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Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V. Prescribed drugs containing nitrogen heterocycles: an overview. RSC Adv 2020; 10:44247-44311. [PMID: 35557843 PMCID: PMC9092475 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09198g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteroatoms as well as heterocyclic scaffolds are frequently present as the common cores in a plethora of active pharmaceuticals natural products. Statistically, more than 85% of all biologically active compounds are heterocycles or comprise a heterocycle and most frequently, nitrogen heterocycles as a backbone in their complex structures. These facts disclose and emphasize the vital role of heterocycles in modern drug design and drug discovery. In this review, we try to present a comprehensive overview of top prescribed drugs containing nitrogen heterocycles, describing their pharmacological properties, medical applications and their selected synthetic pathways. It is worth mentioning that the reported examples are actually limited to current top selling drugs, being or containing N-heterocycles and their synthetic information has been extracted from both scientific journals and the wider patent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University PO Box 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran +98 21 88041344 +98 21 88044051
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University PO Box 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran +98 21 88041344 +98 21 88044051
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Kumar V, Gupta GK, Kaur K, Singh R. 4-Fluorophenylhydrazones as potential COX-2 inhibitors: a novel, efficient, one pot solid phase synthesis, docking study and pharmacological evaluation. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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3
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Chu XP, Zhou QF, Zhao S, Ge FF, Fu M, Chen JP, Lu T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-amino-2-pyrones as selective cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitors. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Dadiboyena S, Nefzi A. Recent methodologies toward the synthesis of valdecoxib: a potential 3,4-diarylisoxazolyl COX-II inhibitor. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:4697-707. [PMID: 20724040 PMCID: PMC3263766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used therapeutic agents in the treatment of inflammation, pain and fever. Cyclooxygenase catalyzes the initial step of biotransformation of arachidonic acid to prostanoids, and exist as three distinct isozymes; COX-I, COX-II and COX-III. Selective COX-II inhibitors are a class of potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic drugs with reduced gastrointestinal (GI) side effects compared to nonselective inhibitors. 3,4-Diarylisoxazole scaffold is recurrently found in a wide variety of NSAIDs, protein kinase inhibitors, hypertensive agents, and estrogen receptor (ER) modulators. In the present review, we document on the recent synthetic strategies of 3,4-diarylisoxazolyl scaffolds of valdecoxib and its relevant structural analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adel Nefzi
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie FL 34987 USA
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Eren G, Unlü S, Nuñez MT, Labeaga L, Ledo F, Entrena A, Banoğlu E, Costantino G, Sahin MF. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking studies of novel heterocyclic diaryl compounds as selective COX-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6367-76. [PMID: 20692174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three novel series of diaryl heterocyclic derivatives bearing the 2-oxo-5H-furan, 2-oxo-3H-1,3-oxazole, and 1H-pyrazole moieties as the central heterocyclic ring were synthesized and their in vitro inhibitory activities on COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms were evaluated using a purified enzyme assay. The 2-oxo-5H-furan derivative 6b was identified as potent COX inhibitor with selectivity toward COX-1 (COX-1 IC(50)=0.061 microM and COX-2 IC(50)=0.325 microM; selectivity index (SI)=0.19). Among the 1H-pyrazole derivatives, 11b was found to be a potent COX-2 inhibitor, about 38 times more potent than Rofecoxib (COX-2 IC(50)=0.011 microM and 0.398 microM, respectively), but showed no selectivity for COX-2 isoform. Compound 11c demonstrated strong and selective COX-2 inhibitory activity (COX-1 IC(50)=1 microM, COX-2 IC(50)=0.011 microM; SI= approximately 92). Molecular docking studies of compounds 6b and 11b-d into the binding sites of COX-1 and COX-2 allowed to shed light on the binding mode of these novel COX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçen Eren
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel imidazolone derivatives as potential COX-2 inhibitors. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:562-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Salimi M, Ghahremani MH, Naderi N, Amini M, Salimi E, Amanlou M, Abdi K, Salehi R, Shafiee A. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 4-[2-alkylthio-5(4)-(4-substitutedphenyl)imidazole-4(5)yl]benzenesulfonamides as selective COX-2 inhibitors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1254-60. [PMID: 17640491 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To design and synthesize a series of benzenesulfonamide derivatives, 4-[2-alkylthio-5(4)-(4-substitutedphenyl)imidazole-4(5)-yl]benzenesulfonamides (4a-4j), which are intended to act as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors with good COX-2 inhibitor activity, and which will exert anti-inflammatory activities in vivo. METHODS Benzenesulfonamide derivatives were designed and synthesized through multi-step chemical reactions. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated in an in vitro assay. The active compound 4a-4f was selected for further evaluation in a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. RESULTS Docking studies showed that compound 4 bind into the primary binding site of COX-2 with the sulfonamide SO2NH2 moiety interacting with the secondary pocket amino acid residues. In the in vitro assay, compound 4 inhibited COX-2 with an inhibition concentration IC(50) value of 1.23-8 nmol/L, compared to celecoxib with IC(50) value of 1.5 nmol/L. Compound 4b and 4c had good potency and selectivity in comparison to the celecoxib. In the in vivo model, compound 4a-4f exhibited a moderate potency to inhibit 50% carrageenan-induced paw edema with value of 1.58-4.3 mg/kg. In the latter experiment, compound 4c was the most active compound. CONCLUSION The anti-inflammatory effects obtained for compound 4a-4j could be due to the presence of fluorine or hydrogen substituents in the para position of the phenyl ring of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Salimi
