1
|
Improving the interpretation of electronic fetal monitoring: the fetal reserve index. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2023; 228:S1129-S1143. [PMID: 37164491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.11.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Electronic fetal monitoring, particularly in the form of cardiotocography, forms the centerpiece of labor management. Initially successfully designed for stillbirth prevention, there was hope to also include prediction and prevention of fetal acidosis and its sequelae. With the routine use of electronic fetal monitoring, the cesarean delivery rate increased from <5% in the 1970s to >30% at present. Most at-risk cases produced healthy babies, resulting in part from considerable confusion as to the differences between diagnostic and screening tests. Electronic fetal monitoring is clearly a screening test. Multiple attempts have aimed at enhancing its ability to accurately distinguish babies at risk of in utero injury from those who are not and to do this in a timely manner so that appropriate intervention can be performed. Even key electronic fetal monitoring opinion leaders admit that this goal has yet to be achieved. Our group has developed a modified approach called the "Fetal Reserve Index" that contextualizes the findings of electronic fetal monitoring by formally including the presence of maternal, fetal, and obstetrical risk factors and increased uterine contraction frequencies and breaking up the tracing into 4 quantifiable components (heart rate, variability, decelerations, and accelerations). The result is a quantitative 8-point metric, with each variable being weighted equally in version 1.0. In multiple previously published refereed papers, we have shown that in head-to-head studies comparing the fetal reserve index with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' fetal heart rate categories, the fetal reserve index more accurately identifies babies born with cerebral palsy and could also reduce the rates of emergency cesarean delivery and vaginal operative deliveries. We found that the fetal reserve index scores and fetal pH and base excess actually begin to fall earlier in the first stage of labor than was commonly appreciated, and the fetal reserve index provides a good surrogate for pH and base excess values. Finally, the last fetal reserve index score before delivery combined with early analysis of neonatal heart rate and acid/base balance shows that the period of risk for neonatal neurologic impairment can continue for the first 30 minutes of life and requires much closer neonatal observation than is currently being done.
Collapse
|
2
|
Computerized Analysis of Antepartum Cardiotocography. MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/fm9.0000000000000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
3
|
Cahill LS, Stortz G, Chandran AR, Milligan N, Shinar S, Whitehead CL, Hobson SR, Millard S, Macgowan CK, Kingdom JC, Sled JG, Baschat AA. Determination of fetal heart rate short-term variation from umbilical artery Doppler waveforms. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2021; 57:70-74. [PMID: 33030756 PMCID: PMC7779755 DOI: 10.1002/uog.23145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility of using umbilical artery (UA) Doppler waveforms to measure fetal heart rate (FHR) short-term variation (STV) across gestation. METHODS This was a prospective longitudinal study, conducted at two study sites, of 195 pregnancies considered low risk. Pulsed-wave Doppler of the UAs was performed at 4-weekly intervals, between 14 and 40 weeks of gestation, using a standardized imaging protocol. Up to 12 consecutive UA Doppler waveforms were analyzed using offline processing software. FHR STV was calculated using average R-R intervals extracted from the waveforms and baseline corrected for FHR. RESULTS Baseline-corrected FHR STV increased significantly with gestational age (conditional R2 = 0.37; P < 0.0001) and was correlated inversely with FHR (conditional R2 = 0.54; P < 0.0001). The STV ranged (median (interquartile range)) from 3.5 (2.9-4.1) ms at 14-20 weeks' gestation to 6.3 (4.8-7.7) ms at 34-40 weeks' gestation. The change in heart rate STV did not differ between study sites or individual sonographers. CONCLUSIONS UA Doppler waveforms offer a robust and feasible method to derive STV of the FHR. It should be emphasized that the UA Doppler-derived STV is not interchangeable with measurements derived with computerized cardiotocography. Accordingly, further investigations are needed to validate associations with outcome, in order to determine the value of concurrent fetal cardiovascular and heart rate evaluations that are possible with the technique described here. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S. Cahill
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Greg Stortz
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anjana Ravi Chandran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Milligan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shiri Shinar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clare L. Whitehead
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Pregnancy Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sebastian R. Hobson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Millard
- Centre for Fetal Therapy, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher K. Macgowan
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C. Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John G. Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmet A. Baschat
- Centre for Fetal Therapy, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Campbell KSJ, Collier AC, Irvine MA, Brain U, Rurak DW, Oberlander TF, Lim KI. Maternal Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants Have Acute Effects on Fetal Heart Rate Variability in Late Gestation. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:680177. [PMID: 34483982 PMCID: PMC8415315 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.680177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Prenatal exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) antidepressants increases risk for adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, yet little is known about whether effects are present before birth. In relation to maternal SRI pharmacokinetics, this study investigated chronic and acute effects of prenatal SRI exposure on third-trimester fetal heart rate variability (HRV), while evaluating confounding effects of maternal depressed mood. Methods: At 36-weeks' gestation, cardiotocograph measures of fetal HR and HRV were obtained from 148 pregnant women [four groups: SRI-Depressed (n = 31), SRI-Non-Depressed (n = 18), Depressed (unmedicated; n = 42), and Control (n = 57)] before, and ~5-h after, typical SRI dose. Maternal plasma drug concentrations were quantified at baseline (pre-dose) and four time-points post-dose. Mixed effects modeling investigated group differences between baseline/pre-dose and post-dose fetal HR outcomes. Post hoc analyses investigated sex differences and dose-dependent SRI effects. Results: Maternal SRI plasma concentrations were lowest during the baseline/pre-dose fetal assessment (trough) and increased to a peak at the post-dose assessment; concentration-time curves varied widely between individuals. No group differences in fetal HR or HRV were observed at baseline/pre-dose; however, following maternal SRI dose, short-term HRV decreased in both SRI-exposed fetal groups. In the SRI-Depressed group, these post-dose decreases were displayed by male fetuses, but not females. Further, episodes of high HRV decreased post-dose relative to baseline, but only among SRI-Non-Depressed group fetuses. Higher maternal SRI doses also predicted a greater number of fetal HR decelerations. Fetuses exposed to unmedicated maternal depressed mood did not differ from Controls. Conclusions: Prenatal SRI exposure had acute post-dose effects on fetal HRV in late gestation, which differed depending on maternal mood response to SRI pharmacotherapy. Importantly, fetal SRI effects were sex-specific among mothers with persistent depressive symptoms, as only male fetuses displayed acute HRV decreases. At trough (pre-dose), chronic fetal SRI effects were not identified; however, concurrent changes in maternal SRI plasma levels suggest that fetal drug exposure is inconsistent. Acute SRI-related changes in fetal HRV may reflect a pharmacologic mechanism, a transient impairment in autonomic functioning, or an early adaption to altered serotonergic signaling, which may differ between males and females. Replication is needed to determine significance with postnatal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh S J Campbell
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Abby C Collier
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael A Irvine
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ursula Brain
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dan W Rurak
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tim F Oberlander
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kenneth I Lim
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schlembach D. Fetal Growth Restriction - Diagnostic Work-up, Management and Delivery. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2020; 80:1016-1025. [PMID: 33012833 PMCID: PMC7518933 DOI: 10.1055/a-1232-1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal or intrauterine growth restriction (FGR/IUGR) affects approximately 5 – 8% of all pregnancies and refers to a fetus not exploiting its genetically determined growth potential. Not only a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, it also predisposes these fetuses to the development of chronic disorders in later life. Apart from the timely diagnosis and identification of the causes of FGR, the obstetric challenge primarily entails continued antenatal management with optimum timing of delivery. In order to minimise premature birth morbidity, intensive fetal monitoring aims to prolong the pregnancy and at the same time intervene, i.e. deliver, before the fetus is threatened or harmed. It is important to note that early-onset FGR (< 32 + 0 weeks of gestation [wks]) should be assessed differently than late-onset FGR (≥ 32 + 0 wks). In early-onset FGR progressive deterioration is reflected in abnormal venous Doppler parameters, while in late-onset FGR this
