1
|
Kurepa J, Bruce KA, Gerhardt GA, Smalle JA. A Plant Model of α-Synucleinopathy: Expression of α-Synuclein A53T Variant in Hairy Root Cultures Leads to Proteostatic Stress and Dysregulation of Iron Metabolism. APPLIED BIOSCIENCES 2024; 3:233-249. [PMID: 38835931 PMCID: PMC11149894 DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci3020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies, typified by Parkinson's disease (PD), entail the accumulation of α-synuclein (αSyn) aggregates in nerve cells. Various αSyn mutants, including the αSyn A53T variant linked to early-onset PD, increase the propensity for αSyn aggregate formation. In addition to disrupting protein homeostasis and inducing proteostatic stress, the aggregation of αSyn in PD is associated with an imbalance in iron metabolism, which increases the generation of reactive oxygen species and causes oxidative stress. This study explored the impact of αSyn A53T expression in transgenic hairy roots of four medicinal plants (Lobelia cardinalis, Artemisia annua, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and Polygonum multiflorum). In all tested plants, αSyn A53T expression triggered proteotoxic stress and perturbed iron homeostasis, mirroring the molecular profile observed in human and animal nerve cells. In addition to the common eukaryotic defense mechanisms against proteostatic and oxidative stresses, a plant stress response generally includes the biosynthesis of a diverse set of protective secondary metabolites. Therefore, the hairy root cultures expressing αSyn A53T offer a platform for identifying secondary metabolites that can ameliorate the effects of αSyn, thereby aiding in the development of possible PD treatments and/or treatments of synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Kurepa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture Food and Environment, Kentucky Tobacco Research & Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Kristen A. Bruce
- Naprogenix, Inc., UK-AsTeCC, 145 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Greg A. Gerhardt
- Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jan A. Smalle
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture Food and Environment, Kentucky Tobacco Research & Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vivacqua G, Mancinelli R, Leone S, Vaccaro R, Garro L, Carotti S, Ceci L, Onori P, Pannarale L, Franchitto A, Gaudio E, Casini A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: A possible connection between intestinal inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14780. [PMID: 38462652 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different studies have shown the key role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders, as well as in neurodegenerative diseases. ER stress leads to the formation of misfolded proteins which affect the secretion of different cell types that are crucial for the intestinal homeostasis. PURPOSE In this review, we discuss the role of ER stress and its involvement in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases, chronic conditions that can cause severe damage of the gastrointestinal tract, focusing on the alteration of Paneth cells and goblet cells (the principal secretory phenotypes of the intestinal epithelial cells). ER stress is also discussed in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, in which protein misfolding represents the signature mechanism. ER stress in the bowel and consequent accumulation of misfolded proteins might represent a bridge between bowel inflammation and neurodegeneration along the gut-to-brain axis, affecting intestinal epithelial homeostasis and the equilibrium of the commensal microbiota. Targeting intestinal ER stress could foster future studies for designing new biomarkers and new therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Vivacqua
- Integrated Research Center (PRAAB), Campus Biomedico University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Leone
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Vaccaro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Garro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Carotti
- Integrated Research Center (PRAAB), Campus Biomedico University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Ceci
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Pannarale
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Casini
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Neuroprotective Activities of the Novel Multi-Target Iron-Chelators in Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Aging. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050763. [PMID: 36899898 PMCID: PMC10001413 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of chelation therapy as a valuable therapeutic approach in neurological disorders led us to develop multi-target, non-toxic, lipophilic, brain-permeable compounds with iron chelation and anti-apoptotic properties for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), age-related dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Herein, we reviewed our two most effective such compounds, M30 and HLA20, based on a multimodal drug design paradigm. The compounds have been tested for their mechanisms of action using animal and cellular models such as APP/PS1 AD transgenic (Tg) mice, G93A-SOD1 mutant ALS Tg mice, C57BL/6 mice, Neuroblastoma × Spinal Cord-34 (NSC-34) hybrid cells, a battery of behavior tests, and various immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques. These novel iron chelators exhibit neuroprotective activities by attenuating relevant neurodegenerative pathology, promoting positive behavior changes, and up-regulating neuroprotective signaling pathways. Taken together, these results suggest that our multifunctional iron-chelating compounds can upregulate several neuroprotective-adaptive mechanisms and pro-survival signaling pathways in the brain and might function as ideal drugs for neurodegenerative disorders, such as PD, AD, ALS, and aging-related cognitive decline, in which oxidative stress and iron-mediated toxicity and dysregulation of iron homeostasis have been implicated.
Collapse
|
4
|
Shadfar S, Brocardo M, Atkin JD. The Complex Mechanisms by Which Neurons Die Following DNA Damage in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052484. [PMID: 35269632 PMCID: PMC8910227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cells are exposed to numerous exogenous and endogenous insults every day. Unlike other molecules, DNA cannot be replaced by resynthesis, hence damage to DNA can have major consequences for the cell. The DNA damage response contains overlapping signalling networks that repair DNA and hence maintain genomic integrity, and aberrant DNA damage responses are increasingly described in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, DNA repair declines during aging, which is the biggest risk factor for these conditions. If unrepaired, the accumulation of DNA damage results in death to eliminate cells with defective genomes. This is particularly important for postmitotic neurons because they have a limited capacity to proliferate, thus they must be maintained for life. Neuronal death is thus an important process in neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the inability of neurons to divide renders them susceptible to senescence or re-entry to the cell cycle. The field of cell death has expanded significantly in recent years, and many new mechanisms have been described in various cell types, including neurons. Several of these mechanisms are linked to DNA damage. In this review, we provide an overview of the cell death pathways induced by DNA damage that are relevant to neurons and discuss the possible involvement of these mechanisms in neurodegenerative conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Shadfar
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Mariana Brocardo
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Julie D. Atkin
