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Afosah DK, Fayyad RM, Puliafico VR, Merrell S, Langmia EK, Diagne SR, Al-Horani RA, Desai UR. Homogeneous, Synthetic, Non-Saccharide Glycosaminoglycan Mimetics as Potent Inhibitors of Human Cathepsin G. Biomolecules 2023; 13:760. [PMID: 37238630 PMCID: PMC10216581 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin G (CatG) is a pro-inflammatory neutrophil serine protease that is important for host defense, and has been implicated in several inflammatory disorders. Hence, inhibition of CatG holds much therapeutic potential; however, only a few inhibitors have been identified to date, and none have reached clinical trials. Of these, heparin is a well-known inhibitor of CatG, but its heterogeneity and bleeding risk reduce its clinical potential. We reasoned that synthetic small mimetics of heparin, labeled as non-saccharide glycosaminoglycan mimetics (NSGMs), would exhibit potent CatG inhibition while being devoid of bleeding risks associated with heparin. Hence, we screened a focused library of 30 NSGMs for CatG inhibition using a chromogenic substrate hydrolysis assay and identified nano- to micro-molar inhibitors with varying levels of efficacy. Of these, a structurally-defined, octasulfated di-quercetin NSGM 25 inhibited CatG with a potency of ~50 nM. NSGM 25 binds to CatG in an allosteric site through an approximately equal contribution of ionic and nonionic forces. Octasulfated 25 exhibits no impact on human plasma clotting, suggesting minimal bleeding risk. Considering that octasulfated 25 also potently inhibits two other pro-inflammatory proteases, human neutrophil elastase and human plasmin, the current results imply the possibility of a multi-pronged anti-inflammatory approach in which these proteases are likely to simultaneously likely combat important conditions, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, emphysema, or cystic fibrosis, with minimal bleeding risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Afosah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (R.M.F.)
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Rawan M. Fayyad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (R.M.F.)
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Valerie R. Puliafico
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450, USA
| | - Spencer Merrell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450, USA
| | - Eltice K. Langmia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450, USA
| | - Sophie R. Diagne
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Rami A. Al-Horani
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (R.M.F.)
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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Strøbech JE, Giuriatti P, Erler JT. NEUTROPHIL INFLUENCE ON EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN CANCER PROGRESSION. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C486-C493. [PMID: 35759433 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00122.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
1 in 3 persons will develop cancer in their lifetime and the majority of these patients will die from the spread of their cancer through their body - a process known as metastasis. Metastasis is strongly regulated by the tumor microenvironment (TME) comprised of cellular and non-cellular components. In this review, we will focus on the role of neutrophils regulating the extracellular matrix (ECM), enabling ECM remodeling and cancer progression. In particular, we highlight the role of neutrophil-secreted proteases (NSP) and how these promote metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Erik Strøbech
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pietro Giuriatti
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janine T Erler
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Camostat Does Not Inhibit the Proteolytic Activity of Neutrophil Serine Proteases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050500. [PMID: 35631327 PMCID: PMC9144258 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to multi-organ failure influenced by comorbidities and age. Binding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein (SARS-CoV-2 S protein) to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), along with proteolytic digestion of the S protein by furin and transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2), provokes internalization of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cell. Productive infection occurs through viral replication in the cytosol and cell-to-cell transmission. The catalytic activity of TMPRSS2 can be blocked by the trypsin-like serine protease inhibitor camostat, which impairs infection by SARS-CoV-2. At the site of infection, immune cells, such as neutrophils, infiltrate and become activated, releasing neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs), including cathepsin G (CatG), neutrophil elastase (NE), and proteinase 3 (PR3), which promote the mounting of a robust immune response. However, NSPs might be involved in infection and the severe outcome of COVID-19 since the uncontrolled proteolytic activity is responsible for many complications, including autoimmunity, chronic inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and thrombosis. Here, we demonstrate that camostat does not inhibit the catalytic activity of CatG, NE, and PR3, indicating the need for additional selective serine protease inhibitors to reduce the risk of developing severe COVID-19.
