1
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Zhao Y, Wang Y, Yang D, Suh K, Zhang M. A Computational Framework to Characterize the Cancer Drug Induced Effect on Aging Using Transcriptomic Data. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:906429. [PMID: 35847024 PMCID: PMC9277350 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.906429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatments such as chemotherapies may change or accelerate aging trajectories in cancer patients. Emerging evidence has shown that “omics” data can be used to study molecular changes of the aging process. Here, we integrated the drug-induced and normal aging transcriptomic data to computationally characterize the potential cancer drug-induced aging process in patients. Our analyses demonstrated that the aging-associated gene expression in the GTEx dataset can recapitulate the well-established aging hallmarks. We next characterized the drug-induced transcriptomic changes of 28 FDA approved cancer drugs in brain, kidney, muscle, and adipose tissues. Further drug-aging interaction analysis identified 34 potential drug regulated aging events. Those events include aging accelerating effects of vandetanib (Caprelsa®) and dasatinib (Sprycel®) in brain and muscle, respectively. Our result also demonstrated aging protective effect of vorinostat (Zolinza®), everolimus (Afinitor®), and bosutinib (Bosulif®) in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueshan Zhao
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yue Wang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Da Yang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kangho Suh
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Min Zhang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Min Zhang,
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2
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Ferrari SM, Centanni M, Virili C, Miccoli M, Ferrari P, Ruffilli I, Ragusa F, Antonelli A, Fallahi P. Sunitinib in the Treatment of Thyroid Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:963-972. [PMID: 28990511 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171006165942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sunitinib (SU11248) is an oral multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) with low molecular weight, that inhibits platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGF-Rs) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs), c-KIT, fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) and RET. The concurrent inhibition of these pathways reduces tumor vascularization and causes cancer cell apoptosis, inducing a tumor shrinkage. Sunitinib is approved for the treatment of imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), renal carcinoma, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. METHODS We searched the literature on PubMed library. RESULTS In vitro studies showed that sunitinib targeted the cytosolic MEK/ERK and SAPK/JNK pathways in the RET/PTC1 cell inhibiting cell proliferation and causing stimulation of sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) gene expression in RET/PTC1 cells. Furthermore sunitinib is active in vitro and in vivo against anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cells. Most of the clinical studies report that sunitinib is effective as first- and second-line TKI therapy in patients with advanced dedifferentiated thyroid cancer (DeTC), or medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Sunitinib 37.5 mg/day is well tolerated, and effective. The most common adverse events include: reduction in blood cell counts (in particular leukocytes), hand-foot skin reaction, diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, hypertension, and musculoskeletal pain. CONCLUSION Even if sunitinib is promising in the therapy of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), until now no phase III studies have been published, and additional prospective researches are necessary in order to evaluate the real efficacy of sunitinib in aggressive thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martina Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Centanni
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Camilla Virili
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Mario Miccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Ferrari
- Department of Oncology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Ruffilli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragusa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126, Pisa, Italy
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3
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Requejo C, Ruiz-Ortega JA, Bengoetxea H, Bulnes S, Ugedo L, Lafuente JV. Deleterious Effects of VEGFR2 and RET Inhibition in a Preclinical Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 55:201-212. [PMID: 28840516 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are a promising therapeutic option for Parkinson's disease (PD). They exert their function through tyrosine kinase receptors. Our goal was to assess the effects of administering a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor (vandetanib) that blocks VEGFR2 and RET receptors in a preclinical model of PD. Rats underwent intrastriatal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Two weeks later, the rats received 30 mg/kg vandetanib or saline orally. The effects were assessed using the rotational behavioral test, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry, and western blot. In 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, motor symptoms were almost undetectable, but morphological and biochemical changes were significant. Vandetanib treatment, combined with the presence of 6-OHDA lesions, significantly increased behavioral impairment and morphological and biochemical changes. Therefore, after vandetanib treatment, the TH-immunopositive striatal volume, the percentage of TH+ neurons, and the extent of the axodendritic network in the substantia nigra decreased. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positivity significantly decreased in the striatum and substantia nigra in the vandetanib-treated group. In addition, p-Akt and p-ERK 1/2 levels were significantly lower and caspase-3 expression significantly increased after vandetanib administration. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time the deleterious effect of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor on the dopaminergic system, supporting the beneficial and synergistic effect of NTFs reported in previous papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Requejo
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain.
| | - J A Ruiz-Ortega
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain
| | - H Bengoetxea
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain
| | - S Bulnes
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain
| | - L Ugedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain
| | - J V Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain
- Nanoneurosurgery Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
- Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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4
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The Development of CK2 Inhibitors: From Traditional Pharmacology to in Silico Rational Drug Design. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10010026. [PMID: 28230762 PMCID: PMC5374430 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Casein kinase II (CK2) is an ubiquitous and pleiotropic serine/threonine protein kinase able to phosphorylate hundreds of substrates. Being implicated in several human diseases, from neurodegeneration to cancer, the biological roles of CK2 have been intensively studied. Upregulation of CK2 has been shown to be critical to tumor progression, making this kinase an attractive target for cancer therapy. Several CK2 inhibitors have been developed so far, the first being discovered by "trial and error testing". In the last decade, the development of in silico rational drug design has prompted the discovery, de novo design and optimization of several CK2 inhibitors, active in the low nanomolar range. The screening of big chemical libraries and the optimization of hit compounds by Structure Based Drug Design (SBDD) provide telling examples of a fruitful application of rational drug design to the development of CK2 inhibitors. Ligand Based Drug Design (LBDD) models have been also applied to CK2 drug discovery, however they were mainly focused on methodology improvements rather than being critical for de novo design and optimization. This manuscript provides detailed description of in silico methodologies whose applications to the design and development of CK2 inhibitors proved successful and promising.