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (S.S.); (M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bennett JP, Onyango IG. Energy, Entropy and Quantum Tunneling of Protons and Electrons in Brain Mitochondria: Relation to Mitochondrial Impairment in Aging-Related Human Brain Diseases and Therapeutic Measures. Biomedicines 2021; 9:225. [PMID: 33671585 PMCID: PMC7927033 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult human brains consume a disproportionate amount of energy substrates (2-3% of body weight; 20-25% of total glucose and oxygen). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a universal energy currency in brains and is produced by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) using ATP synthase, a nano-rotor powered by the proton gradient generated from proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) in the multi-complex electron transport chain (ETC). ETC catalysis rates are reduced in brains from humans with neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Declines of ETC function in NDDs may result from combinations of nitrative stress (NS)-oxidative stress (OS) damage; mitochondrial and/or nuclear genomic mutations of ETC/OXPHOS genes; epigenetic modifications of ETC/OXPHOS genes; or defects in importation or assembly of ETC/OXPHOS proteins or complexes, respectively; or alterations in mitochondrial dynamics (fusion, fission, mitophagy). Substantial free energy is gained by direct O2-mediated oxidation of NADH. Traditional ETC mechanisms require separation between O2 and electrons flowing from NADH/FADH2 through the ETC. Quantum tunneling of electrons and much larger protons may facilitate this separation. Neuronal death may be viewed as a local increase in entropy requiring constant energy input to avoid. The ATP requirement of the brain may partially be used for avoidance of local entropy increase. Mitochondrial therapeutics seeks to correct deficiencies in ETC and OXPHOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac G. Onyango
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, CZ-65691 Brno, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Maor-Nof M, Shipony Z, Lopez-Gonzalez R, Nakayama L, Zhang YJ, Couthouis J, Blum JA, Castruita PA, Linares GR, Ruan K, Ramaswami G, Simon DJ, Nof A, Santana M, Han K, Sinnott-Armstrong N, Bassik MC, Geschwind DH, Tessier-Lavigne M, Attardi LD, Lloyd TE, Ichida JK, Gao FB, Greenleaf WJ, Yokoyama JS, Petrucelli L, Gitler AD. p53 is a central regulator driving neurodegeneration caused by C9orf72 poly(PR). Cell 2021; 184:689-708.e20. [PMID: 33482083 PMCID: PMC7886018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a GGGGCC repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene. We developed a platform to interrogate the chromatin accessibility landscape and transcriptional program within neurons during degeneration. We provide evidence that neurons expressing the dipeptide repeat protein poly(proline-arginine), translated from the C9orf72 repeat expansion, activate a highly specific transcriptional program, exemplified by a single transcription factor, p53. Ablating p53 in mice completely rescued neurons from degeneration and markedly increased survival in a C9orf72 mouse model. p53 reduction also rescued axonal degeneration caused by poly(glycine-arginine), increased survival of C9orf72 ALS/FTD-patient-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived motor neurons, and mitigated neurodegeneration in a C9orf72 fly model. We show that p53 activates a downstream transcriptional program, including Puma, which drives neurodegeneration. These data demonstrate a neurodegenerative mechanism dynamically regulated through transcription-factor-binding events and provide a framework to apply chromatin accessibility and transcription program profiles to neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Maor-Nof
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Zohar Shipony
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Lisa Nakayama
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Julien Couthouis
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacob A Blum
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patricia A Castruita
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel R Linares
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kai Ruan
- Department of Neurology, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gokul Ramaswami
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neurogenetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David J Simon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aviv Nof
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Manuel Santana
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kyuho Han
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neurogenetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Laura D Attardi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas E Lloyd
- Department of Neurology, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin K Ichida
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fen-Biao Gao
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nikseresht S, Hilton JB, Kysenius K, Liddell JR, Crouch PJ. Copper-ATSM as a Treatment for ALS: Support from Mutant SOD1 Models and Beyond. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E271. [PMID: 33158182 PMCID: PMC7694234 DOI: 10.3390/life10110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier permeant, copper-containing compound, CuII(atsm), has successfully progressed from fundamental research outcomes in the laboratory through to phase 2/3 clinical assessment in patients with the highly aggressive and fatal neurodegenerative condition of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The most compelling outcomes to date to indicate potential for disease-modification have come from pre-clinical studies utilising mouse models that involve transgenic expression of mutated superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Mutant SOD1 mice provide a very robust mammalian model of ALS with high validity, but mutations in SOD1 account for only a small percentage of ALS cases in the clinic, with the preponderant amount of cases being sporadic and of unknown aetiology. As per other putative drugs for ALS developed and tested primarily in mutant SOD1 mice, this raises important questions about the pertinence of CuII(atsm) to broader clinical translation. This review highlights some of the challenges associated with the clinical translation of new treatment options for ALS. It then provides a brief account of pre-clinical outcomes for CuII(atsm) in SOD1 mouse models of ALS, followed by an outline of additional studies which report positive outcomes for CuII(atsm) when assessed in cell and mouse models of neurodegeneration which do not involve mutant SOD1. Clinical evidence for CuII(atsm) selectively targeting affected regions of the CNS in patients is also presented. Overall, this review summarises the existing evidence which indicates why clinical relevance of CuII(atsm) likely extends beyond the context of cases of ALS caused by mutant SOD1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nikseresht
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (S.N.); (J.B.H.); (J.R.L.)
| | - James B.W. Hilton
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (S.N.); (J.B.H.); (J.R.L.)
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Jeffrey R. Liddell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (S.N.); (J.B.H.); (J.R.L.)
| | - Peter J. Crouch
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Konopka A, Whelan DR, Jamali MS, Perri E, Shahheydari H, Toth RP, Parakh S, Robinson T, Cheong A, Mehta P, Vidal M, Ragagnin AMG, Khizhnyak I, Jagaraj CJ, Galper J, Grima N, Deva A, Shadfar S, Nicholson GA, Yang S, Cutts SM, Horejsi Z, Bell TDM, Walker AK, Blair IP, Atkin JD. Impaired NHEJ repair in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is associated with TDP-43 mutations. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:51. [PMID: 32907630 PMCID: PMC7488163 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pathological forms of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) are present in motor neurons of almost all amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, and mutations in TDP-43 are also present in ALS. Loss and gain of TDP-43 functions are implicated in pathogenesis, but the mechanisms are unclear. While the RNA functions of TDP-43 have been widely investigated, its DNA binding roles remain unclear. However, recent studies have implicated a role for TDP-43 in the DNA damage response. Methods We used NSC-34 motor neuron-like cells and primary cortical neurons expressing wildtype TDP-43 or TDP-43 ALS associated mutants (A315T, Q331K), in which DNA damage was induced by etoposide or H2O2 treatment. We investigated the consequences of depletion of TDP-43 on DNA repair using small interfering RNAs. Specific non homologous end joining (NHEJ) reporters (EJ5GFP and EJ2GFP) and cells lacking DNA-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase (DNA-PK) were used to investigate the role of TDP-43 in DNA repair. To investigate the recruitment of TDP-43 to sites of DNA damage we used single molecule super-resolution microscopy and a co-immunoprecipitation assay. We also investigated DNA damage in an ALS transgenic mouse model, in which TDP-43 accumulates pathologically in the cytoplasm. We also examined fibroblasts derived from ALS patients bearing the TDP-43 M337V mutation for evidence of DNA damage. Results We demonstrate that wildtype TDP-43 is recruited to sites of DNA damage where it participates in classical NHEJ DNA repair. However, ALS-associated TDP-43 mutants lose this activity, which induces DNA damage. Furthermore, DNA damage is present in mice displaying TDP-43 pathology, implying an active role in neurodegeneration. Additionally, DNA damage triggers features typical of TDP-43 pathology; cytoplasmic mis-localisation and stress granule formation. Similarly, inhibition of NHEJ induces TDP-43 mis-localisation to the cytoplasm. Conclusions This study reveals that TDP-43 functions in DNA repair, but loss of this function triggers DNA damage and is associated with key pathological features of ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Konopka
