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Devina Verma, Mirza MA, Taleuzzaman M, Khuroo T, Talegaonkar S, Kumar R, Sahu PL, Iqbal Z. Development and Validation of Reversed Phase HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Detection of Lactone and Carboxylate Forms of Topotecan Along with Thymoquinone: Application to Nanoparticulate Anticancer Formulation System. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820040152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Biersack B, Ahmed K, Padhye S, Schobert R. Recent developments concerning the application of the Mannich reaction for drug design. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 13:39-49. [PMID: 29137490 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1403420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The versatile multicomponent Mannich reaction occupies a salient position in organic chemistry and drug design. Sound knowledge of its scope and variations and of the biological activities of Mannich bases is crucial for the development and improvement of drugs for various diseases. Areas covered: The following article provides an overview of the latest developments in the field of drugs based on the Mannich reaction. Web-based literature searching tools such as PubMed and SciFinder were applied to obtain useful articles. In addition, pertinent literature that was recently published by the authors is discussed in this manuscript. The chemical structures of bioactive Mannich bases are also given. Expert opinion: The Mannich reaction represents a feasible and cost-effective procedure with great potential for drug development. Several newly discovered Mannich bases exhibit sound activities against various human diseases as well as favorable pharmacokinetics. Thus, scientific research about Mannich bases is prospering and appears very attractive both for chemists and for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Biersack
- a Organic Chemistry Laboratory , University of Bayreuth , Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Khursheed Ahmed
- b Department of Chemistry , Abeda Inamdar Senior College , Pune , India
| | - Subhash Padhye
- c Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Research Academy (ISTRA) , Pune , India
| | - Rainer Schobert
- a Organic Chemistry Laboratory , University of Bayreuth , Bayreuth , Germany
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Devriese LA, Witteveen PEO, Mergui-Roelvink M, Smith DA, Lewis LD, Mendelson DS, Bang YJ, Chung HC, Dar MM, Huitema ADR, Beijnen JH, Voest EE, Schellens JHM. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of oral topotecan in patients with advanced solid tumours and impaired renal function. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:253-66. [PMID: 25677219 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to determine the effect of renal impairment and prior platinum-based chemotherapy on the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of oral topotecan and to identify recommended doses for patients with renal impairment or prior platinum-based (PB) chemotherapy. METHODS A multicentre phase I toxicity and pharmacokinetic study of oral topotecan was conducted in patients with advanced solid tumours. Patients were grouped by normal renal function with limited or prior PB chemotherapy or impaired renal function (mild [creatinine clearance (CLcr) = 50-79 ml min(-1) ], moderate [CLcr = 30-49 ml min(-1) ], severe [CLcr <30 ml min(-1) ]). RESULTS Fifty-nine patients were evaluable. Topotecan lactone and total topotecan area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was significantly increased in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment (109% and 174%, respectively, topotecan lactone and 148% and 298%, respectively, total topotecan). Asian patients (23 in total) had higher AUCs than non-Asian patients with the same degree of renal impairment. Thirteen dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed, which were mostly haematological. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was 2.3 mg m(-2) day(-1) , given on days 1 to 5 in a 21 day cycle, for patients with prior PB chemotherapy or mild renal impairment, and 1.2 mg m(-2) day(-1) for patients with moderate renal impairment (suggested dose 1.9 mg m(-2) day(-1) for non-Asians). Due to incomplete enrolment of patients with severe renal impairment, the MTD was determined as ≥ 0.6 mg m(-2) day(-1) in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS Oral topotecan dose adjustments are not required in patients with prior PB chemotherapy or mildly impaired renal function, but reduced doses are required for patients with moderate or severe renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lot A Devriese
- Division of Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marja Mergui-Roelvink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lionel D Lewis
- Department of Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and The Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, USA
| | | | - Yung-Jue Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Science Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Emile E Voest
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H M Schellens
- Division of Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Science Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Masuda N, Matsui K, Negoro S, Takeda K, Kudoh S, Nakagawa K, Mukaiyama A, Arase H, Yoshida P, Ijima T, Takada M, Fukuoka M. Phase I and pharmacologic study of weekly bolus topotecan for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2010; 11:271-9. [PMID: 20630830 DOI: 10.3816/clc.2010.n.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We conducted a phase I trial of the topoisomerase I inhibitor topotecan for the purpose of determining the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of topotecan when administered weekly to patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twelve patients with stage IIIB or IV disease were treated with topotecan by 30-minute intravenous infusion on days 1, 8, and 15 every 4 weeks. The dose was escalated in 2-mg/m2 increments from the starting dose of 4 mg/m2 until the MTD was reached. After the MTD had been reached in previously treated patients, chemotherapy-naive patients were enrolled for treatment at that dose, and the dose was escalated to estimate the MTD in the treatment-naive group. RESULTS The MTD of topotecan was determined to be 6 mg/m2 in the previously treated group and 8 mg/m2 in the chemotherapy-naive group. All 3 previously treated patients experienced DLT at the 6-mg/m2 dose level. Although only 1 of the 3 previously treated patients experienced DLT (grade 4 neutropenia for > or = 3 days) at the 8-mg/m2 dose level, skipping the topotecan dose on day 15 because of neutropenia was reported in 2 patients. Anorexia and general fatigue were the common nonhematologic toxicities. CONCLUSION The recommended dose of topotecan for phase II studies in previously untreated patients is 6 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15, every 28 days, and 4 mg/m2 appears to be a suitable dose for use in previously treated patients with this schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Masuda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan.
