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Zhra M, Qasem RJ, Aldossari F, Saleem R, Aljada A. A Comprehensive Exploration of Caspase Detection Methods: From Classical Approaches to Cutting-Edge Innovations. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5460. [PMID: 38791499 PMCID: PMC11121653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation of caspases is a crucial event and an indicator of programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis. These enzymes play a central role in cancer biology and are considered one promising target for current and future advancements in therapeutic interventions. Traditional methods of measuring caspase activity such as antibody-based methods provide fundamental insights into their biological functions, and are considered essential tools in the fields of cell and cancer biology, pharmacology and toxicology, and drug discovery. However, traditional methods, though extensively used, are now recognized as having various shortcomings. In addition, these methods fall short of providing solutions to and matching the needs of the rapid and expansive progress achieved in studying caspases. For these reasons, there has been a continuous improvement in detection methods for caspases and the network of pathways involved in their activation and downstream signaling. Over the past decade, newer methods based on cutting-edge state-of-the-art technologies have been introduced to the biomedical community. These methods enable both the temporal and spatial monitoring of the activity of caspases and their downstream substrates, and with enhanced accuracy and precision. These include fluorescent-labeled inhibitors (FLIs) for live imaging, single-cell live imaging, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensors, and activatable multifunctional probes for in vivo imaging. Recently, the recruitment of mass spectrometry (MS) techniques in the investigation of these enzymes expanded the repertoire of tools available for the identification and quantification of caspase substrates, cleavage products, and post-translational modifications in addition to unveiling the complex regulatory networks implicated. Collectively, these methods are enabling researchers to unravel much of the complex cellular processes involved in apoptosis, and are helping generate a clearer and comprehensive understanding of caspase-mediated proteolysis during apoptosis. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of various assays and detection methods as they have evolved over the years, so to encourage further exploration of these enzymes, which should have direct implications for the advancement of therapeutics for cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Zhra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rani J. Qasem
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan
| | - Fai Aldossari
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rimah Saleem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Aljada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Kovač V, Kodrin I, Radošević K, Molčanov K, Adhikari B, Kraatz HB, Barišić L. Oxalamide-Bridged Ferrocenes: Conformational and Gelation Properties and In Vitro Antitumor Activity. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kovač
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Kodrin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102A, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Radošević
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krešimir Molčanov
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bimalendu Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Sundargarh 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Heinz-Bernhard Kraatz
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Lidija Barišić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Romanski J, Nowak P, Maksymiuk A, Chapuis C, Jurczak J. Diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of both electronically modified phenyl-nitrile oxides and stilbenes. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41718b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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4
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Galatsis P, Caprathe B, Downing D, Gilmore J, Harter W, Hays S, Kostlan C, Linn K, Lunney E, Para K, Thomas A, Warmus J, Allen H, Brady K, Talanian R, Walker N. Inhibition of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE or caspase 1) by aspartyl acyloxyalkyl ketones and aspartyl amidooxyalkyl ketones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5089-94. [PMID: 20674352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of acyloxyalkyl and amidooxyalkyl ketones appended to a carbobenzyloxy aspartic acid core have been prepared. The most potent of these new inhibitors was 4i with a K(i) of 0.5 microM. These two series provide an improved understanding of the binding requirements for the hydrophobic prime side of ICE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Galatsis
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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5
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Galatsis P, Caprathe B, Gilmore J, Thomas A, Linn K, Sheehan S, Harter W, Kostlan C, Lunney E, Stankovic C, Rubin J, Brady K, Allen H, Talanian R. Succinic acid amides as P2-P3 replacements for inhibitors of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE or caspase 1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5184-90. [PMID: 20656488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Succinic acid amides have been found to be effective P2-P3 scaffold replacements for peptidic ICE inhibitors. Heteroarylalkyl fragments occupying the P4 position provided access to compounds with nM affinities. Utilization of an acylal prodrug moiety was required to overcome biopharmaceutical issues which led to the identification of 17f, a potential clinical candidate.
