-8 functions is followed by an overview of their overall expression in cycling endometrium and at the feto-maternal interface. Further, we provide an overview of their involvement in pregnancy establishment and parturition. Finally, the implication of IL-6 and IL-8 in pregnancy-associated pathological conditions, such as pregnancy loss, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus and infection/inflammation is discussed.
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Characteristics of Placental Histopathology in Women with Uncomplicated Pregnancies Affected by SARS-CoV-2 Infection at the Time of Delivery: A Single-Center Experience. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123003. [PMID: 36551759 PMCID: PMC9775152 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was, firstly, to analyze the histopathological characteristics of placentas in women with uneventful pregnancies and affected by COVID-19 at the time of delivery; and secondly, to correlate histological findings to maternal and neonatal characteristics. In our single-center prospective observational study, 46 placentas from term uncomplicated singleton pregnancies of patients with a documented SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of delivery underwent histological examination. Despite a normal feto-maternal outcome, most of the placentas (82.6%) presented signs of maternal vascular malperfusion, while features of fetal vascular malperfusion were found in 54% of cases. No correlation was detected between maternal and neonatal characteristics and the severity of blood circulation disease, and abnormal findings were also described in asymptomatic patients. Moreover, we did not find any maternal symptoms or clinical details allowing for the prediction of abnormal placental findings in pregnancy complicated by COVID-19 infection. Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy could lead to acute placental dysfunction.
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Zemtsov GE, Diaz N, Ryan E, Chao A, Avram CM, Grace MR, Dotters-Katz SK. Does acute funisitis predict worse neonatal outcomes among term newborns? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 227:765.e1-765.e6. [PMID: 35931130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute funisitis-the histologic diagnosis of inflammation within the umbilical cord-represents a fetal inflammatory response to infection. Although acute funisitis has been associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes among preterm neonates, there are limited and conflicting data with term deliveries. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the association between acute funisitis and neonatal morbidity in neonates born at term to pregnant patients with a clinical diagnosis of intraamniotic infection. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study of pregnant patients who had clinically diagnosed intraamniotic infection at term, delivered vaginally at a single tertiary institution from 2013 to 2019, and had histologic chorioamnionitis on placental pathology. Patients with intrauterine fetal demise or missing neonatal/placental pathology data were excluded. The primary outcome was a neonatal sepsis composite, defined as culture-positive bacteremia, neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count<3500/μL), or immature-to-total neutrophil ratio>0.2. The secondary outcomes included composite neonatal morbidity, defined as neonatal intensive care unit admission, 5-minute Apgar score <7, bacteremia, endotracheal intubation or need for continuous positive airway pressure, intraventricular hemorrhage (grade 3 or 4), necrotizing enterocolitis (stage 3 or 4), umbilical artery pH<7.1, umbilical artery base excess>12, and neonatal mortality. The components of these composites, neonatal intensive care unit length of stay, and Kaiser early-onset sepsis score were also measured. Neonates with acute funisitis on pathology were compared with those without acute funisitis using bivariate statistics. Regression was used to estimate the relative risk of outcomes. RESULTS Of 184 neonates with deliveries complicated by intraamniotic infection, acute funisitis was present in 109 (59%) placental specimens. Composite neonatal sepsis was significantly higher among neonates with acute funisitis (relative risk, 1.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-3.03) than in those without acute funisitis. As a marker for sepsis, acute funisitis has a sensitivity of 39.4%, negative predictive value of 47.2%, specificity of 78.7%, and positive predictive value of 72.9%. An immature-to-total neutrophil ratio>0.2 (relative risk, 1.83; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-3.08) was also significantly associated with acute funisitis. Neonatal morbidity composite, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, neonatal intensive care unit admission, higher Kaiser early-onset sepsis scores, and other examined outcomes were not statistically associated with acute funisitis. CONCLUSION In term deliveries complicated by intraamniotic infection, acute funisitis was associated with increased neonatal sepsis. Current approaches for estimating neonatal sepsis risk are limited by their reliance on indirect maternal factors such as maximum maternal temperature and intrapartum antibiotic use. This study suggests that acute funisitis may serve as a marker that could be utilized to augment risk stratification at birth if a protocol for evaluating the umbilical cord in real-time were widely adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Zemtsov
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
| | - Nicole Diaz
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Emma Ryan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Agnes Chao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Carmen M Avram
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Matthew R Grace
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Sarah K Dotters-Katz
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Smithgall MC, Murphy EA, Rand S, Sukhu A, Singh S, Schatz-Siemers N, Matrai C, Tu J, Salvatore CM, Prabhu M, Permar S, Riley LE, Robinson BD, Baergen RN, Yang YJ. Placental pathology, neonatal birth weight, and Apgar score in acute and distant SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Clin Transl Res 2022; 8:351-359. [PMID: 36518545 PMCID: PMC9741934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during pregnancy has been on acute infections with limited data on the effect of distant infection. AIM We examined placental pathology and neonatal outcomes in distant SARS-CoV-2 infection earlier in pregnancy compared to acute infections late in pregnancy/at birth and to non-SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with other placental pathologies/clinical presentations. METHODS Placentas birthed to unvaccinated patients with SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing and serology testing results from time of delivery were included in this study. A total of 514 singleton placentas between April 18, 2020, and July 26, 2021, were included: 77 acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (RT-PCR positive and serology