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Burster T, Mustafa Z, Myrzakhmetova D, Zhanapiya A, Zimecki M. Hindrance of the Proteolytic Activity of Neutrophil-Derived Serine Proteases by Serine Protease Inhibitors as a Management of Cardiovascular Diseases and Chronic Inflammation. Front Chem 2021; 9:784003. [PMID: 34869231 PMCID: PMC8634265 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.784003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During inflammation neutrophils become activated and segregate neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) to the surrounding environment in order to support a natural immune defense. However, an excess of proteolytic activity of NSPs can cause many complications, such as cardiovascular diseases and chronic inflammatory disorders, which will be elucidated on a biochemical and immunological level. The application of selective serine protease inhibitors is the logical consequence in the management of the indicated comorbidities and will be summarized in this briefing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhadyra Mustafa
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Dinara Myrzakhmetova
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Anuar Zhanapiya
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Michal Zimecki
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Lignosulfonic Acid Sodium Is a Noncompetitive Inhibitor of Human Factor XIa. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090886. [PMID: 34577586 PMCID: PMC8466798 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticoagulant activity of lignosulfonic acid sodium (LSAS), a non-saccharide heparin mimetic, was investigated in this study. LSAS is a relatively safe industrial byproduct with similar polyanionic characteristics to that of heparin. Human plasma clotting assays, fibrin polymerization testing, and enzyme inhibition assays were exploited to investigate the anticoagulant activity of LSAS. In normal human plasma, LSAS selectively doubled the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) at ~308 µg/mL. Equally, LSAS doubled APTT at ~275 µg/mL in antithrombin-deficient plasma. Yet, LSAS doubled APTT at a higher concentration of 429 µg/mL using factor XI-deficient plasma. LSAS did not affect FXIIIa-mediated fibrin polymerization at 1000 µg/mL. Enzyme assays revealed that LSAS inhibits factor XIa (FXIa) with an IC50 value of ~8 μg/mL. LSAS did not inhibit thrombin, factor IXa, factor Xa, factor XIIIa, chymotrypsin, or trypsin at the highest concentrations tested and demonstrated significant selectivity against factor XIIa and plasmin. In Michaelis–Menten kinetics, LSAS decreased the VMAX of FXIa hydrolysis of a tripeptide chromogenic substrate without significantly changing its KM indicating an allosteric inhibition mechanism. The inhibitor also disrupted the generation of FXIa–antithrombin complex, inhibited factor XIIa-mediated and thrombin-mediated activation of the zymogen factor XI to FXIa, and competed with heparin for binding to FXIa. Its action appears to be reversed by protamine sulfate. Structure–activity relationship studies demonstrated the advantageous selectivity and allosteric behavior of LSAS over the acetylated and desulfonated derivatives of LSAS. LSAS is a sulfonated heparin mimetic that demonstrates significant anticoagulant activity in human plasma. Overall, it appears that LSAS is a potent, selective, and allosteric inhibitor of FXIa with significant anticoagulant activity in human plasma. Altogether, this study introduces LSAS as a promising lead for further development as an anticoagulant.
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Kasus-Jacobi A, Washburn JL, Land CA, Pereira HA. Neutrophil Granule Proteins Inhibit Amyloid Beta Aggregation and Neurotoxicity. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:414-427. [PMID: 34429047 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210823095044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A role for neutrophils in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is emerging. We previously showed that the neutrophil granule proteins cationic antimicrobial protein of 37 kDa (CAP37), cathepsin G (CG), and neutrophil elastase (NE) directly bind the amyloid-beta peptide Aβ1-42, a central player in AD pathogenesis. CAP37, CG, and NE are serine proteases that can cleave Aβ1-42 at different sites and with different catalytic activities. OBJECTIVE In this study, we compared the effects of these three proteins on Aβ1-42 fibrillation and neurotoxicity. METHODS Using mass spectrometry and in vitro aggregation assay, we found that NE and CG efficiently cleave Aβ1-42. This cleavage correlates well with the inhibition of Aβ1-42 aggregation into fibrils. In contrast, CAP37 did not efficiently cleave Aβ1-42, but was still able to inhibit its fibrillation, most likely through a quenching effect. Inhibition of Aβ1-42 aggregation by NE and CG neutralized its toxicity measured in cultured neurons. In contrast, inhibition of Aβ1-42 aggregation by CAP37 did not inhibit its neurotoxicity. RESULTS We found that a peptide derived from CAP37 could mimic the quenching and inhibition of Aβ1-42 aggregation effects of the full-length protein. Additionally, this peptide was able to inhibit the neurotoxicity of the most toxic Aβ1-42 aggregate, an effect that was not found with the full-length CAP37. CONCLUSION These results shed light on the mechanisms of action of neutrophil granule proteins with regard to inhibition of Aβ1-42 aggregation and neurotoxicity and open up a possible strategy for the discovery of new disease-modifying drugs for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kasus-Jacobi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jennifer L Washburn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Craig A Land