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Donna R Whelan
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Md Shafi Jamali
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Emma Perri
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Hamideh Shahheydari
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Reka P Toth
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Sonam Parakh
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Tina Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Alison Cheong
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Prachi Mehta
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Marta Vidal
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Audrey M G Ragagnin
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ivan Khizhnyak
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Cyril J Jagaraj
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Jasmin Galper
- Brain and Mind Centre, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalie Grima
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Anand Deva
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Macquarie University, and The Integrated Specialist Healthcare Education and Research Foundation, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sina Shadfar
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Garth A Nicholson
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.,ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shu Yang
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Cutts
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Zuzana Horejsi
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Toby D M Bell
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam K Walker
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Neurodegeneration Pathobiology Laboratory, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian P Blair
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Julie D Atkin
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road NSW, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vivacqua G, Biagioni F, Busceti CL, Ferrucci M, Madonna M, Ryskalin L, Yu S, D'Este L, Fornai F. Motor Neurons Pathology After Chronic Exposure to MPTP in Mice. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:298-313. [PMID: 31721049 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxin 1-methyl,4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropiridine (MPTP) is widely used to produce experimental parkinsonism in rodents and primates. Among different administration protocols, continuous or chronic exposure to small amounts of MPTP is reported to better mimic cell pathology reminiscent of Parkinson's disease (PD). Catecholamine neurons are the most sensitive to MPTP neurotoxicity; however, recent studies have found that MPTP alters the fine anatomy of the spinal cord including motor neurons, thus overlapping again with the spinal cord involvement documented in PD. In the present study, we demonstrate that chronic exposure to low amounts of MPTP (10 mg/kg daily, × 21 days) significantly reduces motor neurons in the ventral lumbar spinal cord while increasing α-synuclein immune-staining within the ventral horn. Spinal cord involvement in MPTP-treated mice extends to Calbindin D28 KDa immune-reactive neurons other than motor neurons within lamina VII. These results were obtained in the absence of significant reduction of dopaminergic cell bodies in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta, while a slight decrease was documented in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase immune-staining. Thus, the present study highlights neuropathological similarities between dopaminergic neurons and spinal motor neurons and supports the pathological involvement of spinal cord in PD and experimental MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Remarkably, the toxic threshold for motor neurons appears to be lower compared with nigral dopaminergic neurons following a chronic pattern of MPTP intoxication. This sharply contrasts with previous studies showing that MPTP intoxication produces comparable neuronal loss within spinal cord and Substantia Nigra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Vivacqua
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Locomotor Sciences, Via A. Borelli 50, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, 45 Changchun St, Beijing, 100053, China
| | | | | | - Michela Ferrucci
- Department of Traslational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Larisa Ryskalin
- Department of Traslational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, 45 Changchun St, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Loredana D'Este
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Locomotor Sciences, Via A. Borelli 50, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense, 18, Pozzilli, Italy.
- Department of Traslational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang YQ, Zheng YH, Zhang CT, Liang WW, Wang SY, Wang XD, Wang Y, Wang TH, Jiang HQ, Feng HL. Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 down-regulation promotes apoptosis by activating the DNA damage-response pathway in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 134:104648. [PMID: 31676238 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of DNA damage has been detected in the spinal cord of patients as well as in the G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) is a p53-inducible serine/threonine phosphatase that terminates DNA-damage responses via dephosphorylation of DNA-damage response proteins, namely ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, checkpoint kinase 2, and p53, thus enhancing cell proliferation. However, the role of Wip1, DNA-damage responses, and their interaction in ALS development remains to be elucidated. Here, we showed that Wip1 expression levels were substantially decreased in ALS motor neurons compared with wild-type controls both in vivo and in vitro. The DNA-damage response was activated in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) G93A-transfected cells. However, increased expression of Wip1 improved cell viability and inhibited the DNA-damage response in mutated SOD1G93A cells. Further studies demonstrated that decreased Wip1 expression reduced cell viability and further activated the DNA-damage response in chronic H2O2-treated NSC34 cells. In contrast, Wip1 promoted cell survival and suppressed DNA damage-induced apoptosis during persistent DNA damage conditions. Over-expression of Wip1 in the central nervous system (CNS) can delay the onset of disease symptoms, extended the survival, decreased MN loss improved motor function and inhibit the DNA-damage response in SOD1 G93A mice. Furthermore, homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) promoted the degradation of Wip1 via the ubiquitin-proteasome system during chronic stress. These findings indicate that persistent accumulation of DNA damage and subsequent chronic activation of the downstream DNA damage-response ATM and p53 pro-apoptotic signaling pathways may trigger neuronal dysfunction and neuronal death in ALS. Wip1 may play a protective role by targeting the DNA-damage response in ALS motor neurons. Importantly, these findings provide a novel direction for therapeutic options for patients with ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Qing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Yong-Hui Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Chun-Ting Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Liang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Shu-Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Xu-Dong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Tian-Hang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Hong-Quan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Hong-Lin Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Flores-Cuadrado A, Saiz-Sanchez D, Mohedano-Moriano A, Martinez-Marcos A, Ubeda-Bañon I. Neurodegeneration and contralateral α-synuclein induction after intracerebral α-synuclein injections in the anterior olfactory nucleus of a Parkinson's disease A53T mouse model. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:56. [PMID: 30987677 PMCID: PMC6463651 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by a proteinopathy that includes aggregates of α-synuclein. A recent hypothesis proposes a prion-like spreading mechanism for this α-synucleinopathy. Early neuropathological deposits occur, among others, in the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON). This study investigates the anterograde and/or retrograde transmissibility of exogenous α-synuclein inoculated in the right AON of the A53T model of Parkinson’s disease and wild-type mice as well as neuronal and glial involvement. Seven experimental groups were established: wild-type injected with tracers; A53T mice injected with either α-synuclein or saline 2 months beforehand; wild-type injected with either α-synuclein or saline 2 months beforehand; and wild-type injected with either α-synuclein or saline 4 months beforehand. Weight and behavioral changes were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry against α-synuclein, NeuN, Iba-1 and GFAP was performed. Volume and marker distributions in the olfactory bulb (OB), AON and piriform cortex were analyzed using unbiased stereology. The behavioral analyses reveal higher levels of hyperactivity in transgenic as compared to wild-type mice. Tract-tracing experiments show that the main contralateral afferent projections to the dorsal AON come from the AON and secondarily from the OB. In saline-injected transgenic animals, α-synuclein expression in the OB and the AON is higher in the left hemisphere than in the right hemisphere, which could be due to basal interhemispheric differences. α-synuclein injection could provoke a significant increase in the left hemisphere of the transgenic mice’s OB, compared to saline-injected animals. Neuronal loss was observed in saline-injected transgenic mice relative to the saline-injected wild-type group. There were no overall differences in neuron number following injection of α-synuclein into either wild-type or transgenic mice, however some neuron loss was apparent in specific regions of α-synuclein injected wild-types. Microglia labeling appeared to be correlated with surgery-induced inflammation. Astroglial labeling was higher in transgenic animals, which could be due to endogenous α-synucleinopathy. This study suggests α-synucleinopathy induction, via retrograde and contralateral projections, within the olfactory system of transgenic animals.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang XD, Zhu MW, Shan D, Wang SY, Yin X, Yang YQ, Wang TH, Zhang CT, Wang Y, Liang WW, Zhang J, Jiang HZ, Dong GT, Jiang HQ, Qi Y, Feng HL. Spy1, a unique cell cycle regulator, alters viability in ALS motor neurons and cell lines in response to mutant SOD1-induced DNA damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 74:51-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
13
|
Konopka A, Atkin JD. The Emerging Role of DNA Damage in the Pathogenesis of the C9orf72 Repeat Expansion in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103137. [PMID: 30322030 PMCID: PMC6213462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal, rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons, and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a behavioural disorder resulting in early-onset dementia. Hexanucleotide (G4C2) repeat expansions in the gene encoding chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) are the major cause of familial forms of both ALS (~40%) and FTD (~20%) worldwide. The C9orf72 repeat expansion is known to form abnormal nuclei acid structures, such as hairpins, G-quadruplexes, and R-loops, which are increasingly associated with human diseases involving microsatellite repeats. These configurations form during normal cellular processes, but if they persist they also damage DNA, and hence are a serious threat to genome integrity. It is unclear how the repeat expansion in C9orf72 causes ALS, but recent evidence implicates DNA damage in neurodegeneration. This may arise from abnormal nucleic acid structures, the greatly expanded C9orf72 RNA, or by repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation, which generates toxic dipeptide repeat proteins. In this review, we detail recent advances implicating DNA damage in C9orf72-ALS. Furthermore, we also discuss increasing evidence that targeting these aberrant C9orf72 confirmations may have therapeutic value for ALS, thus revealing new avenues for drug discovery for this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Konopka
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Julie D Atkin
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stykel MG, Humphries K, Kirby MP, Czaniecki C, Wang T, Ryan T, Bamm V, Ryan SD. Nitration of microtubules blocks axonal mitochondrial transport in a human pluripotent stem cell model of Parkinson's disease. FASEB J 2018; 32:5350-5364. [PMID: 29688812 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700759rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with aberrant mitochondrial function in dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. An association has been reported between PD onset and exposure to mitochondrial toxins, including the agrochemicals paraquat (PQ), maneb (MB), and rotenone (Rot). Here, with the use of a patient-derived stem cell model of PD, allowing comparison of DA neurons harboring a mutation in the α-synuclein (α-syn) gene ( SNCA-A53T) against isogenic, mutation-corrected controls, we describe a novel mechanism whereby NO, generated from SNCA-A53T mutant neurons exposed to Rot or PQ/MB, inhibits anterograde mitochondrial transport through nitration of α-tubulin (α-Tub). Nitration of α-Tub inhibited the association of both α-syn and the mitochondrial motor protein kinesin 5B with the microtubules, arresting anterograde transport. This was, in part, a result of nitration of α-Tub in the C-terminal domain. These effects were rescued by inhibiting NO synthesis with the NOS inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Collectively, our results are the first to demonstrate a gene by environment interaction in PD, whereby agrochemical exposure selectively triggers a deficit in mitochondrial transport by nitrating the microtubules in neurons harboring the SNCA-A53T mutation.-Stykel, M. G., Humphries, K., Kirby, M. P., Czaniecki, C., Wang, T., Ryan, T., Bamm, V., Ryan, S. D. Nitration of microtubules blocks axonal mitochondrial transport in a human pluripotent stem cell model of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan G Stykel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kayla Humphries
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathew P Kirby
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Czaniecki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tinya Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tammy Ryan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vladimir Bamm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott D Ryan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Nitric Oxide Signaling in Neurodegeneration and Cell Death. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 82:57-83. [PMID: 29413528 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this tribute to Solomon H. Snyder (Sol) we discuss the mechanisms by which nitric oxide (NO) kills neurons. We provide a historical perspective regarding the discovery that glutamate excitotoxicity is mediated by NO. It also contains a discussion of the discovery that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) catalytic activity accounts for NADPH diaphorase activity and its localization in the central nervous system. NADPH diaphorase/nNOS neurons are unique in that they are resistant to toxic effects of excess glutamate and that they are resistant to neurodegeneration in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. NADPH diaphorase/nNOS neurons are resistant to neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration through the overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase. The review also delves into the mechanisms by which NO kills neurons including NO's activation of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-dependent cell pathway. In addition, there is a review of parthanatos in which NO combines with the superoxide anion ( [Formula: see text] ) to form peroxynitrite (ONOO-) that damages DNA and activates poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase (PARP). This ultimately leads to activation of the PARP-dependent apoptosis-inducing factor-associated nuclease, the final executioner in NO-dependent cell death. Finally, there is a discussion of potential targets that are under development that target the mechanisms by which NO kills neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States; Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States.
