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Giacobbe C, Moliterni A, Di Giuseppe D, Malferrari D, Wright JP, Mattioli M, Raneri S, Giannini C, Fornasini L, Mugnaioli E, Ballirano P, Gualtieri AF. The crystal structure of the killer fibre erionite from Tuzköy (Cappadocia, Turkey). IUCRJ 2023; 10:397-410. [PMID: 37199503 PMCID: PMC10324483 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252523003500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Erionite is a non-asbestos fibrous zeolite classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a Group 1 carcinogen and is considered today similar to or even more carcinogenic than the six regulated asbestos minerals. Exposure to fibrous erionite has been unequivocally linked to cases of malignant mesothelioma (MM) and this killer fibre is assumed to be directly responsible for more than 50% of all deaths in the population of the villages of Karain and Tuzköy in central Anatolia (Turkey). Erionite usually occurs in bundles of thin fibres and very rarely as single acicular or needle-like fibres. For this reason, a crystal structure of this fibre has not been attempted to date although an accurate characterization of its crystal structure is of paramount importance for our understanding of the toxicity and carcinogenicity. In this work, we report on a combined approach of microscopic (SEM, TEM, electron diffraction), spectroscopic (micro-Raman) and chemical techniques with synchrotron nano-single-crystal diffraction that allowed us to obtain the first reliable ab initio crystal structure of this killer zeolite. The refined structure showed regular T-O distances (in the range 1.61-1.65 Å) and extra-framework content in line with the chemical formula (K2.63Ca1.57Mg0.76Na0.13Ba0.01)[Si28.62Al7.35]O72·28.3H2O. The synchrotron nano-diffraction data combined with three-dimensional electron diffraction (3DED) allowed us to unequivocally rule out the presence of offretite. These results are of paramount importance for understanding the mechanisms by which erionite induces toxic damage and for confirming the physical similarities with asbestos fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Giacobbe
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Anna Moliterni
- Institute of Crystallography-CNR, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Dario Di Giuseppe
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Daniele Malferrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Jonathan P. Wright
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Michele Mattioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pure ed Applicate, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Simona Raneri
- ICCOM-CNR, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Italian National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- Institute of Crystallography-CNR, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Laura Fornasini
- ICCOM-CNR, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Italian National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Enrico Mugnaioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Via S. Maria 53, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Paolo Ballirano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza - Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Alessandro F. Gualtieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena 41125, Italy
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2
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Abstract
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Electron crystallography
has a storied history which rivals that
of its more established X-ray-enabled counterpart. Recent advances
in data collection and analysis have sparked a renaissance in the
field, opening a new chapter for this venerable technique. Burgeoning
interest in electron crystallography has spawned innovative methods
described by various interchangeable labels (3D ED, MicroED, cRED,
etc.). This Review covers concepts and findings relevant to the practicing
crystallographer, with an emphasis on experiments aimed at using electron
diffraction to elucidate the atomic structure of three-dimensional
molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambarneil Saha
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Shervin S Nia
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - José A Rodríguez
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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3
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Single-crystal structure determination of nanosized metal-organic frameworks by three-dimensional electron diffraction. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:2389-2413. [PMID: 35896741 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable interest due to their well-defined pore architecture and structural tunability on molecular dimensions. While single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) has been widely used to elucidate the structures of MOFs at the atomic scale, the formation of large and well-ordered crystals is still a crucial bottleneck for structure determination. To alleviate this challenge, three-dimensional electron diffraction (3D ED) has been developed for structure determination of nano- (submicron-)sized crystals. Such 3D ED data are collected from each single crystal using transmission electron microscopy. In this protocol, we introduce the entire workflow for structural analysis of MOFs by 3D ED, from sample preparation, data acquisition and data processing to structure determination. We describe methods for crystal screening and handling of crystal agglomerates, which are crucial steps in sample preparation for single-crystal 3D ED data collection. We further present how to set up a transmission electron microscope for 3D ED data acquisition and, more importantly, offer suggestions for the optimization of data acquisition conditions. For data processing, including unit cell and space group determination, and intensity integration, we provide guidelines on how to use electron and X-ray crystallography software to process 3D ED data. Finally, we present structure determination from 3D ED data and discuss the important features associated with 3D ED data that need to be considered. We believe that this protocol provides critical details for implementing and utilizing 3D ED as a structure determination platform for nano- (submicron-)sized MOFs as well as other crystalline materials.