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Heloise Anne Pereira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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Amaral A, Fernandes C, Morazzo S, Rebordão MR, Szóstek-Mioduchowska A, Lukasik K, Gawronska-Kozak B, Telo da Gama L, Skarzynski DJ, Ferreira-Dias G. The Inhibition of Cathepsin G on Endometrial Explants With Endometrosis in the Mare. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:582211. [PMID: 33195599 PMCID: PMC7661753 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.582211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although proteases found in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have antimicrobial properties, they also stimulate collagen type 1 (COL1) production by the mare endometrium, contributing for the development of endometrosis. Cathepsin G (CAT), a protease present in NETs, is inhibited by specific inhibitors, such as cathepsin G inhibitor I (INH; β-keto-phosphonic acid). Matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs) are proteases involved in the equilibrium of the extracellular matrix. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of CAT and INH (a selective CAT inhibitor) on the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and on gelatinolytic activity. In addition, the putative inhibitory effect of INH on CAT-induced COL1 production in mare endometrium was assessed. Endometrial explants retrieved from mares in follicular phase or midluteal phase were treated for 24 or 48 h with CAT, inhibitor alone, or both treatments. In explants, transcripts (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) of COL1A2, MMP2, and MMP9, as well as the relative abundance of COL1 protein (Western blot), and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 (zymography) were evaluated. The protease CAT induced COL1 expression in explants, at both estrous cycle phases and treatment times. The inhibitory effect of INH was observed on COL1A2 transcripts in follicular phase at 24-h treatment, and in midluteal phase at 48 h (P < 0.05), and on the relative abundance of COL protein in follicular phase and midluteal phase explants, at 48 h (P < 0.001). Our study suggests that MMP-2 might also be involved in an earlier response to CAT, and MMP-9 in a later response, mainly in the follicular phase. While the use of INH reduced CAT-induced COL1 endometrial expression, MMPs might be involved in the fibrogenic response to CAT. Therefore, in mare endometrium, the use of INH may be a future potential therapeutic means to reduce CAT-induced COL1 formation and to hamper endometrosis establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Amaral
- Department Morfologia e Função, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carina Fernandes
- Department Morfologia e Função, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Morazzo
- Department Morfologia e Função, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosa Rebordão
- Department Morfologia e Função, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Polytechnic of Coimbra, Coimbra Agriculture School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Karolina Lukasik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Science, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Gawronska-Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Science, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Luís Telo da Gama
- Department Morfologia e Função, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dariusz Jan Skarzynski
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Science, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Graça Ferreira-Dias
- Department Morfologia e Função, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Hiroyasu S, Turner CT, Richardson KC, Granville DJ. Proteases in Pemphigoid Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1454. [PMID: 31297118 PMCID: PMC6607946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigoid diseases are a subgroup of autoimmune skin diseases characterized by widespread tense blisters. Standard of care typically involves immunosuppressive treatments, which may be insufficient and are often associated with significant adverse events. As such, a deeper understanding of the pathomechanism(s) of pemphigoid diseases is necessary in order to identify improved therapeutic approaches. A major initiator of pemphigoid diseases is the accumulation of autoantibodies against proteins at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ), followed by protease activation at the lesion. The contribution of proteases to pemphigoid disease pathogenesis has been investigated using a combination of in vitro and in vivo models. These studies suggest proteolytic degradation of anchoring proteins proximal to the DEJ is crucial for dermal-epidermal separation and blister formation. In addition, proteases can also augment inflammation, expose autoantigenic cryptic epitopes, and/or provoke autoantigen spreading, which are all important in pemphigoid disease pathology. The present review summarizes and critically evaluates the current understanding with respect to the role of proteases in pemphigoid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Hiroyasu
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher T. Turner
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katlyn C. Richardson
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J. Granville
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Yang C, Song HW, Liu W, Dong XS, Liu Z. Protective Effects of Chymostatin on Paraquat-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice. Inflammation 2018; 41:122-133. [PMID: 28940034 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the role of chymostatin in paraquat-induced acute lung injury. Institute of Cancer Research mice were randomly distributed into the NS, DMSO, chymostatin, paraquat or chymostatin treatment groups. Six mice from each group were intraperitoneally injected with chloral hydrate at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h after treatment administration. Blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture. Lung tissues were stained with haematoxylin and eosin for the observation of lung histology. The degree of pulmonary oedema was determined on the basis of lung wet-to-dry ratio (W/D). The serum activity of cathepsin G was determined through substrate fluorescence assay. The serum levels of endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (endocan), tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) were determined through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of endocan and nuclear NF-κBp65 in the lung were quantified through Western blot. Chymostatin alleviated the pathological changes associated with acute alveolitis in mice; decreased the lung W/D ratio, the activity of cathepsin G and the serum concentrations of TNF-a, IL-1β, IL-6 and HMGB1; and increased the serum concentration of endocan. Western blot results revealed that chymostatin up-regulated endocan expression and down-regulated nuclear NF-κBp65 expression in the lung. Chymostatin reversed the inflammatory effects of paraquat-induced lung injury by inhibiting cathepsin G activity to up-regulate endocan expression and indirectly inhibit NF-κBp65 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Wei Song
