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Jimale YA, Jesse FFA, Paul BT, Chung ELT, Zakaria A, Azhar NA, Mohd Lila MA. Seroprevalence and contributing factors of transboundary animal diseases in sheep and goats: a study in Peninsular Malaysia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:212. [PMID: 39002035 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Diseases caused by small ruminant lentiviruses, Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), Schmallenberg virus, and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPR) is globally recognised as serious threats to the ruminant industry due to their potential to spread rapidly across boundaries. Despite their global distribution and negative impacts on ruminant production, there is a gap in knowledge of the current trends in their epidemiology among sheep and goat populations in Peninsular Malaysia. This study was therefore designed to fill the gap of knowledge concerning the seroprevalence and contributing factors of CAEV, paratuberculosis, SBV, and PPRV among small ruminants from selected flocks in Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, and Pahang states in Peninsular Malaysia. A cross-sectional study design was used to collect animal data and blood samples for serological assays simultaneously. The ID Screen (ID.VET, France) indirect ELISA screening tests were used to detect serum antibodies directed against CAEV/MVV (VISNAS Ver 0922), paratuberculosis (PARAS Ver 0516), SBV (SBVC Ver 1114) and PPRV (PPRC Ver 0821). There was 45.4% (95% CI = 40.74-50.74), 6.8% (95% CI = 4.66-9.69), 27.8% (95% CI = 23.35-32.77), and 2.6% (95% CI = 1.11-0.51) true seroprevalence for CAEV, paratuberculosis, SBV, and PPR, respectively. Geographical location and species were the risk factors for CAEV and paratuberculosis, while the management system and age of small ruminants were the risk factors for SBV. The present study is the first to document a large-scale seroprevalence of MAP and PPR infection among sheep and goat flocks in Peninsular Malaysia. The presence of PPRV and MAP antibodies among small ruminant flocks is signalling current or previous exposure to the pathogens or cross reactions with similar antigens. This finding further suggests the potential for future outbreaks of these devastating diseases among sheep and goats in Malaysia. The high seroprevalence of CAEV and SBV among small ruminants indicates high levels of exposure to the viruses in the environment, which is a potential threat to production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonis Ahmed Jimale
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Bura Thlama Paul
- Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia Campus Bintulu Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri 600230, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Eric Lim Teik Chung
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Aida Zakaria
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Nur Amira Azhar
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
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2
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Bouzalas I, Apostolidi ED, Scalas D, Davidopoulou E, Chassalevris T, Rosati S, Colitti B. A Combined Approach for the Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentivirus Strains Circulating in the Islands and Mainland of Greece. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1119. [PMID: 38612358 PMCID: PMC11010947 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses are a group of viruses infecting goat and sheep worldwide. These viruses exhibit an extraordinary degree of genetic and antigenic variability that severely influence in vivo and in vitro features, as well as diagnostic test results. Small ruminant farming is the most important animal farming business in Greece, with a high impact on the Greek primary economy. Although SRLV infection and its impact on animal production are well established in the country, little is known about the circulating SRLV strains and their prevalence. The aim of this study was to characterize SRLVs circulating in Greece with a combined serological and molecular approach, using the bulk milk matrix collected from 60 farms in different municipalities. This study allowed us to estimate a seroprevalence of around 52% at the herd level. The B1, B2 and A3 subtypes and a novel A viral cluster were identified. Moreover, the amplicon sequencing method allowed us to identify more than one viral subtype in a sample. These results again confirm the high variability of these viruses and highlight the importance of the constant monitoring of viral evolution, in particular in antigens of diagnostic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Bouzalas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.B.); (E.D.A.); (T.C.)
| | - Evangelia D. Apostolidi
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.B.); (E.D.A.); (T.C.)
| | - Daniela Scalas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, L. Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (S.R.)
| | | | - Taxiarchis Chassalevris
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.B.); (E.D.A.); (T.C.)
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, L. Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, L. Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (S.R.)