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Comprehensive Study of Li+/Ni2+ Disorder in Ni-Rich NMCs Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The layered oxides LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMCs, x + y + z = 1) with high nickel content (x ≥ 0.6, Ni-rich NMCs) are promising high-energy density-positive electrode materials for Li-ion batteries. Their electrochemical properties depend on Li+/Ni2+ cation disordering originating from the proximity of the Li+ and Ni2+ ionic radii. We synthesized a series of the LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 NMC811 adopting two different disordering schemes: Ni for Li substitution at the Li site in the samples finally annealed in air, and close to Ni↔Li antisite disorder in the oxygen-annealed samples. The defect formation scenario was revealed with Rietveld refinement from powder X-ray diffraction data, and then the reliability of semi-quantitative parameters, such as I003/I104 integral intensity ratio and c/(2√6a) ratio of pseudocubic subcell parameters, was verified against the refined defect concentrations. The I003/I104 ratio can serve as a quantitative measure of g(NiLi) only after explicit correction of intensities for preferred orientation. Being normalized by the total scattering power of the unit cell, the I003/I104 ratio depends linearly on g(NiLi) for each disordering scheme. The c/(2√6a) ratio appears to be not reliable and cannot be used for a quantitative estimate of g(NiLi). In turn, the volume of the R3¯m unit cell correlates linearly with g(NiLi), at least for defect concentrations not exceeding 5%. The microscopy techniques such as high-resolution high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and electron diffraction tomography (EDT) allow us to study the materials locally, still, there is no proper quantitative approach for comprehensive analysis of defects. In the present work, the TEM-assisted quantitative Li+/Ni2+ disordering analysis with EDT and HAADF-STEM in six Ni-rich NMC samples with various defects content is demonstrated. Noteworthy, while PXRD and EDT methods demonstrate overall defect amounts, HAADF-STEM allows us to quantitatively distinguish regions with various disordering extents. Therefore, the combination of mentioned PXRD and TEM methods gives the full picture of Li+/Ni2+ mixing defects in Ni-rich NMCs.
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Campanale F, Mugnaioli E, Gemmi M, Folco L. The formation of impact coesite. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16011. [PMID: 34362968 PMCID: PMC8346461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Coesite in impact rocks is traditionally considered a retrograde product formed during pressure release by the crystallisation of an amorphous phase (either silica melt or diaplectic glass). Recently, the detailed microscopic and crystallographic study of impact ejecta from Kamil crater and the Australasian tektite strewn field pointed in turn to a different coesite formation pathway, through subsolidus quartz-to-coesite transformation. We report here further evidence documenting the formation of coesite directly from quartz. In Kamil ejecta we found sub-micrometric single-coesite-crystals that represent the first crystallization seeds of coesite. Coesite in Australasian samples show instead well-developed subeuhedral crystals, growing at the expenses of hosting quartz and postdating PDF deformation. Coesite (010) plane is most often parallel to quartz {10-11} plane family, supporting the formation of coesite through a topotactic transformation. Such reaction is facilitated by the presence of pre-existing and shock-induced discontinuities in the target. Shock wave reverberations can provide pressure and time conditions for coesite nucleation and growth. Because discontinuities occur in both porous and non-porous rocks and the coesite formation mechanism appears similar for small and large impacts, we infer that the proposed subsolidus transformation model is valid for all types of quartz-bearing target rocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Campanale
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università d Pisa, Via S. Maria 53, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - E Mugnaioli
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Gemmi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Folco
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università d Pisa, Via S. Maria 53, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione dell'Università di Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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6
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Mugnaioli E, Bonaccorsi E, Lanza AE, Elkaim E, Diez-Gómez V, Sobrados I, Gemmi M, Gregorkiewitz M. The structure of kaliophilite KAlSiO 4, a long-lasting crystallographic problem. IUCRJ 2020; 7:1070-1083. [PMID: 33209318 PMCID: PMC7642771 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252520012270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Kaliophilite is a feldspathoid mineral found in two Italian magmatic provinces and represents one of the 12 known phases with composition close to KAlSiO4. Despite its apparently simple formula, the structure of this mineral revealed extremely complex and resisted structure solution for more than a century. Samples from the Vesuvius-Monte Somma and Alban Hills volcanic areas were analyzed through a multi-technique approach, and finally the crystal structure of kaliophilite was solved using 3D electron diffraction and refined against X-ray diffraction data of a twinned crystal. Results were also ascertained by the Rietveld method using synchrotron powder intensities. It was found that kaliophilite crystallizes in space group P3 with unit-cell parameters a = 27.0597 (16), c = 8.5587 (6) Å, V = 5427.3 (7) Å3 and Z = 54. The kaliophilite framework is a variant of the tridymite topology, with