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Verma P, Rezaei L, Govindarajan R, Greig NH, Donovan MD. Gastroretentive Delivery Approach to Address pH-Dependent Degradation of (+)- and (-)-Phenserine. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:198. [PMID: 39192157 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02903-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
(-)-Phenserine ("phenserine") and (+)-phenserine (posiphen; buntanetap) are longer-acting enantiomeric analogs of physostigmine with demonstrated promise in the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Both enantiomers have short plasma half-lives, and their pharmacokinetics might be improved through the use of either once or twice-daily administration of an extended-release dosage form. Phenserine was observed to form a colored degradation product in near-neutral and alkaline pH environments, and at pH 7, the half-life of posiphen was determined to be ~ 9 h (40 °C). To limit luminal degradation which would reduce bioavailability, a gastroretentive tablet composed of a polyethylene oxide-xanthan gum matrix was developed. When placed in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2), approximately 70% of the phenserine was released over a 12 h period, and no degradants were detected in the release medium. In comparison, a traditional hydrophilic-matrix, extended-release tablet showed measurable amounts of phenserine degradation in a pH 7.2 medium over an 8 h release interval. These results confirm that a gastroretentive tablet can reduce the luminal degradation of phenserine or posiphen by limiting exposure to neutral pH conditions while providing sustained release of the drug over at least 12 h. Additional advantages of the gastroretentive tablet include reduced gastric and intestinal concentrations of the drug resulting from the slower release from the gastroretentive tablet which may also limit the occurrence of the dose-limiting GI side effects previously observed with immediate-release phenserine capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratishtha Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Leyla Rezaei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Ramprakash Govindarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute On Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Maureen D Donovan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA.
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2
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Ren H, Wang RA, Shi J, Song JR, Wu W, Chi Q, Zhang N. Electrochemical bromocyclization enables 3,5-diversification of heterocyclic indolines. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7290-7294. [PMID: 37650516 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00985h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic bromocyclization reactions are widely used as key steps in the synthesis of diverse functionalized tetrahydrofuroindolines and hexahydropyrroloindolines. However, the direct dibromination variants of these reactions for the synthesis of 3,5-dibromoindolines remain undeveloped. Here, we report a protonic-acid-promoted electrooxidative protocol for the dearomative C3,C5-dibromocyclizations of tryptophol and tryptamine derivatives. This electrosynthetic approach, which enables direct selective construction of heterocyclic 3a,5a-dibromoindolines with inexpensive, non-hazardous NaBr as both the electrolyte and Br source, provides a convenient, practical method for the late-stage 3,5-diversification of heterocyclic indolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China.
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
| | - Rui-An Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China.
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
| | - Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China.
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Rong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China.
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China.
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
| | - Qin Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China.
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
| | - Ni Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China.
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
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3
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Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Biscarbamates as Potential Selective Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101220. [PMID: 36297332 PMCID: PMC9609992 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) plays a role in the progression of symptoms and pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), selective inhibition of BChE over acetylcholinesterase (AChE) can represent a promising pathway in treating AD. The carbamate group was chosen as a pharmacophore because the carbamates currently or previously in use for the treatment of AD displayed significant positive effects on cognitive symptoms. Eighteen biscarbamates with different substituents at the carbamoyl and hydroxyaminoethyl chain were synthesized, and their inhibitory potential toward both cholinesterases and inhibition selectivity were determined. The ability of carbamates to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by passive transport, their cytotoxic profile and their ability to chelate biometals were also evaluated. All biscarbamates displayed a time-dependent inhibition with inhibition rate constants within 10-3-10-6 M-1 min-1 range for both cholinesterases, with generally higher preference to BChE. For two biscarbamates, it was determined that they should be able to pass the BBB by passive transport, while for five biscarbamates, this ability was slightly limited. Fourteen biscarbamates did not exhibit a cytotoxic effect toward liver, kidney and neuronal cells. In conclusion, considering their high BChE selectivity, non-toxicity, ability to chelate biometals and pass the BBB, compounds 2 and 16 were pointed out as the most promising compounds for the treatment of middle and late stages of AD.
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4
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Turcu AL, Companys-Alemany J, Phillips MB, Patel DS, Griñán-Ferré C, Loza MI, Brea JM, Pérez B, Soto D, Sureda FX, Kurnikova MG, Johnson JW, Pallàs M, Vázquez S. Design, synthesis, and in vitro and in vivo characterization of new memantine analogs for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 236:114354. [PMID: 35453065 PMCID: PMC9106868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Currently, of the few accessible symptomatic therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD), memantine is the only N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) blocker approved by the FDA. This work further explores a series of memantine analogs featuring a benzohomoadamantane scaffold. Most of the newly synthesized compounds block NMDARs in the micromolar range, but with lower potency than previously reported hit IIc, results that were supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Subsequently, electrophysiological studies with the more potent compounds allowed classification of IIc, a low micromolar, uncompetitive, voltage-dependent, NMDAR blocker, as a memantine-like compound. The excellent in vitro DMPK properties of IIc made it a promising candidate for in vivo studies in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and in the 5XFAD mouse model of AD. Administration of IIc or memantine improved locomotion and rescues chemotaxis behavior in C. elegans. Furthermore, both compounds enhanced working memory in 5XFAD mice and modified NMDAR and CREB signaling, which may prevent synaptic dysfunction and modulate neurodegenerative progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea L Turcu
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Companys-Alemany
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences (NeuroUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matthew B Phillips
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Dhilon S Patel
- Chemistry Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences (NeuroUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Isabel Loza
- Innopharma Screening Platform, Biofarma Research Group, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Edificio CIMUS, Av. Barcelona, S/N, E, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José M Brea
- Innopharma Screening Platform, Biofarma Research Group, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Edificio CIMUS, Av. Barcelona, S/N, E, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - David Soto
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc X Sureda
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C./ St. Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Maria G Kurnikova
- Chemistry Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jon W Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences (NeuroUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Vázquez
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Jana A, Bhattacharjee A, Das SS, Srivastava A, Choudhury A, Bhattacharjee R, De S, Perveen A, Iqbal D, Gupta PK, Jha SK, Ojha S, Singh SK, Ruokolainen J, Jha NK, Kesari KK, Ashraf GM. Molecular Insights into Therapeutic Potentials of Hybrid Compounds Targeting Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3512-3528. [PMID: 35347587 PMCID: PMC9148293 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most complex progressive neurological disorders involving degeneration of neuronal connections in brain cells leading to cell death. AD is predominantly detected among elder people (> 65 years), mostly diagnosed with the symptoms of memory loss and cognitive dysfunctions. The multifarious pathogenesis of AD comprises the accumulation of pathogenic proteins, decreased neurotransmission, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. The conventional therapeutic approaches are limited to symptomatic benefits and are ineffective against disease progression. In recent years, researchers have shown immense interest in the designing and fabrication of various novel therapeutics comprised of naturally isolated hybrid molecules. Hybrid therapeutic compounds are developed from the combination of pharmacophores isolated from bioactive moieties which specifically target and block various AD-associated pathogenic pathways. The method of designing hybrid molecules has numerous advantages over conventional multitarget drug development methods. In comparison to in silico high throughput screening, hybrid molecules generate quicker results and are also less expensive than fragment-based drug development. Designing hybrid-multitargeted therapeutic compounds is thus a prospective approach in developing an effective treatment for AD. Nevertheless, several issues must be addressed, and additional researches should be conducted to develop hybrid therapeutic compounds for clinical usage while keeping other off-target adverse effects in mind. In this review, we have summarized the recent progress on synthesis of hybrid compounds, their molecular mechanism, and therapeutic potential in AD. Using synoptic tables, figures, and schemes, the review presents therapeutic promise and potential for the development of many disease-modifying hybrids into next-generation medicines for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Jana
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Deemed To Be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Arkadyuti Bhattacharjee
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Deemed To Be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Sabya Sachi Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Avani Srivastava
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Deemed To Be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Akshpita Choudhury
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Deemed To Be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Rahul Bhattacharjee
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Deemed To Be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Swagata De
- Department of English, DDE Unit, The University of Burdwan, GolapbagBurdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Mirzapur Pole, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India.