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3
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Mongkonwattanaporn T, Lertwatcharasarakul P, Rukkwamsuk T. Development of in-house ELISA based on recombinant gag proteins of small ruminant lentiviruses isolated from goats in Thailand. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3636. [PMID: 38351130 PMCID: PMC10864301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), are grouped in Retroviridae family, remain a significant loss in the small ruminant husbandry. As a result of unavailability of vaccine and effective treatment, the diagnosis plays a crucial role for the control of SRLV infection. However, the major challenge of diagnosis of SRLV infection is the genetic and antigenic variability of the viruses that can lead to a failure in serological detection. This study investigated the circulating strains of the viruses in goats in Thailand and an in-house ELISA was developed. The coding sequences for gag protein were optimized, synthesized, and expressed in Escherichia coli for increasing the sensitivity of ELISA test. A total of 365 serum samples were examined against the recombinant protein in an in-house ELISA. The results showed that the recombinant gag achieves 96.67% sensitivity and 93.18% specificity as compared with the commercially available ELISA test kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatchapon Mongkonwattanaporn
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Malaiman Road, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Preeda Lertwatcharasarakul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Malaiman Road, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Theera Rukkwamsuk
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Malaiman Road, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand.
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4
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Sahoo M, Thakor JC, Kumar P, Singh R, Kumar P, Singh K, Puvvala B, Kumar A, Gopinathan A, Palai S, Patra S, Tripathy JP, Acharya R, Sahoo NR, Behera P. AFB1 induced free radicals cause encephalopathy in goat kids via intrinsic pathway of apoptosis: pathological and immunohistochemical confirmation of non-hepatic neuroaflatoxicosis. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:317-327. [PMID: 37684400 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, particularly AFB1, are the most common feed contaminants worldwide, causing significant economic losses to the livestock sector. The current paper describes an outbreak of aflatoxicosis in a herd of 160 male young goat kids (3-4 months), of which 68 young kids succumbed over a period of 25 days after showing neurological signs of abnormal gait, progressive paralysis and head pressing. The haematobiochemical investigation showed reduced haemoglobin, leucocyte count, PCV level, increased levels of AST, ALT, glucose, BUN, creatinine and reduced level of total protein. Grossly, kids had pale mucous membranes, pale and swollen liver; right apical lobe consolidation, and petechiation of the synovial membrane of the hock joints. The microscopic changes were characterized by multifocal hemorrhages, status spongiosus/ vacuolation, vasculitis, focal to diffuse gliosis, satellitosis, and ischemic apoptotic neurons in different parts of the brain and spinal cord. These changes corresponded well with strong immunoreactivity for AFB1 in neurons, glia cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells) in various anatomical sites of the brain. The higher values of LPO and reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes (Catalase, SOD, GSH) with strong immunoreactivity of 8-OHdG in the brain indicating high level of oxidative stress. Further, the higher immunosignaling of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in the brain points towards the association with intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. The toxicological analysis of feed samples detected high amounts of AFB1 (0.38ppm). These findings suggest that AFB1 in younger goat kids has more of neurotoxic effect mediated through caspase dependent intrinsic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243112, India.
- ICAR-ICFMD-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India.