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Song Dong
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, P. R. China.
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Gudmann NS, Manon-Jensen T, Sand JMB, Diefenbach C, Sun S, Danielsen A, Karsdal MA, Leeming DJ. Lung tissue destruction by proteinase 3 and cathepsin G mediated elastin degradation is elevated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1284-1290. [PMID: 30017196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by high levels of protease activity leading to degradation of elastin followed by loss of elasticity of the lung and the development of emphysema. Elastin is an essential structural component of the lung parenchyma to support the expansion and recoil of the alveoli during breathing. The lung extracellular matrix is vulnerable to pathological structural changes upon upregulation of serine proteases, including cathepsin G (CG) and proteinase 3 (PR3). In this study, we explored the diagnostic features of elastin neo-epitopes generated by CG and PR3. Two novel competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) measuring CG and PR3 generated elastin fragments (EL-CG and ELP-3 respectively) were developed for assessment in serum. Both assays were technically robust and biologically validated in serum from patients with COPD. Serological levels of both elastin fragments were significantly elevated in patients with COPD compared to healthy controls. These data suggest that EL-CG and ELP-3 may serve as plausible biologic markers of destructive changes in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shu Sun
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
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11
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Sullivan GP, Henry CM, Clancy DM, Mametnabiev T, Belotcerkovskaya E, Davidovich P, Sura-Trueba S, Garabadzhiu AV, Martin SJ. Suppressing IL-36-driven inflammation using peptide pseudosubstrates for neutrophil proteases. Cell Death Dis 2018. [PMID: 29515113 PMCID: PMC5841435 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sterile inflammation is initiated by molecules released from necrotic cells, called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Members of the extended IL-1 cytokine family are important DAMPs, are typically only released through necrosis, and require limited proteolytic processing for activation. The IL-1 family cytokines, IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ, are expressed as inactive precursors and have been implicated as key initiators of psoriatic-type skin inflammation. We have recently found that IL-36 family cytokines are proteolytically processed and activated by the neutrophil granule-derived proteases, elastase, and cathepsin G. Inhibitors of IL-36 processing may therefore have utility as anti-inflammatory agents through suppressing activation of the latter cytokines. We have identified peptide-based pseudosubstrates for cathepsin G and elastase, based on optimal substrate cleavage motifs, which can antagonize activation of all three IL-36 family cytokines by the latter proteases. Human psoriatic skin plaques displayed elevated IL-36β processing activity that could be antagonized by peptide pseudosubstrates specific for cathepsin G. Thus, antagonists of neutrophil-derived proteases may have therapeutic potential for blocking activation of IL-36 family cytokines in inflammatory conditions such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme P Sullivan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Conor M Henry
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Danielle M Clancy
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Tazhir Mametnabiev
- Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Technical University, Moskovskii Prospekt, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Belotcerkovskaya
- Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Technical University, Moskovskii Prospekt, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel Davidovich
- Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Technical University, Moskovskii Prospekt, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sylvia Sura-Trueba
- Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Technical University, Moskovskii Prospekt, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander V Garabadzhiu
- Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Technical University, Moskovskii Prospekt, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Seamus J Martin
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Technical University, Moskovskii Prospekt, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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12
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Cathepsin G and Its Role in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases. Arch Rheumatol 2018; 33:498-504. [PMID: 30874236 DOI: 10.5606/archrheumatol.2018.6595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin G belongs to the neutrophil serine proteases family, known for its function in killing pathogens. Studies over the past several years indicate that cathepsin G has important effects on inflammation and immune reaction, and may be a key factor in the pathogenesis of some autoimmune diseases. In this article, we discuss the roles of cathepsin G in inflammation, immune reaction, and autoimmune diseases. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing important information about cathepsin G in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and suggesting that cathepsin G may be a new biomarker or treatment target.