manifests primarily in abnormal cerebral Doppler ultrasound. According to our current understanding, the “optimum” approach for monitoring and timing of delivery in early-onset FGR combines computerized CTG with the ductus venosus Doppler, while in late-onset FGR assessment of the cerebral Doppler parameters becomes more important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Schlembach
- Vivantes - Netzwerk für Gesundheit GmbH, Klinikum Neukölln, Klinik für Geburtsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hayes-Gill BR, Martin TRP, Liu C, Cohen WR. Relative accuracy of computerized intrapartum fetal heart rate pattern recognition by ultrasound and abdominal electrocardiogram detection. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2019; 99:413-422. [PMID: 31792930 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Noninvasive fetal heart rate monitoring using transabdominal fetal electrocardiographic detection is now commercially available and has been demonstrated to be an effective alternative to traditional Doppler ultrasonographic techniques. Our objective in this study was to compare the results of computerized identification of fetal heart rate patterns generated by ultrasound-based and transabdominal fetal electrocardiogram-based techniques with simultaneously obtained fetal scalp electrode-derived heart rate information. MATERIAL AND METHODS We applied an objective computer-based analysis for recognition of fetal heart rate patterns (Monica Decision Support) to data obtained simultaneously from a direct fetal scalp electrode, Doppler ultrasound, and the abdominal-fetal electrocardiogram techniques. This allowed us to compare over 145 hours of fetal heart rate patterns generated by the external devices with those derived from the scalp electrode in 30 term singleton uncomplicated pregnancies during labor. The direct fetal scalp electrode is considered to be the most accurate and reliable technique used in current clinical practice, and was, therefore, used as the standard for comparison. The program quantified the baseline heart rate, long- and short-term variability. It indicated when an acceleration or deceleration was present and whether it was large or small. RESULTS Ultrasound was associated with significantly greater deviations from the fetal scalp electrode results than the abdominal fetal electrocardiogram technique in recognizing the correct baseline heart rate, its variability, and the presence of small and large accelerations and small decelerations. For large decelerations the two external methods were each not significantly different from the scalp electrode results. CONCLUSIONS Noninvasive fetal heart rate monitoring using maternal abdominal wall electrodes to detect fetal cardiac activity more reliably reproduced the computerized analysis of heart rate patterns derived from a direct fetal scalp electrode than did traditional ultrasound-based monitoring. Abdominal-fetal electrocardiogram should, therefore, be considered a primary option for externally monitored patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barrie R Hayes-Gill
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Chong Liu
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Wayne R Cohen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wolf H, Bruin C, Dobbe JGG, Gordijn SJ, Ganzevoort W. Computerized fetal cardiotocography analysis in early preterm fetal growth restriction - a quantitative comparison of two applications. J Perinat Med 2019; 47:439-447. [PMID: 31005952 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2018-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background We developed an open-source software for the computerized analysis of antenatal fetal cardiotocography (CTG) without limitation of duration of the registration, enabling batch processing and adaptation to any digital storage system. Methods STVcalc was developed based on literature about the FetalCare system (Huntleigh Healthcare Ltd, Cardiff, UK). For comparison with FetalCare, we selected the CTGs of all women who delivered in 2011 a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetus between 24 and 31 weeks by cesarean section (CS) for fetal distress, or had fetal death, before labor onset. Results In 471 CTGs from 39 women, the agreement was 99% for a short-term variation (STV) cut-off of 2.6 ms below 29 weeks and 3.0 ms thereafter, and 95% for 3.5 and 4.0 ms, respectively. In 18 (4%) cases, the proportional difference in STV between FetalCare and STVcalc was more than 10%. Conclusion As only slight differences were observed between the proposed feature-rich application and the FetalCare system, it can be considered valuable for clinical practice and research purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Wolf
- Department of Obstetrics, Amsterdam University Medical CenterAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claartje Bruin
- Department of Obstetrics, Amsterdam University Medical CenterAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G G Dobbe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne J Gordijn
- Department of Obstetrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wessel Ganzevoort
- Department of Obstetrics, Amsterdam University Medical CenterAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lai J, Nowlan NC, Vaidyanathan R, Visser GHA, Lees CC. The use of actograph in the assessment of fetal well-being. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 33:2116-2121. [PMID: 30835578 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1540584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Third trimester maternal perception of fetal movements is often used to assess fetal well-being. However, its true clinical value is unknown, primarily because of the variability in subjective quantification. The actograph, a technology available on most cardiotocograph machines, quantifies movements, but has never previously been investigated in relation to fetal health and existing monitoring devices. The objective of this study was to quantify actograph output in healthy third trimester pregnancies and investigate this in relation to other methods of assessing fetal well-being.Methods: Forty-two women between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation underwent ultrasound scan followed by a computerized cardiotocograph (CTG). Post capture analysis of the actograph recording was performed and expressed as a percentage of activity over time. The actograph output results were analyzed in relation to Doppler, ultrasound and CTG findings expressed as z-score normalized for gestation.Results: There was a significant association between actograph output recording and estimated fetal weight Z-score (R = 0.546, p ≤ .005). This activity was not related to estimated fetal weight. Increased actograph activity was negatively correlated with umbilical artery pulsatility index Z-score (R = -0.306, p = .049) and middle cerebral artery pulsatility index Z-score (R = -0.390, p = .011).Conclusion: Fetal movements assessed by the actograph are associated both with fetal size in relation to gestation and fetoplacental Doppler parameters. It is not the case that larger babies move more, however, as the relationship with actograph output related only to estimated fetal weight z-score. These findings suggest a plausible link between the frequency of fetal movements and established markers of fetal health.RATIONALEThe objective of this study was to quantify actograph output in healthy third trimester pregnancies and investigate this in relation to other methods of assessing fetal well-being. This is a widely available method of assessing fetal movements objectively, which has been shown to be an important marker of fetal health. This research is novel in the fact that actograph has never been truly investigated in relation to fetal well-being, despite being available on most cardiotocograph (CTG) machines.Our results show that fetal movements assessed by the actograph are associated both with fetal size in relation to gestation and fetoplacental Doppler parameters. If this proves to be true, smaller babies that move less maybe at particular perinatal risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lai
- Centre for Fetal Care, Imperial College London, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust, London, UK
| | - Niamh C Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ravi Vaidyanathan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gerard H A Visser
- Department of Obstetrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph C Lees
- Centre for Fetal Care, Imperial College London, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust, London, UK.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kouskouti C, Jonas H, Regner K, Ruisinger P, Knabl J, Kainer F. Validation of a new algorithm for the short-term variation of the fetal heart rate: an antepartum prospective study. J Perinat Med 2018; 46:599-604. [PMID: 28672744 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2017-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Currently one of the most widespread systems for the computerized analysis of the fetal heart rate (FHR) is the Dawes-Redman system, where the short-term variation (STV) of the FHR is measured by dividing each minute into 16 segments (STV16). Technical progress has allowed for the development of a new algorithm, which measures the STV by dividing each minute into 240 segments (STV240), thus approximating the beat-to-beat variation. The STV240 still lacks reference values. Our aim was to develop clinically relevant reference values for the STV240 and compare them to the ones for the STV16. METHODS In a single centre, observational study, a total of 228 cardiotocograms were registered and subsequently analyzed with both algorithms (STV240 and STV16). RESULTS The 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for both algorithms. The values of the STV240 were significantly lower in comparison to the ones of the STV16. Not only the mean values but also the 95th percentile of the STV240 lay beneath the existent cut-off value for the STV16. CONCLUSIONS Every clinician using the new algorithm must be aware that the normal values for the STV240 lie beneath the, up until now, established cut-off values for the STV16.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kouskouti