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5
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Carlino L, Rastelli G. Dual Kinase-Bromodomain Inhibitors in Anticancer Drug Discovery: A Structural and Pharmacological Perspective. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9305-9320. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carlino
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Giulio Rastelli
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy
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6
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Koroleva EV, Ignatovich ZI, Sinyutich YV, Gusak KN. Aminopyrimidine derivatives as protein kinases inhibitors. Molecular design, synthesis, and biologic activity. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428016020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Onions ST, Ito K, Charron CE, Brown RJ, Colucci M, Frickel F, Hardy G, Joly K, King-Underwood J, Kizawa Y, Knowles I, Murray PJ, Novak A, Rani A, Rapeport G, Smith A, Strong P, Taddei DM, Williams JG. Discovery of Narrow Spectrum Kinase Inhibitors: New Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of COPD and Steroid-Resistant Asthma. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1727-46. [PMID: 26800309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of a novel series of therapeutic agents that has been designed and optimized for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is reported. The pharmacological strategy was based on the identification of compounds that inhibit a defined subset of kinase enzymes modulating inflammatory processes that would be effective against steroid refractory disease and exhibit a sustained duration of action after inhaled delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart T Onions
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity , Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - Kazuhiro Ito
- RespiVert Limited , 2 Royal College Street, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine E Charron
- RespiVert Limited , 2 Royal College Street, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Brown
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity , Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Colucci
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity , Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - Fritz Frickel
- RespiVert Limited , 2 Royal College Street, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - George Hardy
- RespiVert Limited , 2 Royal College Street, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Joly
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity , Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - John King-Underwood
- CompChem Resource , Old Cottage Hospital, Homend, Ledbury, Herefordshire HR8 1ED, United Kingdom
| | - Yasuo Kizawa
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Nihon University School of Pharmacy , 7-7-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Ian Knowles
- Pneumolabs UK Limited , Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - P John Murray
- RespiVert Limited , 2 Royal College Street, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Novak
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity , Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - Anjna Rani
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity , Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - Garth Rapeport
- RespiVert Limited , 2 Royal College Street, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - Alun Smith
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity , Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Strong
- RespiVert Limited , 2 Royal College Street, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - David M Taddei
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity , Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
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8
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Volkamer A, Eid S, Turk S, Rippmann F, Fulle S. Identification and Visualization of Kinase-Specific Subpockets. J Chem Inf Model 2016; 56:335-46. [PMID: 26735903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The identification and design of selective compounds is important for the reduction of unwanted side effects as well as for the development of tool compounds for target validation studies. This is, in particular, true for therapeutically important protein families that possess conserved folds and have numerous members such as kinases. To support the design of selective kinase inhibitors, we developed a novel approach that allows identification of specificity determining subpockets between closely related kinases solely based on their three-dimensional structures. To account for the intrinsic flexibility of the proteins, multiple X-ray structures of the target protein of interest as well as of unwanted off-target(s) are taken into account. The binding pockets of these protein structures are calculated and fused to a combined target and off-target pocket, respectively. Subsequently, shape differences between these two combined pockets are identified via fusion rules. The approach provides a user-friendly visualization of target-specific areas in a binding pocket which should be explored when designing selective compounds. Furthermore, the approach can be easily combined with in silico alanine mutation studies to identify selectivity determining residues. The potential impact of the approach is demonstrated in four retrospective experiments on closely related kinases, i.e., p38α vs Erk2, PAK1 vs PAK4, ITK vs AurA, and BRAF vs VEGFR2. Overall, the presented approach does not require any profiling data for training purposes, provides an intuitive visualization of a large number of protein structures at once, and could also be applied to other target classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Volkamer
- BioMed X Innovation Center , Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sameh Eid
- BioMed X Innovation Center , Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Samo Turk
- BioMed X Innovation Center , Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Rippmann
- Global Computational Chemistry, Merck KGaA , Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simone Fulle
- BioMed X Innovation Center , Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Paller CJ, Bradbury PA, Ivy SP, Seymour L, LoRusso PM, Baker L, Rubinstein L, Huang E, Collyar D, Groshen S, Reeves S, Ellis LM, Sargent DJ, Rosner GL, LeBlanc ML, Ratain MJ. Design of phase I combination trials: recommendations of the Clinical Trial Design Task Force of the NCI Investigational Drug Steering Committee. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 20:4210-7. [PMID: 25125258 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer drugs are combined in an effort to treat a heterogeneous tumor or to maximize the pharmacodynamic effect. The development of combination regimens, while desirable, poses unique challenges. These include the selection of agents for combination therapy that may lead to improved efficacy while maintaining acceptable toxicity, the design of clinical trials that provide informative results for individual agents and combinations, and logistic and regulatory challenges. The phase I trial is often the initial step in the clinical evaluation of a combination regimen. In view of the importance of combination regimens and the challenges associated with developing them, the Clinical Trial Design (CTD) Task Force of the National Cancer Institute Investigational Drug Steering Committee developed a set of recommendations for the phase I development of a combination regimen. The first two recommendations focus on the scientific rationale and development plans for the combination regimen; subsequent recommendations encompass clinical design aspects. The CTD Task Force recommends that selection of the proposed regimens be based on a biologic or pharmacologic rationale supported by clinical and/or robust and validated preclinical evidence, and accompanied by a plan for subsequent development of the combination. The design of the phase I clinical trial should take into consideration the potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions as well as overlapping toxicity. Depending on the specific hypothesized interaction, the primary endpoint may be dose optimization, pharmacokinetics, and/or pharmacodynamics (i.e., biomarker).