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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6
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Batool S, Furqan T, Hasan Mahmood MS, Tweedie D, Kamal MA, Greig NH. In Silico and Ex Vivo Analyses of the Inhibitory Action of the Alzheimer Drug Posiphen and Primary Metabolites with Human Acetyl- and Butyrylcholinesterase Enzymes. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:70-79. [PMID: 35178511 PMCID: PMC8845043 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Alzheimer’s
disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative
disorder worldwide. Ongoing research to develop AD treatments has
characterized multiple drug targets including the cholinergic system,
amyloid-β peptide, phosphorylated tau, and neuroinflammation.
These systems have the potential to interact to either drive or slow
AD progression. Promising agents that simultaneously impact many of
these drug targets are the AD experimental drug Posiphen and its enantiomer
phenserine that, currently, are separately being evaluated in clinical
trials. To define the cholinergic component of these agents, the anticholinesterase
activities of a ligand dataset comprising Posiphen and primary metabolites
((+)-N1-norPosiphen, (+)-N8-norPosiphen, and (+)-N1,N8-bisnorPosiphen)
were characterized and compared to those of the enantiomer phenserine.
The “target” dataset involved the human cholinesterase
enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE).
Binding interactions between the ligands and targets were analyzed
using Autodock 4.2. The computationally determined inhibitory action
of these ligands was then compared to ex vivo laboratory-measured
values versus human AChE and BChE. While Posiphen lacked AChE inhibitory
action, its major and minor metabolites (+)-N1-norPosiphen and (+)-N1,N8-bisnorPosiphen,
respectively, possessed modest AChE inhibitory activity, and Posiphen
and all metabolites lacked BChE action. Phenserine, as a positive
control, demonstrated AChE-selective inhibitory action. In light of
AChE inhibitory action deriving from a major and minor Posiphen metabolite,
current Posiphen clinical trials in AD and related disorders should
additionally evaluate AChE inhibition; particularly if Posiphen should
be combined with a known anticholinesterase, since this drug class
is clinically approved and the standard of care for AD subjects, and
excessive AChE inhibition may impact drug tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Batool
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Tiyyaba Furqan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | | | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Mohammad A. Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041 Sichuan, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Khagan, Dhaka 1340, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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Zhou J, Li ZH, Wang L, Kang JC, Wang XH, Zhang SY. Base-Promoted Cobalt-Catalyzed Regio- and Enantioselective para-Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Aniline Derivatives. Org Lett 2021; 23:9353-9359. [PMID: 34874735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein we disclose a highly efficient enantioselective para-C-H alkylation of aniline derivatives promoted by a base/Co/indeno-pybox ligand system. This methodology leads to the efficient construction of a series of enantioenriched aniline derivatives bearing all-carbon quaternary stereocenters. In addition, several special biologically or medicinally active indoles are facilely synthesized by our Co-catalyzed asymmetry synthesis method. Density functional theory calculations and experiment results suggest that the (acac)- anion of Co(acac)2 plays a very important role in chiral control during the nucleophilic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Hao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Le Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology and Health Science, International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Chen Kang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xun-Hui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Yu Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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8
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Akkol EK, Karatoprak GŞ, Carpar E, Hussain Y, Khan H, Aschner M. Effects of Natural Products on Neuromuscular Junction. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:594-610. [PMID: 34561984 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210924092627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) disorders result from damage, malfunction or absence of one or more key proteins involved in neuromuscular transmission, comprising a wide range of disorders. The most common pathology is antibody-mediated or downregulation of ion channels or receptors, resulting in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and acquired neuromyotonia (Isaac's syndrome), and rarely congenital myasthenic syndromes caused by mutations in NMJ proteins. A wide range of symptomatic treatments, immunomodulating therapies, or immunosuppressive drugs have been used to treat NMJ diseases. Future research must be directed at better understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases, and developing novel disease-specific treatments. Numerous secondary metabolites, especially alkaloids isolated from plants have been used to treat NMJ diseases in traditional and clinical practices. An ethnopharmacological approach has provided leads for identifying new treatment for NMJ diseases. In this review, we performed a literature survey in Pubmed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar to gather information on drug discovery from plant sources for NMJ disease treatments. To date, most research has focused on the effect of herbal remedies on cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. This review provides leads for identifying potential new drugs from plant sources for the treatment of NMJ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Küpeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara. Turkey
| | - Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri. Turkey
| | - Elif Carpar
- Department of Psychiatry, Private French La Paix Hospital, 34360, Istanbul. Turkey
| | - Yaseen Hussain
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Mardan. Pakistan
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Forchheimer 209 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
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9
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Vecchio I, Sorrentino L, Paoletti A, Marra R, Arbitrio M. The State of The Art on Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2021; 13:11795735211029113. [PMID: 34285627 PMCID: PMC8267037 DOI: 10.1177/11795735211029113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic disabling disease that affects the central nervous system. The main consequences of AD include the decline of cognitive functions and language disorders. One of the causes leading to AD is the decrease of neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the brain, in part due to a higher activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme responsible for its degradation. Many acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), both natural and synthetic, have been developed and used through the years to counteract the progression of the disease. The first of such drugs approved for a therapeutic use was tacrine, that binds through a reversible bond to the enzyme. However, tacrine has since been withdrawn because of its adverse effects. Currently, donepezil and galantamine are very promising AChEIs with clinical benefits. Moreover, rivastigmine is considered a pseudo-irreversible compound with anti-AChE action, providing similar effects at the clinical level. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of what has been published over the last decade on the effectiveness of AChEIs in AD, analysing the most relevant issues under the clinical and methodological profiles and the consequent possible welfare effects for the whole world. Furthermore, novel drugs and possible therapeutic approaches are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Vecchio
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation of the National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Annamaria Paoletti
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation of the National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosario Marra
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation of the National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariamena Arbitrio
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation of the National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
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10
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Fatiha Muhammad E, Kumar A, Wahab HA, Zhang KYJ. Identification of 1,2,4-Triazolylthioethanone Scaffold for the Design of New Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Mol Inform 2021; 40:e2100020. [PMID: 34060234 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are the most effective drugs for Alzheimer's disease treatment. However, considering the potential and failure rates of AChE inhibitors, chemical scaffolds targeting cholinesterase specifically are still very limited. Herein, we report a new class of AChE inhibitors identified by employing a virtual screening approach that combines shape similarity with molecular docking calculations. Virtual screening followed by the evaluation of AChE inhibitory activity allowed us to identify 1,2,4-triazolylthioethanones as a novel class of AChE inhibitors. Thirteen compounds with 1,2,4-triazolylthiothanone core and IC50 values in the range of 0.15±0.07 to 3.32±0.92 μM have been reported here. Our findings shed light into a class of AChE inhibitors that could be useful starting point for the development of novel therapeutics to tackle Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erma Fatiha Muhammad
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Habibah A Wahab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kam Y J Zhang
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
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11
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Shahrivar-Gargari M, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M, Hemmati S, Mojarrad JS, Tüylü Küçükkılınç T, Ayazgök B, Dastmalchi S. Hybridization-based design of novel anticholinesterase indanone-carbamates for Alzheimer's disease: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2000453. [PMID: 33872422 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the structures of donepezil and rivastigmine, a novel series of indanone-carbamate hybrids was synthesized using the pharmacophore hybridization-based design strategy, and their biological activities toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase were evaluated. Among the synthesized compounds, 4d and 4b showed the highest AChE inhibitory activities with IC50 values in the micromolar range (compound 4d: IC50 = 3.04 μM; compound 4b: IC50 = 4.64 μM). Moreover, the results of the Aβ1-40 aggregation assay revealed that compound 4b is a potent Aβ1-40 aggregation inhibitor. The kinetics of AChE enzymatic activity in the presence of 4b was investigated, and the results were indicative of a reversible partial noncompetitive type of inhibition. A molecular docking study was conducted to determine the possible allosteric binding mode of 4b with the enzyme. The allosteric nature of AChE inhibition by these compounds provides the opportunity for the design of subtype-selective enzyme inhibitors. The presented indanone-carbamate scaffold can be structurally modified and optimized through medicinal chemistry-based approaches for designing novel multitargeted anti-Alzheimer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahrivar-Gargari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Salar Hemmati