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Klinik Hallerwiese, St. Johannis-Mühlgasse 19, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany, Tel.: +49 162 7929487, +49 911 33402355, Fax: +49 911 33402301
| | - Hella Jonas
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Klinik Hallerwiese, St. Johannis-Mühlgasse 19, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Regner
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Klinik Hallerwiese, St. Johannis-Mühlgasse 19, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Pia Ruisinger
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Klinik Hallerwiese, St. Johannis-Mühlgasse 19, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Julia Knabl
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Klinik Hallerwiese, St. Johannis-Mühlgasse 19, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Maistr. 11, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Kainer
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Klinik Hallerwiese, St. Johannis-Mühlgasse 19, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li G, Zhang S, Yang L, Li S, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Hao D, Li X, Zhang L, Xu M. Analysis of heart rate variation and foetal quiet sleep cycle correlation for normal and suspicious foetuses. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1443401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Li
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Song Zhang
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shufang Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yangyu Zhao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yimin Yang
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Dongmei Hao
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xuwen Li
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Yes Medical Devices Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Mingzhou Xu
- Beijing Aerospace Changfeng Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Predictive Abilities of Fetal Electrocardiogram-Derived Parameters during Labor in Newborn Acidemia: Our Institutional Experience. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3478925. [PMID: 29888259 PMCID: PMC5985095 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3478925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify cardiotocography patterns that discriminate fetal acidemia newborns by comprehensively evaluating the parameters obtained from Holter monitoring during delivery. Between June 1, 2015, and August 1, 2016, a prospective observational study of 85 patients was conducted using fetal Holter monitoring at the Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, China. Umbilical cord blood was sampled immediately after delivery and fetal acidemia was defined as umbilical cord arterial blood pH < 7.20. Fetal electrocardiogram- (FECG-) derived parameters, including basal fetal heart rate (BFHR), short-term variation (STV), large acceleration (LA), deceleration capacity (DC), acceleration capacity (AC), proportion of episodes of high variation (PEHV), and proportion of episodes of low variation (PELV), were compared between 16 fetuses with acidemia and 47 without. The areas under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were calculated. Although all the computerized parameters showed predictive values for acidemia (all AUC > 0.50), STV (AUC = 0.84, P < 0.001), DC (AUC = 0.84, P < 0.001), AC (AUC = 0.80, P < 0.001), and PELV (AUC = 0.71, P = 0.012) were more strongly associated with fetal acidemia. Our institutional experience suggests that FECG-derived parameters from Holter monitoring are beneficial in reducing the incidence of neonatal acidemia.
Collapse
|
12
|
Avitan T, Sanders A, Brain U, Rurak D, Oberlander TF, Lim K. Variations from morning to afternoon of middle cerebral and umbilical artery blood flow, and fetal heart rate variability, and fetal characteristics in the normally developing fetus. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2018; 46:235-240. [PMID: 29235099 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if there are changes in maternal uterine blood flow, fetal brain blood flow, fetal heart rate variability, and umbilical blood flow between morning (AM) and afternoon (PM) in healthy, uncomplicated pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN In this prospective study, 68 uncomplicated singleton pregnancies (mean 35 + 0.7 weeks gestation) underwent a standard observational protocol at both 08:00 (AM) and 13:30 (PM) of the same day. This protocol included Doppler measurements of uterine, umbilical, and fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) volume flow parameters (flow, HR, peak systolic velocity [PSV], PI, and RI) followed by computerized cardiotocography. Standard descriptive statistics, χ2 and t tests were used where appropriate. P < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS A significant increase in MCA flow and MCA PSV was observed in the PM compared to the AM. This was accompanied by a fall in MCA resistance. Higher umbilical artery resistance indices were also observed in the PM compared to AM. In contrast, fetal heart rate characteristics, maternal uterine artery Doppler flow and resistance indices did not vary significantly between the AM and PM. CONCLUSION In normal pregnancies, variations in fetal cerebral and umbilical blood flow parameters were observed between AM and PM independent of other fetal movements or baseline fetal heart rate. In contrast, uterine flow parameters remained stable across the day. These findings may have implications for the use of serial Doppler parameters used to guide clinical management in high-risk pregnancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tehila Avitan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Ari Sanders
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Ursula Brain
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Dan Rurak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Tim F Oberlander
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Ken Lim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The influence of betamethasone on fetal heart rate variability, obtained by non-invasive fetal electrocardiogram recordings. Early Hum Dev 2018; 119:8-14. [PMID: 29505915 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betamethasone is widely used to enhance fetal lung maturation in case of threatened preterm labour. Fetal heart rate variability is one of the most important parameters to assess in fetal monitoring, since it is a reliable indicator for fetal distress. AIM To describe the effect of betamethasone on fetal heart rate variability, by applying spectral analysis on non-invasive fetal electrocardiogram recordings. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SUBJECTS Patients that require betamethasone, with a gestational age from 24 weeks onwards. OUTCOME MEASURES Fetal heart rate variability parameters on day 1, 2, and 3 after betamethasone administration are compared to a reference measurement. RESULTS Following 68 inclusions, 12 patients remained with complete series of measurements and sufficient data quality. During day 1, an increase in absolute fetal heart rate variability values was seen. During day 2, a decrease in these values was seen. All trends indicate to return to pre-medication values on day 3. Normalised high- and low-frequency power show little changes during the study period. CONCLUSIONS The changes in fetal heart rate variability following betamethasone administration show the same pattern when calculated by spectral analysis of the fetal electrocardiogram, as when calculated by cardiotocography. Since normalised spectral values show little changes, the influence of autonomic modulation seems minor.
Collapse
|
14
|
Amorim-Costa C, Gaio AR, Ayres-de-Campos D, Bernardes J. Longitudinal changes of cardiotocographic parameters throughout pregnancy: a prospective cohort study comparing small-for-gestational-age and normal fetuses from 24 to 40 weeks. J Perinat Med 2017; 45:493-501. [PMID: 27474837 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2016-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare longitudinal trends of cardiotocographic (CTG) parameters between small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and normal fetuses, from 24 to 41 weeks of pregnancy. METHODS A prospective cohort study was carried out in singleton pregnancies without fetal malformations. At least one CTG was performed in each of the following intervals: 24-26 weeks+6 days, 27-29 weeks+6 days, 30-32 weeks+6 days, 33-35 weeks+6 days, 36-38 weeks+6 days and ≥39 weeks. Tracings were analyzed using the Omniview-SisPorto® 3.6 system. Cases with a normal pregnancy outcome, including a birthweight ≥10th percentile for gestational age, were compared with two groups of SGA fetuses: with birthweight <10th percentile (SGA<p10) and <3rd percentile (SGA<p3; a subgroup of the latter). Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used for analysis. RESULTS A total of 176 fetuses (31 SGA) and 1256 tracings (207 from SGA fetuses) were evaluated. All CTG parameters changed significantly throughout pregnancy in the three groups, with a decreasing baseline and probability of decelerations, and an increasing average long-term variability (LTV), average short-term variability (STV) and accelerations. Baseline showed a more pronounced decrease (steeper slope) in SGA fetuses, being higher in these cases at earlier gestational ages and lower later in pregnancy. Average LTV was significantly lower in SGA<p3 fetuses, but a parallel increase occurred in all groups. There was a considerable inter-fetal variability within each group. CONCLUSION A unique characterization of CTG trends throughout gestation in SGA fetuses was provided. A steeper descent of the baseline was reported for the first time. The findings raise the possibility of clinical application of computerized CTG analysis in screening and management of fetal growth restriction.