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States; Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gebriel M, Prabhudesai S, Uleberg KE, Larssen E, Piston D, Bjørnstad AH, Møller SG. Zebrafish brain proteomics reveals central proteins involved in neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Res 2013; 92:104-15. [PMID: 24123299 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the complex biology of the brain requires analyzing its structural and functional complexity at the protein level. The large-scale analysis of the brain proteome, coupled with characterization of central brain proteins, provides insight into fundamental brain processes and processes linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Here we provide a map of the zebrafish brain proteome by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), followed by the identification of 95 brain proteins using mass spectrometry (LC-ESI MS/MS). Our data show extensive phosphorylation of brain proteins but less prominent glycosylation. Furthermore, ~51% of the identified proteins are predicted to have one or more ubiquitination sites whereas ~90% are predicted to have one or more SUMOylation sites. Our findings provide a valuable proteome map of the zebrafish brain and associated posttranslational modifications demonstrating that zebrafish proteomic approaches can aid in our understanding of proteins central to important neuronal processes and those associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Gebriel
- Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
He X, Zhang L, Yao X, Hu J, Yu L, Jia H, An R, Liu Z, Xu Y. Association studies of MMP-9 in Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73777. [PMID: 24040066 PMCID: PMC3767588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) share several clinical and neuropathologic features, and studies suggest that several gene mutations and polymorphisms are involved in both conditions. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is implicated in the pathogenesis of PD and ALS, and the C(−1562)T polymorphism in the MMP-9 gene leads to higher promoter activity. We therefore investigated whether this polymorphism predisposes to both PD and sporadic ALS (sALS). Samples from 351 subjects with PD and 351 healthy controls from two major cities in China were compared, while samples from 226 subjects with sALS were compared to the same number of controls from three centers in China. A possible association between the C(−1562)T polymorphism in the MMP-9 gene and PD or sALS was assessed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Our results show a significant association between the C(−1562)T polymorphism in the MMP-9 gene and risk of PD (odds ratio = 2.268, 95% CI 1.506–3.416, p<0.001) as well as risk of sALS (odds ratio = 2.163, 95% CI 1.233–3.796, p = 0.006), supporting a role for MMP-9 polymorphism in the risk for PD and sALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghua He
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Ning Xia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Yao
- Department of Neurology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Sijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lihua Yu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hua Jia
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ran An
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhuolin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Sijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yanming Xu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Boulis NM, Handy CR, Krudy CA, Donnelly EM, Federici T, Franz CK, Barrow EM, Teng Q, Kumar P, Cress D. Regulated Neuronal Neuromodulation via Spinal Cord Expression of the Gene for the Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channel 2.1 (Kir2.1). Neurosurgery 2013; 72:653-61; discussion 661. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e318283f59a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
19
|
Natale G, Pompili E, Biagioni F, Paparelli S, Lenzi P, Fornai F. Histochemical approaches to assess cell-to-cell transmission of misfolded proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e5. [PMID: 23549464 PMCID: PMC3683612 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation, aggregation and transmission of abnormal proteins are common features in neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. The mechanisms underlying protein alterations in neurodegenerative diseases remain controversial. Novel findings highlighted altered protein clearing systems as common biochemical pathways which generate protein misfolding, which in turn causes protein aggregation and protein spreading. In fact, proteinaceous aggregates are prone to cell-to-cell propagation. This is reminiscent of what happens in prion disorders, where the prion protein misfolds thus forming aggregates which spread to neighbouring cells. For this reason, the term prionoids is currently used to emphasize how several misfolded proteins are transmitted in neurodegenerative diseases following this prion-like pattern. Histochemical techniques including the use of specific antibodies covering both light and electron microscopy offer a powerful tool to describe these phenomena and investigate specific molecular steps. These include: prion like protein alterations; glycation of prion-like altered proteins to form advanced glycation end-products (AGEs); mechanisms of extracellular secretion; interaction of AGEs with specific receptors placed on neighbouring cells (RAGEs). The present manuscript comments on these phenomena aimed to provide a consistent scenario of the available histochemical approaches to dissect each specific step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Natale
- Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Melo TQ, D'unhao AM, Martins SA, Farizatto KLG, Chaves RS, Ferrari MFR. Rotenone-dependent changes of anterograde motor protein expression and mitochondrial mobility in brain areas related to neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 33:327-35. [PMID: 23263842 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence of protein aggregates is common in neurodegenerative disorders; however, the real cause and effect of these aggregates during neurodegeneration is still a matter of investigation. We hypothesize that impairment of intracellular traffic may appear in the absence of protein inclusions and might trigger protein aggregation. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate mitochondria mobility as well as protein and messenger RNA expression of KIF1B and KIF5 that are molecular motors for neuronal anterograde traffic, in hippocampus, substantia nigra, and locus coeruleus of 10-month-old Lewis rats and cultured cells, from these same areas, following exposure to low doses of rotenone that do not lead to protein inclusions. The present study showed alteration in KIF1B and KIF5 expression, as well as in mitochondria mobility prior to protein aggregation involved in neurodegenerative disorders. These findings suggest that change in intracellular trafficking might be critical and one of the primary events for impairment of cell physiology during neurodegeneration associated with protein inclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaiany Q Melo
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Cidade Universitaria, Rua do Matao, 277, Sao Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Johnson R, Noble W, Tartaglia GG, Buckley NJ. Neurodegeneration as an RNA disorder. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:293-315. [PMID: 23063563 PMCID: PMC7116994 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases constitute one of the single most important public health challenges of the coming decades, and yet we presently have only a limited understanding of the underlying genetic, cellular and molecular causes. As a result, no effective disease-modifying therapies are currently available, and no method exists to allow detection at early disease stages, and as a result diagnoses are only made decades after disease pathogenesis, by which time the majority of physical damage has already occurred. Since the sequencing of the human genome, we have come to appreciate that the transcriptional output of the human genome is extremely rich in non-protein coding RNAs (ncRNAs). This heterogeneous class of transcripts is widely expressed in the nervous system, and is likely to play many crucial roles in the development and functioning of this organ. Most exciting, evidence has recently been presented that ncRNAs play central, but hitherto unappreciated roles in neurodegenerative processes. Here, we review the diverse available evidence demonstrating involvement of ncRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases, and discuss their possible implications in the development of therapies and biomarkers for these conditions.