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid S Mojarrad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Beyza Ayazgök
- Department of Biochemistry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Turkey
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12
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Bilousova T, Simmons BJ, Knapp RR, Elias CJ, Campagna J, Melnik M, Chandra S, Focht S, Zhu C, Vadivel K, Jagodzinska B, Cohn W, Spilman P, Gylys KH, Garg NK, John V. Dual Neutral Sphingomyelinase-2/Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1671-1684. [PMID: 32352753 PMCID: PMC8297715 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of a novel class of compounds that function as dual inhibitors of the enzymes neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSMase2) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Inhibition of these enzymes provides a unique strategy to suppress the propagation of tau pathology in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We describe the key SAR elements that affect relative nSMase2 and/or AChE inhibitor effects and potency, in addition to the identification of two analogs that suppress the release of tau-bearing exosomes in vitro and in vivo. Identification of these novel dual nSMase2/AChE inhibitors represents a new therapeutic approach to AD and has the potential to lead to the development of truly disease-modifying therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Bilousova
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Bryan J Simmons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Rachel R Knapp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chris J Elias
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jesus Campagna
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mikhail Melnik
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sujyoti Chandra
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Samantha Focht
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chunni Zhu
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kanagasabai Vadivel
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Barbara Jagodzinska
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Patricia Spilman
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Karen H Gylys
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Varghese John
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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13
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Yu SJ, Wu KJ, Bae E, Wang YS, Chiang CW, Kuo LW, Harvey BK, Greig NH, Wang Y. Post-treatment with Posiphen Reduces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Neurodegeneration in Stroke Brain. iScience 2020; 23:100866. [PMID: 32058974 PMCID: PMC7013187 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors have protective and anti-inflammatory actions against brain injury, mediated by nicotinic α7 cholinergic receptor activation. The use of AChE inhibitors in patients is limited by systemic cholinergic side effects. Posiphen, a stereoisomer of the AChE inhibitor Phenserine, lacks AChE inhibitor activity. The purpose of this study is to determine the protective effect of Posiphen in cellular and animal models of stroke. Both Posiphen and Phenserine reduced glutamate-mediated neuronal loss in co-cultures of primary cortical cells and microglia. Phenserine-, but not Posiphen-, mediated neuroprotection was diminished by the nicotinic α7 receptor antagonist methyllycaconitine. Posiphen antagonized NMDA-mediated Ca++ influx, thapsigargin-mediated neuronal loss and ER stress in cultured cells. Early post-treatment with Posiphen reduced ER stress signals, IBA1 immunoreactivity, TUNEL and infarction in the ischemic cortex, as well as neurological deficits in stroke rats. These findings indicate that Posiphen is neuroprotective against stroke through regulating Ca++i and ER stress. Posiphen induces protection in cell culture through noncholinergic mechanism Posiphen attenuates glutamate-mediated Ca++i and ER stress in neuronal culture Posiphen mitigates ER stress in stroke brain Posiphen reduces neurodegeneration in stroke rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Jin Yu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jen Wu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Eunkyung Bae
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Syuan Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wen Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | | | - Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
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14
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Alzheimer's Disease Pharmacotherapy in Relation to Cholinergic System Involvement. Biomolecules 2019; 10:biom10010040. [PMID: 31888102 PMCID: PMC7022522 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease, a major and increasing global health challenge, is an irreversible, progressive form of dementia, associated with an ongoing decline of brain functioning. The etiology of this disease is not completely understood, and no safe and effective anti-Alzheimer’s disease drug to prevent, stop, or reverse its evolution is currently available. Current pharmacotherapy concentrated on drugs that aimed to improve the cerebral acetylcholine levels by facilitating cholinergic neurotransmission through inhibiting cholinesterase. These compounds, recognized as cholinesterase inhibitors, offer a viable target across key sign domains of Alzheimer’s disease, but have a modest influence on improving the progression of this condition. In this paper, we sought to highlight the current understanding of the cholinergic system involvement in Alzheimer’s disease progression in relation to the recent status of the available cholinesterase inhibitors as effective therapeutics.
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15
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Greig NH, Lecca D, Hsueh SC, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Kapogiannis D, Tweedie D, Glotfelty EJ, Becker RE, Chiang YH, Hoffer BJ. (-)-Phenserine tartrate (PhenT) as a treatment for traumatic brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:636-649. [PMID: 31828969 PMCID: PMC7248544 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality of both young adults and the elderly, and is a key contributing factor in about 30% of all injury‐associated deaths occurring within the United States of America. Albeit substantial impact has been made to improve our comprehension of the mechanisms that underpin the primary and secondary injury stages initiated by a TBI incident, this knowledge has yet to successfully translate into the development of an effective TBI pharmacological treatment. Developing consent suggests that a TBI can concomitantly trigger multiple TBI‐linked cascades that then progress in parallel and, if correct, the multifactorial nature of TBI would make the discovery of a single effective mechanism‐targeted drug unlikely. Discussion We review recent data indicating that the small molecular weight drug (−)‐phenserine tartrate (PhenT), originally developed for Alzheimer's disease (AD), effectively inhibits a broad range of mechanisms pertinent to mild (m) and moderate (mod)TBI, which in combination underpin the ensuing cognitive and motor impairments. In cellular and animal models at clinically translatable doses, PhenT mitigated mTBI‐ and modTBI‐induced programmed neuronal cell death (PNCD), oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and effectively reversed injury‐induced gene pathways leading to chronic neurodegeneration. In addition to proving efficacious in well‐characterized animal TBI models, significantly mitigating cognitive and motor impairments, the drug also has demonstrated neuroprotective actions against ischemic stroke and the organophosphorus nerve agent and chemical weapon, soman. Conclusion In the light of its tolerability in AD clinical trials, PhenT is an agent that can be fast‐tracked for evaluation in not only civilian TBI, but also as a potentially protective agent in battlefield conditions where TBI and chemical weapon exposure are increasingly jointly occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniela Lecca
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shih-Chang Hsueh
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Carlos Nogueras-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Tweedie
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elliot J Glotfelty
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert E Becker
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Aristea Translational Medicine Corporation, Park City, UT, USA
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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16
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Sharma K. Cholinesterase inhibitors as Alzheimer's therapeutics (Review). Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1479-1487. [PMID: 31257471 PMCID: PMC6625431 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia. AD is a chronic syndrome of the central nervous system that causes a decline in cognitive function and language ability. Cholinergic deficiency is associated with AD, and various cholinesterase inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of AD, including naturally‑derived inhibitors, synthetic analogues and hybrids. Currently, the available drugs for AD are predominantly cholinesterase inhibitors. However, the efficacy of these drugs is limited as they may cause adverse side effects and are not able to completely arrest the progression of the disease. Since AD is multifactorial disease, dual and multi‑target inhibitors have been developed. The clinical applications and the limitations of the inhibitors used to treat AD are discussed in the present review. Additionally, this review presents the current status and future directions for the development of novel drugs with reduced toxicity and preserved pharmacological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana 122505, India
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17
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Computational insight into the anticholinesterase activities and electronic properties of physostigmine analogs. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1907-1928. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known to be themajor cause of dementia among the elderly. The structural properties and binding interactions of the AD drug physostigmine (-)-phy, and its analogues (-)-hex and (-)-phe and (+)-phe, were examined, as well as their impact on the conformational changes of two different AD target enzymes AChE and BChE. Materials & methods: The conformational changes were studied using molecular dynamics and structural properties using Quantum mechanics. Results & conclusions: The binding free energy (ΔGbind) and the change in the free energy surface (FES) computed from the funnel metadynamics (FMD) simulation, both support the idea that inhibitors (-)-phe and (-)-hex have better binding activities toward enzyme AChE, and that (-)-phe is stronger in binding than the present AD drug (-)-phy.