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Affiliation(s)
- Channing J Paller
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore
| | | | - S Percy Ivy
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lesley Seymour
- NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Erich Huang
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Susan Groshen
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Lee M Ellis
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Gary L Rosner
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore
| | - Michael L LeBlanc
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Research and Biostatistics, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mark J Ratain
- The University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
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10
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Ferrari SM, Politti U, Spisni R, Materazzi G, Baldini E, Ulisse S, Miccoli P, Antonelli A, Fallahi P. Sorafenib in the treatment of thyroid cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:863-74. [PMID: 26152651 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1064770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sorafenib has been evaluated in several Phase II and III studies in patients with locally advanced/metastatic radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs), reporting partial responses, stabilization of the disease and improvement of progression-free survival. Best responses were observed in lung metastases and minimal responses in bone lesions. On the basis of these studies, sorafenib was approved for the treatment of metastatic DTC in November 2013. Few studies suggested that reduction of thyroglobulin levels, or of average standardized uptake value at the fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, could be helpful for the identification of responding patients; but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Tumor genetic marker levels did not have any prognostic or predictive role in DTC patients.The most common adverse events observed included skin toxicity and gastrointestinal and constitutional symptoms. Encouraging results have also been observed in patients with medullary thyroid cancer. Many studies are ongoing to evaluate the long-term efficacy and tolerability of sorafenib in DTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martina Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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11
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Kikuchi A, Monga SP. PDGFRα in liver pathophysiology: emerging roles in development, regeneration, fibrosis, and cancer. Gene Expr 2015; 16:109-27. [PMID: 25700367 PMCID: PMC4410163 DOI: 10.3727/105221615x14181438356210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) is an isoform of the PDGFR family of tyrosine kinase receptors involved in cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, and growth. In this review, we highlight the role of PDGFRα and the current evidence of its expression and activities in liver development, regeneration, and pathology-including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Studies elucidating PDGFRα signaling in processes ranging from profibrotic signaling, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition point toward PDGFRα as a potential therapeutic target in various hepatic pathologies, including hepatic fibrosis and liver cancer. Furthermore, PDGFRα localization and modulation during liver development and regeneration may lend insight into its potential roles in various pathologic states. We will also briefly discuss some of the current targeted treatments for PDGFRα, including multi receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and PDGFRα-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kikuchi
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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12
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Merritt C, Silva L, Tanner AL, Stuart K, Pollastri MP. Kinases as druggable targets in trypanosomatid protozoan parasites. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11280-304. [PMID: 26443079 PMCID: PMC4254031 DOI: 10.1021/cr500197d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Merritt
- Seattle
Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, Washington 98109-5219, United States
| | - Lisseth
E. Silva
- Department
of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, 417 Egan
Research Center, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Angela L. Tanner
- Department
of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, 417 Egan
Research Center, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kenneth Stuart
- Seattle
Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, Washington 98109-5219, United States
| | - Michael P. Pollastri
- Department
of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, 417 Egan
Research Center, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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13
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Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Santini F, Corrado A, Materazzi G, Ulisse S, Miccoli P, Antonelli A. Sorafenib and thyroid cancer. BioDrugs 2014; 27:615-28. [PMID: 23818056 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-013-0049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sorafenib (Nexavar) is a multikinase inhibitor, which has demonstrated both anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic properties in vitro and in vivo, inhibiting the activity of targets present in the tumor cell [c-RAF (proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase), BRAF, (V600E)BRAF, c-KIT, and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3] and in tumor vessels (c-RAF, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β). For several years, sorafenib has been approved for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and advanced renal cell carcinoma. After previous studies showing that sorafenib was able to inhibit oncogenic RET mutants, (V600E)BRAF, and angiogenesis and growth of orthotopic anaplastic thyroid cancer xenografts in nude mice, some clinical trials demonstrated the effectiveness of sorafenib in advanced thyroid cancer. Currently, the evaluation of the clinical safety and efficacy of sorafenib for the treatment of advanced thyroid cancer is ongoing. This article reviews the anti-neoplastic effect of sorafenib in thyroid cancer. Several completed (or ongoing) studies have evaluated the long-term efficacy and tolerability of sorafenib in patients with papillary and medullary aggressive thyroid cancer. The results suggest that sorafenib is a promising therapeutic option in patients with advanced thyroid cancer that is not responsive to traditional therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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14