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Cocchiaro P, De Pasquale V, Della Morte R, Tafuri S, Avallone L, Pizard A, Moles A, Pavone LM. The Multifaceted Role of the Lysosomal Protease Cathepsins in Kidney Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:114. [PMID: 29312937 PMCID: PMC5742100 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease is worldwide the 12th leading cause of death affecting 8–16% of the entire population. Kidney disease encompasses acute (short-lasting episode) and chronic (developing over years) pathologies both leading to renal failure. Since specific treatments for acute or chronic kidney disease are limited, more than 2 million people a year require dialysis or kidney transplantation. Several recent evidences identified lysosomal proteases cathepsins as key players in kidney pathophysiology. Cathepsins, originally found in the lysosomes, exert important functions also in the cytosol and nucleus of cells as well as in the extracellular space, thus participating in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Based on their catalytic active site residue, the 15 human cathepsins identified up to now are classified in three different families: serine (cathepsins A and G), aspartate (cathepsins D and E), or cysteine (cathepsins B, C, F, H, K, L, O, S, V, X, and W) proteases. Specifically in the kidney, cathepsins B, D, L and S have been shown to regulate extracellular matrix homeostasis, autophagy, apoptosis, glomerular permeability, endothelial function, and inflammation. Dysregulation of their expression/activity has been associated to the onset and progression of kidney disease. This review summarizes most of the recent findings that highlight the critical role of cathepsins in kidney disease development and progression. A better understanding of the signaling pathways governed by cathepsins in kidney physiopathology may yield novel selective biomarkers or therapeutic targets for developing specific treatments against kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Cocchiaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Faculty of Medicine, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, "Défaillance Cardiaque Aigüe et Chronique", Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Center for Clinical Investigation 1433, Nancy, France.,CHRU de Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, Nancy, France
| | - Valeria De Pasquale
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Della Morte
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Tafuri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anne Pizard
- Faculty of Medicine, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, "Défaillance Cardiaque Aigüe et Chronique", Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Center for Clinical Investigation 1433, Nancy, France.,CHRU de Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, Nancy, France
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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14
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Jun HK, Jung YJ, Ji S, An SJ, Choi BK. Caspase-4 activation by a bacterial surface protein is mediated by cathepsin G in human gingival fibroblasts. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:380-391. [PMID: 29077095 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-4 is an inflammatory caspase; however, its mechanism of activation is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that Td92, a surface protein of the periodontal pathogen Treponema denticola and a homolog of the Treponema pallidum surface protein Tp92, activates caspase-4 and induces pyroptosis in primary cultured human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) via cathepsin G activation. Cathepsin G inhibition or siRNA knockdown of cathepsin G inhibited Td92-induced caspase-4 activation and cell death. Td92-induced cell death was significantly inhibited by siRNA knockdown of gasdermin D. Td92 treatment resulted in the binding of cathepsin G to caspase-4 and the coaggregation of these two molecules. In addition, Td92 induced IL-1α expression and secretion, and this was inhibited by caspase-4 knockdown. Cytochalasin D did not block Td92-induced caspase-4 activation, suggesting that Td92 internalization is not required for caspase-4 activation. Our results demonstrate that cathepsin G is directly engaged in caspase-4 activation by a bacterial ligand, which is responsible for cell death and IL-1α secretion in HGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyoung Jun
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jung Jung
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Ji
- Department of Periodontology, Ajou University Hospital, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Jin An
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Kyu Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.,Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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15
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Karatzas E, Bourdakou MM, Kolios G, Spyrou GM. Drug repurposing in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis filtered by a bioinformatics-derived composite score. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12569. [PMID: 28974751 PMCID: PMC5626774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12849-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a rare disease of the respiratory system in which the lungs stiffen and get scarred, resulting in breathing weakness and eventually leading to death. Drug repurposing is a process that provides evidence for existing drugs that may also be effective in different diseases. In this study, we present a computational pipeline having as input a number of gene expression datasets from early and advanced stages of IPF and as output lists of repurposed drugs ranked with a novel composite score. We have devised and used a scoring formula in order to rank the repurposed drugs, consolidating the standard repurposing score with structural, functional and side effects' scores for each drug per stage of IPF. The whole pipeline involves the selection of proper gene expression datasets, data preprocessing and statistical analysis, selection of the most important genes related to the disease, analysis of biological pathways, investigation of related molecular mechanisms, identification of fibrosis-related microRNAs, drug repurposing, structural and literature-based analysis of the repurposed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Karatzas
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Athens, 15784, Ilissia Athens, Greece
| | - M M Bourdakou
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou 4, 115 27, Athens, Greece
- Bioinformatics ERA Chair, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 6 International Airport Avenue, Nicosia, 2370, Cyprus
| | - G Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - G M Spyrou
- Bioinformatics ERA Chair, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 6 International Airport Avenue, Nicosia, 2370, Cyprus.