Collapse
|
15
|
Cardiotocography and the evolution into computerised cardiotocography in the management of intrauterine growth restriction. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2017; 295:811-816. [PMID: 28180962 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-016-4282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Timely recognition and appropriate management of high-risk pregnancies, such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), are of paramount importance for every obstetrician. After the initial screening of IUGR fetuses through sonographic fetometry and Doppler, the focus is shifted to the appropriate monitoring and timing of delivery. This can, especially in cases of early IUGR, become a very difficult task. At this point, cardiotocography (CTG) is introduced as a major tool in the day-to-day monitoring of the antenatal well-being of the IUGR fetus. Since the first introduction of CTG up to the nowadays widely spreading implementation of computerised CTG in the clinical practice, there has been great progress in the recording of the fetal heart rate, as well as its interpretation. Focus of this review is to offer an understanding of the evolution of CTG from its early development to modern computerised methods and to provide an insight as to where the future of CTG is leading, especially in the monitoring of IUGR.
Collapse
|
16
|
Giuliano N, Annunziata ML, Esposito FG, Tagliaferri S, Di Lieto A, Magenes G, Signorini MG, Campanile M, Arduini D. Computerised analysis of antepartum foetal heart parameters: New reference ranges. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2016; 37:296-304. [PMID: 27923290 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2016.1239069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We selected 4012 cCTG records (one trace for each patient) performed in healthy pregnancies from 30th to 42nd gestational week using foetal heart rate (FHR), short-term variability (STV), long-term irregularity (LTI), Delta, approximate entropy (ApEn), spectral components as low frequency (LF), median frequency (MF), high frequency (HF) and LF/(HF + MF) ratio were analysed. Reference nomograms were created and sensitivity and specificity for the prediction of foetal compromise were calculated which were 90% and 89%, respectively. Changes of cCTG parameters according to gestational week were evaluated: FHR (r = -.65) and LF (r = -.87) showed a statistically significant reduction (p < .05) with gestational age. STV (r = .59), LTI (r = .69), Delta (r = .67), and MF (r = .88) showed a statistically significant increase (p < .05) with gestational age. In contrast, for ApEn (r = -.098), HF (r = .14) and LF/(HF + MF) ratio (r = -.47) a non-statistically significant change was found (p > .05). The identification of reference ranges for cCTG indexes in according to gestational age could provide a more objective examination of cCTG trace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natascia Giuliano
- a Department of Obstetrical-Gynaecological, Urological Science and Reproductive Medicine , Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Maria Laura Annunziata
- a Department of Obstetrical-Gynaecological, Urological Science and Reproductive Medicine , Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Francesca Giovanna Esposito
- a Department of Obstetrical-Gynaecological, Urological Science and Reproductive Medicine , Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Salvatore Tagliaferri
- a Department of Obstetrical-Gynaecological, Urological Science and Reproductive Medicine , Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Andrea Di Lieto
- a Department of Obstetrical-Gynaecological, Urological Science and Reproductive Medicine , Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Giovanni Magenes
- b Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | | | - Marta Campanile
- a Department of Obstetrical-Gynaecological, Urological Science and Reproductive Medicine , Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Domenico Arduini
- d Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Foetal Medicine Centre, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Amorim-Costa C, Costa-Santos C, Ayres-de-Campos D, Bernardes J. Longitudinal evaluation of computerized cardiotocographic parameters throughout pregnancy in normal fetuses: a prospective cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2016; 95:1143-52. [PMID: 27238561 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The longitudinal cardiotocographic (CTG) changes throughout pregnancy in normal fetuses have never been fully described. We aimed at characterizing the evolution of CTG parameters in healthy fetuses, from 24 to 41 weeks of gestation. MATERIAL AND METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted in singleton fetuses without structural abnormalities on second-trimester ultrasound. At least one CTG was performed in each of the following intervals: 24-26 weeks(+6d) , 27-29 weeks(+6d) , 30-32 weeks(+6d) , 33-35 weeks(+6d) , 36-38 weeks(+6d) and ≥39 weeks; tracings were analyzed by the OMNIVIEW-SISPORTO 3.6 system. Cases of preterm delivery, fetal death, birthweight under the 10th percentile, low five-minute Apgar, umbilical artery acidemia or neonatal intensive care unit admission were subsequently excluded. RESULTS A total of 1049 eligible tracings were obtained from 145 fetuses. There was a significant increase over time in average long-term variability (LTV), average short-term variability (STV), number of accelerations and uterine contractions. Conversely, fetal heart rate (FHR) baseline and number of decelerations decreased. A high inter-fetal variability was observed, but there was considerable intra-fetal consistency. Fetuses showing a marked decrease in FHR baseline and those with a marked increase in average LTV had a significantly lower birthweight. Cesarean section rate was significantly higher in cases with a decrease in average STV throughout gestation. CONCLUSIONS This prospective longitudinal study shows an evolution in computerized CTG parameters during pregnancy, indicating the need to adapt interpretation criteria based on gestational age. The high inter-fetal variability and considerable intra-fetal consistency suggests the possible value of using each fetus as its own reference in serial assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Célia Amorim-Costa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Porto Medical School, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S) and Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (CINTESIS), Porto Medical School, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Costa-Santos
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (CINTESIS), Porto Medical School, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Health Information and Decision Sciences, Porto Medical School, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Ayres-de-Campos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Porto Medical School, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S) and Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (CINTESIS), Porto Medical School, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, S. João Hospital, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Bernardes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Porto Medical School, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S) and Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (CINTESIS), Porto Medical School, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, S. João Hospital, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li G, Zhang S, Yang L, Li S, Wang Y, Hao D, Yang Y, Li X, Zhang L, Xu M. Influence of gestational age and time of day in baseline and heart rate variation of fetuses. Technol Health Care 2016; 24 Suppl 2:S471-6. [PMID: 27163306 DOI: 10.3233/thc-161170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal electrocardiography (FECG) places electrodes on the maternal abdomen to convert the fetal electrocardiosignals into fetal heart rate (FHR), improving the accuracy and comfort of pregnant woman. At the same time, FECG simplifies the procedure of long term monitoring in the perinatal period. OBJECTIVE Investigating the influence of gestational age and time of day on FHR features to distinguish between non-stress test (NST) normal fetuses and NST suspicious fetuses. METHODS A novel method of FHR baseline estimation was presented; then baseline value and fetal heart rate variation (FHRV) were analyzed in the time domain using FHR signals recorded from 52 fetuses. RESULTS Baseline values in 1:00, 2:00, 4:00, 5:00 and heart rate variation (HRV) distribution showed a significant difference (p< 0.05) between NST normal fetuses and NST suspicious fetuses. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that NST normal and suspicious fetuses had same outcome and different FHR features. Accurately distinguishing normal fetuses and suspicious fetuses is important for lowering the false positive rate and reducing unnecessary clinical intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Li
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Song Zhang
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shufang Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Hao
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yimin Yang
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuwen Li
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Yes Medical Devices Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhou Xu
- Beijing Aerospace ChangFeng Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Amorim-Costa C, Cruz J, Ayres-de-Campos D, Bernardes J. Gender-specific reference charts for cardiotocographic parameters throughout normal pregnancy: a retrospective cross-sectional study of 9701 fetuses. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 199:102-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
20
|