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Burford A, Little SE, Jury A, Popov S, Laxton R, Doey L, Al-Sarraj S, Jürgensmeier JM, Jones C. Distinct phenotypic differences associated with differential amplification of receptor tyrosine kinase genes at 4q12 in glioblastoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71777. [PMID: 23990986 PMCID: PMC3749194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene amplification at chromosome 4q12 is a common alteration in human high grade gliomas including glioblastoma, a CNS tumour with consistently poor prognosis. This locus harbours the known oncogenes encoding the receptor tyrosine kinases PDGFRA, KIT, and VEGFR2. These receptors are potential targets for novel therapeutic intervention in these diseases, with expression noted in tumour cells and/or associated vasculature. Despite this, a detailed assessment of their relative contributions to different high grade glioma histologies and the underlying heterogeneity within glioblastoma has been lacking. We studied 342 primary high grade gliomas for individual gene amplification using specific FISH probes, as well as receptor expression in the tumour and endothelial cells by immunohistochemistry, and correlated our findings with specific tumour cell morphological types and patterns of vasculature. We identified amplicons which encompassed PDGFRA only, PDGFRA/KIT, and PDGFRA/KIT/VEGFR2, with distinct phenotypic correlates. Within glioblastoma specimens, PDGFRA amplification alone was linked to oligodendroglial, small cell and sarcomatous tumour cell morphologies, and rare MGMT promoter methylation. A younger age at diagnosis and better clinical outcome in glioblastoma patients is only seen when PDGFRA and KIT are co-amplified. IDH1 mutation was only found when all three genes are amplified; this is a subgroup which also harbours extensive MGMT promoter methylation. Whilst PDGFRA amplification was tightly linked to tumour expression of the receptor, this was not the case for KIT or VEGFR2. Thus we have identified differential patterns of gene amplification and expression of RTKs at the 4q12 locus to be associated with specific phenotypes which may reflect their distinct underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Burford
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
- Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne E. Little
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
- Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Alexa Jury
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
- Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey Popov
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
- Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Laxton
- Neuropathology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence Doey
- Neuropathology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Safa Al-Sarraj
- Neuropathology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chris Jones
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
- Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Lefferts JA, Tsongalis GJ. Molecular diagnostics: parallels between infectious disease and emerging oncology testing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4:185-8. [PMID: 23488529 DOI: 10.1517/17530051003730402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Evolving molecular techniques used in the clinical laboratory are becoming increasingly important across nearly all fields of medicine. An increased understanding of carcinogenesis and the use of targeted cancer therapies has resulted in a demand for new types of molecular oncology test to help in cancer diagnosis and as tools to predict response to targeted therapeutics for cancer patients. Understanding the need for and the function of these emerging molecular oncology tests by both clinicians and laboratorians is often problematic. Although many of these molecular testing techniques and strategies are relatively new to oncology, similar testing has been performed in the field of infectious diseases for many years and is now widely accepted and understood. Recognizing the parallels between the molecular testing that is now standard for infectious diseases and testing being introduced to aid in the care of cancer patients will accelerate the acceptance, implementation and correct utilization of molecular assays for oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Lefferts
- Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Department of Pathology, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA +1 603 650 5498 ; +1 603 650 4845 ;
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Giunti S, Antonelli A, Amorosi A, Santarpia L. Cellular signaling pathway alterations and potential targeted therapies for medullary thyroid carcinoma. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:803171. [PMID: 23509459 PMCID: PMC3594951 DOI: 10.1155/2013/803171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parafollicular C-cell-derived medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) comprises 3% to 4% of all thyroid cancers. While cytotoxic treatments have been shown to have limited efficacy, targeted molecular therapies that inhibit rearranged during transfection (RET) and other tyrosine kinase receptors that are mainly involved in angiogenesis have shown great promise in the treatment of metastatic or locally advanced MTC. Multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as vandetanib, which is already approved for the treatment of progressive MTC, and cabozantinib have shown distinct advantages with regard to rates of disease response and control. However, these types of tyrosine kinase inhibitor compounds are able to concurrently block several types of targets, which limits the understanding of RET as a specific target. Moreover, important resistances to tyrosine kinase inhibitors can occur, which limit the long-term efficacy of these treatments. Deregulated cellular signaling pathways and genetic alterations in MTC, particularly the activation of the RAS/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) cascades and RET crosstalk signaling, are now emerging as novel and potentially promising therapeutic treatments for aggressive MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Giunti