| | - Jigarji Chaturji Thakor
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243112, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243112, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243112, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243112, India
| | - Karampal Singh
- ICAR-CADRAD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Bhavani Puvvala
- Division of Bacteriology & Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- ICAR- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Aswathy Gopinathan
- ICAR- Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Santwana Palai
- ICAR- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sushmita Patra
- Advance Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Jagannath Prasad Tripathy
- ICAR-ICFMD-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Ramakant Acharya
- ICAR-ICFMD-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Sahoo
- ICAR-ICFMD-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Pratima Behera
- Animal Disease Research Institute, Phulnakhara, Cuttack, Odisha, India
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5
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Olech M. The genetic variability of small-ruminant lentiviruses and its impact on tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control programmes. J Vet Res 2023; 67:479-502. [PMID: 38130459 PMCID: PMC10730557 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus are two closely related lentiviruses which cause multisystemic, progressive and persistent infection in goats and sheep. Because these viruses frequently cross the species barrier, they are considered to be one genetic group called small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). They have in vivo tropism mainly for monocytes and macrophages and organ tropism with unknown mechanisms. Typical clinical signs are pneumonia in sheep, arthritis in goats, and mastitis in both species. Infection with SRLV cannot currently be treated or prevented, and control programmes are the only approaches to avoiding its spread. These programmes rely mainly on annual serological testing and elimination of positive animals. However, the high genetic and antigenic variability of SRLV complicate their early and definitive diagnosis. The objective of this review is to summarise the current knowledge of SRLV genetic variation and its implications for tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control and eradication programmes. Material and Methods Subject literature was selected from the PubMed and the Google Scholar databases. Results The high genetic diversity of SRLV affects the performance of diagnostic tools and therefore control programmes. For the early and definitive diagnosis of SRLV infection, a combination of serological and molecular tests is suggested. Testing by PCR can also be considered for sub-yearling animals. There are still significant gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology, immunology and biology of SRLV and their impact on animal production and welfare. Conclusion This information may aid selection of the most effective SRLV spread reduction measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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6
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Schaer J, Cvetnic Z, Sukalic T, Dörig S, Grisiger M, Iscaro C, Feliziani F, Pfeifer F, Origgi F, Zanoni RG, Abril CE. Evaluation of Serological Methods and a New Real-Time Nested PCR for Small Ruminant Lentiviruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020129. [PMID: 35215072 PMCID: PMC8875174 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), i.e., CAEV and MVV, cause insidious infections with life-long persistence and a slowly progressive disease, impairing both animal welfare and productivity in affected herds. The complex diagnosis of SRLVs currently combines serological methods including whole-virus and peptide-based ELISAs and Immunoblot. To improve the current diagnostic protocol, we analyzed 290 sera of animals originating from different European countries in parallel with three commercial screening ELISAs, Immunoblot as a confirmatory assay and five SU5 peptide ELISAs for genotype differentiation. A newly developed nested real-time PCR was carried out for the detection and genotype differentiation of the virus. Using a heat-map display of the combined results, the drawbacks of the current techniques were graphically visualized and quantified. The immunoblot and the SU5-ELISAs exhibited either unsatisfactory sensitivity or insufficient reliability in the differentiation of the causative viral genotype, respectively. The new truth standard was the concordance of the results of two out of three screening ELISAs and the PCR results for serologically false negative samples along with genotype differentiation. Whole-virus antigen-based ELISA showed the highest sensitivity (92.2%) and specificity (98.9%) among the screening tests, whereas PCR exhibited a sensitivity of 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schaer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, in Cooperation with the Vetsuisse-Faculty of the University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.S.); (R.G.Z.)
| | - Zeljko Cvetnic
- Regional Veterinary Department Križevci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zakmandijeva 10, 48260 Križevci, Croatia; (Z.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Tomislav Sukalic
- Regional Veterinary Department Križevci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zakmandijeva 10, 48260 Križevci, Croatia; (Z.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Sven Dörig
- Beratungs-und Gesundheitsdienst für Kleinwiederkäuer (BGK/SSPR), 3362 Niederoenz, Switzerland;
| | | | - Carmen Iscaro
- National Reference Laboratory for Ruminant Retroviruses, Istituto Zooprofilattico, Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche Togo Rosati, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Laboratory for Ruminant Retroviruses, Istituto Zooprofilattico, Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche Togo Rosati, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Folke Pfeifer
- Tierseuchenkasse/Tiergesundheitsdienst Sachsen-Anhalt, 39116 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Francesco Origgi
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty of the University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Reto Giacomo Zanoni
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, in Cooperation with the Vetsuisse-Faculty of the University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.S.); (R.G.Z.)
