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Jin C, Chen H, Xie L, Zhou Y, Liu LL, Wu J. GPCRs involved in metabolic diseases: pharmacotherapeutic development updates. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1321-1336. [PMID: 38326623 PMCID: PMC11192902 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are expressed in a variety of cell types and tissues, and activation of GPCRs is involved in enormous metabolic pathways, including nutrient synthesis, transportation, storage or insulin sensitivity, etc. This review intends to summarize the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and mechanisms by a series of GPCRs, such as GPR91, GPR55, GPR119, GPR109a, GPR142, GPR40, GPR41, GPR43 and GPR120. With deep understanding of GPCR's structure and signaling pathways, it is attempting to uncover the role of GPCRs in major metabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, for which the global prevalence has risen during last two decades. An extensive list of agonists and antagonists with their chemical structures in a nature of small molecular compounds for above-mentioned GPCRs is provided as pharmacologic candidates, and their preliminary data of preclinical studies are discussed. Moreover, their beneficial effects in correcting abnormalities of metabolic syndrome, diabetes and dyslipidemia are summarized when clinical trials have been undertaken. Thus, accumulating data suggest that these agonists or antagonists might become as new pharmacotherapeutic candidates for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jin
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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2
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Zhao J, Zhao Y, Hu Y, Peng J. Targeting the GPR119/incretin axis: a promising new therapy for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2021; 26:32. [PMID: 34233623 PMCID: PMC8265056 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-021-00276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, G protein-coupled receptors have emerged as drug targets, and their physiological and pathological effects have been extensively studied. Among these receptors, GPR119 is expressed in multiple organs, including the liver. It can be activated by a variety of endogenous and exogenous ligands. After GPR119 is activated, the cell secretes a variety of incretins, including glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2, which may attenuate the metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease, including improving glucose and lipid metabolism, inhibiting inflammation, reducing appetite, and regulating the intestinal microbial system. GPR119 has been a potential therapeutic target for diabetes mellitus type 2 for many years, but its role in metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease deserves further attention. In this review, we discuss relevant research and current progress in the physiology and pharmacology of the GPR119/incretin axis and speculate on the potential therapeutic role of this axis in metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease, which provides guidance for transforming experimental research into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyang Hu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinghua Peng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Li H, Fang Y, Guo S, Yang Z. GPR119 agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: an updated patent review (2014-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:795-808. [PMID: 33896337 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1921152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is a rapid-growing complex chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to lessened insulin secretion, insulin resistance and hepatic glucose overproduction. GPR119 is a class A of G protein-coupled receptor, expressed on certain enteroendocrine L and K cells in the small intestine and by β-cells within the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Activation of GPR119 stimulates the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the intestinal tract and glucose-dependent release of insulin in pancreatic β-cells.Area covered: This review summarized the reported patents on GPR119 agonists from 2014 to present. The authors described the structural features of these novel synthetic molecules and compared their biological activities (including in vitro and in vivo) as potent GPR119 agonists for the treatment of diabetes.Expert opinion: GPR119 agonists remain the advantage of stimulating both insulin and incretin release in a glucose-dependent manner over other hypoglycemic agents, although some GPR119 agonist clinical candidates have been discontinued in Phase І or Phase II. GPR119 agonists will succeed to be developed as anti-diabetic drugs after accumulated scaffolds of agonists are discovered and the crystallographic structure of GPR119 is elucidated. The synergic effect of GPR119 agonist and DPP-4 inhibitor will also elicit a benefit for the new therapeutic of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuanying Fang
- National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of TCM Solid Preparation, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuchun Guo
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Shanghai Jemincare Pharm Co., LTD, Shanghai, China
| | - Zunhua Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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4