- Department of Pathology, Centro Oncologico Fiorentino, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa School of Medicine, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Amorosi
- Department of Pathology, Centro Oncologico Fiorentino, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Libero Santarpia
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Istituto Toscano Tumori, 59100 Prato, Italy
- *Libero Santarpia:
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Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is a lipid hydrolase that cleaves the sphingolipid, sphingomyelin, into ceramide. Mutations in the ASM gene (SMPD1) result in the rare lysosomal storage disorder, Niemann-Pick disease (NPD). In addition to its role in NPD, over the past two decades, the importance of sphingolipids, and ASM in particular, in normal physiology and the pathophysiology of numerous common diseases also has become known. For example, altered sphingolipid metabolism occurs in many cancers, generally reducing the levels of the pro-apoptotic lipid, ceramide, and/or elevating the levels of the proliferative lipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). These changes likely contribute to the tumorigenicity and/or metastatic capacity of the cancer. In addition, many cancer therapies induce ceramide-mediated death, and cancer cells have evolved novel mechanisms to overcome this effect. In the present review, we discuss sphingolipid metabolism in cancer, and specifically the potential for pharmacological modulation using ASM. Of note, recombinant human ASM (rhASM) has been produced for human use and is being evaluated as a treatment for NPD. Thus, its use for cancer therapy could be rapidly evaluated in the clinic after appropriate animal model studies have been completed. As this enzyme was initially studied in the context of NPD, we start with a brief overview of the history of ASM and NPD, followed by a discussion of the role of ASM in cancer biology, and then summarize emerging preclinical efficacy studies using rhASM as an adjunct in the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Savić
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
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Huang J, Zhang W, Bowen D, Tam J, Wu H, Fung M. Emerging Trends in US Oncological Approvals: A 13-Year Review (1999–2011). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0092861512441391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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LoRusso PM, Canetta R, Wagner JA, Balogh EP, Nass SJ, Boerner SA, Hohneker J. Accelerating cancer therapy development: the importance of combination strategies and collaboration. Summary of an Institute of Medicine workshop. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6101-9. [PMID: 23065428 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells contain multiple genetic changes in cell signaling pathways that drive abnormal cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Unfortunately, patients treated with single agents inhibiting only one of these pathways--even if showing an initial response--often develop resistance with subsequent relapse or progression of their cancer, typically via the activation of an alternative uninhibited pathway. Combination therapies offer the potential for inhibiting multiple targets and pathways simultaneously to more effectively kill cancer cells and prevent or delay the emergence of drug resistance. However, there are many unique challenges to developing combination therapies, including devising and applying appropriate preclinical tests and clinical trial designs, prioritizing which combination therapies to test, avoiding overlapping toxicity of multiple agents, and overcoming legal, cultural, and regulatory barriers that impede collaboration among multiple companies, organizations, and/or institutions. More effective strategies to efficiently develop combination cancer therapies are urgently needed. Thus, the Institute of Medicine's National Cancer Policy Forum recently convened a workshop with the goal of identifying barriers that may be impeding the development of combination investigational cancer therapies, as well as potential solutions to overcome those barriers, improve collaboration, and ultimately accelerate the development of promising combinations of investigational cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M LoRusso
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Kim J, Hwang J, Jeong H, Song HJ, Shin J, Hur G, Park YW, Lee SH, Kim J. Promoter methylation status of VEGF receptor genes: a possible epigenetic biomarker to anticipate the efficacy of intracellular-acting VEGF-targeted drugs in cancer cells. Epigenetics 2012; 7:191-200. [PMID: 22395469 DOI: 10.4161/epi.7.2.18973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated whether the inhibitory effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-targeted drugs on the proliferation of cancer cells differed according to VEGF receptor (VEGFR) genes, Flt1 and KDR, promoter methylation status. Five hyper-VEGFR-methylation and six no-VEGFR-methylation cancer cells were used for the present study, together with human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) as a control. No-VEGFR-methylation cancer cells showed higher expression of Flt1 and KDR than hyper-VEGFR-methylation cancer cells. Hyper-VEGFR-methylation cancer cells only showed increased expression and protein levels of Flt1 and KDR after treatment with the demethylase 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Two drugs (a VEGF-specific-antibody, bevacizumab, and a KDR-specific-antibody) targeting extracellular VEGF-VEGFR signaling and two VEGF-specific-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (PTK/ZK and sunitinib) targeting intracellular VEGFR signaling were used in the cell proliferation assay. HUVECs showed dose- and time-dependent proliferation decrease with all tested drugs over a 72 h incubation period. No- or hyper-VEGFR-methylation cancer cells showed no significant proliferation differences after treatment with VEGF-specific-antibody or VEGFR2-specific-antibody. After PTK/ZK or sunitinib treatment, no-VEGFR-methylation cancer cells showed dose- or time-dependent decreases in proliferation. Hyper-VEGFR-methylation cancer cells also showed proliferation inhibition by VEGF-specific-tyrosine kinase inhibitors after demethylation of Flt1 and KDR. Proliferation inhibition synergistically increased after combination of demethylation with PTK/ZK in hyper-VEGF-methylation cancer cells. We observed that intracellular targeting of VEGF-VEGFR signaling could be more effective than extracellular targeting of the pathway in the suppression of proliferation of some cancer cells. In particular, the efficacy of intracellular targeting of VEGF-specific-tyrosine kinase inhibitors might be influenced by the epigenetic alteration of VEGFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyeon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hospital and School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon, South Korea