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18
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Hsueh SC, Lecca D, Greig NH, Wang JY, Selman W, Hoffer BJ, Miller JP, Chiang YH. (-)-Phenserine Ameliorates Contusion Volume, Neuroinflammation, and Behavioral Impairments Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1183-1196. [PMID: 31177840 PMCID: PMC6767878 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719854693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a major cause of mortality and morbidity, affects 10 million people worldwide, with limited treatment options. We have previously shown that (-)-phenserine (Phen), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor originally designed and tested in clinical phase III trials for Alzheimer's disease, can reduce neurodegeneration after TBI and reduce cognitive impairments induced by mild TBI. In this study, we used a mouse model of moderate to severe TBI by controlled cortical impact to assess the effects of Phen on post-trauma histochemical and behavioral changes. Animals were treated with Phen (2.5 mg/kg, IP, BID) for 5 days started on the day of injury and the effects were evaluated by behavioral and histological examinations at 1 and 2 weeks after injury. Phen significantly attenuated TBI-induced contusion volume, enlargement of the lateral ventricle, and behavioral impairments in motor asymmetry, sensorimotor functions, motor coordination, and balance functions. The morphology of microglia was shifted to an active from a resting form after TBI, and Phen dramatically reduced the ratio of activated to resting microglia, suggesting that Phen also mitigates neuroinflammation after TBI. While Phen has potent anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, its (+) isomer Posiphen shares many neuroprotective properties but is almost completely devoid of anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. We evaluated Posiphen at a similar dose to Phen and found similar mitigation in lateral ventricular size increase, motor asymmetry, motor coordination, and balance function, suggesting the improvement of these histological and behavioral tests by Phen treatment occur via pathways other than anti-acetylcholinesterase inhibition. However, the reduction of lesion size and improvement of sensorimotor function by Posiphen were much smaller than with equivalent doses of Phen. Taken together, these results show that post-injury treatment with Phen over 5 days significantly ameliorates severity of TBI. These data suggest a potential development of this compound for clinical use in TBI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chang Hsueh
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniela Lecca
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Warren Selman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan P Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
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19
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Duong ATH, Simmons BJ, Alam MP, Campagna J, Garg NK, John V. Synthesis of Fused Indolines by Interrupted Fischer Indolization in a Microfluidic Reactor. Tetrahedron Lett 2019; 60:322-326. [PMID: 30631216 PMCID: PMC6322698 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study describes our development of a microfluidic reaction scheme for the synthesis of fused indoline ring systems found in several bioactive compounds. We have utilized a continuous-flow microfluidic reactor for the reaction of hydrazines with latent aldehydes through the interrupted Fischer indolization reaction to form fused indoline and azaindoline products. We have identified optimal conditions and evaluated the scope of this microfluidic reaction using various hydrazine and latent aldehyde surrogates. This green chemistry approach can be of general utility to rapidly produce indoline scaffolds and intermediates in a continuous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tuan-Huy Duong
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Bryan J Simmons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Mohammad Parvez Alam
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Jesus Campagna
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Varghese John
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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20
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Sahoo AK, Dandapat J, Dash UC, Kanhar S. Features and outcomes of drugs for combination therapy as multi-targets strategy to combat Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 215:42-73. [PMID: 29248451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alzheimer's disease (AD), a deleterious neurodegenerative disorder that impairs memory, cognitive functions and may lead to dementia in late stage of life. The pathogenic cause of AD remains incompletely understood and FDA approved drugs are partial inhibitors rather than curative. Most of drugs are synthetic or natural products as galanthamine is an alkaloid obtained from Galanthus spp. Huperzine A, an alkaloid found in Huperzia spp., gingkolides a diterpenoids from Gingko biloba and many ethnobotanicals like Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal., Physostigma venenosum Balf., Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst., Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. have been used by traditional Indian, Chinese, and European system of medicines in AD. Clinical significance opioid alkaloid in Papaver somniferum has shown another dimension to this study. Over exploitation of medicinal plants with limited bioactive principles has provided templates to design synthetic drugs in AD e.g. rivastigmine, phenserine, eptastigmine based on chemical structure of physostigmine of Physostigma venenosum Balf. Even ZT-1 a prodrug of Hup A and memogain a prodrug of galantamine has achieved new direction in drug development in AD. All these first-line cholinesterase-inhibitors are used as symptomatic treatments in AD. Single modality of "One-molecule-one-target" strategy for treating AD has failed and so future therapies on "Combination-drugs-multi-targets" strategy (CDMT) will need to address multiple aspects to block the progression of pathogenesis of AD. Besides, cholinergic and amyloid drugs, in this article we summarize proteinopathy-based drugs as AD therapeutics from a variety of biological sources. In this review, an attempt has been made to elucidate the molecular mode of action of various plant products, and synthetic drugs investigated in various preclinical and clinical tests in AD. It also discusses current attempts to formulate a comprehensive CDMT strategy to counter complex pathogenesis in AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information were collected from classical books on medicinal plants, pharmacopoeias and scientific databases like PubMed, Scopus, GoogleScholar, Web of Science and electronic searches were performed using Cochrane Library, Medline and EMBASE. Also published scientific literatures from Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, Springer, ACS, Wiley publishers and reports by government bodies and documentations were assessed. RESULTS 60 no. of natural and synthetic drugs have been studied with their significant bioactivities. A decision matrix designed for evaluation of drugs for considering to the hypothetic "CDMT" strategy in AD. We have introduced the scoring pattern of individual drugs and based on scoring pattern, drugs that fall within the scoring range of 18-25 are considered in the proposed CDMT. It also highlights the importance of available natural products and in future those drugs may be considered in CDMT along with the qualified synthetic drugs. CONCLUSION A successful validation of the CDMT strategy may open up a debate on health care reform to explore other possibilities of combination therapy. In doing so, it should focus on clinical and molecular relationships between AD and CDMT. A better understanding of these relationships could inform and impact future development of AD-directed treatment strategies. This strategy also involves in reducing costs in treatment phases which will be affordable to a common man suffering from AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atish Kumar Sahoo
- Phytotherapy Research Lab., Medicinal & Aromatic Plant Division, Regional Plant Resource Centre, Forest & Environment Department, Govt. of Odisha, Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar 751015, India.
| | - Jagnehswar Dandapat
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar 751004, India
| | - Umesh Chandra Dash
- Phytotherapy Research Lab., Medicinal & Aromatic Plant Division, Regional Plant Resource Centre, Forest & Environment Department, Govt. of Odisha, Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar 751015, India
| | - Satish Kanhar
- Phytotherapy Research Lab., Medicinal & Aromatic Plant Division, Regional Plant Resource Centre, Forest & Environment Department, Govt. of Odisha, Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar 751015, India
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The current agonists and positive allosteric modulators of α7 nAChR for CNS indications in clinical trials. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:611-622. [PMID: 29159020 PMCID: PMC5687317 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), consisting of homomeric α7 subunits, is a ligand-gated Ca2+-permeable ion channel implicated in cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders. Enhancement of α7 nAChR function is considered to be a potential therapeutic strategy aiming at ameliorating cognitive deficits of neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. Currently, a number of α7 nAChR modulators have been reported and several of them have advanced into clinical trials. In this brief review, we outline recent progress made in understanding the role of the α7 nAChR in multiple neuropsychiatric disorders and the pharmacological effects of α7 nAChR modulators used in clinical trials.