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Patent highlights from December 2017 to January 2018. Pharm Pat Anal 2018; 7:111-119. [PMID: 29676211 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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Tough IR, Forbes S, Herzog H, Jones RM, Schwartz TW, Cox HM. Bidirectional GPR119 Agonism Requires Peptide YY and Glucose for Activity in Mouse and Human Colon Mucosa. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1704-1717. [PMID: 29471473 PMCID: PMC5972582 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lipid sensor G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) is highly expressed by enteroendocrine L-cells and pancreatic β-cells that release the hormones, peptide YY (PYY) and glucagonlike peptide 1, and insulin, respectively. Endogenous oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and the dietary metabolite, 2-monoacylglycerol (2-OG), can each activate GPR119. Here, we compared mucosal responses with selective, synthetic GPR119 agonists (AR440006 and AR231453) and the lipids, OEA, 2-OG, and N-oleoyldopamine (OLDA), monitoring epithelial ion transport as a readout for L-cell activity in native mouse and human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosae. We also assessed GPR119 modulation of colonic motility in wild-type (WT), GPR119-deficient (GPR119-/-), and PYY-deficient (PYY-/-) mice. The water-soluble GPR119 agonist, AR440006 (that cannot traverse epithelial tight junctions), elicited responses, when added apically or basolaterally in mouse and human colonic mucosae. In both species, GPR119 responses were PYY, Y1 receptor mediated, and glucose dependent. AR440006 efficacy matched the GI distribution of L-cells in WT tissues but was absent from GPR119-/- tissue. OEA and 2-OG responses were significantly reduced in the GPR119-/- colon, but OLDA responses were unchanged. Alternative L-cell activation via free fatty acid receptors 1, 3, and 4 and the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 or by the melanocortin 4 receptor, was unchanged in GPR119-/- tissues. The GPR119 agonist slowed transit in WT but not the PYY-/- colon in vitro. AR440006 (intraperitoneally) slowed WT colonic and upper-GI transit significantly in vivo. These data indicate that luminal or blood-borne GPR119 agonism can stimulate L-cell PYY release with paracrine consequences and slower motility. We suggest that this glucose-dependent L-cell response to a gut-restricted GPR119 stimulus has potential therapeutic advantage in modulating insulinotropic signaling with reduced risk of hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Tough
- King’s College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Forbes
- King’s College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert M Jones
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helen M Cox
- King’s College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Helen M. Cox, PhD, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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Bao Q, Liu Y, Song H, Yang N, Ai D, Zhu Y, Zhang X. Spectrum evaluation-assisted eicosanoid metabolomics for global eicosanoid profiling in human vascular endothelial cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 45:98-108. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Bao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Yajin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Hao Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
| | - Ding Ai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
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7
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Fang Y, Yang Z, Gundeti S, Lee J, Park H. Novel 5-nitropyrimidine derivatives bearing endo-azabicyclic alcohols/amines as potent GPR119 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:254-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Moran BM, Flatt PR, McKillop AM. G protein-coupled receptors: signalling and regulation by lipid agonists for improved glucose homoeostasis. Acta Diabetol 2016; 53:177-88. [PMID: 26739335 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-015-0826-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a pivotal role in cell signalling, controlling many processes such as immunity, growth, cellular differentiation, neurological pathways and hormone secretions. Fatty acid agonists are increasingly recognised as having a key role in the regulation of glucose homoeostasis via stimulation of islet and gastrointestinal GPCRs. Downstream cell signalling results in modulation of the biosynthesis, secretion, proliferation and anti-apoptotic pathways of islet and enteroendocrine cells. GPR40 and GPR120 are activated by long-chain fatty acids (>C12) with both receptors coupling to the Gαq subunit that activates the Ca(2+)-dependent pathway. GPR41 and GPR43 are stimulated by short-chain fatty acids (C2-C5), and activation results in binding to Gαi that inhibits the adenylyl cyclase pathway attenuating cAMP production. In addition, GPR43 also couples to the Gαq subunit augmenting intracellular Ca(2+) and activating phospholipase C. GPR55 is specific for cannabinoid endogenous agonists (endocannabinoids) and non-cannabinoid fatty acids, which couples to Gα12/13 and Gαq proteins, leading to enhancing intracellular Ca(2+), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK) phosphorylation and Rho kinase. GPR119 is activated by fatty acid ethanolamides and binds to Gαs utilising the adenylate cyclase pathway, which is dependent upon protein kinase A. Current research indicates that GPCR therapies may be approved for clinical use in the near future. This review focuses on the recent advances in preclinical diabetes research in the signalling and regulation of GPCRs on islet and enteroendocrine cells involved in glucose homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Moran
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Aine M McKillop
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK.