negative); 222 distant SARS-CoV-2 infection (RT-PCR negative but serology IgG-positive); and 215 non-SARS-Cov-2 infected (RT-PCR negative, serology negative, and history negative) with other placental pathologies: preeclampsia/hypertension, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), diabetes, chorioamnionitis, and meconium. Placental pathology findings, Apgar scores, and neonatal birth weights were compared. RESULTS Placentas from the acute group had significantly more villous agglutination (10.4%, P = 0.015) and eosinophilic T-cell vasculitis (5.2%, P = 0.004) compared to placentas from the distant group (2.7% and 0%) and non-SARS-CoV-2 placentas (1.9% and 0.9%). One acute case showed SARS-CoV-2 placentitis and resulted in preterm delivery at 25 weeks. Both the preeclampsia/hypertension and the IUGR groups showed significantly more maternal vascular malperfusion findings compared to the acute (6.5%, 6.5% and 1.3%) and distant (7.7%, 7.7%, and 3.2%) groups. Fetal vascular malperfusion findings such as thrombosis of fetal vessels (17.4% P = 0.042) and intramural fibrin deposition (21.7% P = 0.026) were significantly higher in the IUGR group compared to acute (7.8%; 2.6%) and distant (3.6%; 8.1%) infection. Many neonates born to patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 had birth weights outside of 95% confidence range of observed birth weights. There was no association of Apgar scores with infection status or placental pathology. CONCLUSION Acute and distant SARS-CoV-2 infections present differing placental pathology. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy has demonstrable effects on the placenta with potential significant impacts for maternal and fetal health. Prevention of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection, primarily through vaccination, remains the best mitigation strategy to prevent sequelae of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C. Smithgall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Elisabeth A. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Sophie Rand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Ashley Sukhu
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Sunidhi Singh
- Weill Medical College, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Nina Schatz-Siemers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Cathleen Matrai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Jiangling Tu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | | | - Malavika Prabhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Sallie Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Laura E. Riley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Brian D. Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Rebecca N. Baergen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Yawei J. Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
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Romero R, Jung E, Chaiworapongsa T, Erez O, Gudicha DW, Kim YM, Kim JS, Kim B, Kusanovic JP, Gotsch F, Taran AB, Yoon BH, Hassan SS, Hsu CD, Chaemsaithong P, Gomez-Lopez N, Yeo L, Kim CJ, Tarca AL. Toward a new taxonomy of obstetrical disease: improved performance of maternal blood biomarkers for the great obstetrical syndromes when classified according to placental pathology. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 227:615.e1-615.e25. [PMID: 36180175 PMCID: PMC9525890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major challenge for obstetrics is the prediction and prevention of the great obstetrical syndromes. We propose that defining obstetrical diseases by the combination of clinical presentation and disease mechanisms as inferred by placental pathology will aid in the discovery of biomarkers and add specificity to those already known. OBJECTIVE To describe the longitudinal profile of placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), and the PlGF/sFlt-1 ratio throughout gestation, and to determine whether the association between abnormal biomarker profiles and obstetrical syndromes is strengthened by information derived from placental examination, eg, the presence or absence of placental lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion. STUDY DESIGN This retrospective case cohort study was based on a parent cohort of 4006 pregnant women enrolled prospectively. The case cohort of 1499 pregnant women included 1000 randomly selected patients from the parent cohort and all additional patients with obstetrical syndromes from the parent cohort. Pregnant women were classified into six groups: 1) term delivery without pregnancy complications (n=540; control); 2) preterm labor and delivery (n=203); 3) preterm premature rupture of the membranes (n=112); 4) preeclampsia (n=230); 5) small-for-gestational-age neonate (n=334); and 6) other pregnancy complications (n=182). Maternal plasma concentrations of PlGF and sFlt-1 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in 7560 longitudinal samples. Placental pathologists, masked to clinical outcomes, diagnosed the presence or absence of placental lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion. Comparisons between mean biomarker concentrations in cases and controls were performed by utilizing longitudinal generalized additive models. Comparisons were made between controls and each obstetrical syndrome with and without subclassifying cases according to the presence or absence of placental lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion. RESULTS 1) When obstetrical syndromes are classified based on the presence or absence of placental lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion, significant differences in the mean plasma concentrations of PlGF, sFlt-1, and the PlGF/sFlt-1 ratio between cases and controls emerge earlier in gestation; 2) the strength of association between an abnormal PlGF/sFlt-1 ratio and the occurrence of obstetrical syndromes increases when placental lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion are present (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 13.6 vs 6.7 for preeclampsia; aOR, 8.1 vs 4.4 for small-for-gestational-age neonates; aOR, 5.5 vs 2.1 for preterm premature rupture of the membranes; and aOR, 3.3 vs 2.1 for preterm labor (all P<0.05); and 3) the PlGF/sFlt-1 ratio at 28 to 32 weeks of gestation is abnormal in patients who subsequently delivered due to preterm labor with intact membranes and in those with preterm premature rupture of the membranes if both groups have placental lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion. Such association is not significant in patients with these obstetrical syndromes who do not have placental lesions. CONCLUSION Classification of obstetrical syndromes according to the presence or absence of placental lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion allows biomarkers to be informative earlier in gestation and enhances the strength of association between biomarkers and clinical outcomes. We propose that a new taxonomy of obstetrical disorders informed by placental pathology will facilitate the discovery and implementation of biomarkers as well as the prediction and prevention of such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI.