Marie C, Sinoquet C, Barasinski C, Lémery D, Vendittelli F. Does maternal race influence the short-term variation of the fetal heart rate? An historical cohort study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2015; 193:102-7. [PMID: 26277781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main aim of this article was to analyze short-term variation (STV) of the fetal heart rate according to maternal race. The secondary aim was to study the baseline fetal heart rate according to this factor. STUDY DESIGN This single-center historical cohort study covered the period from November 2008 through December 2011 (n=182). The inclusion criteria were: black women from sub-Saharan Africa or white European women, with a singleton pregnancy ≥34 weeks and fetal heart rate recorded by computerized analysis (Oxford Sonicaid System 8002) at a prenatal visit. The exclusion criteria were: medication likely to modify fetal heart rate, abnormal fetal heart rate tracing, and being in labor. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to study the association between maternal race and STV. RESULTS STV was lower by 2.6ms in fetuses of black women (n=55) compared to those of white women (n=127) (8.9±2.1ms vs. 11.4±3.4ms) (p<0.001). The basal fetal heart rate was higher (p=0.001), and the recording criteria were met less often for the black women (p=0.04). After adjustment for maternal age, body mass index at the beginning of pregnancy, maternal cigarette smoking, parity, gestational diabetes, gestational age at the time of the fetal heart rate recording, and the time between the last meal and the recording, mean STV was lower by 3.1±0.6ms in fetuses of black compared with white women (p<0.001). CONCLUSION STV is lower in fetuses of black women compared to those of white women in a low-risk population. A study of black and white women with high-risk pregnancies is necessary to assess the impact of medical practices on perinatal outcome after STV analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Marie
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, 58 Rue Montalembert 63000, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1 63003, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4681, PEPRADE (Périnatalité, grossesse, Environnement, PRAtiques médicales et DEveloppement), 28 place Henri-Dunant BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Céline Sinoquet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, 58 Rue Montalembert 63000, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1 63003, France
| | - Chloé Barasinski
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, 58 Rue Montalembert 63000, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1 63003, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4681, PEPRADE (Périnatalité, grossesse, Environnement, PRAtiques médicales et DEveloppement), 28 place Henri-Dunant BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Didier Lémery
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, 58 Rue Montalembert 63000, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1 63003, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4681, PEPRADE (Périnatalité, grossesse, Environnement, PRAtiques médicales et DEveloppement), 28 place Henri-Dunant BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; AUDIPOG (Association des Utilisateurs de Dossiers informatisés en Pédiatrie, Obstétrique et Gynécologie), RTH Laennec Medical University, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Françoise Vendittelli
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, 58 Rue Montalembert 63000, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1 63003, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4681, PEPRADE (Périnatalité, grossesse, Environnement, PRAtiques médicales et DEveloppement), 28 place Henri-Dunant BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; AUDIPOG (Association des Utilisateurs de Dossiers informatisés en Pédiatrie, Obstétrique et Gynécologie), RTH Laennec Medical University, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Savchev S, Figueras F, Gratacos E. Survey on the current trends in managing intrauterine growth restriction. Fetal Diagn Ther 2014; 36:129-35. [PMID: 24852178 DOI: 10.1159/000360419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a snapshot of the current trends in managing intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and to assess the agreement on the gestational age and the way of delivery in different clinical scenarios. METHODS A PubMed search was performed to identify all original articles on IUGR in the last 6 years. The most active 20 authors were selected as experts and were invited to respond to a survey on their preferred gestational age for elective delivery in several IUGR cases depending on Doppler measurements (including umbilical artery (UA), middle cerebral artery, cerebroplacental ratio, uterine artery and ductus venosus), biophysical profile and cardiotocography. RESULTS 15 of the 20 selected experts agreed to participate in the survey, of which 3 failed to meet the deadline to complete the survey. Management of IUGR was relatively uniform for abnormal UA, uterine artery or cerebroplacental ratio. Although average gestational age at delivery reflected a clear progression with accepted markers of severity, discrepancies of up to 4 weeks were found for abnormal middle cerebral artery Doppler and absent end-diastolic velocity in the UA, and of up to 8 weeks for reverse end-diastolic velocity in the UA and abnormalities in the ductus venosus Doppler. CONCLUSIONS Management of IUGR is still far from being uniform among centers, with most controversy surrounding the management of early-onset IUGR. There is a need of prospective studies to address this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Savchev
- Fetal and Perinatal Research Centre, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Maeda MDFY, Nomura RMY, Niigaki JI, Francisco RPV, Zugaib M. Influence of fetal acidemia on fetal heart rate analyzed by computerized cardiotocography in pregnancies with placental insufficiency. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26:1820-4. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.802304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
23
|
Rurak D, Lim K, Sanders A, Brain U, Riggs W, Oberlander TF. Third trimester fetal heart rate and Doppler middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity characteristics during prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure. Pediatr Res 2011; 70:96-101. [PMID: 21436759 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31821ba11a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) exposure increases the risk for adverse neonatal behavioral outcomes; although it is unknown whether altered brain function is present before birth. We investigated fetal vascular and heart rate changes at 36-wk gestation in SSRI-treated women with mood disorders (n = 29) [exposed (EXP)] and controls (n = 45) [non-EXP (NEXP)]. Fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) flow parameters and heart rate characteristics were obtained during pre-SSRI dose morning and postdose afternoon sessions. Maternal mood and cord Hb and hematocrit were measured. Basal fetal heart rate (fHR) did not differ between groups or across the day. The fHR short- and long-term variations, accelerations, and duration of high variability episodes remained lower and did not change across the day in EXP, whereas all increased significantly in NEXP. In both groups, MCA flow velocity and volume flow increased significantly across the day. EXP MCA pulsatility index was significantly lower, as was MCA cross-sectional area. EXP cord Hb and hematocrit were significantly increased. Prenatal SSRI exposure reduced fetal MCA flow resistance and fHR variability, before and after an SSRI dose, controlling for maternal mood. These changes and the SSRI-related increased red cell indices suggest possible fetal hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Rurak
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kuznetsov SV. About mechanisms of genesis, structure, and functional role of endogenous rhythms (To the 100-Annivesary of Aleksei Valentinovich Voino-Yasenetskii). J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093009060027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
25
|
Abstract
The technology of intrapartum surveillance made rapid strides from the 1960s through the 1980s but then stagnated as increasing resort to caesarean section was made rather than improving measures of fetal condition and labour progress. However, despite caesarean section rates commonly over 30%, medicolegally expensive mistakes continue to be made because it is difficult to teach clinicians to make reliable use of existing technology. It may be that as with aircraft navigation, the safest solution is to replace human judgement with the obstetric equivalent of automatic pilots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Steer
- Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Serra V, Bellver J, Moulden M, Redman CWG. Computerized analysis of normal fetal heart rate pattern throughout gestation. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2009; 34:74-79. [PMID: 19489020 DOI: 10.1002/uog.6365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the evolution of computerized cardiotocography (cCTG) parameters throughout gestation in a large archive of traces from healthy fetuses. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of the first cCTG record from 4412 singleton fetuses with good pregnancy outcome. Normal ranges of cCTG parameters for 25 to 42 weeks were derived from analysis of only one cCTG record per fetus, and the relationship between the parameters and gestational age was investigated. RESULTS Fetal heart rate (FHR) accelerations, short- and long-term variation overall, duration of episodes of high and low variation and variation in high episodes increased with advancing gestation. In contrast, maternal perception of fetal movements, basal FHR, variation in low episodes and the time until criteria for normality were met decreased with advancing gestation. Gestational age-related changes in FHR variation were less evident at the lowest percentiles. Episodes of high FHR variation were detected in most fetuses, even at 25 weeks. Opposite trends of basal FHR and variation were observed at 42 weeks. Large decelerations and the frequency and duration of low episodes were also higher at 42 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The characteristics of the normal FHR pattern are quite defined from early on in gestation, follow a continuous trend with advancing gestation and change abruptly at 42 weeks. Gestational age-related changes are less obvious at the lowest percentiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Serra