Collapse
Key Words
- neurodegeneration
- neurodegenerative disease
- non-coding rna
- alzheimer's disease
- parkinson's disease
- huntington's disease
- trinucleotide repeat disorder
- bace1
- rest
- long non-coding rna
- microrna
- har1
- sox2ot
- mir-9
- mir-132
- mir-124
- ndds, neurodegenerative disorders
- ad, alzheimer's disease
- hd, huntington's disease
- pd, parkinson's disease
- als, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- app, amyloid precursor protein
- cftr, cystic fibrosis
- csf, cerebrospinal fluid
- sod1, superoxide dismutase 1
- tardbp, tar dna binding protein
- psen-1, presenilin 1
- psen-2, presenilin 1
- mapt, microtubule-associated protein tau
- snca, α-synuclein
- ups, ubiquitin-proteasome system
- aββ, -amyloid
- er, endoplasmic reticulum
- ber, base excision repair
- parp-1, poly-adp ribose polymerase-1
- lncrnas, long non-coding rnas
- mirnas, microrna
- ncrna, non-coding rnas
- ngs, next generation sequencing
- pcr, polymerase chain reaction
- sars, severe acute respiratory disorder
- sca, spinal cerebellar ataxia
- dm, myotonic dystrophy
- hdl2, huntington's disease-like 2
- tnds, trinucleotide repeat disorders
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rory Johnson
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Wendy Noble
- Kings College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Gian Gaetano Tartaglia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Redler RL, Dokholyan NV. The complex molecular biology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 107:215-62. [PMID: 22482452 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385883-2.00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder that causes selective death of motor neurons followed by paralysis and death. A subset of ALS cases is caused by mutations in the gene for Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), which impart a toxic gain of function to this antioxidant enzyme. This neurotoxic property is widely believed to stem from an increased propensity to misfold and aggregate caused by decreased stability of the native homodimer or a tendency to lose stabilizing posttranslational modifications. Study of the molecular mechanisms of SOD1-related ALS has revealed a complex array of interconnected pathological processes, including glutamate excitotoxicity, dysregulation of neurotrophic factors and axon guidance proteins, axonal transport defects, mitochondrial dysfunction, deficient protein quality control, and aberrant RNA processing. Many of these pathologies are directly exacerbated by misfolded and aggregated SOD1 and/or cytosolic calcium overload, suggesting the primacy of these events in disease etiology and their potential as targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Redler
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Loss of spinal motor neurons and alteration of alpha-synuclein immunostaining in MPTP induced Parkinsonism in mice. J Chem Neuroanat 2012; 44:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
24
|
Li Y, Chigurupati S, Holloway HW, Mughal M, Tweedie D, Bruestle DA, Mattson MP, Wang Y, Harvey BK, Ray B, Lahiri DK, Greig NH. Exendin-4 ameliorates motor neuron degeneration in cellular and animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32008. [PMID: 22384126 PMCID: PMC3285661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord. The incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), facilitates insulin signaling, and the long acting GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 (Ex-4) is currently used as an anti-diabetic drug. GLP-1 receptors are widely expressed in the brain and spinal cord, and our prior studies have shown that Ex-4 is neuroprotective in several neurodegenerative disease rodent models, including stroke, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Here we hypothesized that Ex-4 may provide neuroprotective activity in ALS, and hence characterized Ex-4 actions in both cell culture (NSC-19 neuroblastoma cells) and in vivo (SOD1 G93A mutant mice) models of ALS. Ex-4 proved to be neurotrophic in NSC-19 cells, elevating choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, as well as neuroprotective, protecting cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and staurosporine-induced apoptosis. Additionally, in both wild-type SOD1 and mutant SOD1 (G37R) stably transfected NSC-19 cell lines, Ex-4 protected against trophic factor withdrawal-induced toxicity. To assess in vivo translation, SOD1 mutant mice were administered vehicle or Ex-4 at 6-weeks of age onwards to end-stage disease via subcutaneous osmotic pump to provide steady-state infusion. ALS mice treated with Ex-4 showed improved glucose tolerance and normalization of behavior, as assessed by running wheel, compared to control ALS mice. Furthermore, Ex-4 treatment attenuated neuronal cell death in the lumbar spinal cord; immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated the rescue of neuronal markers, such as ChAT, associated with motor neurons. Together, our results suggest that GLP-1 receptor agonists warrant further evaluation to assess whether their neuroprotective potential is of therapeutic relevance in ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Li
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Srinivasulu Chigurupati
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Harold W. Holloway
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Mughal
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Tweedie
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Bruestle
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yun Wang
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brandon K. Harvey
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Balmiki Ray
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Debomoy K. Lahiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Haydar TF, Reeves RH. Trisomy 21 and early brain development. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:81-91. [PMID: 22169531 PMCID: PMC3273608 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trisomy for human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) results in Down syndrome (DS). The finished human genome sequence provides a thorough catalog of the genetic elements whose altered dosage perturbs development and function in DS. However, understanding how small alterations in the steady state transcript levels for <2% of human genes can disrupt development and function of essentially every cell presents a more complicated problem. Mouse models that recapitulate specific aspects of DS have been used to identify changes in brain morphogenesis and function. Here we provide a few examples of how trisomy for specific genes affects the development of the cortex and cerebellum to illustrate how gene dosage effects might contribute to divergence between the trisomic and euploid brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarik F Haydar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fulceri F, Bartalucci A, Paparelli S, Pasquali L, Biagioni F, Ferrucci M, Ruffoli R, Fornai F. Motor neuron pathology and behavioral alterations at late stages in a SMA mouse model. Brain Res 2012; 1442:66-75. [PMID: 22306031 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurogenetic autosomal recessive disorder characterized by degeneration of lower motor neurons. The validation of appropriate animal models is key in fostering SMA research. Recent studies set up an animal model showing long survival and slow disease progression. This model is knocked out for mouse SMN (Smn(-/-)) gene and carries a human mutation of the SMN1 gene (SMN1A2G), along with human SMN2 gene. In the present study we used this knock out double transgenic mouse model (SMN2(+/+); Smn(-/-); SMN1A2G(+/-)) to characterize the spinal cord pathology along with motor deficit at prolonged survival times. In particular, motor neuron loss was established stereologically (44.77%) after motor deficit reached a steady state. At this stage, spared motor neurons showed significant cell body enlargement. Moreover, similar to what was described in patients affected by SMA we found neuronal heterotopy (almost 4% of total motor neurons) in the anterior white matter. The delayed disease progression was likely to maintain fair motor activity despite a dramatic loss of large motor neurons. This provides a wonderful tool to probe novel drugs finely tuning the survival of motor neurons. In fact, small therapeutic effects protracted over considerable time intervals (even more than a year) are expected to be magnified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Fulceri
- Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, University of Pisa, via Roma, 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vivacqua G, Casini A, Vaccaro R, Salvi EP, Pasquali L, Fornai F, Yu S, D’Este L. Spinal cord and parkinsonism: Neuromorphological evidences in humans and experimental studies. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 42:327-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
28
|