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Villalonga P, Fernández de Mattos S, Ramis G, Obrador-Hevia A, Sampedro A, Rotger C, Costa A. Cyclosquaramides as Kinase Inhibitors with Anticancer Activity. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1472-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Heinrich MC, Griffith D, McKinley A, Patterson J, Presnell A, Ramachandran A, Debiec-Rychter M. Crenolanib inhibits the drug-resistant PDGFRA D842V mutation associated with imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4375-84. [PMID: 22745105 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the potential of crenolanib, a potent inhibitor of PDGFRA, to treat malignancies driven by mutant PDGFRA. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The biochemical activity of crenolanib was compared with imatinib using a panel of PDGFRA-mutant kinases expressed in several different cell line models, including primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) cells. The antiproliferative activity of crenolanib was also studied in several cell lines with PDGFRA-dependent growth. RESULTS Crenolanib was significantly more potent than imatinib in inhibiting the kinase activity of imatinib-resistant PDGFRA kinases (D842I, D842V, D842Y, DI842-843IM, and deletion I843). For example, crenolanib was 135-fold more potent than imatinib against D842V in our isogenic model system, with an IC(50) of approximately 10 nmol/L. The relative potency of crenolanib was further confirmed in BaF3 and primary GIST cells expressing PDGFRA D842V. In contrast, imatinib was at least 10-fold more potent than crenolanib in inhibiting the V561D mutation. For all other tested PDGFRA mutations, crenolanib and imatinib had comparable potency. CONCLUSIONS Crenolanib is a potent inhibitor of imatinib-resistant PDGFRA kinases associated with GIST, including the PDGFRA D842V mutation found in approximately 5% of GISTs. The spectrum of activity of crenolanib suggests that this drug is a type I inhibitor (inhibitor of activated conformation of kinase). Based in part on these results, a phase II clinical study of this agent to treat GIST with the PDGFRA D842V mutation has been initiated.
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Abstract
The increasing incidence of thyroid cancer is associated with a higher number of advanced disease characterized by the loss of cancer differentiation and metastatic spread. The knowledge of the molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer has made possible the development of new therapeutic drugs able to blockade the oncogenic kinases (RET/PTC) or signaling kinases (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor [VEGFR]) involved in cellular growth and proliferation. Some clinical trials have been conducted showing the ability of targeted therapies able to inhibit RET(sorafenib, imatinib, vandetanib) in stabilizing the course of the disease. The aim of the introduction of these targeted therapies is to extend life duration assuring a good quality of life; however, further studies are needed to reach these goals.
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Abstract
Based on analyses of existing small organic drug molecules, a set of "rules-of-thumb" have been devised to assess the likeness of a small molecule under study to those existing drugs in terms of physicochemical and topological properties. These rules can be used to estimate the likelihood of a small molecule to possess the desired efficacy, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, and toxicity profiles to eventually become a drug, and therefore, whether it justifies further experimental work and development. These rules are particularly useful when selecting a chemical starting point for a given project or choosing a chemical series to focus when multiple series are available. Caution should be paid, however, not to overly rely on these rules for decision-making, since these rules are restricted by knowledge of existing drugs. Novel chemotypes and/or targets may be exceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Qiang Zhang
- Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Chaoyang District, Beijing, PR, China.
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Target inhibition in antiangiogenic therapy a wide spectrum of selectivity and specificity. Cancer J 2011; 16:635-42. [PMID: 21131797 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0b013e3181ff37cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed a previously unsuspected degree of vascular specialization within the host tissue and a tumor's microenvironment. The "vascular zip code" has been used to describe the unique expression of cell-surface molecules found in each vascular bed. Characterization of tumor blood vessels includes selective overexpression of a heterogenous group of proteins such as proteases, integrins, growth factor receptors, and proteoglycans. The process of angiogenesis consists of a "true cytokine storm," requiring many molecular events and biological steps. Antiangiogenic drugs may target a single critical kinase pathway or may interact with several nonspecific molecular targets via a process termed extended spectrum kinase inhibition. The latter strategy may lead to an absence of selectivity and specificity and may result in enhanced toxicities. In this review, we discuss recent developments in the pathogenesis of commonly observed adverse events and summarize new strategies that may ultimately improve efficacy and limit toxicity.