alternating SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra forming sheets of six-membered rings (63 nets), which are connected along [001] by sharing the apical oxygen atoms. Considering the up (U) and down (D) orientations of the linking vertex, kaliophilite is the first framework that contains three different ring topologies: nine (1-3-5) (UDUDUD) rings, six (1-2-3) (UUUDDD) rings and twelve (1-2-4) (UUDUDD) rings. This results in a relatively open (19.9 tetrahedra nm-3) channel system with multiple connections between the double six-ring cavities. Such a framework requires a surprisingly large unit cell, 27 times larger than the cell of kalsilite, the simplest phase with the same composition. The occurrence of some Na for K substitution (3-10%) may be related to the characteristic structural features of kaliophilite. Micro-twinning, pseudo-symmetries and anisotropic hkl-dependent peak broadening were also detected, and they may account for the elusive character of the kaliophilite crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Mugnaioli
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Elena Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Via Santa Maria 53, Pisa, 56126, Italy
- Correspondence e-mail: , ,
| | - Arianna E. Lanza
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Erik Elkaim
- Synchrotron Soleil, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Virginia Diez-Gómez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Isabel Sobrados
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Mauro Gemmi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy
- Correspondence e-mail: , ,
| | - Miguel Gregorkiewitz
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Siena, Via Laterina 8, Siena, 53100, Italy
- Correspondence e-mail: , ,
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7
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Bindi L, Nespolo M, Krivovichev SV, Chapuis G, Biagioni C. Producing highly complicated materials. Nature does it better. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:106501. [PMID: 32721933 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/abaa3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Through the years, mineralogical studies have produced a tremendous amount of data on the atomic arrangement and mineral properties. Quite often, structural analysis has led to elucidate the role played by minor components, giving interesting insights into the physico-chemical conditions of mineral crystallization and allowing the description of unpredictable structures that represented a body of knowledge critical for assessing their technological potentialities. Using such a rich database, containing many basic acquisitions, further steps became appropriate and possible, into the directions of more advanced knowledge frontiers. Some of these frontiers assume the name of modularity, complexity, aperiodicity, and matter organization at not conventional levels, and will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bindi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via La Pira 4, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
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8
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Mugnaioli E, Lanza AE, Bortolozzi G, Righi L, Merlini M, Cappello V, Marini L, Athanassiou A, Gemmi M. Electron Diffraction on Flash-Frozen Cowlesite Reveals the Structure of the First Two-Dimensional Natural Zeolite. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1578-1586. [PMID: 32999933 PMCID: PMC7517411 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cowlesite, ideally Ca6Al12Si18O60·36H2O, is to date the only natural zeolite whose structure could not be determined by X-ray methods. In this paper, we present the ab initio structure determination of this mineral obtained by three-dimensional (3D) electron diffraction data collected from single-crystal domains of a few hundreds of nanometers. The structure of cowlesite consists of an alternation of rigid zeolitic layers and low-density interlayers supported by water and cations. This makes cowlesite the only two-dimensional (2D) zeolite known in nature. When cowlesite gets in contact with a transmission electron microscope vacuum, a phase transition to a conventional 3D zeolite framework occurs in few seconds. The original cowlesite structure could be preserved only by adopting a cryo-plunging sample preparation protocol usually employed for macromolecular samples. Such a protocol allows the investigation by 3D electron diffraction of very hydrated and very beam-sensitive inorganic materials, which were previously considered intractable by transmission electron microscopy crystallographic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Mugnaioli
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Arianna E. Lanza
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bortolozzi
- Associazione
Micromineralogica Italiana (AMI), via Gioconda 3, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Lara Righi
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, 43124, Italy
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area
delle Scienze 37/A, 43123 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Merlini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze della Terra, Università
degli Studi di Milano, Via Botticelli 23, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Cappello
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lara Marini
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Gemmi
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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9