| | - Carlos Eduardo Abril
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, in Cooperation with the Vetsuisse-Faculty of the University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.S.); (R.G.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-31-631-2423
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7
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Shuralev EA, Khammadov NI, Osyanin KA, Elizarova IA, Salmanova GR, Shamaev ND, Petrov SV, Whelan C, Saushkin NY, Samsonova JV, Galimzyanov IG, Efimova MA, Khaertynov KS, Faizov TK, Mukminov MN, Ivanov AV. Initial multi-target approach shows importance of improved caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus control program in Russia for hobbyist goat farms. Vet World 2021; 14:1718-1726. [PMID: 34475691 PMCID: PMC8404134 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1718-1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Several reports described the detection of specific caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) antibodies in Russian goat populations, which indicates the circulation of CAEV in Russian goat farms. The aim of this study was to use a multi-target approach to testing with both serological tests and an in-house real-time (RT) molecular test to investigate the prevalence of CAEV in goats from three hobbyist farms in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. Materials and Methods: We applied a multi-target approach to testing with both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an in-house RT polymerase chain reaction test to investigate the prevalence of CAEV in goats. Animals from the three hobbyist farms were used in this study. The animals from two farms (n=13 for F1 and n=8 for F2) had clinical signs of arthritis and mastitis. In the third farm (n=15 for F3), all goats were home-bred and had no contact with imported animals. Results: CAEV antibodies (ELISA targets TM env and gag genes) were detected in serum samples from two farms (F1 and F2), indicating seroprevalence of 87.50-92.31%. Specific CAEV antibodies were also detected in milk samples. CAEV proviral DNA was detected in 53.85-62.50%. The results from all tests performed in the third farm (F3) were negative, indicating that all tests were 100% specific. Conclusion: The results showed that CAEV is circulating and present in small hobbyist goat farms in Russia. Serological and molecular tests could be important for programs to control and eradicate CAEV in Russia for hobbyist goat farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard A Shuralev
- Department of Applied Ecology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420008, Russian Federation.,Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation.,Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420012, Russian Federation.,Department of Epizootology and Parasitology, Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420029, Russian Federation
| | - Nail I Khammadov
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A Osyanin
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation
| | - Inna A Elizarova
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation
| | - Gaysha R Salmanova
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolai D Shamaev
- Department of Applied Ecology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420008, Russian Federation.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yana 1-1, Gifu-city, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Sergei V Petrov
- Department of Applied Ecology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420008, Russian Federation.,Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420012, Russian Federation
| | - Clare Whelan
- Research and Development Department, Enfer Scientific, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Nikolai Yu Saushkin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-11 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Jeanne V Samsonova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-11 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Ilsur G Galimzyanov
- Department of Surgery, Obstetrics, and Pathology of Companion Animals, Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420029, Russian Federation
| | - Marina A Efimova
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation.,Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420012, Russian Federation.,Department of Epizootology and Parasitology, Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420029, Russian Federation
| | - Kamil S Khaertynov
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation.,Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420012, Russian Federation
| | - Tagir Kh Faizov
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation
| | - Malik N Mukminov
- Department of Applied Ecology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420008, Russian Federation.,Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420012, Russian Federation
| | - Arkadiy V Ivanov
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32A Leninsky Prospect, Moscow, 119334, Russian Federation
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8
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Kalogianni AI, Stavropoulos I, Chaintoutis SC, Bossis I, Gelasakis AI. Serological, Molecular and Culture-Based Diagnosis of Lentiviral Infections in Small Ruminants. Viruses 2021; 13:1711. [PMID: 34578292 PMCID: PMC8473411 DOI: 10.3390/v13091711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) infections lead to chronic diseases and remarkable economic losses undermining health and welfare of animals and the sustainability of farms. Early and definite diagnosis of SRLVs infections is the cornerstone for any control and eradication efforts; however, a "gold standard" test and/or diagnostic protocols with extensive applicability have yet to be developed. The main challenges preventing the development of a universally accepted diagnostic tool with sufficient sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy to be integrated in SRLVs control programs are the genetic variability of SRLVs associated with mutations, recombination, and cross-species transmission and the peculiarities of small ruminants' humoral immune response regarding late seroconversion, as well as intermittent and epitope-specific antibody production. The objectives of this review paper were to summarize the available serological and molecular assays for the diagnosis of SRLVs, to highlight their diagnostic performance emphasizing on advantages and drawbacks of their application, and to discuss current and future perspectives, challenges, limitations and impacts regarding the development of reliable and efficient tools for the diagnosis of SRLVs infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite I. Kalogianni
