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Sullere S, Kunczt A, McGehee DS. A cholinergic circuit that relieves pain despite opioid tolerance. Neuron 2023; 111:3414-3434.e15. [PMID: 37734381 PMCID: PMC10843525 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a tremendous burden for afflicted individuals and society. Although opioids effectively relieve pain, significant adverse outcomes limit their utility and efficacy. To investigate alternate pain control mechanisms, we explored cholinergic signaling in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), a critical nexus for descending pain modulation. Biosensor assays revealed that pain states decreased acetylcholine release in vlPAG. Activation of cholinergic projections from the pedunculopontine tegmentum to vlPAG relieved pain, even in opioid-tolerant conditions, through ⍺7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Activating ⍺7 nAChRs with agonists or stimulating endogenous acetylcholine inhibited vlPAG neuronal activity through Ca2+ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR⍺)-dependent signaling. In vivo 2-photon imaging revealed that chronic pain induces aberrant excitability of vlPAG neuronal ensembles and that ⍺7 nAChR-mediated inhibition of these cells relieves pain, even after opioid tolerance. Finally, pain relief through these cholinergic mechanisms was not associated with tolerance, reward, or withdrawal symptoms, highlighting its potential clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivang Sullere
- Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alissa Kunczt
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Daniel S McGehee
- Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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2
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Mimura Y, Nishida H, Nakajima S, Tsugawa S, Morita S, Yoshida K, Tarumi R, Ogyu K, Wada M, Kurose S, Miyazaki T, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis ZJ, Chen R, Mimura M, Noda Y. Neurophysiological biomarkers using transcranial magnetic stimulation in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 121:47-59. [PMID: 33307047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurophysiological tool that enables the investigation of cortical excitability in the human brain. Paired-pulse TMS paradigms include short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI/LICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF), and short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI), which can assess neurophysiological functions of GABAergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic neural circuits, respectively. We conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis to compare these TMS indices among patients with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and healthy controls (HC). Our meta-analyses indicated that RMT, SAI, SICI, and LICI were significantly lower in patients with AD, while ICF did not show a difference in patients with AD compared with HC. In patients with MCI, RMT and SAI were significantly lower than in HC. In conclusion, motor cortical excitability was increased, while cholinergic function was decreased in AD and MCI in comparison with HC and patients with AD had decreased GABAergic and glutamatergic functions compared with HC. Our results warrant further studies to differentiate AD, MCI, and HC, employing multimodal TMS neurophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hana Nishida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Sakiko Tsugawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Morita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ryosuke Tarumi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kamiyu Ogyu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Wada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Kurose
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyazaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel M Blumberger
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Chen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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3
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Disney AA, Higley MJ. Diverse Spatiotemporal Scales of Cholinergic Signaling in the Neocortex. J Neurosci 2020; 40:720-725. [PMID: 31969490 PMCID: PMC6975298 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1306-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ACh is a signaling molecule in the mammalian CNS, with well-documented influence over cognition and behavior. However, the nature of cholinergic signaling in the brain remains controversial, with ongoing debates focused on the spatial and temporal resolution of ACh activity. Generally, opposing views have embraced a dichotomy between transmission as slow and volume-mediated versus fast and synaptic. Here, we provide the perspective that ACh, like most other neurotransmitters, exhibits both fast and slow modes that are strongly determined by the anatomy of cholinergic fibers, the distribution and the signaling mechanisms of receptor subtypes, and the dynamics of ACh hydrolysis. Current methodological approaches remain limited in their ability to provide detailed analyses of these underlying factors. However, we believe that the continued development of novel technologies in combination with a more nuanced view of cholinergic activity will open critical new avenues to a better understanding of ACh in the brain.Dual Perspectives Companion Paper: Forebrain Cholinergic Signaling: Wired and Phasic, Not Tonic, and Causing Behavior, by Martin Sarter and Cindy Lustig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita A Disney
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and
| | - Michael J Higley
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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4
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Ballinger EC, Ananth M, Talmage DA, Role LW. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Circuits and Signaling in Cognition and Cognitive Decline. Neuron 2017; 91:1199-1218. [PMID: 27657448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent work continues to place cholinergic circuits at center stage for normal executive and mnemonic functioning and provides compelling evidence that the loss of cholinergic signaling and cognitive decline are inextricably linked. This Review focuses on the last few years of studies on the mechanisms by which cholinergic signaling contributes to circuit activity related to cognition. We attempt to identify areas of controversy, as well as consensus, on what is and is not yet known about how cholinergic signaling in the CNS contributes to normal cognitive processes. In addition, we delineate the findings from recent work on the extent to which dysfunction of cholinergic circuits contributes to cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Ballinger