- Unidad de Medicina Materno-Fetal, Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Galazios G, Tripsianis G, Tsikouras P, Koutlaki N, Liberis V. Fetal distress evaluation using and analyzing the variables of antepartum computerized cardiotocography. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2009; 281:229-33. [PMID: 19455348 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-009-1119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we tried to establish cut-off values for more than one parameters of computerized cardiotocography (c CTG) in the prediction of fetal distress during labor, using a group of pregnant women with low-risk pregnancies. METHOD A retrospective study was performed. Data were collected from 167 patients for measurements of fetal heart rate (FHR) variables and perinatal outcome. Computerized CTG was performed with an Oxford Sonicaid monitor with connection to a 8000 system for CTG spontaneous analysis. The following c CTG variables were considered: FHR, number of accelerations, the presence and the number of episodes of high and low variation, the number of decelerations, short-term variation (STV), peaks of contractions (per hour) and fetal movements assessed by maternal perception (per hour). Computerized CTG recordings started not earlier than the beginning of week 38 of gestation. Immediately after delivery, blood sample was collected from umbilical artery for umbilical artery blood gas analysis (UBGA). The main UBGA parameter in cord umbilical artery that was considered for analysis was pH. pH values<7.25 were considered as suspicious for acidemia and pH values>or=7.25 as normal. RESULTS Women suspicious for fetal distress during labor presented significantly lower fetal movements (P=0.026), accelerations (P=0.018), variability (P<0.001), number of high episodes (P<0.001), higher values of FHR baseline (P<0.001) and low episodes (P<0.001). Only the number of decelerations did not differ significantly between the two groups (P=0.545). The cut-off points of 5.00 for STV and 3.00 for high episodes were determined to classify women with fetal distress, which yielded high sensitivities (34 and 52%) and specificities (96.6 and 94.9%), with positive predictive values of 81.0 and 81.3% and negative predictive values of 77.4 and 82.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we believe that not only STV but also other components of the cCTG, mainly the presence and the number of episodes of high variation, are related to pregnancy's outcome as measured by an umbilical artery pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Galazios
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, Demokritus University of Thrace, Str. Sarafi 3, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bernardes J, Gonçalves H, Ayres-de-Campos D, Rocha AP. Sex differences in linear and complex fetal heart rate dynamics of normal and acidemic fetuses in the minutes preceding delivery. J Perinat Med 2009; 37:168-76. [PMID: 19021459 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2009.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess linear and complex heart rate dynamics in relation to fetal gender in normal and acidemic fetuses during the minutes preceding delivery. METHODS Linear and non-linear fetal heart rate indices, namely mean FHR, long-term irregularity index, short-term variability, low and high frequency spectral indices, approximate and sample entropy, were assessed in 36 female and 30 male fetuses, adjusted for gestational age and weight, during the minutes preceding delivery. Analysis was performed in the initial and final minutes of each tracing in fetuses with umbilical artery blood pH at delivery >or=7.20, 7.11-7.19 and <or=7.10. RESULTS Progression of labor was associated with a significant decrease in non-linear indices and an increase in almost all linear indices, both in female and male fetuses, but changes were more marked in female fetuses. Non-acidemic females showed higher mean FHR in the final minutes of labor, compared with males. Acidemic females had higher linear indices when compared to similar male fetuses. CONCLUSIONS During the minutes preceding delivery, female fetuses express higher linear indices than male fetuses, suggesting greater activation of the autonomic nervous system, while maintaining similar complexity indices, which suggests different reaction and adaptation capabilities to stress and distress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Bernardes
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Hospital de S. João, Porto and Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Porto, Portugal.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Reddy A, Moulden M, Redman CW. Antepartum high-frequency fetal heart rate sinusoidal rhythm: computerized detection and fetal anemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200:407.e1-6. [PMID: 19114268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to identify antepartum fetal heart rate (FHR) records of high-frequency (HF) sinusoidal rhythms from an electronic database (1983-2003) and determine clinical outcomes. STUDY DESIGN At the John Radcliffe Hospital (Oxford, UK), 72,297 traces from 19,506 women were analyzed using an algorithm that identifies HF sinusoidal rhythms. The case records were reviewed. RESULTS There were 15 (0.21/1000) traces from 8 (0.41/1000) women with an HF sinusoidal rhythm. In 5 of 8 women (62.5%), this pattern was associated with fetal anemia (hemoglobin < 10.0 g/dL). Their FHR patterns were distinguished from those of the other nonanemic fetuses by significantly lower long-term variability. CONCLUSION An antepartum HF sinusoidal rhythm is rare but associated with fetal anemia, particularly if it is combined with reduced long-term variability without episodes of high FHR variability within 60 minutes. The automated system can alert inexperienced staff, who supervise FHR monitoring, by an online warning.
Collapse
|
30
|
Effects of maternal glycemia on fetal heart rate in pregnancies complicated by pregestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 143:14-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
31
|
Serra V, Moulden M, Bellver J, Redman CWG. The value of the short-term fetal heart rate variation for timing the delivery of growth-retarded fetuses. BJOG 2008; 115:1101-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
32
|
Linear and complex heart rate dynamics vary with sex in relation to fetal behavioural states. Early Hum Dev 2008; 84:433-9. [PMID: 18248921 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A better understanding of gender influences on fetal heart rate can help to improve analysis of the latter and perhaps elucidate the increased risk of perinatal death that occurs in males. AIM To assess differences in linear and complex heart rate dynamics according to fetal sex, in the antepartum period of normal term pregnancies, for patterns associated with fetal behavioural states. STUDY DESIGN AND SUBJECTS One hundred and eighty seven fetal heart rate segments of 10-minute duration, acquired with a system for computerized analysis of cardiotocograms and classified into fetal behavioural patterns A, B, C or D were analysed. They had been acquired from 24 female and 23 male term fetuses, with uneventful perinatal outcomes. Four different comparative studies between female and male fetuses were conducted, considering different adjustments for gestational age, weight and FHR pattern. OUTCOME MEASURES Indices of linear and nonlinear fetal heart rate variability, namely, long-term irregularity index, very low, low and high frequency spectral indices, approximate entropy and sample entropy. RESULTS Pattern B was the most frequent, both in female and male fetuses. Pattern A was more likely to be associated to female than male fetuses, whereas the opposite occurred with patterns C and D. Linear indices were significantly higher in male than in female fetuses, whereas the opposite occurred with nonlinear indices. CONCLUSIONS Male fetuses exhibited significantly more linear and significantly less complex fetal heart rate activity than female fetuses, expressing signs of a more active autonomous nervous system and of less active complexity control systems. These aspects may need to be considered when interpreting FHR tracings.
Collapse
|
33
|
Garcia GS, Mariani Neto C, Araujo Júnior E, Garcia RL, Nardozza LMM, Moron AF. Fetal acidemia prediction through short-term variation assessed by antepartum computerized cardiotocography in pregnant women with hypertension syndrome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2008; 278:125-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-007-0537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
34
|
Su LL, Chong YS, Biswas A. Use of Fetal Electrocardiogram for Intrapartum Monitoring. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2007. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v36n6p416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Intrapartum fetal monitoring is essential for the identification of fetal hypoxia to reduce perinatal morbidity and mortality. Cardiotocography is associated with low specificity for fetal acidosis and poor perinatal outcome leading to unnecessary operative deliveries. ST waveform analysis of the fetal electrocardiogram has been shown to be a promising adjunctive intrapartum assessment tool. We aim to present the pathophysiology, the role of intrapartum monitoring and the practical usage of this relatively new technology in our review.
Methods: An electronic search of Medline and OVID was carried out, followed by a manual search of the references identified by the electronic search.
Results: The incorporation of ST waveform analysis to cardiotocography has been shown to reduce the rates of neonatal metabolic acidosis, moderate and severe neonatal encephalopathy, thus improving perinatal outcome. The reduction in operative delivery rates due to fetal distress is also significant. The pathophysiology and practical usage of this technology were discussed.
Conclusions: With more accurate identification of fetal hypoxia and reduction of unnecessary intervention rates, incorporation of ST waveform analysis of fetal electrocardiography into cardiotocography can improve the standard of intrapartum fetal monitoring.