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6
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Chopra P, Gupta S, Dastidar SG, Ray A. Development of cell death-based method for the selectivity screening of caspase-1 inhibitors. Cytotechnology 2009; 60:77. [PMID: 19655264 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-009-9217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-1 selective inhibitors are novel therapeutic agents for inflammatory diseases. Selectivity assays for caspases can be initiated with purified enzyme, making these assays very costly and time consuming. Therefore, there is a need to develop a fast and reliable cell-based assay, which can be used for the selectivity screening of multiple caspases in a biologically relevant context in a single assay. In this study, we have developed an assay in which DNA fragmentation, a hallmark of apoptosis, of Jurkat cell line was examined post induction with etoposide in the presence or absence of inhibitors of caspases 1, 3, 8, 9 and pan-caspase inhibitors. We observed that caspases-3, -8, -9 and pan caspase inhibitors resulted in significant inhibition of etoposide-induced DNA fragmentation. However, caspase-1 specific inhibitor failed to prevent DNA fragmentation, suggesting that either caspases belonging to caspase-1 family (1, 4 and 5) are not present in the Jurkat cells or might not be involved in the etoposide-induced DNA fragmentation. Since the inhibition of caspases 3, 8 and 9 is accompanied by the down regulation of the activity of a cascade of caspases (caspases 2, 6, 7, 9 and 10), selectivity of caspase-I inhibitors can be ascertained for the above panel (caspases 2, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10) of caspases from this single assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Chopra
- Department of Pharmacology, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Plot No-20, Sector-18, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India.
| | - Shashank Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Plot No-20, Sector-18, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Sunanda G Dastidar
- Department of Pharmacology, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Plot No-20, Sector-18, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Abhijit Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Plot No-20, Sector-18, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India
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7
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Aulabaugh A, Kapoor B, Huang X, Dollings P, Hum WT, Banker A, Wood A, Ellestad G. Biochemical and Biophysical Characterization of Inhibitor Binding to Caspase-3 Reveals Induced Asymmetry. Biochemistry 2007; 46:9462-71. [PMID: 17649976 DOI: 10.1021/bi7000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the caspase family of cysteine proteases results in the deregulation of cellular homeostasis and apoptosis. This deregulation is a key factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. Thus, the caspases are important drug targets for the therapeutic intervention of a number of pathological states involving inflammation and apoptosis. In this article, we report the results of inhibition kinetics and binding studies utilizing fluorescence spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry to characterize the mechanism of interaction of caspase-3 with three different classes of inhibitors: peptidomimetics, isatins, and pyrimidoindolones. The peptidomimetics and pyrimidoindolones bind to both active sites of the caspase-3 homodimer with equal affinity and favorable enthalpic and entropic binding contributions. Enzyme activity is abolished when both active sites are occupied with the above inhibitors. In contrast, the isatins bind to caspase-3 with significant heat release (-12 kcal/mol) and negative entropy. In addition, enzyme activity is abolished upon isatin binding to one active site of the homodimer resulting in half-site reactivity. Our studies provide important mechanistic insight into inhibitor interactions with caspase-3 and a way to characterize inhibitor interactions that may not be readily apparent from the crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Aulabaugh
- Department of Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA.
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8
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Soper DL, Sheville JX, O'Neil SV, Wang Y, Laufersweiler MC, Oppong KA, Wos JA, Ellis CD, Baize MW, Chen JJ, Fancher AN, Lu W, Suchanek MK, Wang RL, Schwecke WP, Cruze CA, Buchalova M, Belkin M, Wireko F, Ritter A, De B, Wang D, Demuth TP. Synthesis and evaluation of novel 8,5-fused bicyclic peptidomimetic compounds as interleukin-1β converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7880-92. [PMID: 16908171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An 8,5-fused bicyclic peptidomimetic ring system generated by a stereoselective ring metathesis reaction was elaborated into potent inhibitors of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE, caspase-1). Multiple compounds were found that exhibited ICE IC50 values < 10 nM and were selective over caspase-3 and caspase-8. These active analogs generally possessed good activity (IC50 values < 100 nM) in a whole cell assay measuring IL-1beta production. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the ethyl acetal prodrug form of a selected active lead revealed a compound with a reasonable plasma half-life (1.1 h) and good oral bioavailability (30%).