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Dixit V, Hariparsad N, Li F, Desai P, Thummel KE, Unadkat JD. Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Transporters Induced by Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors in Human Hepatocytes: Implications for Predicting Clinical Drug Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:1853-9. [PMID: 17639026 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.016089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many of the clinically significant drug interactions of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs) can be explained by their propensity to inactivate CYP3A enzymes, paradoxically these drugs cause (or lack) interactions with CYP3A substrates that cannot be explained by this mechanism (e.g., alprazolam). To better understand these paradoxical interactions (or lack thereof), we determined the cytochromes P450 and transporters induced by various concentrations (0-25 microM) of two PIs, ritonavir and nelfinavir, and rifampin (positive control) in primary human hepatocytes. At 10 microM, ritonavir and nelfinavir suppressed CYP3A4 activity but induced its transcripts and protein expression (19- and 12- and 12- and 6-fold, respectively; a >2-fold change over control was interpreted as induction). At 10 microM, rifampin induced CYP3A4 transcripts, CYP3A protein, and activity by 23-, 12-, and 13-fold, respectively. The induction by rifampin of CYP3A activity was significantly correlated with its induction of CYP3A4 transcripts (r = 0.96, p < 0.05) and CYP3A protein (r = 0.89, p < 0.05). All three drugs (10 microM) induced CYP2B6 activity by 2- to 4-fold, CYP2C8 and 2C9 activity by 2- to 4-fold and the transcripts of CYP2B6, 2C8, and 2C9 by >3-, 5-, and 3-fold, respectively. CYP2C19 and 1A2 activity and transcripts were modestly induced (2-fold), whereas, as expected, CYP2D6 was not induced by any of the drugs. Of the transporters studied, protease inhibitors moderately induced multidrug resistance 1 (ABCB1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein (ABCC1) transcripts but had no or minimal effect on the transcripts of breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2), organic anion-transporting peptide (OATP) 1B1 (SLCO1B1), or OATP1B3 (SLCO1B3). On the basis of these data, we concluded that many of the paradoxical drug interactions (or lack thereof) with the PIs are metabolismrather than transporter-based and are due to induction of CYP2B6 and 2C enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Dixit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Van Hattum AH, Schlüper HMM, Hausheer FH, Pinedo HM, Boven E. Novel camptothecin derivative BNP1350 in experimental human ovarian cancer: determination of efficacy and possible mechanisms of resistance. Int J Cancer 2002; 100:22-9. [PMID: 12115582 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The novel camptothecin derivative BNP1350 (7-[2-trimethylsilyl)ethyl]-20(S)-camptothecin), also known as Karenitecin, has been developed for superior oral bioavailability and increased lactone stability. In our study, we describe the antiproliferative effects of BNP1350, SN-38 and topotecan in 4 human ovarian cancer cell lines. BNP1350 was found to be slightly more potent than SN-38 (p<0.01) and was considerably more potent than topotecan (p<0.01). We extended these studies to well-established human ovarian cancer xenografts in which we compared the growth inhibition induced by BNP1350 with that of topotecan given in equitoxic schedules. The growth inhibition in all 3 xenografts induced by BNP1350 was > or =75%, which was significantly better than that resulting from topotecan (p<0.05). We then selected BNP1350-resistant variants of the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line, 2780K4 (resistance factor: 41) and 2780K32 (resistance factor: 90), to analyze possible resistance mechanisms. These variants exhibited cross-resistance against all camptothecins tested. In comparison with 2780K4 cells, 2780K32 cells were relatively more resistant against SN-38, topotecan, DX-8951f and BNP1350. In addition, 2780K32 cells were highly cross-resistant against mitoxantrone. In both 2780K4 and 2780K32, the amount of topoisomerase I was not changed but the catalytic activity was reduced. Furthermore, 2780K32 cells clearly overexpressed the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), as demonstrated for both the gene and the protein. In contrast to topotecan, BNP1350 proved not to be a good substrate for BCRP. Overall, we conclude that BNP1350 offers advantages over topotecan expressed by high efficacy in experimental human ovarian cancer and poor affinity for BCRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie H Van Hattum