- Research and Development Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Kasas, Iran
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8
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Michaux C, de Leval X, Julémont F, Dogné JM, Pirotte B, Durant F. Structure-based pharmacophore of COX-2 selective inhibitors and identification of original lead compounds from 3D database searching method. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:1446-55. [PMID: 17030482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A four-point pharmacophore of COX-2 selective inhibitors was derived from a training set of 16 compounds, using the Catalyst program. It consists of a H bond acceptor, two hydrophobic groups and an aromatic ring, in accordance with SAR data of the compounds and with topology of the COX-2 active site. This hypothesis, combined with exclusion volume spheres representing important residues of the COX-2 binding site, was used to virtually screen the Maybridge database. Eight compounds were selected for an in vitro enzymatic assay. Five of them show COX-2 inhibition close to that of nimesulide and rofecoxib, two reference COX-2 selective inhibitors. As a result, structure-based pharmacophore generation was able to identify original lead compounds, inhibiting the COX-2 isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Michaux
- Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique Structurale, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
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Abstract
We present a new molecular design program, FlexNovo, for structure-based searching within large fragment spaces following a sequential growth strategy. The fragment spaces consist of several thousands of chemical fragments and a corresponding set of rules that specify how the fragments can be connected. FlexNovo is based on the FlexX molecular docking software and makes use of its incremental construction algorithm and the underlying chemical models. Interaction energies are calculated by using standard scoring functions. Several placement geometry, physicochemical property (drug-likeness), and diversity filter criteria are directly integrated into the "build-up" process. FlexNovo has been used to design potential inhibitors for four targets of pharmaceutical interest (dihydrofolate reductase, cyclin-dependant kinase 2, cyclooxygenase-2, and the estrogen receptor). We have carried out calculations using different diversity parameters for each of these targets and generated solution sets containing up to 50 molecules. The compounds obtained show that FlexNovo is able to generate a diverse set of reasonable molecules with drug-like properties. The results, including an automated similarity analysis with the Feature Tree program, indicate that FlexNovo often reproduces structural motifs as well as the corresponding binding modes seen in known active structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Degen
- Center for Bioinformatics, ZBH, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 43, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Liu HX, Zhang RS, Yao XJ, Liu MC, Hu ZD, Fan BT. QSAR and classification models of a novel series of COX-2 selective inhibitors: 1,5-diarylimidazoles based on support vector machines. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2005; 18:389-99. [PMID: 15663000 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-004-2722-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The support vector machine, which is a novel algorithm from the machine learning community, was used to develop quantitation and classification models which can be used as a potential screening mechanism for a novel series of COX-2 selective inhibitors. Each compound was represented by calculated structural descriptors that encode constitutional, topological, geometrical, electrostatic, and quantum-chemical features. The heuristic method was then used to search the descriptor space and select the descriptors responsible for activity. Quantitative modelling results in a nonlinear, seven-descriptor model based on SVMs with root mean-square errors of 0.107 and 0.136 for training and prediction sets, respectively. The best classification results are found using SVMs: the accuracy for training and test sets is 91.2% and 88.2%, respectively. This paper proposes a new and effective method for drug design and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- H X Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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12
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Park H, Lee S. Free energy perturbation approach to the critical assessment of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2005; 19:17-31. [PMID: 16059664 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-005-0098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors represents a major achievement of the efforts over the past few decades to develop therapeutic treatments for inflammation. To gain insights into designing new COX-2-selective inhibitors, we address the energetic and structural basis for the selective inhibition of COX isozymes by means of a combined computational protocol involving docking experiment, force field design for the heme prothetic group, and free energy perturbation (FEP) simulation. We consider both COX-2- and COX-1-selective inhibitors taking the V523I mutant of COX-2 to be a relevant structural model for COX-1 as confirmed by a variety of experimental and theoretical evidences. For all COX-2-selective inhibitors under consideration, we find that free energies of binding become less favorable as the receptor changes from COX-2 to COX-1, due to the weakening and/or loss of hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions that stabilize the inhibitors in the COX-2 active site. On the other hand, COX-1-selective oxicam inhibitors gain extra stabilization energy with the change of residue 523 from valine to isoleucine because of the formations of new hydrogen bonds in the enzyme-inhibitor complexes. The utility of the combined computational approach, as a valuable tool for in silico screening of COX-2-selective inhibitors, is further exemplified by identifying the physicochemical origins of the enantiospecific selective inhibition of COX-2 by alpha-substituted indomethacin ethanolamide inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwangseo Park
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Center for Molecular Catalysis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea.