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16
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Abstract
Proteases target many substrates, triggering changes in distinct biological processes correlated with cell migration, EMT/EndMT and fibrosis. Extracellular protease activity, demonstrated by secreted and membrane-bound protease forms, leads to ECM degradation, activation of other proteases (i.e., proteolysis of nonactive zymogens), decomposition of cell-cell junctions, release of sequestered growth factors (TGF-β and VEGF), activation of signal proteins and receptors, degradation of inflammatory inhibitors or inflammation-related proteins, and changes in cell mechanosensing and motility. Intracellular proteases, mainly caspases and cathepsins, modulate lysosome activity and signal transduction pathways. Herein, we discuss the current knowledge on the multidimensional impact of proteases on the development of fibrosis.
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17
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Swedberg JE, Li CY, de Veer SJ, Wang CK, Craik DJ. Design of Potent and Selective Cathepsin G Inhibitors Based on the Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor-1 Scaffold. J Med Chem 2017; 60:658-667. [PMID: 28045523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are directly responsible for destroying invading pathogens via reactive oxygen species, antimicrobial peptides, and neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs). Imbalance between NSP activity and endogenous protease inhibitors is associated with chronic inflammatory disorders, and engineered inhibitors of NSPs are a potential therapeutic pathway. In this study we characterized the extended substrate specificity (P4-P1) of the NSP cathepsin G using a peptide substrate library. Substituting preferred cathepsin G substrate sequences into sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1) produced a potent cathepsin G inhibitor (Ki = 0.89 nM). Cathepsin G's P2' preference was determined by screening against a P2' diverse SFTI-based library, and the most preferred residue at P2' was combined in SFTI-1 with a preferred substrate sequence (P4-P2) and a nonproteinogenic P1 residue (4-guanidyl-l-phenylalanine) to produce a potent (Ki = 1.6 nM) and the most selective (≥360-fold) engineered cathepsin G inhibitor reported to date. This compound is a promising lead for further development of cathepsin G inhibitors targeting chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Choi Yi Li
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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18
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Nurwidya F, Damayanti T, Yunus F. The Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in the Immunopathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2016; 79:5-13. [PMID: 26770229 PMCID: PMC4701795 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2016.79.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease of the airways and lungs that results in limitations of continuous airflow and is caused by exposure to noxious gasses and particles. A major cause of morbidity and mortality in adults, COPD is a complex disease pathologically mediated by many inflammatory pathways. Macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and CD8+ T-lymphocytes are the key inflammatory cells involved in COPD. Recently, the non-coding small RNA, micro-RNA, have also been intensively investigated and evidence suggest that it plays a role in the pathogenesis of COPD. Here, we discuss the accumulated evidence that has since revealed the role of each inflammatory cell and their involvement in the immunopathogenesis of COPD. Mechanisms of steroid resistance in COPD will also be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariz Nurwidya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Persahabatan General Hospital, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Triya Damayanti
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Persahabatan General Hospital, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Faisal Yunus
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Persahabatan General Hospital, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Jakarta, Indonesia
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