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Soper
- The Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cincinnati, OH 45241, USA
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9
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Ellis CD, Oppong KA, Laufersweiler MC, O'Neil SV, Soper DL, Wang Y, Wos JA, Fancher AN, Lu W, Suchanek MK, Wang RL, De B, Demuth TP. Synthesis and evaluation of thiazepines as interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4728-32. [PMID: 16870441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of monocyclic thiazepine inhibitors of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) were synthesized in eight steps from commercially available intermediates. In vitro biological evaluation showed the thiazepines to be moderately potent ICE inhibitors, with the most active compound exhibiting an IC50 value of 30 nM in an enzyme inhibition assay. Compounds of this class possessed good selectivity against the related enzymes caspase-3 and caspase-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Ellis
- Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, USA.
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10
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Dumont FJ. The interleukin-1 families of cytokines and receptors: therapeutic potential for immunomodulation and the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.7.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Soper DL, Sheville J, O'Neil SV, Wang Y, Laufersweiler MC, Oppong KA, Wos JA, Ellis CD, Fancher AN, Lu W, Suchanek MK, Wang RL, De B, Demuth TP. Synthesis and evaluation of novel 1-(2-acylhydrazinocarbonyl)-cycloalkyl carboxamides as interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4233-6. [PMID: 16782334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel 1-(2-acylhydrazinocarbonyl)cycloalkyl carboxamides were designed as peptidomimetic inhibitors of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE). A short synthesis was developed and moderately potent ICE inhibitors were identified (IC(50) values <100 nM). Most of the synthesized examples were selective for ICE versus the related cysteine proteases caspase-3 and caspase-8, although several dual-acting inhibitors of ICE and caspase-8 were identified. Several of the more potent ICE inhibitors were also shown to inhibit IL-1beta production in a whole cell assay (IC(50) < 500 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Soper
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Mason, OH 45040, USA
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12
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Laufersweiler MC, Wang Y, Soper DL, Suchanek MK, Fancher AN, Lu W, Wang RL, Oppong KA, Ellis CD, Baize MW, O'Neil SV, Wos JA, Demuth TP. Synthesis and evaluation of tricyclic pyrrolopyrimidinones as dipeptide mimetics: inhibition of interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4322-6. [PMID: 16046129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The application of a tricyclic pyrrolopyrimidinone scaffold for the synthesis of peptidomimetic inhibitors of interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE) is reported. The synthesis of the tricyclic scaffold and conversion of it to a variety of target ICE inhibitors were accomplished in 4-5 steps. In vitro biological evaluation of the tricyclic pyrrolopyrimidinones revealed fair to good ICE inhibitors, with the most active compound exhibiting an IC50 of 14 nM in a caspase-1 enzyme binding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Laufersweiler
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, USA.
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13
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Linton SD, Aja T, Armstrong RA, Bai X, Chen LS, Chen N, Ching B, Contreras P, Diaz JL, Fisher CD, Fritz LC, Gladstone P, Groessl T, Gu X, Herrmann J, Hirakawa BP, Hoglen NC, Jahangiri KG, Kalish VJ, Karanewsky DS, Kodandapani L, Krebs J, McQuiston J, Meduna SP, Nalley K, Robinson ED, Sayers RO, Sebring K, Spada AP, Ternansky RJ, Tomaselli KJ, Ullman BR, Valentino KL, Weeks S, Winn D, Wu JC, Yeo P, Zhang CZ. First-in-class pan caspase inhibitor developed for the treatment of liver disease. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6779-82. [PMID: 16250635 DOI: 10.1021/jm050307e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of oxamyl dipeptides were optimized for pan caspase inhibition, anti-apoptotic cellular activity and in vivo efficacy. This structure-activity relationship study focused on the P4 oxamides and warhead moieties. Primarily on the basis of in vitro data, inhibitors were selected for study in a murine model of alpha-Fas-induced liver injury. IDN-6556 (1) was further profiled in additional in vivo models and pharmacokinetic studies. This first-in-class caspase inhibitor is now the subject of two Phase II clinical trials, evaluating its safety and efficacy for use in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Linton
- Idun Pharmaceuticals, 9380 Judicial Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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14
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Schauer E, Wronski R, Patockova J, Moessler H, Doppler E, Hutter-Paier B, Windisch M. Neuroprotection of Cerebrolysin in tissue culture models of brain ischemia: post lesion application indicates a wide therapeutic window. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2005; 113:855-68. [PMID: 16362636 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-005-0384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