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Cesare B, Nestola F, Johnson T, Mugnaioli E, Della Ventura G, Peruzzo L, Bartoli O, Viti C, Erickson T. Garnet, the archetypal cubic mineral, grows tetragonal. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14672. [PMID: 31605020 PMCID: PMC6789019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Garnet is the archetypal cubic mineral, occurring in a wide variety of rock types in Earth’s crust and upper mantle. Owing to its prevalence, durability and compositional diversity, garnet is used to investigate a broad range of geological processes. Although birefringence is a characteristic feature of rare Ca–Fe3+ garnet and Ca-rich hydrous garnet, the optical anisotropy that has occasionally been documented in common (that is, anhydrous Ca–Fe2+–Mg–Mn) garnet is generally attributed to internal strain of the cubic structure. Here we show that common garnet with a non-cubic (tetragonal) crystal structure is much more widespread than previously thought, occurring in low-temperature, high-pressure metamorphosed basalts (blueschists) from subduction zones and in low-grade metamorphosed mudstones (phyllites and schists) from orogenic belts. Indeed, a non-cubic symmetry appears to be typical of common garnet that forms at low temperatures (<450 °C), where it has a characteristic Fe–Ca-rich composition with very low Mg contents. We propose that, in most cases, garnet does not initially grow cubic. Our discovery indicates that the crystal chemistry and thermodynamic properties of garnet at low-temperature need to be re-assessed, with potential consequences for the application of garnet as an investigative tool in a broad range of geological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cesare
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Gradenigo 6, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - F Nestola
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Gradenigo 6, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - T Johnson
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Perth, Australia
| | - E Mugnaioli
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Della Ventura
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università di Roma Tre, Largo San Leonardo Murialdo 1, 00146, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044, Frascati, Italy
| | - L Peruzzo
- Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, CNR, via Gradenigo 6, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - O Bartoli
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Gradenigo 6, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - C Viti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - T Erickson
- Jacobs - JETS, NASA Johnson Space Center, Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, Mailcode XI3, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX, 77058, USA
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10
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Jones CG, Asay M, Kim LJ, Kleinsasser JF, Saha A, Fulton TJ, Berkley KR, Cascio D, Malyutin AG, Conley MP, Stoltz BM, Lavallo V, Rodríguez JA, Nelson HM. Characterization of Reactive Organometallic Species via MicroED. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1507-1513. [PMID: 31572777 PMCID: PMC6764211 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here we apply microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) to the structural determination of transition-metal complexes. We find that the simultaneous use of 300 keV electrons, very low electron doses, and an ultrasensitive camera allows for the collection of data without cryogenic cooling of the stage. This technique reveals the first crystal structures of the classic zirconocene hydride, colloquially known as "Schwartz's reagent", a novel Pd(II) complex not amenable to solution-state NMR or X-ray crystallography, and five other paramagnetic and diamagnetic transition-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G. Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics & Proteomics,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Matthew Asay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics & Proteomics,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Lee Joon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics & Proteomics,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Jack F. Kleinsasser
- Department of Chemistry, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United
States
| | - Ambarneil Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics & Proteomics,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Tyler J. Fulton
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and
Beckman Institute, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United
States
| | - Kevin R. Berkley
- Department of Chemistry, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United
States
| | - Duilio Cascio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics & Proteomics,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Andrey G. Malyutin
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and
Beckman Institute, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United
States
| | - Matthew P. Conley
- Department of Chemistry, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United
States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and
Beckman Institute, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United
States
| | - Vincent Lavallo
- Department of Chemistry, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United
States
| | - José A. Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics & Proteomics,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Hosea M. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics & Proteomics,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
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11