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Napolitano C, Natoni A, Santocanale C, Evensen L, Lorens JB, Murphy PV. Isosteric replacement of the Z-enone with haloethyl ketone and E-enone in a resorcylic acid lactone series and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1167-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ardini E, Magnaghi P, Orsini P, Galvani A, Menichincheri M. Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase: Role in specific tumours, and development of small molecule inhibitors for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2010; 299:81-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Subramanian G, Sud M. Computational Modeling of Kinase Inhibitor Selectivity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:395-9. [PMID: 26677403 DOI: 10.1021/ml1001097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An exhaustive computational exercise on a comprehensive set of 15 therapeutic kinase inhibitors was undertaken to identify as to which compounds hit which kinase off-targets in the human kinome. Although the kinase selectivity propensity of each inhibitor against ∼480 kinase targets is predicted, we compared our predictions to ∼280 kinase targets for which consistent experimental data are available and demonstrate an overall average prediction accuracy and specificity of ∼90%. A comparison of the predictions was extended to an additional ∼60 kinases for sorafenib and sunitinib as new experimental data were reported recently with similar prediction accuracy. The successful predictive capabilities allowed us to propose predictions on the remaining kinome targets in an effort to repurpose known kinase inhibitors to these new kinase targets that could hold therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindan Subramanian
- Structure, Design and Informatics, sanofi-aventis U.S., 1041 Route 202-206, P.O. Box 6800, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807
| | - Manish Sud
- MayaChemTools, 4411 Cather Avenue, San Diego, California 92122
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Eder JP, Shapiro GI, Appleman LJ, Zhu AX, Miles D, Keer H, Cancilla B, Chu F, Hitchcock-Bryan S, Sherman L, McCallum S, Heath EI, Boerner SA, LoRusso PM. A phase I study of foretinib, a multi-targeted inhibitor of c-Met and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:3507-16. [PMID: 20472683 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Foretinib is an oral multikinase inhibitor targeting Met, RON, Axl, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. We conducted a phase I, first-time-in-human, clinical trial using escalating doses of oral foretinib. The primary objectives are to identify a maximum tolerated dose and determine the safety profile of foretinib. Secondary objectives included evaluation of plasma pharmacokinetics, long-term safety after repeated administration, preliminary antitumor activity, and pharmacodynamic activity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients had histologically confirmed metastatic or unresectable solid tumors for which no standard measures exist. All patients received foretinib orally for 5 consecutive days every 14 days. Dose escalation followed a conventional "3+3" design. RESULTS Forty patients were treated in eight dose cohorts. The maximum tolerated dose was defined as 3.6 mg/kg, with a maximum administered dose of 4.5 mg/kg. Dose-limiting toxicities included grade 3 elevations in aspartate aminotransferase and lipase. Additional non-dose-limiting adverse events included hypertension, fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting, proteinuria, and hematuria. Responses were observed in two patients with papillary renal cell cancer and one patient with medullary thyroid cancer. Stable disease was identified in 22 patients. Foretinib pharmacokinetics increased linearly with dose. Pharmacodynamic evaluation indicated inhibition of MET phosphorylation and decreased proliferation in select tumor biopsies at submaximal doses. CONCLUSIONS The recommended dose of foretinib was determined to be 240 mg, given on the first 5 days of a 14-day cycle. This dose and schedule were identified as having acceptable safety and pharmacokinetics, and will be the dose used in subsequent phase II trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Paul Eder
- Early Drug Development Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Morphy R. Selectively nonselective kinase inhibition: striking the right balance. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1413-37. [PMID: 20166671 DOI: 10.1021/jm901132v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Morphy
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Schering-Plough, Newhouse, Lanarkshire, ML1 5SH, UK.
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LoRusso PM, Boerner SA, Seymour L. An overview of the optimal planning, design, and conduct of phase I studies of new therapeutics. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:1710-8. [PMID: 20215546 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phase I clinical trials represent the first step in bringing promising new treatments from the laboratory to the clinic. Although the importance of phase I clinical trials is widely recognized, there is currently no consensus among the scientific, medical, and statistical communities on how best to do these studies in humans. With the advent of targeted therapies, it has become evident that we need to tailor the design of phase I studies for the particular drug class under investigation and any endpoints that are being defined. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Investigational Drug Steering Committee (IDSC) provides broad external scientific and clinical input on the design and prioritization of early-phase clinical trials with agents for which the NCI Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (CTEP) holds an Investigational New Drug (IND) application through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The IDSC has formed a number of task forces and working groups, including the Clinical Trial Design Task Force and the Biomarker Working Group, many with membership from within the IDSC as well as external experts, including participants from academia, the pharmaceutical industry, and regulatory authorities. The Clinical Trials Design Taskforce sponsored a Phase I Workshop with the primary goal being to develop consensus recommendations for the optimal design of phase I studies. The primary focus included (1) efficient trial designs, (2) phase I drug combinations, and (3) appropriate statistical and correlative endpoints. In this CCR Focus series, articles summarize key aspects and recommendations on phase I studies (including combination trials), such as design, use of biomarkers, the European Union and Japanese perspectives on design, requirements for first-in-human and other phase I studies, and ensuring regulatory and International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) compliance. A final article summarizes recommendations for the design and conduct of phase II studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M LoRusso