| | - Eunjung Jung
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternity Department "D," Soroka University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Dereje W Gudicha
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Yeon Mee Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Pathology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sun Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Pathology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Pathology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; División de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Medicina Materno-Fetal, Unidad de Alto Riesgo Obstétrico, Hospital Sotero Del Rio, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Andreea B Taran
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Bo Hyun Yoon
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonia S Hassan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Office of Women's Health, Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Chaur-Dong Hsu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, AZ
| | - Piya Chaemsaithong
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Faculty of Medicine, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Lami Yeo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Divisions of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Intramural Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI
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Layden AJ, Bertolet M, Parks WT, Roberts JM, Adibi JJ, Catov JM. Latent class analysis of placental histopathology: a novel approach to classifying early and late preterm births. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 227:290.e1-290.e21. [PMID: 35288092 PMCID: PMC9308632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal morbidity attributable to prematurity predominantly occurs among early preterm births (<32 weeks) rather than late preterm births (32 to <37 weeks). Methods to distinguish early and late preterm births are lacking given the heterogeneity in pathophysiology and risk factors, including maternal obesity. Although preterm births are often characterized by clinical presentation (spontaneous or clinically indicated), classifying deliveries by placental features detected on histopathology reports may help identify subgroups of preterm births with similar etiology and risk factors. Latent class analysis is an empirical approach to characterize preterm births on the basis of observed combinations of placental features. OBJECTIVE To identify histopathologic markers that can distinguish early (<32 weeks) and late preterm births (32 to <37 weeks) that are also associated with maternal obesity and neonatal outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Women with a singleton preterm birth at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Magee-Womens Hospital (Pittsburgh, PA) from 2008 to 2012 and a placental evaluation (89% of preterm births) were stratified into early (n=900, 61% spontaneous) and late preterm births (n=3362, 57% spontaneous). Prepregnancy body mass index was self-reported at first prenatal visit and 16 abstracted placental features were analyzed. Placental subgroups (ie, latent classes) of early and late preterm births were determined separately by latent class analysis of placental features. The optimal number of latent classes was selected by comparing fit statistics. The probability of latent class membership across prepregnancy body mass indexes was estimated in early preterm births and in late preterm births by an extension of multinomial regression called pseudo-class regression, adjusting for race, smoking, education, and parity. The frequencies of severe neonatal morbidity (composite outcome: respiratory distress, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, periventricular leukomalacia, patent ductus arteriosus, and retinopathy of prematurity), small-for-gestational-age, and length of neonatal intensive care unit stay were compared across latent classes by chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS Early preterm births were grouped into 4 latent classes based on placental histopathologic features: acute inflammation (38% of cases), maternal vascular malperfusion with inflammation (29%), maternal vascular malperfusion (25%), and fetal vascular thrombosis with hemorrhage (8%). As body mass index increased from 20 to 50kg/m2, the probability of maternal vascular malperfusion and fetal vascular thrombosis with hemorrhage increased, whereas the probability of maternal vascular malperfusion with inflammation decreased. There was minimal change in the probability of acute inflammation with increasing body mass index. Late preterm births also had 4 latent classes: maternal vascular malperfusion (22%), acute inflammation (12%), fetal vascular thrombosis with hemorrhage (9%), and low-risk pathology (58%). Body mass index was not associated with major changes in likelihood of the latent classes in late preterm births. Associations between body mass index and likelihood of the latent classes were not modified by type of delivery (spontaneous or indicated) in early or late preterm births. Maternal malperfusion and fetal vascular thrombosis with hemorrhage were associated with greater neonatal morbidity than the other latent classes in early and late preterm births. CONCLUSION Obesity may predispose women to early but not late preterm birth through placental vascular impairment. Latent class analysis of placental histopathologic data provides an evidence-based approach to group preterm births with shared underlying etiology and risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marnie Bertolet
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - W Tony Parks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James M Roberts
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jennifer J Adibi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Janet M Catov
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
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