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Mala Ananth
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - David A Talmage
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lorna W Role
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Neurosciences Institute, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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5
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López-Hernández GY, Ananth M, Jiang L, Ballinger EC, Talmage DA, Role LW. Electrophysiological properties of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons identified by genetic and optogenetic tagging. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:103-110. [PMID: 28791701 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the generation of neuronal population-specific, genetically modified mouse lines have allowed precise identification and selective stimulation of cholinergic neurons in vivo. Although considerably less laborious than studies conducted with post hoc identification of cholinergic neurons by immunostaining, it is not known whether the genetically based labeling procedures that permit in vivo identification are electrophysiologically benign. In this study, we use mice carrying a bacterial artificial chromosome transgene that drives expression of a tau-green fluorescent fusion protein specifically in cholinergic neurons. This allowed us to visualize basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in acute slice preparations. Using whole cell, patch clamp electrophysiological recording in acute brain slices, here we present original data about the basic electrical properties of these genetically tagged cholinergic neurons including firing rate, resting membrane potential, rheobase, and various characteristics of their action potentials and after-hyperpolarization potentials. The basic electrical properties are compared (i) with non-cholinergic neurons in the same brain regions; (ii) in cholinergic neurons between immature animals and young adults; and (iii) with cholinergic neurons that are expressing light-sensitive channels. Our conclusions based on these data are (i) cholinergic neurons are less excitable then their non-cholinergic neighbors, (ii) the basic properties of cholinergic neurons do not significantly change between adolescence and young adulthood and (iii) these properties are not significantly affected by chronic expression of the excitatory opsin, oChIEF. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Y López-Hernández
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mala Ananth
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Program in Neurosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Ballinger
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Program in Neurosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - David A Talmage
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Lorna W Role
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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6
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Fogaça MV, Fedoce AG, Ferreira-Junior NC, Guimarães FS, Resstel LB. Involvement of M1 and CB₁ receptors in the anxiogenic-like effects induced by neostigmine injected into the rat prelimbic medial prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1377-85. [PMID: 26873081 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prelimbic (PL) medial prefrontal cortex is a brain region highly involved in the control of emotional responses, being modulated by several neurotransmitter systems, including the cholinergic and endocannabinoid. Activation of muscarinic type 1 (M1) receptors in the brain induces retrograde suppression of inhibition through the induction of endocannabinoid release, which, in turn, activates cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors. No study so far, however, has been conducted to investigate if the cholinergic and endocannabinoid systems interact in the PL to modulate anxiety-related behaviors. Thus, the present work aimed at verifying if intra-PL administration of neostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, would produce changes in anxiety-like behavior and if these effects are mediated by M1 and CB1 receptor activation. Independent groups of animals received bilateral injections of vehicle, the M1 receptor antagonist pirenzepine (0.06, 0.6, and 6 nmol), the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (0.1 nmol), or the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme inhibitor URB597 (1, 3, and 10 pmol), followed by vehicle or neostigmine (0.01, 0.1, and 1 nmol), and were submitted to the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test. Neostigmine (1 nmol) decreased open arm exploration of the maze. This anxiogenic-like effect was reproduced in another anxiety-related animal model, the light-dark box. Previous injection of pirenzepine or AM251 abolished this response in the EPM, whereas URB597 had no effect. These results suggest that CB1 and M1 receptors interact in the PL to control anxiety-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Fogaça
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto-University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 14049-900. .,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - A G Fedoce
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto-University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 14049-900.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - N C Ferreira-Junior
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto-University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 14049-900.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - F S Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto-University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 14049-900.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - L B Resstel
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto-University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 14049-900. .,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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7