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Almansa C, Bartrolí J, Belloc J, Cavalcanti FL, Ferrando R, Gómez LA, Ramis I, Carceller E, Merlos M, García-Rafanell J. New Water-Soluble Sulfonylphosphoramidic Acid Derivatives of the COX-2 Selective Inhibitor Cimicoxib. A Novel Approach to Sulfonamide Prodrugs. J Med Chem 2004; 47:5579-82. [PMID: 15481993 DOI: 10.1021/jm040844j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of new water-soluble phosphoramidate derivatives of the COX-2 selective inhibitor cimicoxib (4) are described. The sulfonylphosphoramidic acid derivative 10 was converted to 4 in human plasma and showed excellent in vivo activity in the rat carrageenan-edema test. Pharmacokinetic evaluation in dogs indicated that 10 behaved as a prodrug, immediately converting to 4 and giving an identical profile to that of the parent compound. These results represent the first description of phosphoramidic acids as prodrugs for the sulfonamido group. Compound 10 also exhibited an important and sustained analgesic effect in the hyperalgesia test in rats and a high aqueous solubility at pH higher than 7. This profile led to the selection of 10 (UR-14048) for further development in the parenteral treatment of acute pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Almansa
- Research Center, Grupo Uriach. Av. Camí Reial, 51-57, E-08184, Palau-Solità i Plegamans, Spain.
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Almansa C, Alfón J, de Arriba AF, Cavalcanti FL, Escamilla I, Gómez LA, Miralles A, Soliva R, Bartrolí J, Carceller E, Merlos M, García-Rafanell J. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a new series of COX-2 selective inhibitors: 1,5-diarylimidazoles. J Med Chem 2003; 46:3463-75. [PMID: 12877584 DOI: 10.1021/jm030765s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and the pharmacological activity of a series of 1,5-diarylimidazoles developed as potent and selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors are described. The new compounds were evaluated both in vitro (COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition in human whole blood) and in vivo (carrageenan-induced paw edema, air-pouch, and hyperalgesia tests). Modification of all the positions of two regioisomeric imidazole cores led to the identification of 4-[4-chloro-5-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)imidazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide (UR-8880, 51f) as the best candidate, which is now undergoing Phase I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Almansa
- Research Center, Grupo Uriach, Av. Camí Reial 51-57, E-08184 Palau-Solità i Plegamans, Spain.
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15
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Naylor A. NSAIDs and COX-2 Inhibitors. Pain 2003. [DOI: 10.1201/9780203911259.ch39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Soliva R, Almansa C, Kalko SG, Luque FJ, Orozco M. Theoretical studies on the inhibition mechanism of cyclooxygenase-2. Is there a unique recognition site? J Med Chem 2003; 46:1372-82. [PMID: 12672237 DOI: 10.1021/jm0209376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of binding of different nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to the cyclooxygenase active site of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been studied by means of a wide range of theoretical techniques including molecular dynamics and free energy calculations. It is found that theoretical methods predict accurately the binding of different drugs based on different scaffolds. Calculations allow us to describe in detail the key recognition sites and to analyze how these recognition sites change depending on the scaffold of the drug. It is concluded that the recognition site of COX-2 is very flexible and can adapt its structure to very subtle structural changes in the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Soliva
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Spain
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17
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Schulz-Gasch T, Stahl M. Binding site characteristics in structure-based virtual screening: evaluation of current docking tools. J Mol Model 2003; 9:47-57. [PMID: 12638011 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-002-0112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2002] [Accepted: 11/11/2002] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two new docking programs FRED (OpenEye Scientific Software) and Glide (Schrödinger, Inc.) in combination with various scoring functions implemented in these programs have been evaluated against a variety of seven protein targets (cyclooxygenase-2, estrogen receptor, p38 MAP kinase, gyrase B, thrombin, gelatinase A, neuraminidase) in order to assess their accuracy in virtual screening. Sets of known inhibitors were added to and ranked relative to a random library of drug-like compounds. Performance was compared in terms of enrichment factors and CPU time consumption. Results and specific features of the two new tools are discussed and compared to previously published results using FlexX (Tripos, Inc.) as a docking engine. In addition, general criteria for the selection of docking algorithms and scoring functions based on binding-site characteristics of specific protein targets are proposed. Figure Enrichment factors obtained with FlexX, Glide and FRED docking engines in combination with different scoring functions for seven selected targets with highly variable binding sites
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Schulz-Gasch
- Pharmaceuticals Division, Molecular Design, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
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18