All attempts to reduce neuronal damage after acute brain ischemia by the use of neuroprotective compounds have failed to prove efficacy in clinical trials so far. One of the main reasons might be the relatively narrow time window for intervention. In this study 2 different tissue culture models of ischemia, excitotoxic lesion by the use of glutamate and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), were used to investigate the effects of delayed application of Cerebrolysin (Cere) on neuronal survival. This drug consists of low molecular weight peptides with neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties similar to naturally occurring growth factors. After both types of lesion, acute as well as delayed treatment with Cere resulted in a dose dependent and significant rescue of neurons. In the model of excitotoxic cell death significant drug effects were found even when the treatment started with a delay of 96 hours after addition of glutamate. In the OGD model pronounced effects were found after 48 hours delay of treatment, and even after 72 hours a small but significant rescue of neurons was detected. The neuroprotective effects of a single addition of Cerebrolysin to the culture medium resulted in significant protection until end of the experiments which was up to 2 weeks after the initial lesion. A shift of the efficacious dosages from low to high concentrations indicates that most likely active compounds are used up, indicating that multiple dosing might even increase the effect size. In conclusion the results indicate that Cere displays a relatively wide therapeutic time window which might be explained by a combination of acute neuroprotective properties and neurotrophic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schauer
- JSW-Research, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology, Graz, Austria
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15
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O'Neil SV, Wang Y, Laufersweiler MC, Oppong KA, Soper DL, Wos JA, Ellis CD, Baize MW, Bosch GK, Fancher AN, Lu W, Suchanek MK, Wang RL, De B, Demuth TP. Synthesis and evaluation of novel 8,6-fused bicyclic peptidomimetic compounds as interleukin-1β converting enzyme inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5434-8. [PMID: 16216507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Two novel 8,6-fused bicyclic peptidomimetic ring systems were synthesized utilizing olefin metathesis as the key reaction for the formation of the eight-membered ring. Both peptidomimetic scaffolds were further elaborated into potent ICE inhibitors, with numerous compounds exhibiting caspase-1 IC(50)s less than 10nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven V O'Neil
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, USA.
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16
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Ullman BR, Aja T, Chen N, Diaz JL, Gu X, Herrmann J, Kalish VJ, Karanewsky DS, Kodandapani L, Krebs JJ, Linton SD, Meduna SP, Nalley K, Robinson ED, Roggo SP, Sayers RO, Schmitz A, Ternansky RJ, Tomaselli KJ, Wu JC. Structure–activity relationships within a series of caspase inhibitors. Part 2: Heterocyclic warheads. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3632-6. [PMID: 15964758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Various heterocyclic hetero-methyl ketones of the 1-naphthyloxyacetyl-Val-Asp backbone have been prepared. A study of their structure-activity relationship (SAR) related to caspase-1, -3, -6, and -8 is reported. Their efficacy in a cellular model of cell death is also discussed. Potent broad-spectrum caspase inhibitors have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Ullman
- Idun Pharmaceuticals Inc., 9380 Judicial Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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17
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18
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Larner AJ. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in the prevention of neuronal cell death. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.4.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Linton SD, Aja T, Allegrini PR, Deckwerth TL, Diaz JL, Hengerer B, Herrmann J, Jahangiri KG, Kallen J, Karanewsky DS, Meduna SP, Nalley K, Robinson ED, Roggo S, Rovelli G, Sauter A, Sayers RO, Schmitz A, Smidt R, Ternansky RJ, Tomaselli KJ, Ullman BR, Wiessner C, Wu JC. Oxamyl dipeptide caspase inhibitors developed for the treatment of stroke. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:2685-91. [PMID: 15109679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Structural modifications were made to a previously described acyl dipeptide caspase inhibitor, leading to the oxamyl dipeptide series. Subsequent SAR studies directed toward the warhead, P2, and P4 regions of this novel peptidomimetic are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Linton
- Idun Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9380 Judicial Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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20
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Cai SX, Guan L, Jia S, Wang Y, Yang W, Tseng B, Drewe J. Dipeptidyl aspartyl fluoromethylketones as potent caspase inhibitors: SAR of the N-protecting group. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5295-300. [PMID: 15454214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 08/11/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of a group of N-protected Val-Asp-fmk as caspase inhibitors. The protecting group was found to contribute to caspase-3 inhibiting activity, and compounds with a large group such as Cbz are more active than compounds with a small group such as Ac. Compounds with more hydrophobic protecting groups were found to be more active in cell apoptosis protection assays, probably due to increased cell permeability. MX1122, 2,4-di-Cl-Cbz-Val-Asp-fmk, is identified as a potent broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor and is selective for caspases versus other proteases, with good activity in the cell apoptosis protection assays as well as good efficacy in the mouse liver apoptosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Xiong Cai