Key words: Cardiotocography, Fetal electocardiography, Fetal ST waveform analysis, Intrapartum, Perinatal outcomes
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Su
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Magenes G, Pedrinazzi L, Signorini MG. Identification of fetal sufferance antepartum through a multiparametric analysis and a support vector machine. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2006:462-5. [PMID: 17271713 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2004.1403194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The present work is concerned with the automatic identification of fetal sufferance in intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) fetuses, based on a multiparametric analysis of cardiotocographic recordings feeding a neural classifier. As classification tool, we propose a SVM (support vector machine), which receives the set of linear and nonlinear parameters extracted from the fetal heart rate signal (FHR) as input and gives the indication of fetal distress as output. SVM is a powerful supervised learning algorithm belonging to the statistical learning theory. It minimizes the structural risk performance in various classification problems. Three SVMs are built with different kernels. Their training set includes 70 cases: 35 normal and 35 IUGR suffering fetuses. Classification results obtained with a 2nd order polynomial kernel, on a test set of 30 unknown cases, show good values of accuracy, specificity and sensitivity. The SVM performance is very similar to that obtained with multilayer perceptron and neurofuzzy classifiers proposed in previous works. The introduction of a hybrid unsupervised/supervised learning scheme integrating independent component analysis (ICA) with SVM will be the natural development of this work with a further improvement of the diagnostic ability of the system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Magenes
- Dipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica, Pavia Univ., Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Graham EM, Petersen SM, Christo DK, Fox HE. Intrapartum Electronic Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring and the Prevention of Perinatal Brain Injury. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108:656-66. [PMID: 16946228 DOI: 10.1097/01.aog.0000230533.62760.ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring (EFM) is the most widely used method of intrapartum surveillance, and our objective is to review its ability to prevent perinatal brain injury and death. DATA SOURCES Studies that quantified intrapartum EFM and its relation to specific neurologic outcomes (seizures, periventricular leukomalacia, cerebral palsy, death) were eligible for inclusion. MEDLINE was searched from 1966 to 2006 for studies that examined the relationship between intrapartum EFM and perinatal brain injury using these MeSH and text words: "cardiotocography," "electronic fetal monitoring," "intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring," "intrapartum fetal monitoring," and "fetal heart rate monitoring." METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION This search strategy identified 1,628 articles, and 41 were selected for further review. Articles were excluded for the following reasons: in case reports, letters, commentaries, and review articles, intrapartum EFM was not quantified, or specific perinatal neurologic morbidity was not measured. Three observational studies and a 2001 meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials were selected for determination of the effect of intrapartum EFM on perinatal brain injury. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS Electronic fetal monitoring was introduced into widespread clinical practice in the late 1960s based on retrospective studies comparing its use to historical controls where auscultation was performed in a nonstandardized manner. Case-control studies have shown correlation of EFM abnormalities with umbilical artery base excess, but EFM was not able to identify cerebral white matter injury or cerebral palsy. Of 13 randomized controlled trials, one showed a significant decrease in perinatal mortality with EFM compared with auscultation. Meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials comparing EFM with auscultation have found an increased incidence of cesarean delivery and decreased neonatal seizures but no effect on the incidence of cerebral palsy or perinatal death. CONCLUSION Although intrapartum EFM abnormalities correlate with umbilical cord base excess and its use is associated with decreased neonatal seizures, it has no effect on perinatal mortality or pediatric neurologic morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest M Graham
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-1228, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Breukelman S, Mulder EJH, van Oord R, Jonker H, van der Weijden BC, Taverne MAM. Continuous fetal heart rate monitoring during late gestation in cattle by means of Doppler ultrasonography: reference values obtained by computer-assisted analysis. Theriogenology 2005; 65:486-98. [PMID: 16095680 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 05/22/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuous fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring using transabdominal Doppler ultrasonography can be assumed to provide information about the viability of the bovine fetus during late gestation, as has been found in humans. To be able to recognize unfavourable fetal conditions, first the normal ranges of FHR parameters in cattle should be established. Therefore, in this study we aimed to determine the normal ranges of computerized FHR parameters, like basal fetal heart rate (BHR), number of accelerations and decelerations per hour and short and long term variation (STV and LTV) during the last 3 weeks before calving (n = 21 cows). Each cow had one recording in each of three episodes of 7 days before parturition. As recording time in the cow is limited, we also studied whether these FHR parameters differ between recordings of 30 and 60 min duration (n = 31 pairs of recordings). The outcomes of FHR recordings with a duration of 30 or 60 min did not differ significantly, except for a higher percentage of signal loss in the 60 min recordings. Therefore, determination of normal ranges was performed in 30 min recordings. BHR decreased from 3 to 2 weeks (114 to 109 bpm; P < 0.0001) before parturition and then remained constant until 2 days before calving. The mean number of accelerations per hour ranged between 4.4 and 5.0 h(-1) and did not change significantly with time. Compared to 3 weeks before parturition, STV was significantly higher at 2 weeks (P < 0.05), but not at 1 week before parturition (8.1, 10.0, and 9.2 ms, respectively). Changes in LTV showed a time course comparable to that of STV, but significance was not reached (51.4, 58.6, and 58.4 ms for respectively 3, 2 and 1 weeks before parturition). No decelerations were found during the period understudy. In conclusion, this study has provided normal ranges of bovine computerized FHR parameters during the last 3 weeks of gestation, allowing a comparison with data from cows with compromised gestations in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Breukelman
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Arbeille P, Perrotin F, Salihagic A, Sthale H, Lansac J, Platt LD. Fetal Doppler Hypoxic index for the prediction of abnormal fetal heart rate at delivery in chronic fetal distress. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 121:171-7. [PMID: 16054958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To design a Doppler Hypoxic index (HI), which takes into account both the duration and the intensity of fetal flow redistribution (i.e. hypoxia) for predicting the occurrence of abnormal fetal heart rate (FHR) at delivery. METHOD Sixty-six pregnancies with hypertension and/or growth retardation (IUGR) were investigated (age: 23+/-5 years; primigravidas: 30%, CS 59%; hospitalisation: 10+/-8 days, IUGR (<10 c) 82%, intensive care 23%, fetal death 1). Umbilical (URI) and cerebral (CRI) Doppler resistance indices, and the C/U ratio (CRI/URI) were measured every 2 days from admission to delivery. HI was calculated by summing the daily %C/U reduction (in % from normal cut-off limit 1.1) over the period of observation (or mean C/U reduction in % from 1.1 x number of days of observation). Doppler C/U and HI were compared with fetal heart rate (FHR) traces, and perinatal data. RESULTS HI > 160% was associated with abnormal FHR in 80% of the cases (PPV = 87%, NPV = 88%). HI > 160% predicted the occurrence of abnormal FHR 8+/-6 days before they happened. CONCLUSION A combination of intensity and duration of the fetal flow redistribution (i.e. hypoxia) evaluated by Doppler is correlated with the occurrence of abnormal fetal heart rate.