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Weder JE, Dillon CT, Hambley TW, Kennedy BJ, Lay PA, Biffin J, Regtop HL, Davies NM. Copper complexes of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: an opportunity yet to be realized. Coord Chem Rev 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-8545(02)00086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kalgutkar AS, Rowlinson SW, Crews BC, Marnett LJ. Amide derivatives of meclofenamic acid as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:521-4. [PMID: 11844663 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes SAR studies involved in the transformation of the NSAID meclofenamic acid into potent and selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors via neutralization of the carboxylate moiety in this nonselective COX inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Kalgutkar
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Feixas J, Jiménez JM, Godessart N, Puig C, Soca L, Crespo MI. Naphthalene derivatives: A new series of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2687-90. [PMID: 11591502 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new series of potent and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors have been prepared. Some of these compounds show good oral anti-inflammatory activity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Feixas
- Almirall Prodesfarma, Research Center, Cardener 68-74, 08024, Barcelona, Spain
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2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2001. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.11.7.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
We present a comprehensive study of the performance of fast scoring functions for library docking using the program FlexX as the docking engine. Four scoring functions, among them two recently developed knowledge-based potentials, are evaluated on seven target proteins whose binding sites represent a wide range of size, form, and polarity. The results of these calculations give valuable insight into strengths and weaknesses of current scoring functions. Furthermore, it is shown that a well-chosen combination of two of the tested scoring functions leads to a new, robust scoring scheme with superior performance in virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stahl
- Molecular Design, Pharmaceutical Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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Almansa C, de Arriba AF, Cavalcanti FL, Gómez LA, Miralles A, Merlos M, García-Rafanell J, Forn J. Synthesis and SAR of a new series of COX-2-selective inhibitors: pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. J Med Chem 2001; 44:350-61. [PMID: 11462976 DOI: 10.1021/jm0009383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and pharmacological activity of a series of bicyclic pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines as potent and selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors are described. The new compounds were evaluated both in vitro (COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition in human whole blood) and in vivo (carrageenan-induced paw edema and air-pouch model). Modification of the pyrimidine substituents showed that 6,7-disubstitution provided the best activity and led to the identification of 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-2-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (10f) as one of the most potent and selective COX-2 inhibitor in this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Almansa
- Research Center, J. Uriach & Cía. S.A., Barcelona, Spain.
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Kalgutkar AS, Marnett AB, Crews BC, Remmel RP, Marnett LJ. Ester and amide derivatives of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, indomethacin, as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. J Med Chem 2000; 43:2860-70. [PMID: 10956194 DOI: 10.1021/jm000004e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that derivatization of the carboxylate moiety in substrate analogue inhibitors, such as 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, and in nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as indomethacin and meclofenamic acid, results in the generation of potent and selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors (Kalgutkar et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2000, 97, 925-930). This paper summarizes details of the structure-activity studies involved in the transformation of the arylacetic acid NSAID, indomethacin, into a COX-2-selective inhibitor. Many of the structurally diverse indomethacin esters and amides inhibited purified human COX-2 with ICo5 values in the low-nanomolar range but did not inhibit ovine COX-1 activity at concentrations as high as 66 microM. Primary and secondary amide analogues of indomethacin were more potent as COX-2 inhibitors than the corresponding tertiary amides. Replacement of the 4-chlorobenzoyl group in indomethacin esters or amides with the 4-bromobenzyl functionality or hydrogen afforded inactive compounds. Likewise, exchanging the 2-methyl group on the indole ring in the ester and amide series with a hydrogen also generated inactive compounds. Inhibition kinetics revealed that indomethacin amides behave as slow, tight-binding inhibitors of COX-2 and that selectivity is a function of the time-dependent step. Conversion of indomethacin into ester and amide derivatives provides a facile strategy for generating highly selective COX-2 inhibitors and eliminating the gastrointestinal side effects of the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kalgutkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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