- Maxim Pharmaceuticals, 6650 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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21
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Wang Y, Huang JC, Zhou ZL, Yang W, Guastella J, Drewe J, Cai SX. Dipeptidyl aspartyl fluoromethylketones as potent caspase-3 inhibitors: SAR of the P 2 amino acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1269-72. [PMID: 14980679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2003] [Accepted: 12/09/2003] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of dipeptidyl aspartyl fluoromethylketones as caspase-3 inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies showed that for caspase-3 inhibition, Val is the best P(2) amino acid. The SAR studies also showed that the Asp free carboxylic acid in P(1) is important for caspase inhibiting activities, as well as for selectivity over other proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Maxim Pharmaceuticals, 6650 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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22
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Harter WG, Albrect H, Brady K, Caprathe B, Dunbar J, Gilmore J, Hays S, Kostlan CR, Lunney B, Walker N. The design and synthesis of sulfonamides as caspase-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:809-12. [PMID: 14741295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of sulfonamides (1) has been prepared as inhibitors of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE), also known as caspase 1. These compounds were designed to improve potency by rigidifying the enzyme bound molecule through an intramolecular hydrogen bond. An X-ray crystal structure of a representative member of this series bound to the active site of ICE, confirms the presence of the hydrogen bonding interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Harter
- Chemistry Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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23
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Ullman BR, Aja T, Deckwerth TL, Diaz JL, Herrmann J, Kalish VJ, Karanewsky DS, Meduna SP, Nalley K, Robinson ED, Roggo SP, Sayers RO, Schmitz A, Ternansky RJ, Tomaselli KJ, Wu JC. Structure-activity relationships within a series of caspase inhibitors: effect of leaving group modifications. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 13:3623-6. [PMID: 14505683 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Various aryloxy methyl ketones of the 1-naphthyloxyacetyl-Val-Asp backbone have been prepared. A systematic study of their structure-activity relationship (SAR) related to caspases 1, 3, 6, and 8 is reported. Highly potent irreversible broad-spectrum caspase inhibitors have been identified. Their efficacy in cellular models of cell death and inflammation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Ullman
- Idun Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9380 Judicial Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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24
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Powers JC, Asgian JL, Ekici OD, James KE. Irreversible inhibitors of serine, cysteine, and threonine proteases. Chem Rev 2002; 102:4639-750. [PMID: 12475205 DOI: 10.1021/cr010182v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 818] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C Powers
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA.
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25
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Linton SD, Karanewsky DS, Ternansky RJ, Wu JC, Pham B, Kodandapani L, Smidt R, Diaz JL, Fritz LC, Tomaselli KJ. Acyl dipeptides as reversible caspase inhibitors. Part 1: Initial Lead Optimization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2969-71. [PMID: 12270185 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Parallel synthesis was used to explore the SAR of a peptidomimetic caspase inhibitor. The most potent compound had nanomolar activity against caspases 1, 3, 6, 7, and 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Linton
- Idun Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9380 Judicial Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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26
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Linton SD, Karanewsky DS, Ternansky RJ, Chen N, Guo X, Jahangiri KG, Kalish VJ, Meduna SP, Robinson ED, Ullman BR, Wu JC, Pham B, Kodandapani L, Smidt R, Diaz JL, Fritz LC, von Krosigk U, Roggo S, Schmitz A, Tomaselli KJ. Acyl dipeptides as reversible caspase inhibitors. Part 2: further optimization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2973-5. [PMID: 12270186 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A new structural class of broad spectrum caspase inhibitors was optimized for its activity against caspases 1, 3, 6, 7, and 8. The most potent compound had low nanomolar broad spectrum activity, in particular, single digit nanomolar inhibitory activity against caspase 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Linton
- Idun Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9380 Judicial Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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