Collapse
|
39
|
Mirghani HM, Weerasinghe S, Al-Awar S, Abdulla L, Ezimokhai M. The effect of intermittent maternal fasting on computerized fetal heart tracing. J Perinatol 2005; 25:90-2. [PMID: 15526011 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jp.7211221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine effects of maternal fasting on antepartum computerized fetal heart tracing analysis. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study of two groups of healthy pregnant women who were recruited, a fasting and a nonfasting control group. Each pregnant woman gave a blood sample, and had a computerized fetal heart tracing. RESULTS A total of 124 pregnant women were studied. The mean hours since the last oral intake were significantly different between the two groups (p=0.003). Fetuses of fasted mothers had fewer episodes of large acceleration compared to the controls (p=0.001). This difference was significantly associated with maternal appreciation of fetal movement (p=0.003). CONCLUSION The number of large accelerations in computerized fetal heart tracing is decreased in pregnant women abstaining from food and water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisham M Mirghani
- Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology (H.M.M., S.W., S.A.A., M.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bellver J, Perales A, Maiques V, Serra V. Can antepartum computerized cardiotocography predict the evolution of intrapartum acid-base status in normal fetuses? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004; 83:267-71. [PMID: 14995923 DOI: 10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004.0319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the relationship between antepartum computerized cardiotocography (cCTG) and the evolution of intrapartum fetal acid-base balance in a low-risk population. METHODS Forty-nine healthy fetuses were prospectively followed up by antepartum cCTG (Oxford System 8002), fetal scalp blood sampling at the onset of the active phase of dilatation (3 cm) and at the beginning of the second stage of labor (10 cm) and study of acid-base status at birth in the umbilical cord. Correlation studies and linear regression analysis were performed. RESULTS Normal prelabor cCTG was followed by normal fetal acid-base balance in the different study periods. No relationship was found between cCTG parameters and the absolute values of fetal acid-base status. However, the more favorable the antepartum cCTG parameters were, the more favorable the fetal acid-base evolution during the active phase of dilatation was. In contrast, no significant correlations were found between antepartum cCTG and fetal acid-base changes during the second stage of labor. CONCLUSIONS In normal fetuses, a single antepartum cCTG identified correctly fetal well-being during labor and at birth and was able to predict fetal acid-base evolution during the active phase of dilatation. However, fetal biochemical changes during the second stage could not be predicted by any antepartum cCTG parameter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Bellver
- Unidad de Medicina Materno-Fetal, Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
The major influence on birth weight is gestational age. At any given week of gestation, however, size varies enormously. There is no specific cut-off that separates abnormally large or small babies for gestational age from normal. Instead, function alters as a continuum across the weight distribution. Small babies are prone to hypoxia, acidosis, and stillbirth. Large babies on the other hand are associated with prolonged labor and mechanical problems. The optimum size for fetal survival is 1 to 1.5 standard deviations above the mean, whereas cesarean section rates are lowest when the fetal weight is 0.5 to 1.5 standard deviations below the mean. Antenatal detection of both very small and very large babies is difficult and imprecise. Expectant management is therefore preferable unless there are very specific indications for emergency or operative delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Steer
- Division of Paediatrics, Obstetrics, and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Imperial College, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Várady P, Wildt L, Benyó Z, Hein A. An advanced method in fetal phonocardiography. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2003; 71:283-296. [PMID: 12799060 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-2607(02)00111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The long-term variability of the fetal heart rate (FHR) provides valuable information on the fetal health status. The routine clinical FHR measurements are usually carried out by the means of ultrasound cardiography. Although the frequent FHR monitoring is recommendable, the high quality ultrasound devices are so expensive that they are not available for home care use. The passive and fully non-invasive acoustic recording called phonocardiography, provides an alternative low-cost measurement method. Unfortunately, the acoustic signal recorded on the maternal abdominal surface is heavily loaded by noise, thus the determination of the FHR raises serious signal processing issues. The development of an accurate and robust fetal phonocardiograph has been since long researched. This paper presents a novel two-channel phonocardiographic device and an advanced signal processing method for determination of the FHR. The developed system provided 83% accuracy compared to the simultaneously recorded reference ultrasound measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Várady
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology, BME-IIT, Pázmány s. 1/d., Room: B.311, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pardey J, Moulden M, Redman CWG. A computer system for the numerical analysis of nonstress tests. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186:1095-103. [PMID: 12015543 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2002.122447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development and clinical validation of a computer system for the numerical analysis of nonstress tests is reviewed, and recent improvements are reported. The analysis was developed by using a database of 73,802 nonstress test readings to provide a numerical definition of reactivity that is tailored to the gestational age of the fetus and independent of the presence of accelerations. When used at the bedside, the analysis minimizes monitoring time by alerting the operator when monitoring can be safely stopped because the fetal heart rate is normal. It also detects potentially sinister sinusoidal patterns and improves the quality of nonstress test readings by quantifying signal loss and, if significant, alerting the operator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Pardey
- Technology Development Group, Oxford Instruments Medical Ltd, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cohen S, Parvizi N, Mulder EJ, Van Oord HA, Jonker FH, Van Der Weijden GC, Taverne MA. Effects of morphine and naloxone on fetal heart rate and movement in the pig. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2001; 90:1577-83. [PMID: 11247963 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.4.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that an increasing opioid tonus is involved in decreases in fetal heart rate (FHR) and movement (FM) during late gestation, we studied the effects of intravenous bolus injections of morphine (1 mg) and naloxone (1 mg) on FHR and FM in the fetal pig. Twenty-one fetuses (1 per sow) were catheterized at 90-104 days of gestation (median 100 days). Recordings of FHR (electrocardiograph or Doppler-derived signals) and FM (ultrasonography) were made from 15 min before to 45 min after treatment. Morphine administration significantly decreased FHR, but it increased FHR variation and forelimb movements (LM). LM were clustered, and this stereotyped behavior has never before been observed in any mammalian fetus. Naloxone administration increased gross body movements and FHR without significant changes in FHR variation. It is concluded that FHR and motility are under opioidergic control in the pig fetus. Both morphine and naloxone induce hypermotility, suggesting that naloxone does not act as a pure opioid antagonist in the fetal pig.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Cohen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Computer analysis of the fetal heart rate is a technology of the Information Age commercially available for research and clinical practice. Intelligent systems are engineered with algorithms or neural networks designed to simulate expert knowledge. Automated analysis has provided objective, standardized, and reproducible data used to research fetal heart rate responses in the antepartum and intrapartum setting. Perinatal information systems can integrate FHR analysis and data management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R McCartney
- School of Nursing, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dawes NW, Dawes GS, Moulden M, Redman CW. Fetal heart rate patterns in term labor vary with sex, gestational age, epidural analgesia, and fetal weight. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180:181-7. [PMID: 9914601 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our purpose was to analyze the previously unreported effect of fetal sex on the fetal heart rate in labor and to measure its magnitude in relation to the effects of other independent clinical variables. STUDY DESIGN The last hour of the intrapartum heart rates of 1884 term singleton fetuses collected during routine clinical monitoring over 19 months in Oxford, United Kingdom, was analyzed by computerized techniques. The records were selected for completeness and continuity until within at least 30 minutes of delivery. A subset of records from earlier in labor and a separate archive of antepartum normal term records were also examined. RESULTS Female fetuses had significantly faster heart rates than male fetuses (P <.0001). Epidural analgesia, weight percentile (adjusted for age and sex), parity, the duration of first and second stages of labor, and a fall in umbilical arterial blood pH at birth also independently modulated the fetal heart rate (all P <.0001). The effects of these independent variables on heart rate were additive, the most important being epidural analgesia as a cause of tachycardia. The effect of fetal sex was less in the first stage, 6 to 7 hours before delivery, and was not present before the onset of labor (in another 552 pregnancies at 37 to 38 weeks). CONCLUSIONS The fetal heart rate response of female fetuses to normal labor differs from that of male fetuses. Computerized numeric analysis of intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns will need to take into account the multiple factors that influence the fetal heart rate to identify precisely which patterns predict clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N W Dawes
- Loran International Technologies, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Martin CB. Electronic fetal monitoring: a brief summary of its development, problems and prospects. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998; 78:133-40. [PMID: 9622310 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-2115(98)00059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) was introduced into clinical practice 30 years ago and spread very rapidly in most developed countries. The early optimism that EFM would lead to a marked reduction in fetal neurological injury has not been realized; however, it is now recognized that most such damage is unrelated to perinatal events. Clinical trials have shown that although EFM does reduce the incidence of intrapartum asphyxia, its use is also associated with an increase in cesarean sections. Abnormal fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns are poor predictors of fetal depression at birth when used without additional confirmatory information. An additional problem has been inconsistency in the interpretation of EFM tracings even among experts. This has reduced the clinical effectiveness of EFM and has also contributed to an increase in litigation in cases with adverse neonatal outcomes. Despite these shortcomings EFM continues to be used extensively on most obstetrical services, suggesting that obstetrical physicians and nurses find the technique helpful and will continue to use it until a better alternative comes along. The combination of relevant clinical data with EFM by means of intelligen computer systems may improve both the consistency and predictive value of intrapartum fetal assessment in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C B Martin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Meriter Hospital, 53715, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
|