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zufía L, Aldaz A, Giráldez J. Separation methods for camptothecin and related compounds. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 764:141-59. [PMID: 11817025 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews working procedures for the analytical determination of camptothecin and analogues. We give an overview of aspects such as the chemistry, structure-activity relationships, stability and mechanism of action of these antitumor compounds. The main body of the review describes separation techniques. Sample treatment and factors influencing high-performance liquid chromatography development are delineated. Published high-performance liquid chromatographic methods are summarized to demonstrate the variability and versatility of separation techniques and a critical evaluation of separation efficiency, detection sensitivity and specificity of these methods is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zufía
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospital of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Hofstra LS, Bos AM, de Vries EG, van der Zee AG, Beijnen JH, Rosing H, Mulder NH, Aalders JG, Willemse PH. A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of intraperitoneal topotecan. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:1627-33. [PMID: 11742479 PMCID: PMC2363984 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility and pharmacology of intraperitoneal (IP) topotecan. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifteen patients with recurrent ovarian cancer in a phase I trial were treated with escalating IP topotecan doses (5-30 mg/m(2)) for pharmacokinetic analysis. RESULTS Dose limiting toxicity (DLT) was acute hypotension, chills and fever at the 30 mg/m(2) dose level. Haematological toxicity and abdominal pain were mild for all dose levels studied. PHARMACOKINETICS Peak plasma levels of total topotecan were reached at 2.7 +/- 1.1 h after IP instillation. The apparent V(ss) was 69.9 +/- 25.4 L/m(2), plasma clearance 13.4 +/- 2.5 L/h/m(2) and plasma T1/2 3.7 +/- 1.3 h. The plasma AUC was correlated with the dose (R = 0.95, P < 0.01). The plasma AUC ratio of lactone versus total topotecan (lactone + carboxy-forms) increased with the dose from 16% to 55%, (R = 0.84, P < 0.01). Peritoneal total topotecan was cleared from the peritoneal cavity at 0.4 +/- 0.3 L/h.m(2) with a T1/2 = 2.7 +/- 1.7 h. The mean peritoneal/plasma AUC ratio for total topotecan was 54 +/- 34. CONCLUSION A substantial dose of topotecan can be delivered by the IP route, achieving cytotoxic plasma levels of topotecan, with acceptable toxicity. The recommended dose for further phase II trials is 20 mg/m(2) IP, which enables combination with active doses of other cytotoxic drugs, in view of its limited myelotoxicity when given by this route.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Hofstra
- Department of Medical, Gynaecologic Oncology, University Hospital Groningen, PO Box 30.001, Groningen, RB, 9700, The Netherlands
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Moreau P, Anizon F, Sancelme M, Prudhomme M, Bailly C, Sevère D, Riou JF, Fabbro D, Meyer T, Aubertin AM. Syntheses and biological activities of rebeccamycin analogues. Introduction of a halogenoacetyl substituent. J Med Chem 1999; 42:584-92. [PMID: 10052965 DOI: 10.1021/jm980396d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the course of structure-activity relationships on rebeccamycin analogues, a series of compounds bearing a halogenoacetyl substituent were synthesized with the expectation of increasing the interaction with DNA, possibly via covalent reaction with the double helix. Two rebeccamycin analogues bearing an acetyl instead of a bromoacetyl substituent were prepared to gain an insight into the role of the halogen atom. The new compounds show very little effect on protein kinase C and no covalent reaction with DNA was detected. However, the drugs behave as typical topoisomerase I poisons, and they are significantly more toxic toward P388 leukemia cells than to P388/CPT5 cells resistant to camptothecin. The introduction of a bromo- or chloro-acetyl substituent does not affect the capacity of the drug to interfere with topoisomerase I either in vitro or in cells. One of the bromoacetyl derivatives, compound 8, is the most cytotoxic rebeccamycin derivative among the hundred of derivatives we have synthesized to date. In addition, we determined the antimicrobial activities against two Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus cereus and Streptomyces chartreusis, and against the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. The effect of the drugs on Candida albicans yeast growth and their anti-HIV-1 activities were also measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Moreau