Koprich JB, Johnston TH, Huot P, Reyes MG, Espinosa M, Brotchie JM. Progressive neurodegeneration or endogenous compensation in an animal model of Parkinson's disease produced by decreasing doses of alpha-synuclein. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17698. [PMID: 21408191 PMCID: PMC3049796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) are degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) and the presence of alpha-synuclein (α-syn)-rich Lewy bodies in DA cells that remain. To model these aspects of the disease, we previously showed that high titer (5.1×10exp12 gp/ml) AAV1/2 driven expression of A53T α-syn in the SN of rats caused nigrostriatal pathology including a loss of DA neurons, but also with toxicity in the GFP control group. In the current study, we evaluate the effects of two lower titers by dilution of the vector (1∶3 [1.7×10exp12] and 1∶10 [5.1×10exp11]) to define a concentration that produced pathology specific for α-syn. In GFP and empty vector groups there were no behavioural or post-mortem changes at 3 or 6 weeks post-administration at either vector dose. Dilution of the AAV1/2 A53T α-syn (1∶3) produced significant paw use asymmetry, reductions in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and increases in DA turnover at 3 weeks in the absence of overt pathology. By 6 weeks greater evidence of pathology was observed and included, reductions in SN DA neurons, striatal DA, TH and DA-transporter, along with a sustained behavioural deficit. In contrast, the 1∶10 AAV1/2 A53T α-syn treated animals showed normalization between 3 and 6 weeks in paw use asymmetry, reductions in striatal TH, and increased DA turnover. Progression of dopaminergic deficits using the 1∶3 titer of AAV1/2 A53Tα-syn provides a platform for evaluating treatments directed at preventing and/or reversing synucleinopathy. Use of the 1∶10 titer of AAV1/2 A53T α-syn provides an opportunity to study mechanisms of endogenous compensation. Furthermore, these data highlight the need to characterize the titer of vector being utilized, when using AAV to express pathogenic proteins and model disease process, to avoid producing non-specific effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James B Koprich
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nutini M, Frazzini V, Marini C, Spalloni A, Sensi SL, Longone P. Zinc pre-treatment enhances NMDAR-mediated excitotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons from SOD1(G93A) mouse, a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2010; 60:1200-8. [PMID: 21056589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Zn²+ is co-released at glutamatergic synapses throughout the central nervous system and acts as a neuromodulator for glutamatergic neurotransmission, as a key modulator of NMDA receptor functioning. Zn²+ is also implicated in the neurotoxicity associated with several models of acute brain injury and neurodegeneration. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons in the spinal cord and cortex. In this study, we have investigated the modulatory role exerted by Zn²+ in NMDA-mediated neurotoxicity in either near-pure or mixed cortical cultured neurons obtained from either mice over-expressing the G93A mutant form of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) human gene, a gene linked to familial ALS, or wild type (WT) mice. To that aim, SOD1(G93A) or WT cultures were exposed to either NMDA by itself or to Zn²+ prior to a toxic challenge with NMDA, and neuronal loss evaluated 24 h later. While we failed to observe any significant difference between NMDA and Zn²+/NMDA-mediated toxicity in mixed SOD1(G93A) or WT cortical cultures, different vulnerability to these toxic paradigms was found in near-pure neuronal cultures. In the WT near-pure neuronal cultures, a brief exposure to sublethal concentrations of Zn²+-enhanced NMDA receptor-mediated cell death, an effect that was far more pronounced in the SOD1(G93A) cultures. This increased excitotoxicity in SOD1(G93A) near-pure neuronal cultures appears to be mediated by a significant increase in NMDA-dependent rises of intraneuronal Ca²+ levels as well as enhanced production of cytosolic reactive oxygen species, while the injurious process seems to be unrelated to activation of nNOS or ERK1/2 pathways. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Trends in neuropharmacology: in memory of Erminio Costa'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Nutini
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Neuroscience, University of "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Koprich JB, Johnston TH, Reyes MG, Sun X, Brotchie JM. Expression of human A53T alpha-synuclein in the rat substantia nigra using a novel AAV1/2 vector produces a rapidly evolving pathology with protein aggregation, dystrophic neurite architecture and nigrostriatal degeneration with potential to model the pathology of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2010; 5:43. [PMID: 21029459 PMCID: PMC2984491 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-5-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) include the presence of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) rich Lewy bodies and neurites and the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra (SN). Animal models of PD based on viral vector-mediated over-expression of α-syn have been developed and show evidence of DA toxicity to varying degrees depending on the type of virus used, its concentration, and the serotype of vector employed. To date these models have been variable, difficult to reproduce, and slow in their evolution to achieve a desired phenotype, hindering their use as a model for testing novel therapeutics. To address these issues we have taken a novel vector in this context, that can be prepared in high titer and which possesses an ability to produce neuronally-directed expression, with expression dynamics optimised to provide a rapid rise in gene product expression. Thus, in the current study, we have used a high titer chimeric AAV1/2 vector, to express human A53T α-syn, an empty vector control (EV), or green fluorescent protein (GFP), the latter to control for the possibility that high levels of protein in themselves might contribute to damage. RESULTS We show that following a single 2 μl injection into the rat SN there is near complete coverage of the structure and expression of A53T α-syn or GFP appears throughout the striatum. Within 3 weeks of SN delivery of their respective vectors, aggregations of insoluble α-syn were observed in SN DA neurons. The numbers of DA neurons in the SN were significantly reduced by expression of A53T α-syn (52%), and to a lesser extent by GFP (24%), compared to EV controls (both P < 0.01). At the level of the striatum, AAV1/2-A53T α-syn injection produced dystrophic neurites and a significant reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase levels (by 53%, P < 0.01), this was not seen in the AAV1/2-GFP condition. CONCLUSIONS In the current implementation of the model, we recapitulate the primary pathological hallmarks of PD, although a proportion of the SN damage may relate to general protein overload and may not be specific for A53T α-syn. Future studies will thus be required to optimise the dose of AAV1/2 employed before fully characterizing this model. The dynamics of the evolution of the pathology however, provide advantages over current models with respect to providing an initial screen to assess efficacy of novel treatments that might prevent/reverse α-syn aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James B Koprich
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Protein disulfide isomerase-immunopositive inclusions in patients with Alzheimer disease. Brain Res 2010; 1349:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
32
|
Benkler C, Offen D, Melamed E, Kupershmidt L, Amit T, Mandel S, Youdim MBH, Weinreb O. Recent advances in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis research: perspectives for personalized clinical application. EPMA J 2010; 1:343-61. [PMID: 23199069 PMCID: PMC3405320 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-010-0026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been fueled, in part, by frustration over the shortcomings of the symptomatic drugs available, since these do not impede the progression of this disease. Currently, over 150 different potential therapeutic agents or strategies have been tested in preclinical models of ALS. Unfortunately, therapeutic modifiers of murine ALS have failed to be successfully translated into strategies for patients, probably because of differences in pharmacokinetics of the therapeutic agents, route of delivery, inefficiency of the agents to affect the distinct pathologies of the disease or inherent limitations of the available animal models. Given the multiplicity of the pathological mechanisms implicated in ALS, new therapies should consider the simultaneous manipulation of multiple targets. Additionally, a better management of ALS therapy should include understanding the interactions between potential risk factors, biomarkers and heterogeneous clinical features of the patients, aiming to manage their adverse events or personalize the safety profile of these agents. This review will discuss novel pharmacological approaches concerning adjusted therapy for ALS patients: iron-binding brain permeable multimodal compounds, genetic manipulation and cell-based treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Benkler
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Offen
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eldad Melamed
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Lana Kupershmidt
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, P.O.B. 9649, Haifa, 31096 Israel
| | - Tamar Amit
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, P.O.B. 9649, Haifa, 31096 Israel
| | - Silvia Mandel
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, P.O.B. 9649, Haifa, 31096 Israel
| | - Moussa B. H. Youdim
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, P.O.B. 9649, Haifa, 31096 Israel
| | - Orly Weinreb
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, P.O.B. 9649, Haifa, 31096 Israel