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Wood J, Scott E, Thomas AL. Novel VEGF signalling inhibitors: how helpful are biomarkers in their early development? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 18:1701-14. [PMID: 19877763 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903336466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors of tumour angiogenesis can only be described as prolific. It is therefore interesting to speculate which will reach the clinic. Of course, the most effective agents will succeed, but how is effectiveness measured? When presented with a summary of competitive compounds, it can be difficult to discriminate between their potency on target, toxicity and response rates. OBJECTIVES A comparison was undertaken between new small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor as one of their targets. Factors considered included mode of action (targets), toxicity and usefulness of biomarker data. METHODOLOGY We carried out a systematic review using PubMed, MEDLINE and American Society of Clinical Oncologist (ASCO) databases for articles (including abstracts) presented in 2007 - 2009. Search terms included 'angiogenesis inhibitors', 'tyrosine kinase inhibitors', 'VEGF' and 'biomarkers'. Nine compounds were selected for detailed comparison. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The toxicity profiles of the compounds were similar. Many exposure biomarkers have been identified that have informed the dose and scheduling of these compounds in clinical trials. Progress has also been made in identifying potential efficacy and predictive biomarkers for these new agents; however, these are yet to be validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wood
- University of Leicester, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
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Santarpia L, Ye L, Gagel RF. Beyond RET: potential therapeutic approaches for advanced and metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Intern Med 2009; 266:99-113. [PMID: 19522829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare calcitonin-producing neuroendocrine tumour that originates from the parafollicular C-cells of the thyroid gland. The RET proto-oncogene encodes the RET receptor tyrosine kinase, which has essential roles in cell survival, differentiation and proliferation. Activating mutations of RET are associated with the pathogenesis of MTC and have been demonstrated in nearly all hereditary and in 30-50% of sporadic MTC cases, making this receptor an excellent target for small-molecule inhibitors for this tumour. Clinical trials of small organic inhibitors of tyrosine kinase receptors (TKIs) targeting the RET receptor have shown efficacy for treatment of metastatic MTC with 30-50% of patients responding to these agents. Despite the importance of the RET receptor in MTC, it is clear that other signal transduction pathways, tyrosine kinase receptors, and tumour suppressor genes are involved in MTC tumourigenesis and progression. A better understanding of molecular cross-talk between these signal pathways and the RET receptor may lead to combinatorial therapy that will improve outcomes beyond what is currently possible with RET-directed TKIs. Finally, there is evidence that immunological-based therapy using dendritic cell vaccination strategies have been effective for reducing tumour mass in a small number of patients. The identification of additional MTC-specific tumour antigens and a better understanding of specific epitopes in these tumour antigens may lead to improvement of response rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Santarpia
- The Department of Endocrine Neoplasia & Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Oseini AM, Roberts LR. PDGFRalpha: a new therapeutic target in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:443-54. [PMID: 19335066 DOI: 10.1517/14728220902719233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops most often in a background of chronic inflammatory liver injury from viral infection or alcohol use. Most HCCs are diagnosed at a stage at which surgical resection is not feasible. Even in patients receiving surgery rates of recurrence and metastasis remain high. There are few effective HCC therapies and hence a need for novel, rational approaches to treatment. Platelet derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFR-alpha) is involved in tumor angiogenesis and maintenance of the tumor microenvironment and has been implicated in development and metastasis of HCC. OBJECTIVE To examine PDGFR-alpha as a target for therapy of HCC and explore opportunities and strategies for PDGFR-alpha inhibition. METHODS A review of relevant literature. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Targeted inhibition of PDGFR-alpha is a rational strategy for prevention and therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul M Oseini
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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35
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Price DA, Blagg J, Jones L, Greene N, Wager T. Physicochemical drug properties associated within vivotoxicological outcomes: a review. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 5:921-31. [DOI: 10.1517/17425250903042318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Kelly RJ, Billemont B, Rixe O. Renal toxicity of targeted therapies. Target Oncol 2009; 4:121-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-009-0109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Bikker JA, Brooijmans N, Wissner A, Mansour TS. Kinase Domain Mutations in Cancer: Implications for Small Molecule Drug Design Strategies. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1493-509. [PMID: 19239229 DOI: 10.1021/jm8010542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack A. Bikker
- Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Research, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965
| | - Natasja Brooijmans
- Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Research, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965
| | - Allan Wissner
- Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Research, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965
| | - Tarek S. Mansour
- Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Research, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965
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Lekas A, Papathomas TG, Papatsoris AG, Deliveliotis C, Lazaris AC. Novel therapeutics in metastatic bladder cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 17:1889-99. [PMID: 19012504 DOI: 10.1517/13543780802514195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Albeit transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a chemosensitive neoplasm, metastatic disease is related with poor prognosis and short-term survival data. OBJECTIVE Cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy is recognised as the golden standard therapy for patients with inoperable locally advanced or metastatic bladder cancer. However, owing to treatment-related toxicities and short-response durations, novel treatment options or agents, with both enhanced efficacy and tolerability, have been sought. METHODS Reviewing the current status and addressing the future of novel anticancer therapeutics in metastatic urinary bladder cancer. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Non-platinum, single agents, such as gemcitabine and taxanes, as well as multidrug regimens in doublet or triplet chemotherapeutic combinations are regarded as promising alternatives. Dose intensification of conventional regimens, dose-dense sequential administration of new agents, the use of molecular markers for predicting chemosensitivity and the integration of biologically targeted agents to enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy are promising approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Lekas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sismanoglio General Hospital, Medical School, 2nd Department of Urology, Athens, Greece
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