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stavropoulos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (Ι.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Serafeim C. Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (Ι.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
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9
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Furtado Araújo J, Andrioli A, Pinheiro RR, Sider LH, de Sousa ALM, de Azevedo DAA, Peixoto RM, Lima AMC, Damasceno EM, Souza SCR, Teixeira MFDS. Vertical transmissibility of small ruminant lentivirus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239916. [PMID: 33206648 PMCID: PMC7673514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate by means of Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR), co-cultivation and sequencing, with genetic comparison between strains (mother/newborn), the occurrence of vertical transmission of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) from naturally occurring nannies infected for their offspring. For the detection of SRLV seropositive progenitors, blood was collected from 42 nannies in the final third of gestation in tubes with and without anticoagulant. The diagnostic tests used were Western Blot (WB) and nPCR. During the period of birth, the same blood collection procedure was performed on 73 newborns at zero hours of birth, with the same diagnostic tests. Seventeen blood samples from seven-day-old kids, proven positive for SRLV by nPCR, chosen at random, were subjected to coculture in goat synovial membrane (GSM) cells for 105 days. The pro-viral DNA extracted from the cell supernatant from the coculture was subjected to nPCR. For DNA sequencing from the nPCR products, nine positive samples were chosen at random, four nannies with their respective offspring, also positive. Each sample was performed in triplicate, thus generating 27 nPCR products of which only 19 were suitable for analysis. Among the 42 pregnant goats, in 50% (21/42) pro-viral DNA was detected by nPCR, while in the WB, only 7.14% (3/42) presented antibodies against SRLV. Regarding neonates, of the 73 kids, 34 (46.57%) were positive for the virus, using the nPCR technique, while in the serological test (WB), three positive animals (4.10%) were observed. The coculture of the 17 samples with a positive result in the nPCR was confirmed in viral isolation by amplification of the SRLV pro-viral DNA. When aligned, the pro-viral DNA sequences (nannies and their respective offspring) presented homology in relation to the standard strain CAEV Co. It was concluded that the transmission of SRLV through intrauterine route was potentially the source of infection in the newborn goats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Renato Mesquita Peixoto
- Embrapa Goats and Sheep, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
- Scholarship for Regional Scientific Development of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (DCR-CNPq/FUNCAP), level C, Brasilia, Distrito Federal–DF, Brazil
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10
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Adjadj NR, Vicca J, Michiels R, De Regge N. (Non-)Sense of Milk Testing in Small Ruminant Lentivirus Control Programs in Goats. Comparative Analysis of Antibody Detection and Molecular Diagnosis in Blood and Milk. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010003. [PMID: 31861451 PMCID: PMC7019267 DOI: 10.3390/v12010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) control programs are mainly based on diagnostic tests performed on blood samples collected from sheep and goats. Since blood sampling is costly and stressful for the animals, we evaluated whether milk could be used as an inexpensive and easily collectable matrix for SRLV detection. We therefore compared SRLV detection via two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in blood and corresponding milk samples from 321 goats originating from eight different SRLV-infected farms in Flanders (Belgium). The IDscreen® ELISA had a better relative sensitivity (97% vs 93%) and specificity (100% and 97%) than the Elitest® ELISA for SRLV-specific antibody detection in milk compared to serum. The higher sensitivity correlates with a 10-fold higher analytical sensitivity of the IDscreen® test. In contrast to the overall good ELISA results, qPCR on milk cell pellets lacked sensitivity (81%) and specificity (88%), compared to molecular detection in blood leucocyte pellets. Our results show that serology is more suitable than qPCR for SRLV diagnosis, and that milk may represent an interesting matrix for a preliminary evaluation of a herd’s infection status. Serum remains however the sample of choice for control programs where it is important to identify positive animals with the highest sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadjah Radia Adjadj
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (R.M.); (N.D.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-379-05-61
| | - Jo Vicca
- Odisee vzw, University College KULeuven, Campus Sint-Niklaas, Hospitaalstraat 23, 9100 Sint-Niklaas, Belgium;
| | - Rodolphe Michiels
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (R.M.); (N.D.R.)
| | - Nick De Regge
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (R.M.); (N.D.R.)
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