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9
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Hodge D, Glass LL, Diakogiannaki E, Pais R, Lenaghan C, Smith DM, Wedin M, Bohlooly-Y M, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Lipid derivatives activate GPR119 and trigger GLP-1 secretion in primary murine L-cells. Peptides 2016; 77:16-20. [PMID: 26144594 PMCID: PMC4788502 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone derived from proglucagon, which is released from intestinal L-cells and increases insulin secretion in a glucose dependent manner. GPR119 is a lipid derivative receptor present in L-cells, believed to play a role in the detection of dietary fat. This study aimed to characterize the responses of primary murine L-cells to GPR119 agonism and assess the importance of GPR119 for the detection of ingested lipid. METHODS GLP-1 secretion was measured from murine primary cell cultures stimulated with a panel of GPR119 ligands. Plasma GLP-1 levels were measured in mice lacking GPR119 in proglucagon-expressing cells and controls after lipid gavage. Intracellular cAMP responses to GPR119 agonists were measured in single primary L-cells using transgenic mice expressing a cAMP FRET sensor driven by the proglucagon promoter. RESULTS L-cell specific knockout of GPR119 dramatically decreased plasma GLP-1 levels after a lipid gavage. GPR119 ligands triggered GLP-1 secretion in a GPR119 dependent manner in primary epithelial cultures from the colon, but were less effective in the upper small intestine. GPR119 agonists elevated cAMP in ∼70% of colonic L-cells and 50% of small intestinal L-cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION GPR119 ligands strongly enhanced GLP-1 release from colonic cultures, reflecting the high proportion of colonic L-cells that exhibited cAMP responses to GPR119 agonists. Less GPR119-dependence could be demonstrated in the upper small intestine. In vivo, GPR119 in L-cells plays a key role in oral lipid-triggered GLP-1 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Hodge
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Leslie L Glass
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Eleftheria Diakogiannaki
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ramona Pais
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carol Lenaghan
- AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
| | - David M Smith
- AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marianne Wedin
- AstraZeneca, Transgenics Group, Reagents & Assay Development, Discovery Sciences, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Bohlooly-Y
- AstraZeneca, Transgenics Group, Reagents & Assay Development, Discovery Sciences, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Zhou T, Ding JW, Wang XA, Zheng XX. Long noncoding RNAs and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2016; 248:51-61. [PMID: 26987066 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is universally recognized as a chronic lipid-induced inflammation of the vessel wall in response to dyslipidemia and haemodynamic stress involving dysfunction and activation of resident vascular cells as well as infiltration of leukocytes. As members of nonprotein-coding RNAs, the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in various biological processes. Accumulating evidences suggest that lncRNAs regulate the function of vascular wall, activation of macrophages, lipid metabolism and immune response. Here, we review the effects of lncRNAs on the progress of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia-wang Ding
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Xin-an Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xia-xia Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
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11
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Yang JW, Kim HS, Im JH, Kim JW, Jun DW, Lim SC, Lee K, Choi JM, Kim SK, Kang KW. GPR119: a promising target for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. FASEB J 2016; 30:324-35. [PMID: 26399788 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-273771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with metabolic syndrome and has the unique characteristic of excess lipid accumulation in liver. G-protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) is a promising target for type 2 diabetes. However, the role of GPR119 activation in hepatic steatosis and its precise mechanism has not been investigated. In primary cultured hepatocytes from wild-type and GPR119 knockout (KO) mice, expression of lipogenic enzymes was elevated in GPR119 KO hepatocytes. Treatment of hepatocytes and HepG2 cells with GPR119 agonists in phase 2 clinical trials (MBX-2982 [MBX] and GSK1292263) inhibited protein expression of both nuclear and total sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1, a key lipogenesis transcription factor. Oral administration of MBX in mice fed a high-fat diet potently inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation and expression levels of SREBP-1 and lipogenesis-related genes, whereas the hepatic antilipogenesis effects of MBX were abolished in GPR119 KO mice. MBX activated AMPK and increased Ser-372 phosphorylation of SREBP-1c, an inhibitory form of SREBP-1c. Moreover, inhibition of AMPK recovered MBX-induced down-regulation of SREBP-1. These findings demonstrate for the first time that the GPR119 ligand alleviates hepatic steatosis by inhibiting SREBP-1-mediated lipogenesis in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Won Yang