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Behrens MI, Lendon C, Roe CM. A common biological mechanism in cancer and Alzheimer's disease? Curr Alzheimer Res 2009; 6:196-204. [PMID: 19519301 DOI: 10.2174/156720509788486608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two common disorders for which the final pathophysiological mechanism is not yet clearly defined. In a prospective longitudinal study we have previously shown an inverse association between AD and cancer, such that the rate of developing cancer in general with time was significantly slower in participants with AD, while participants with a history of cancer had a slower rate of developing AD. In cancer, cell regulation mechanisms are disrupted with augmentation of cell survival and/or proliferation, whereas conversely, AD is associated with increased neuronal death, either caused by, or concomitant with, beta amyloid (Abeta) and tau deposition. The possibility that perturbations of mechanisms involved in cell survival/death regulation could be involved in both disorders is discussed. Genetic polymorphisms, DNA methylation or other mechanisms that induce changes in activity of molecules with key roles in determining the decision to "repair and live"- or "die" could be involved in the pathogenesis of the two disorders. As examples, the role of p53, Pin1 and the Wnt signaling pathway are discussed as potential candidates that, speculatively, may explain inverse associations between AD and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M I Behrens
- Departamento de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile and Clínica Alemana Santiago, Chile.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Versatile somatic gene transfer for modeling neurodegenerative diseases. Neurotox Res 2009; 16:329-42. [PMID: 19669852 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A growing variety of technical approaches allow control over the expression of selected genes in living organisms. The ability to deliver functional exogenous genes involved in neurodegenerative diseases has opened pathological processes to experimental analysis and targeted therapeutic development in rodent and primate preclinical models. Biological adaptability, economic animal use, and reduced model development costs complement improved control over spatial and temporal gene expression compared with conventional transgenic models. A review of viral vector studies, typically adeno-associated virus or lentivirus, for expression of three proteins that are central to major neurodegenerative diseases, will illustrate how this approach has powered new advances and opportunities in CNS disease research.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kupershmidt L, Weinreb O, Amit T, Mandel S, Carri MT, Youdim MBH. Neuroprotective and neuritogenic activities of novel multimodal iron-chelating drugs in motor-neuron-like NSC-34 cells and transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. FASEB J 2009; 23:3766-79. [PMID: 19638399 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-130047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders comprise drug candidates designed specifically to act on multiple central nervous system targets. We have recently synthesized multifunctional, nontoxic, brain-permeable iron-chelating drugs, M30 and HLA20, possessing the N-propargylamine neuroprotective moiety of rasagiline (Azilect) and the iron-chelating moiety of VK28. The present study demonstrates that M30 and HLA20 possess a wide range of pharmacological activities in mouse NSC-34 motor neuron cells, including neuroprotective effects against hydrogen peroxide- and 3-morpholinosydnonimine-induced neurotoxicity, induction of differentiation, and up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha and HIF-target genes (enolase1 and vascular endothelial growth factor). Both compounds induced NSC-34 neuritogenesis, accompanied by a marked increase in the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and growth-associated protein-43, which was inhibited by PD98059 and GF109203X, indicating the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase C pathways. A major finding was the ability of M30 to significantly extend the survival of G93A-SOD1 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice and delay the onset of the disease. These properties of the novel multimodal iron-chelating drugs possessing neuroprotective/neuritogenic activities may offer future therapeutic possibilities for motor neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lana Kupershmidt
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu G, Zhang C, Yin J, Li X, Cheng F, Li Y, Yang H, Uéda K, Chan P, Yu S. α-Synuclein is differentially expressed in mitochondria from different rat brain regions and dose-dependently down-regulates complex I activity. Neurosci Lett 2009; 454:187-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
37
|
Mattson MP. Glutamate and neurotrophic factors in neuronal plasticity and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1144:97-112. [PMID: 19076369 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1418.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate's role as a neurotransmitter at synapses has been known for 40 years, but glutamate has since been shown to regulate neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and neuron survival in the developing and adult mammalian nervous system. Cell-surface glutamate receptors are coupled to Ca(2+) influx and release from endoplasmic reticulum stores, which causes rapid (kinase- and protease-mediated) and delayed (transcription-dependent) responses that change the structure and function of neurons. Neurotrophic factors and glutamate interact to regulate developmental and adult neuroplasticity. For example, glutamate stimulates the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which, in turn, modifies neuronal glutamate sensitivity, Ca(2+) homeostasis, and plasticity. Neurotrophic factors may modify glutamate signaling directly, by changing the expression of glutamate receptor subunits and Ca(2+)-regulating proteins, and also indirectly by inducing the production of antioxidant enzymes, energy-regulating proteins, and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members. Excessive activation of glutamate receptors, under conditions of oxidative and metabolic stress, may contribute to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in diseases ranging from stroke and Alzheimer's disease to psychiatric disorders. By enhancing neurotrophic factor signaling, environmental factors such as exercise and dietary energy restriction, and chemicals such as antidepressants may optimize glutamatergic signaling and protect against neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ferrucci M, Pasquali L, Paparelli A, Ruggieri S, Fornai F. Pathways of methamphetamine toxicity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1139:177-85. [PMID: 18991862 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1432.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a drug of abuse which is neurotoxic for the nigrostriatal system. METH-induced neurodegeneration involves production of reactive oxygen species, triggering autophagic vacuoles within nigral neurons of chronic abusers of METH. In fact, Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is a critical protein for the neurotoxic effects of METH on DA neurons. Moreover, mutations in the SOD1 gene cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a dramatic neurodegenerative disorder. In the present paper we demonstrate that in G93A transgenic mice, overexpressing the ALS-linked mutant form of SOD1, surviving motor neurons share common intracellular alterations with METH-exposed DA neurons. We hypothesize that in mutant SOD1 transgenic mice, a defective autophagy might be responsible for the neurotoxic effects seen with in nigral neurons during METH toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Ferrucci
- Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nolano M, Provitera V, Estraneo A, Selim MM, Caporaso G, Stancanelli A, Saltalamacchia AM, Lanzillo B, Santoro L. Sensory deficit in Parkinson's disease: evidence of a cutaneous denervation. Brain 2008; 131:1903-11. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
40
|
de Souza-Pinto NC, Wilson DM, Stevnsner TV, Bohr VA. Mitochondrial DNA, base excision repair and neurodegeneration. DNA Repair (Amst) 2008; 7:1098-109. [PMID: 18485834 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a growing public health concern because of the rapid increase in median and maximum life expectancy in the developed world. Mitochondrial dysfunction seems to play a critical role in neurodegeneration, likely owing to the high energy demand of the central nervous system and its sole reliance on oxidative metabolism for energy production. Loss of mitochondrial function has been clearly demonstrated in several neuropathologies, most notably those associated with age, like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Among the common features observed in such conditions is the accumulation of oxidative DNA damage, in particular in the mitochondrial DNA, suggesting that mitochondrial DNA instability may play a causative role in the development of these diseases. In this review we examine the evidence for the accumulation of oxidative DNA damage in mitochondria, and its relationship with loss of mitochondrial function and cell death in neural tissues. Oxidative DNA damage is repaired mainly by the base excision repair pathway. Thus, we review the molecular events and enzymes involved in base excision repair in mitochondria, and explore the possible role of alterations in mitochondrial base excision repair activities in premature aging and age-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadja C de Souza-Pinto
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|