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Gemmi M, Mugnaioli E, Gorelik TE, Kolb U, Palatinus L, Boullay P, Hovmöller S, Abrahams JP. 3D Electron Diffraction: The Nanocrystallography Revolution. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1315-1329. [PMID: 31482114 PMCID: PMC6716134 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Crystallography of nanocrystalline materials has witnessed a true revolution in the past 10 years, thanks to the introduction of protocols for 3D acquisition and analysis of electron diffraction data. This method provides single-crystal data of structure solution and refinement quality, allowing the atomic structure determination of those materials that remained hitherto unknown because of their limited crystallinity. Several experimental protocols exist, which share the common idea of sampling a sequence of diffraction patterns while the crystal is tilted around a noncrystallographic axis, namely, the goniometer axis of the transmission electron microscope sample stage. This Outlook reviews most important 3D electron diffraction applications for different kinds of samples and problematics, related with both materials and life sciences. Structure refinement including dynamical scattering is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Gemmi
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Mugnaioli
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tatiana E. Gorelik
- University
of Ulm, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy
Group of Materials Science (EMMS), Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ute Kolb
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institut
für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 9, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lukas Palatinus
- Department
of Structure Analysis, Institute of Physics
of the CAS, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czechia
| | - Philippe Boullay
- CRISMAT,
Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS UMR 6508, 6 Bd Maréchal Juin, F-14050 Cedex Caen, France
| | - Sven Hovmöller
- Inorganic
and Structural Chemistry, Department of Materials and Environmental
Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Pieter Abrahams
- Center
for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics (C−CINA), Biozentrum, Basel University, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institut (PSI), CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Leiden
Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Hadermann J, Abakumov AM. Structure solution and refinement of metal-ion battery cathode materials using electron diffraction tomography. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B-STRUCTURAL SCIENCE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2019; 75:485-494. [DOI: 10.1107/s2052520619008291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of electron diffraction tomography to the structure solution and refinement of charged, discharged or cycled metal-ion battery positive electrode (cathode) materials is discussed in detail. As these materials are often only available in very small amounts as powders, the possibility of obtaining single-crystal data using electron diffraction tomography (EDT) provides unique access to crucial information complementary to X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques. Using several examples, the ability of EDT to be used to detect lithium and refine its atomic position and occupancy, to solve the structure of materials ex situ at different states of charge and to obtain in situ data on structural changes occurring upon electrochemical cycling in liquid electrolyte is discussed.
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13
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Gemmi M, Lanza AE. 3D electron diffraction techniques. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2019; 75:495-504. [PMID: 32830707 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520619007510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
3D electron diffraction is an emerging technique for the structural analysis of nanocrystals. The challenges that 3D electron diffraction has to face for providing reliable data for structure solution and the different ways of overcoming these challenges are described. The route from zone axis patterns towards 3D electron diffraction techniques such as precession-assisted electron diffraction tomography, rotation electron diffraction and continuous rotation is also discussed. Finally, the advantages of the new hybrid detectors with high sensitivity and fast readout are demonstrated with a proof of concept experiment of continuous rotation electron diffraction on a natrolite nanocrystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Gemmi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Arianna E Lanza
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy
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14
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Lanza AE, Gemmi M, Bindi L, Mugnaioli E, Paar WH. Daliranite, PbHgAs2S5: determination of the incommensurately modulated structure and revision of the chemical formula. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B-STRUCTURAL SCIENCE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2019; 75:711-716. [DOI: 10.1107/s2052520619007340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The incommensurately modulated crystal structure of the mineral daliranite has been determined using 3D electron diffraction data obtained on nanocrystalline domains. Daliranite is orthorhombic with a = 21, b = 4.3, c = 9.5 Å and shows modulation satellites along c. The solution of the average structure in the Pnma space group together with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy data obtained on the same domains indicate a chemical formula of PbHgAs2S5, which has one S fewer than previously reported. The crystal structure of daliranite is built from columns of face-sharing PbS8 bicapped trigonal prisms laterally connected by [2+4]Hg polyhedra and (As3+
2S5)4− groups. The excellent quality of the electron diffraction data allows a structural model to be built for the modulated structure in superspace, which shows that the modulation is due to an alternated occupancy of a split As site.