- *College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Han Yang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Seon Kim
- *College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Han Yang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Im
- *College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Han Yang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Kim
- *College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Han Yang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Jun
- *College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Han Yang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lim
- *College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Han Yang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- *College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Han Yang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Choi
- *College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Han Yang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- *College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Han Yang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- *College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Han Yang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Ritter K, Buning C, Halland N, Pöverlein C, Schwink L. G Protein-Coupled Receptor 119 (GPR119) Agonists for the Treatment of Diabetes: Recent Progress and Prevailing Challenges. J Med Chem 2015; 59:3579-92. [PMID: 26512410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this Perspective, recent advances and challenges in the development of GPR119 agonists as new oral antidiabetic drugs will be discussed. Such agonists are expected to exhibit a low risk to induce hypoglycemia as well as to have a beneficial impact on body weight. Many pharmaceutical companies have been active in the search for GPR119 agonists, making it a highly competitive area in the industrial environment. Several GPR119 agonists have been entered into clinical studies, but many have failed either in phase I or II and none has progressed beyond phase II. Herein we describe the strategies chosen by the different medicinal chemistry teams in academia and the pharmaceutical industry to improve potency, physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, and the safety profile of GPR119 agonists in the discovery phase in order to improve the odds for successful development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Ritter
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Building G838, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Buning
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Building G838, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nis Halland
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Building G838, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Pöverlein
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Building G838, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lothar Schwink
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Building G838, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
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Hothersall JD, Bussey CE, Brown AJ, Scott JS, Dale I, Rawlins P. Sustained wash-resistant receptor activation responses of GPR119 agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:430-42. [PMID: 26101059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) is involved in regulating metabolic homoeostasis, with GPR119 agonists targeted for the treatment of type-2 diabetes and obesity. Using the endogenous agonist oleoylethanolamide and a number of small molecule synthetic agonists we have investigated the temporal dynamics of receptor signalling. Using both a dynamic luminescence biosensor-based assay and an endpoint cAMP accumulation assay we show that agonist-driven desensitization is not a major regulatory mechanism for GPR119 despite robust activation responses, regardless of the agonist used. Temporal analysis of the cAMP responses demonstrated sustained signalling resistant to washout for some, but not all of the agonists tested. Further analysis indicated that the sustained effects of one synthetic agonist AR-231,453 were consistent with a role for slow dissociation kinetics. In contrast, the sustained responses to MBX-2982 and AZ1 appeared to involve membrane deposition. We also detect wash-resistant responses to AR-231,453 at the level of physiologically relevant responses in an endogenous expression system (GLP-1 secretion in GLUTag cells). In conclusion, our findings indicate that in a recombinant expression system GPR119 activation is sustained, with little evidence of pronounced receptor desensitization, and for some ligands persistent agonist responses continue despite removal of excess agonist. This provides novel understanding of the temporal responses profiles of potential drug candidates targetting GPR119, and highlights the importance of carefully examining the the mechanisms through which GPCRs generate sustained responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alastair J Brown
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK; Heptares Therapeutics Limited, Welwyn Garden City AL7 3AX, UK
| | - James S Scott
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Ian Dale
- AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Philip Rawlins
- AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
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Cornall LM, Hryciw DH, Mathai ML, McAinch AJ. Direct activation of the proposed anti-diabetic receptor, GPR119 in cardiomyoblasts decreases markers of muscle metabolic activity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 402:72-85. [PMID: 25578601 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
GPR119 agonists are emerging rapidly as a pharmaceutical treatment of diabetes. Diabetes is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease yet the cardiac-specific consequences of GPR119 activation are unknown. This study demonstrated that GPR119 agonism in cardiac myoblasts reduces metabolic activity in high and low concentrations of fatty acids, with high concentrations of palmitate largely attenuating the effects of the GPR119 agonist, PSN632408. The effects of GPR119 activation on gene and protein markers of metabolism were dependent on fatty acid exposure. Activating GPR119 did not affect cell hypertrophy of lipid accumulation regardless of lipid exposure. These results suggest that the pathways activated in response to GPR119 modulation in cardiac muscle cells differ between healthy and metabolically dysregulated states. However regardless of the pathway activated by GPR119, these effects may cause detrimental reductions to oxidative/metabolic capacity under both conditions. Thus further development of GPR119 agonists for treating metabolic diseases is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Cornall
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia
| | - Deanne H Hryciw
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3000, Australia
| | - Michael L Mathai
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia.
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Molecular matchmaking between the popular weight-loss herb Hoodia gordonii and GPR119, a potential drug target for metabolic disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:14571-6. [PMID: 25246581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1324130111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African cactiform Hoodia gordonii (Asclepiadaceae) has been used for thousands of years by Xhomani Bushmen as an anorexant during hunting trips and has been proposed as a new agent for the management of body weight. However, its in vivo targets and molecular mechanisms remain elusive. GPR119, a G protein-coupled receptor highly expressed in pancreatic β cells and intestinal L cells, has been demonstrated to facilitate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and represents a novel and attractive target for the therapy of metabolic disorders. Here, we disclose that Gordonoside F (a steroid glycoside isolated from H. gordonii), but not the widely known P57, activates specifically GPR119. Successful synthesis of Gordonoside F facilitates further characterization of this compound. Gordonoside F promotes GSIS both in vitro and in vivo and reduces food intake in mice. These effects are mediated by GPR119 because GPR119 knockout prevents the therapeutic effects of Gordonoside F. Interestingly, the appetite-suppressing effect of Hoodia extract was also partially blocked by GPR119 knockout. Our results demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that GPR119 is a direct target and one of the major mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of the popular "weight loss" herb H. gordonii. Given the long history of safe application of this herb in weight control, it is foreseeable that the novel scaffold of Gordonoside F provides a promising opportunity to develop new drugs in treating metabolic diseases.
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Wang Y, Yu M, Zhu J, Zhang J(K, Kayser F, Medina JC, Siegler K, Conn M, Shan B, Grillo MP, Liu J(J, Coward P. Discovery and optimization of 5-(2-((1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy)pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles as novel gpr119 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1133-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kang SU. GPR119 agonists: a promising approach for T2DM treatment? A SWOT analysis of GPR119. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:1309-15. [PMID: 24060477 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ever since its advent as a promising therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), G-protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) has received much interest from the pharmaceutical industry. This interest peaked in June 2010, when Sanofi-Aventis agreed to pay Metabolex (Cymabay Therapeutics) US$375 million for MBX-2982, which was a representative orally active GPR119 agonist. However, Sanofi-Aventis opted to terminate the deal in May 2011 and another leading GPR119 agonist, GSK1292263, had a loss of efficacy during its clinical trial. In this review, I discuss the pros and cons of GPR119 through a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis and propose development strategies for the eventual success of a GPR119 agonist development program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Uk Kang
- Kosin University, Department of Life Sciences, 149-1, Dongsam-dong, Yeongdogu, Busan, South Korea.
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