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Key Words
- 5-CSRTT, five-choice serial reaction time task
- 5-HT, serotonin
- ACh, acetylcholine
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- Acetylcholine
- Alpha7
- Alzheimer's disease
- Aβ, amyloid-β peptide
- CNS, central nervous system
- DMTS, delayed matching-to-sample
- ECD, extracellular domain
- GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
- Ion channel
- MLA, methyllycaconitine
- NOR, novel object recognition
- PAMs, positive allosteric modulators
- PCP, neonatal phencyclidine
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PPI, prepulse inhibition
- Positive allosteric modulators
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- Schizophrenia
- TMD, transmembrane domains
- nAChR
- nAChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
- α-Btx, α-bungarotoxin
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Chang CF, Lai JH, Wu JCC, Greig NH, Becker RE, Luo Y, Chen YH, Kang SJ, Chiang YH, Chen KY. (-)-Phenserine inhibits neuronal apoptosis following ischemia/reperfusion injury. Brain Res 2017; 1677:118-128. [PMID: 28963051 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke commonly leads to adult disability and death worldwide. Its major symptoms are spastic hemiplegia and discordant motion, consequent to neuronal cell death induced by brain vessel occlusion. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is upregulated and allied with inflammation and apoptosis after stroke. Recent studies suggest that AChE inhibition ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion injury and has neuroprotective properties. (-)-Phenserine, a reversible AChE inhibitor, has a broad range of actions independent of its AChE properties, including neuroprotective ones. However, its protective effects and detailed mechanism of action in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model (MCAO) remain to be elucidated. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of (-)-phenserine for stroke in the rat focal cerebral ischemia model and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/RP) damage model in SH-SY5Y neuronal cultures. (-)-Phenserine mitigated OGD/PR-induced SH-SY5Y cell death, providing an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship between concentration and survival. In MCAO challenged rats, (-)-phenserine reduced infarction volume, cell death and improved body asymmetry, a behavioral measure of stoke impact. In both cellular and animal studies, (-)-phenserine elevated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) levels, and decreased activated-caspase 3, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, potentially mediated through the ERK-1/2 signaling pathway. These actions mitigated neuronal apoptosis in the stroke penumbra, and decreased matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) expression. In synopsis, (-)-phenserine significantly reduced neuronal damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model of MCAO and cellular model of OGD/RP, demonstrating that its anti-apoptotic/neuroprotective/neurotrophic cholinergic and non-cholinergic properties warrant further evaluation in conditions of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fu Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Huei Lai
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Chung-Che Wu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Robert E Becker
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Aristea Translational Medicine, Park City, UT, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yen-Hua Chen
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Jhen Kang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Xie Q, Zheng Z, Shao B, Fu W, Xia Z, Li W, Sun J, Zheng W, Zhang W, Sheng W, Zhang Q, Chen H, Wang H, Qiu Z. Pharmacophore-based design and discovery of (-)-meptazinol carbamates as dual modulators of cholinesterase and amyloidogenesis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:659-671. [PMID: 28274151 PMCID: PMC6009976 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1265521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional carbamate-type acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors with anti-amyloidogenic properties like phenserine are potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We reported here the design of new carbamates using pharmacophore model strategy to modulate both cholinesterase and amyloidogenesis. A five-feature pharmacophore model was generated based on 25 carbamate-type training set compounds. (-)-Meptazinol carbamates that superimposed well upon the model were designed and synthesized, which exhibited nanomolar AChE inhibitory potency and good anti-amyloidogenic properties in in vitro test. The phenylcarbamate 43 was highly potent (IC50 31.6 nM) and slightly selective for AChE, and showed low acute toxicity. In enzyme kinetics assay, 43 exhibited uncompetitive inhibition and reacted by pseudo-irreversible mechanism. 43 also showed amyloid-β (Aβ) lowering effects (51.9% decrease of Aβ42) superior to phenserine (31% decrease of total Aβ) in SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells at 50 µM. The dual actions of 43 on cholinergic and amyloidogenic pathways indicated potential uses as symptomatic and disease-modifying agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Xie
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Zhaoxi Zheng
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Biyun Shao
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Wei Fu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xia
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Wei Zheng
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China.,c NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Wei Sheng
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Qihong Zhang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Zhuibai Qiu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
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Galimberti D, Scarpini E. Old and new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1181-7. [PMID: 27459153 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1216972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To date, pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) includes Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors (AChEIs) for mild-to-moderate AD, and memantine for moderate-to-severe AD. AChEIs reversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thus increasing the availability of acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses, enhancing cholinergic transmission. These drugs provide symptomatic short-term benefits, without clearly counteracting the progression of the disease. AREAS COVERED On the wake of successful clinical trials which lead to the marketing of AChEIs donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine, many compounds with AChEI properties have been developed and tested mainly in Phase I-II clinical trials in the last twenty years. Here, we review clinical trials initiated and interrupted, and those ongoing so far. EXPERT OPINION Despite many clinical trials with novel AChEIs have been carried out after the registration of those currently used to treat mild to moderate AD, none so far has been successful in a Phase III trial and marketed. Alzheimer's disease is a complex multifactorial disorder, therefore therapy should likely address not only the cholinergic system but also additional neurotransmitters. Moreover, such treatments should be started in very mild phases of the disease, and preventive strategies addressed in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Galimberti
- a Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- a Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
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de Graaff C, Bensch L, Boersma SJ, Cioc RC, van Lint MJ, Janssen E, Turner NJ, Orru RVA, Ruijter E. Asymmetric Synthesis of Tetracyclic Pyrroloindolines and Constrained Tryptamines by a Switchable Cascade Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corien de Graaff
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
| | - Lisa Bensch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
| | - Sjoerd J. Boersma
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
| | - Răzvan C. Cioc
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
| | - Matthijs J. van Lint
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
| | - Elwin Janssen
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN (UK)
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
| | - Eelco Ruijter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
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26
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de Graaff C, Bensch L, Boersma SJ, Cioc RC, van Lint MJ, Janssen E, Turner NJ, Orru RVA, Ruijter E. Asymmetric Synthesis of Tetracyclic Pyrroloindolines and Constrained Tryptamines by a Switchable Cascade Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14133-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Xie Y, Jiang P, Ge X, Wang H, Shao B, Xie Q, Qiu Z, Chen H. Determination of a novel carbamate AChE inhibitor meserine in mouse plasma, brain and rat plasma by LC–MS/MS: Application to pharmacokinetic study after intravenous and subcutaneous administration. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 96:156-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zheng Z, Tang Y, Lv H, Xu J, Zhao H, Xie Q, Qiu Z, Chen H, Wang H. Determination of Meserine, a new candidate for Alzheimer's disease in mice brain by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:3451-8. [PMID: 24756818 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for determination of Meserine ((-)-meptazinol phenylcarbamate), a novel potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), was developed, validated, and applied to a pharmacokinetic study in mice brain. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 1 ng mL(-1) and the linear range was 1-1,000 ng mL(-1). The analyte was eluted on a Zorbax SB-Aq column (2.1 × 100 mm, 3.5 μm) with the mobile phase composed of methanol and water (70:30, v/v, aqueous phase contained 10 mM ammonium formate and 0.3% formic acid) using isocratic elution, and monitored by positive electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The flow rate was 0.25 mL min(-1). The injection volume was 5 μL and total run time was 4 min. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of intraday and interday variation was 2.49-7.81 and 3.01-7.67%, respectively. All analytes were stable after 4 h at room temperature and 6 h in autosampler. The extraction recoveries of Meserine in brain homogenate were over 90%. The main brain pharmacokinetic parameters obtained after intranasal administration were T max = 0.05 h, C max = 462.0 ± 39.7 ng g(-1), T 1/2 = 0.4 h, and AUC(0-∞) = 283.1 ± 9.1 ng h g(-1). Moreover, Meserine was distributed rapidly and widely into brain, heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney tissue. The method is validated and could be applied to the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study of Meserine in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxi Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