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Münster-Wandowski A, Zander JF, Richter K, Ahnert-Hilger G. Co-existence of Functionally Different Vesicular Neurotransmitter Transporters. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:4. [PMID: 26909036 PMCID: PMC4754932 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The vesicular transmitter transporters VGLUT, VGAT, VMAT2 and VAChT, define phenotype and physiological properties of neuronal subtypes. VGLUTs concentrate the excitatory amino acid glutamate, VGAT the inhibitory amino acid GABA, VMAT2 monoamines, and VAChT acetylcholine (ACh) into synaptic vesicle (SV). Following membrane depolarization SV release their content into the synaptic cleft. A strict segregation of vesicular transporters is mandatory for the precise functioning of synaptic communication and of neuronal circuits. In the last years, evidence accumulates that subsets of neurons express more than one of these transporters leading to synaptic co-release of different and functionally opposing transmitters and modulation of synaptic plasticity. Synaptic co-existence of transporters may change during pathological scenarios in order to ameliorate misbalances in neuronal activity. In addition, evidence increases that transporters also co-exist on the same vesicle providing another layer of regulation. Generally, vesicular transmitter loading relies on an electrochemical gradient ΔμH+ driven by the proton ATPase rendering the lumen of the vesicle with respect to the cytosol positive (Δψ) and acidic (ΔpH). While the activity of VGLUT mainly depends on the Δψ component, VMAT, VGAT and VAChT work best at a high ΔpH. Thus, a vesicular synergy of transporters depending on the combination may increase or decrease the filling of SV with the principal transmitter. We provide an overview on synaptic co-existence of vesicular transmitter transporters including changes in the excitatory/inhibitory balance under pathological conditions. Additionally, we discuss functional aspects of vesicular synergy of transmitter transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karin Richter
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Gudrun Ahnert-Hilger
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
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8
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Abstract
Neurons that produce acetylcholine (ACh) are positioned to broadly influence the brain, with axonal arborizations that extend throughout the cerebral cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. While the action of these neurons has typically been attributed entirely to ACh, neurons often release more than one primary neurotransmitter. Here, we review evidence for the cotransmission of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA from cholinergic neurons throughout the mammalian central nervous system. Functional cotransmission of ACh and GABA has been reported in the retina and cortex, and anatomical studies suggest that GABA cotransmission is a common feature of nearly all forebrain ACh-producing neurons. Further experiments are necessary to confirm the extent of GABA cotransmission from cholinergic neurons, and the contribution of GABA needs to be considered when studying the functional impact of activity in ACh-producing neurons. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Synaptopathy--from Biology to Therapy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Granger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Mulder
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arpiar Saunders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernardo L Sabatini
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Checks and balances on cholinergic signaling in brain and body function. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:448-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Luchicchi A, Bloem B, Viaña JNM, Mansvelder HD, Role LW. Illuminating the role of cholinergic signaling in circuits of attention and emotionally salient behaviors. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2014; 6:24. [PMID: 25386136 PMCID: PMC4209819 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2014.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) signaling underlies specific aspects of cognitive functions and behaviors, including attention, learning, memory and motivation. Alterations in ACh signaling are involved in the pathophysiology of multiple neuropsychiatric disorders. In the central nervous system, ACh transmission is mainly guaranteed by dense innervation of select cortical and subcortical regions from disperse groups of cholinergic neurons within the basal forebrain (BF; e.g., diagonal band, medial septal, nucleus basalis) and the pontine-mesencephalic nuclei, respectively. Despite the fundamental role of cholinergic signaling in the CNS and the long standing knowledge of the organization of cholinergic circuitry, remarkably little is known about precisely how ACh release modulates cortical and subcortical neural activity and the behaviors these circuits subserve. Growing interest in cholinergic signaling in the CNS focuses on the mechanism(s) of action by which endogenously released ACh regulates cognitive functions, acting as a neuromodulator and/or as a direct transmitter via nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. The development of optogenetic techniques has provided a valuable toolbox with which we can address these questions, as it allows the selective manipulation of the excitability of cholinergic inputs to the diverse array of cholinergic target fields within cortical and subcortical domains. Here, we review recent papers that use the light-sensitive opsins in the cholinergic system to elucidate the role of ACh in circuits related to attention and emotionally salient behaviors. In particular, we highlight recent optogenetic studies which have tried to disentangle the precise role of ACh in the modulation of cortical-, hippocampal- and striatal-dependent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Luchicchi
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bernard Bloem
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands ; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John Noel M Viaña
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lorna W Role
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA
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