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15
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Nicolopoulos S, Das PP, Pérez AG, Zacharias N, Cuapa ST, Alatorre JAA, Mugnaioli E, Gemmi M, Rauch EF. Novel TEM Microscopy and Electron Diffraction Techniques to Characterize Cultural Heritage Materials: From Ancient Greek Artefacts to Maya Mural Paintings. SCANNING 2019; 2019:4870695. [PMID: 31263516 PMCID: PMC6556332 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4870695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To understand in-depth material properties, manufacturing, and conservation in cultural heritage artefacts, there is a strong need for advanced characterization tools that enable analysis down to the nanometric scale. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron diffraction (ED) techniques, like 3D precession electron diffraction tomography and ASTAR phase/orientation mapping, are proposed to study cultural heritage materials at nanoscale. In this work, we show how electron crystallography in TEM helps to determine precise structural information and phase/orientation distribution of various pigments in cultural heritage materials from various historical periods like Greek amphorisks, Roman glass tesserae, and pre-Hispanic Maya mural paintings. Such TEM-based methods can be an alternative to synchrotron techniques and can allow distinguishing accurately different crystalline phases even in cases of identical or very close chemical compositions at the nanometric scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Partha P. Das
- NanoMEGAS Sprl, Blvd Edmond Machtens 79, B-1080 Brussels, Belgium
- Electron Crystallography Solutions SL, Calle Orense 8, 28020 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nikolaos Zacharias
- Department of History, Archaeology and Cultural Resources Management, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Kalamata, Greece
| | - Samuel Tehuacanero Cuapa
- Instituto de Física, Circuito de la Investigación s/n, UNAM, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Jesús Angel Arenas Alatorre
- Instituto de Física, Circuito de la Investigación s/n, UNAM, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Enrico Mugnaioli
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Gemmi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Edgar F. Rauch
- SIMaP, Grenoble INP CNRS UJF, BP 46, 38402 Saint-Martin-d'Hères Cedex, France
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16
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Németh P, Mugnaioli E, Gemmi M, Czuppon G, Demény A, Spötl C. A nanocrystalline monoclinic CaCO 3 precursor of metastable aragonite. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaau6178. [PMID: 30547088 PMCID: PMC6291313 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau6178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite its thermodynamical metastability at near-surface conditions, aragonite is widespread in marine and terrestrial sediments. It abundantly forms in living organisms, and its abiotic formation is favored in waters of a Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio > 1.5. Here, we provide crystallographic evidence of a nanocrystalline CaCO3 polymorph, which precipitates before aragonite in a cave. The new phase, which we term monoclinic aragonite (mAra), is crystallographically related to ordinary, orthorhombic aragonite. Electron diffraction tomography combined with structure determination demonstrates that mAra has a layered aragonite structure, in which some carbonates can be replaced by hydroxyls and up to 10 atomic % of Mg can be incorporated. The diagnostic electron diffraction features of mAra are diffuse scattering and satellite reflections along aragonite {110}. Similar features have previously been reported-although unrecognized-from biogenic aragonite formed in stromatolites, mollusks, and cyanobacteria as well as from synthetic material. We propose that mAra is a widespread crystalline CaCO3 that plays a hitherto unrecognized key role in metastable aragonite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Németh
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Enrico Mugnaioli
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Mauro Gemmi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - György Czuppon
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, RCAES, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest 1112, Hungary
| | - Attila Demény
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, RCAES, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest 1112, Hungary
| | - Christoph Spötl
- Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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