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Greig NH, Reale M, Tata AM. New pharmacological approaches to the cholinergic system: an overview on muscarinic receptor ligands and cholinesterase inhibitors. RECENT PATENTS ON CNS DRUG DISCOVERY 2013; 8:123-41. [PMID: 23597304 PMCID: PMC5831731 DOI: 10.2174/1574889811308020003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic system is expressed in neuronal and in non-neuronal tissues. Acetylcholine (ACh), synthesized in and out of the nervous system can locally contribute to modulation of various cell functions (e.g. survival, proliferation). Considering that the cholinergic system and its functions are impaired in a number of disorders, the identification of new pharmacological approaches to regulate cholinergic system components appears of great relevance. The present review focuses on recent pharmacological drugs able to modulate the activity of cholinergic receptors and thereby, cholinergic function, with an emphasis on the muscarinic receptor subtype, and additionally covers the cholinesterases, the main enzymes involved in ACh hydrolysis. The presence and function of muscarinic receptor subtypes both in neuronal and non-neuronal cells has been demonstrated using extensive pharmacological data emerging from studies on transgenic mice. The possible involvement of ACh in different pathologies has been proposed in recent years and is becoming an important area of study. Although the lack of selective muscarinic receptor ligands has for a long time limited the definition of therapeutic treatment based on muscarinic receptors as targets, some muscarinic ligands such as cevimeline (patents US4855290; US5571918) or xanomeline (patent, US5980933) have been developed and used in pre-clinical or in clinical studies for the treatment of nervous system diseases (Alzheimer' and Sjogren's diseases). The present review focuses on the potential implications of muscarinic receptors in different pathologies, including tumors. Moreover, the future use of muscarinic ligands in therapeutic protocols in cancer therapy will be discussed, considering that some muscarinic antagonists currently used in the treatment of genitourinary disease (e.g. darifenacin, patent, US5096890; US6106864) have also been demonstrated to arrest tumor progression in nude mice. The involvement of muscarinic receptors in nociception also is over-viewed. In fact, muscarinic agonists such as vedaclidine, CMI-936 and CMI-1145 have been demonstrated to have analgesic effects in animal models comparable or more pronounced to those produced by morphine or opiates. Likewise, the crucial role of cholinesterases (acetylcholinesterase and butirylcholinesterase) in neural transmission is discussed, as large number of drugs inhibiting cholinesterase activity have become of increasing relevance particularly for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Herein we summarize the current knowledge of the cholinesterase inhibitors with particular attention to recent patents for Alzheimer's disease drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Dept. of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, Research Center of Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, Roma, Italy
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Mikkilineni S, Cantuti-Castelvetri I, Cahill CM, Balliedier A, Greig NH, Rogers JT. The anticholinesterase phenserine and its enantiomer posiphen as 5'untranslated-region-directed translation blockers of the Parkinson's alpha synuclein expression. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2012; 2012:142372. [PMID: 22693681 PMCID: PMC3368596 DOI: 10.1155/2012/142372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is compelling support for limiting expression of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in the brains of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. An increase of SNCA gene copy number can genetically cause familial PD where increased dose of this pathogenic protein correlates with severity of symptoms (triplication of the SNCA gene causes dementia in PD patients). Gene promoter polymorphisms were shown to increase α-synuclein expression as a risk for PD. Cholinesterase inhibitors can clinically slow cognitive decline in the later stages of PD etiology similar to their widespread use in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pertinent to this, we identified that the well-tolerated anticholinesterase, phenserine, blocked neural SNCA mRNA translation and tested for targeting via its 5'untranslated region (5'UTR) in a manner similar to its action to limit the expression of the AD-specific amyloid precursor protein (APP). Posiphen, its better-tolerated (+) enantiomer (devoid of anticholinesterase action), repressed neural α-synuclein translation. Primary metabolic analogs of posiphen were, likewise, characterized using primary fetal neurons grown ex vivo from the brains of Parkinson's transgenic mice expressing the human SNCA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohan Mikkilineni
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), CNY2, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | - Catherine M. Cahill
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), CNY2, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Amelie Balliedier
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), CNY2, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design and Development Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jack T. Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), CNY2, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Araujo JA, Greig NH, Ingram DK, Sandin J, de Rivera C, Milgram NW. Cholinesterase inhibitors improve both memory and complex learning in aged beagle dogs. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 26:143-55. [PMID: 21593569 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-110005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Similar to patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), dogs exhibit age-dependent cognitive decline, amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology, and evidence of cholinergic hypofunction. The present study sought to further investigate the role of cholinergic hypofunction in the canine model by examining the effect of the cholinesterase inhibitors phenserine and donepezil on performance of two tasks, a delayed non-matching-to-position task (DNMP) designed to assess working memory, and an oddity discrimination learning task designed to assess complex learning, in aged dogs. Phenserine (0.5 mg/kg; PO) significantly improved performance on the DNMP at the longest delay compared to wash-out and partially attenuated scopolamine-induced deficits (15 μg/kg; SC). Phenserine also improved learning on a difficult version of an oddity discrimination task compared to placebo, but had no effect on an easier version. We also examined the effects of three doses of donepezil (0.75, 1.5, and 6 mg/kg; PO) on performance of the DNMP. Similar to the results with phenserine, 1.5 mg/kg of donepezil improved performance at the longest delay compared to baseline and wash-out, indicative of memory enhancement. These results further extend the findings of cholinergic hypofunction in aged dogs and provide pharmacological validation of the canine model with a cholinesterase inhibitor approved for use in AD. Collectively, these studies support utilizing the aged dog in future screening of therapeutics for AD, as well as for investigating the links among cholinergic function, Aβ pathology, and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Araujo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Pistell PJ, Spangler EL, Kelly-Bell B, Miller MG, de Cabo R, Ingram DK. Age-associated learning and memory deficits in two mouse versions of the Stone T-maze. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:2431-9. [PMID: 22217418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that a modified Stone T-maze (STM), using escape from water as motivation, was effective in evaluating learning and memory ability in young C57/BL6 mice. Here we report on the effectiveness and sensitivity of the STM in the assessment of age-related learning and memory deficits in mice using either escape from foot shock or water as the motivational manipulations. C57BL/6Nia mice 7-, 12-, 20- and 24-months old received 15 massed trials in the escape from foot shock motivated STM while C57BL/6Nia mice 5-, 12-, and 25-months old were tested in the escape from water STM. Analysis of errors, the main performance variable, revealed similar results in both versions of the task with younger mice making fewer errors. Notably, mice of all ages in the water-motivated version moved quickly through the maze, while all ages of mice in the shock-motivated version tended to wait for shock to be initiated to move forward. Overall, both versions of the STM appear to be sensitive to age-related changes in learning and memory and provide an alternative to other testing paradigms such as the Morris water maze which are susceptible to performance confounds which can lead to uninterpretable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Pistell
- Nutritional Neuroscience and Aging Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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Martinowich K, Schloesser RJ, Lu Y, Jimenez DV, Paredes D, Greene JS, Greig NH, Manji HK, Lu B. Roles of p75(NTR), long-term depression, and cholinergic transmission in anxiety and acute stress coping. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71:75-83. [PMID: 21978521 PMCID: PMC3230751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is causally associated with anxiety. Although the underlying cellular mechanisms are not well understood, the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons have been implicated in stress response. p75(NTR) is a panneurotrophin receptor expressed almost exclusively in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in adult brain. This study investigated whether and how p75(NTR), via regulation of the cholinergic system and hippocampal synaptic plasticity, influences stress-related behaviors. METHODS We used a combination of slice electrophysiology, behavioral analyses, pharmacology, in vivo microdialysis, and neuronal activity mapping to assess the role of p75(NTR) in mood and stress-related behaviors and its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. RESULTS We show that acute stress enables hippocampal long-term depression (LTD) in adult wild-type mice but not in mice lacking p75(NTR). The p75(NTR) mutant mice also exhibit two distinct behavioral impairments: baseline anxiety-like behavior and a deficit in coping with and recovering from stressful situations. Blockade of stress-enabled LTD with a GluA2-derived peptide impaired stress recovery without affecting baseline anxiety. Pharmacological manipulations of cholinergic transmission mimicked the p75(NTR) perturbation in both baseline anxiety and responses to acute stress. Finally, we show evidence of misregulated cholinergic signaling in animals with p75(NTR) deletion. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that loss of p75(NTR) leads to changes in hippocampal cholinergic signaling, which may be involved in regulation of stress-enabled hippocampal LTD and in modulating behaviors related to stress and anxiety.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/metabolism