- Université Blaise Pascal, Synthèse Electrosynthèse et Etude de Systèmes à Intérêt Biologique, UMR 6504 du CNRS, 63177 Aubière, France
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Rowinsky EK, Baker SD, Burks K, O'Reilly S, Donehower RC, Grochow LB. High-dose topotecan with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in fluoropyrimidine-refractory colorectal cancer: a phase II and pharmacodynamic study. Ann Oncol 1998; 9:173-80. [PMID: 9553662 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008266630701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The premise for this study was that topotecan (TPT) resistance in preclinical studies is associated with low level expression of the p-glycoprotein (Pgp) multi-drug transporter conferred by the multi-drug resistant (MDR) phenotype, which might be overcome in clinical practice by administering moderately (2.3-fold) higher doses of TPT that have shown to be feasible with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) support. This phase II study evaluated the anti-tumor activity of TPT administered at its highest possible solid tumor dose with G-SCF in patients with fluoropyrimidine-refractory advanced colorectal carcinoma. The study also sought to identify pharmacodynamic (PD) determinants of both activity and toxicity. PATIENTS AND METHODS TPT was administered as a 30-minute infusion daily for five days every three weeks at a dose of 3.5 mg/m2/day to patients with advance colorectal carcinoma who developed progressive disease either during treatment with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy for advanced disease or within six months after receiving fluoropyrimidine-based adjuvant chemotherapy. This dose of TPT was previously determined to be the maximal tolerated dose (MTD) with G-CSF support in a phase I study involving solid tumor patients with similar risk factors for myelosuppression. Plasma sampling with performed during course 1 to characterize the pharmacokinetic (PK) and PD behavior of TPT. RESULTS Seventeen patients who received 89 courses of TPT and G-CSF were evaluable for toxicity; 16 patients were evaluable for anti-tumor response. Toxicity, particularly myelosuppression, was substantial. At the 3.5 mg/m2/day dose level, absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) were less than 500/microliters for longer than 5 days in 17% of courses involving seven of seventeen (41%) patients. Severe neutropenia associated with fever occurred in 12.3% of courses; and platelet counts below 25,000/microliters were noted in 26.9% of courses. These toxicities resulted in dose reductions in seven of 17 (41%) patients. Nevertheless, 90% of the planned total dose of TPT was administered. No major responses were observed, though minor activity was noted in several patients. Both the median time to progression and the median survival time were short--2.5 and 4 months respectively. Although interindividual variability in the disposition of total TPT was observed, the lack of objective responses precluded PD assessments related to disease activity. Total TPT exposure was significantly higher than drug exposure achieved in similar patients at an identical dose in a previous phase I study of TPT and G-CSF, which may explain why more severe myelosuppressive effects occurred in the present study. There were no PD relationships evident between relevant PK parameters and the percent decrements in platelets and ANC's during course 1, although patients with severe toxic effects (ANC below 500/microliters for more than five days and/or platelets < 25,000/microliters) had higher drug exposure than patients with less severe toxicity (P < 0.018 and P = 0.09, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, the true response rate of TPT at its solid tumor MTD with G-CSF support is unlikely to approach 20%. Although a response rate of less than 20% might be viewed as significant in this disease setting and might be confirmed with sufficient statistical certainty by treating additional patients, the substantial toxicity, inconvenience, and cost associated with this high dose TPT/G-CSF regimen does not warrant the acceptance of a lower level of anti-tumor activity as a criterion for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Rowinsky
- Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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