- Adaptation, Psychological/drug effects
- Adaptation, Psychological/physiology
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Anxiety/genetics
- Anxiety/pathology
- Anxiety/physiopathology
- Biophysics
- Cholinergic Agents/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electric Stimulation
- Exploratory Behavior/drug effects
- Exploratory Behavior/physiology
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/physiopathology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Long-Term Synaptic Depression/drug effects
- Long-Term Synaptic Depression/genetics
- Long-Term Synaptic Depression/physiology
- Male
- Maze Learning/drug effects
- Maze Learning/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microdialysis
- Microinjections
- N-Methylaspartate/pharmacology
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri Martinowich
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda MD
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, NIMH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert J. Schloesser
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda MD
| | - Yuan Lu
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, NIMH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dennisse V. Jimenez
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda MD
| | - Daniel Paredes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design and Development Section, National Institute on Aging Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Husseini K. Manji
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda MD
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Titusville, NJ 08560
| | - Bai Lu
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, NIMH, Bethesda, MD
- Glaxo Smith Kline Research and Development, Shanghai, China 201203
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Winblad B, Giacobini E, Frölich L, Friedhoff LT, Bruinsma G, Becker RE, Greig NH. Phenserine efficacy in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 22:1201-8. [PMID: 20930279 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To gather preliminary evidence in Alzheimer's disease (AD) for the efficacy of phenserine, a non-competitive acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that has independent modulatory effects on amyloid-β generation, a 12-week comparison of patients receiving phenserine (10 and 15 mg BID) or placebo was conducted under double-blind conditions. Patients who completed 12 weeks of the double-blind before others were continued in the double-blind to determine longer-term treatment effects. At 12 weeks, mean ADAS-cog (AD assessment scale-cognitive) changes from baseline were -2.5 and -1.9 for high-dose phenserine (n=83) and placebo (n=81) groups, respectively, a non-statistically significant improvement for the high-dose phenserine group relative to placebo. CIBIC+ (clinician's interview based impression of change + caregiver's input) values for the high-dose and placebo groups were similar at 12 weeks. For patients who received more than 12 weeks of therapy, the ADAS-cog changes were -3.18 and -0.66 for the high-dose phenserine (n=52) and placebo (n=63) groups, respectively, a difference achieving statistical significance (p=0.0286). After 12 weeks, CIBIC+ values were 3.59 and 3.95 for the high-dose (n=54) and placebo (n=66) groups respectively (p=0.0568). These results from this short-term study are consistent with phenserine potentially benefiting mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease symptomatically but do not address possible amyloid metabolic mediated effects on disease processes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Winblad
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Patyar S, Prakash A, Medhi B. Dual inhibition: a novel promising pharmacological approach for different disease conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:459-71. [PMID: 21401597 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the problems associated with polypharmacy, which include medication non compliance, adverse drug reactions, drug-drug interactions and increased pill-burden, various strategies, such as sustained-release drugs and fixed-dose combination regimens (polypills), have been developed. Out of these, a novel and very much promising approach is the use of dual-action drugs. Amongst the dual-action drugs, there is a class of compounds known as dual inhibitors, which possess the dual inhibitory activity. The most common examples of dual inhibitors are rivastigmine, ladostigil, asenapine, phenserine, amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin and desipramine. This review article focuses on the conventional drugs used in different diseases which possess dual inhibition activity as well as those which are still in the preclinical/clinical phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sazal Patyar
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Delhi, India
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Darvesh AS, Carroll RT, Geldenhuys WJ, Gudelsky GA, Klein J, Meshul CK, Van der Schyf CJ. In vivo brain microdialysis: advances in neuropsychopharmacology and drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:109-127. [PMID: 21532928 PMCID: PMC3083031 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.547189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Microdialysis is an important in vivo sampling technique, useful in the assay of extracellular tissue fluid. The technique has both pre-clinical and clinical applications but is most widely used in neuroscience. The in vivo microdialysis technique allows measurement of neurotransmitters such as acetycholine (ACh), the biogenic amines including dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT), amino acids such as glutamate (Glu) and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), as well as the metabolites of the aforementioned neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides in neuronal extracellular fluid in discrete brain regions of laboratory animals such as rodents and non-human primates. AREAS COVERED: In this review we present a brief overview of the principles and procedures related to in vivo microdialysis and detail the use of this technique in the pre-clinical measurement of drugs designed to be used in the treatment of chemical addiction, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and as well as psychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia. This review offers insight into the tremendous utility and versatility of this technique in pursuing neuropharmacological investigations as well its significant potential in rational drug discovery. EXPERT OPINION: In vivo microdialysis is an extremely versatile technique, routinely used in the neuropharmacological investigation of drugs used for the treatment of neurological disorders. This technique has been a boon in the elucidation of the neurochemical profile and mechanism of action of several classes of drugs especially their effects on neurotransmitter systems. The exploitation and development of this technique for drug discovery in the near future will enable investigational new drug candidates to be rapidly moved into the clinical trial stages and to market thus providing new successful therapies for neurological diseases that are currently in demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf S. Darvesh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences-Neurotherapeutics Focus Group, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
- Psychiatry, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Richard T. Carroll
- Pharmaceutical Sciences-Neurotherapeutics Focus Group, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Werner J. Geldenhuys
- Pharmaceutical Sciences-Neurotherapeutics Focus Group, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Gary A. Gudelsky
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jochen Klein
- Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, D-60438, Germany
| | - Charles K. Meshul
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Pathology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Portland Veterans Affairs Research Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Cornelis J. Van der Schyf
- Pharmaceutical Sciences-Neurotherapeutics Focus Group, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
- Neurobiology, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
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Piau A, Nourhashémi F, Hein C, Caillaud C, Vellas B. Progress in the development of new drugs in Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Health Aging 2011; 15:45-57. [PMID: 21267520 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-011-0012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease with a global prevalence estimated at 26.55 million in 2006. During the past decades, several agents have been approved that enhance cognition of AD patients. However, the effectiveness of these treatments are limited or controversial and they do not modify disease progression. Recent advances in understanding AD pathogenesis have led to the development of numerous compounds that might modify the disease process. AD is mainly characterized neuropathologically by the presence of two kinds of protein aggregates: extracellular plaques of Abeta-peptide and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Abeta and tau could interfere in an original way contributing to a cascade of events leading to neuronal death and transmitter deficits. Investigation for novel therapeutic approaches targeting the presumed underlying pathogenic mechanisms is major focus of research. Antiamyloid agents targeting production, accumulation, clearance, or toxicity associated with Abeta peptide, are some approaches under investigation to limit extracellular plaques of Abeta-peptide accumulation. We can state as an example: Abeta passive and active immunization, secretases modulation, Abeta degradation enhancement, or antiaggregation and antifibrillization agents. Tau-related therapies are also under clinical investigation but few compounds are available. Another alternative approach under development is neuroprotective agents such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory drugs, compounds acting against glutamate mediated neurotoxicity. Neurorestorative approaches through neurotrophin or cell therapy also represent a minor avenue in AD research. Finally, statins, receptor for advanced glycation end products inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, insulin, and hormonal therapies are some other ways of research for a therapeutic approach of Alzheimer's disease. Taking into account AD complexity, it becomes clear that polypharmacology with drugs targeting different sites could be the future treatment approach and a majority of the recent drugs under evaluation seems to act on multiple targets. This article exposes general classes of disease-modifying therapies under investigation.
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Mangialasche F, Solomon A, Winblad B, Mecocci P, Kivipelto M. Alzheimer's disease: clinical trials and drug development. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9:702-16. [PMID: 20610346 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia in elderly people. Research into Alzheimer's disease therapy has been at least partly successful in terms of developing symptomatic treatments, but has also had several failures in terms of developing disease-modifying therapies. These successes and failures have led to debate about the potential deficiencies in our understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and potential pitfalls in diagnosis, choice of therapeutic targets, development of drug candidates, and design of clinical trials. Many clinical and experimental studies are ongoing, but we need to acknowledge that a single cure for Alzheimer's disease is unlikely to be found and that the approach to drug development for this disorder needs to be reconsidered. Preclinical research is constantly providing us with new information on pieces of the complex Alzheimer's disease puzzle, and an analysis of this information might reveal patterns of pharmacological interactions instead of single potential drug targets. Several promising randomised controlled trials are ongoing, and the increased collaboration between pharmaceutical companies, basic researchers, and clinical researchers has the potential to bring us closer to developing an optimum pharmaceutical approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Long-acting anticholinesterases for myasthenia gravis: synthesis and activities of quaternary phenylcarbamates of neostigmine, pyridostigmine and physostigmine. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:4687-93. [PMID: 20627738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The N-monophenylcarbamate analogues of neostigmine methyl sulfate (6) and pyridostigmine bromide (8) together with their precursors (5), (7), and the N(1)-methylammonium analogues of (-)-phenserine (12), (-)-tolserine (14), (-)-cymserine (16) and (-)-phenethylcymserine (18) were synthesized to produce long-acting peripheral inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase. Evaluation of their cholinesterase inhibition against human enzyme ex vivo demonstrated that, whereas compounds 5-8 possessed only marginal activity, 12, 14, 16 and 18 proved to be potent anticholinesterases. An extended duration of cholinesterase inhibition was determined in rodent, making them of potential interest as long-acting agents for myasthenia gravis.
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40
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in health sciences during the last century have increased the average age in industrialized nations. Despite this progress, neurodegenerative diseases that affect higher order thinking and memory continue to increase in prevalence as they take a devastating toll on human productivity in the later years. There is an acute need for new drugs and therapeutic approaches for treating these severe diseases, and also for improving the quality of cognitive function associated with normal aging and in many other disorders and syndromes that present with cognitive dysfunction. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to ascertain the pharmacological approaches being exploited to improve cognition and memory and to determine the most relevant and effective directions taken for new drug discovery. Limitations and difficulties encountered in this effort also are discussed. METHODS This review focuses primarily on compounds already undergoing clinical trials for improving cognition and memory with some discussion of rising new drug targets. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Compounds that act on allosteric sites on neurotransmitter receptors are expected to lead the field with new levels of specificity and reduced side effects. New multi-functional compounds can be designed that can both improve cognition and slow the process of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry J Buccafusco
- Regents' Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alzheimer's Research Center, Medical College of Georgia, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta, Georgia 30912-2300, USA.
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Jakob-Roetne R, Jacobsen H. Alzheimer's disease: from pathology to therapeutic approaches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:3030-59. [PMID: 19330877 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200802808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mind how you go: The current strategies for the development of therapies for Alzheimer's disease are very diverse. Particular attention is given to the search for inhibitors (see picture for two examples) of the proteolytic enzyme beta- and gamma-secretase, which inhibits the cleavage of the amyloid precursor proteins into amyloid beta peptides, from which the disease-defining deposits of plaque in the brains of Alzheimer's patients originates.Research on senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease covers an extremely broad range of scientific activities. At the recent international meeting of the Alzheimer's Association (ICAD 2008, Chicago) more than 2200 individual scientific contributions were presented. The aim of this Review is to give an overview of the field and to outline its main areas, starting from behavioral abnormalities and visible pathological findings and then focusing on the molecular details of the pathology. The "amyloid hypothesis" of Alzheimer's disease is given particular attention, since the majority of the ongoing therapeutic approaches are based on its theoretical framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Jakob-Roetne
- F.Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Medicinal Chemistry, Bldg 92/8.10B, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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42
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Becker RE, Unni LK, Greig NH. Resurrecting clinical pharmacology as a context for Alzheimer disease drug development. Curr Alzheimer Res 2009; 6:79-81. [PMID: 19199879 DOI: 10.2174/156720509787313916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Commercial priorities have been identified as negative factors in drug development. We trace the problem to inattention to sound clinical pharmacology practices. When properly applied, clinical pharmacology and associated drug development sciences can, hand in hand, facilitate success in commercial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Becker
- Drug Design & Development Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Jakob-Roetne R, Jacobsen H. Die Alzheimer-Demenz: von der Pathologie zu therapeutischen Ansätzen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200802808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bartolini M, Greig NH, Yu QS, Andrisano V. Immobilized butyrylcholinesterase in the characterization of new inhibitors that could ease Alzheimer's disease. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1216:2730-8. [PMID: 18950780 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Focus of this work was the development and characterization of a new immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) containing human recombinant butyrylcholinesterase (rBChE) for the on-line kinetic characterization of specific, pseudo-irreversible and brain-targeted BChE inhibitors as potential drug candidates for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specifically, a rBChE-IMER containing 0.99 U of covalently bound target enzyme was purposely developed and inserted into a HPLC system connected to a UV-vis detector. Selected reversible cholinesterase inhibitors, (-)-phenserine and (-)-cymserine analogues, were then kinetically characterized by rBChE-IMER, and by classical in solution assays and their carbamoylation and decarbamoylation constants were determined. The results support the elucidation of the potency, inhibition duration, mode of action and specific structure/activity relations of these agents and allow cross-validation of the two assay techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Belmeloro 6, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Barten DM, Albright CF. Therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2008; 37:171-86. [PMID: 18581273 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-008-8031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are guided by four disease characteristics: amyloid plaques, neurofibrillar tangles (NFT), neurodegeneration, and dementia. Amyloid plaques are composed largely of 4 kDa beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides, with the more amyloidogenic, 42 amino acid form (Abeta42) as the primary species. Because multiple, rare mutations that cause early-onset, familial AD lead to increased production or aggregation of Abeta42, amyloid therapeutics aim to reduce the amount of toxic Abeta42 aggregates. Amyloid-based therapies include gamma-secretase inhibitors and modulators, BACE inhibitors, aggregation blockers, catabolism inducers, and anti-Abeta biologics. Tangles are composed of paired helical filaments of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Tau-based therapeutics include kinase inhibitors, microtubule stabilizers, and catabolism inducers. Therapeutic strategies for neurodegeneration target multiple mechanisms, including excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, and inflammation or stimulation of neuronal viability. Although not disease modifying, cognition enhancers are important to treat the symptom of dementia. Strategies for cognition enhancement include cholinesterase inhibitors, and other approaches to enhance the signaling of cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons. In summary, plaques, tangles, neurodegeneration and dementia guide the development of multiple therapeutic approaches for AD and are the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Barten
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Neuroscience Drug Discovery, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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