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Carrascosa AJ, Navarrete F, Saldaña R, García-Gutiérrez MS, Montalbán B, Navarro D, Gómez-Guijarro FM, Gasparyan A, Murcia-Sánchez E, Torregrosa AB, Pérez-Doblado P, Gutiérrez L, Manzanares J. Cannabinoid Analgesia in Postoperative Pain Management: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Reality. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6268. [PMID: 38892456 PMCID: PMC11172912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Postoperative pain (POP) is a challenging clinical phenomenon that affects the majority of surgical patients and demands effective management to mitigate adverse outcomes such as persistent pain. The primary goal of POP management is to alleviate suffering and facilitate a seamless return to normal function for the patient. Despite compelling evidence of its drawbacks, opioid analgesia remains the basis of POP treatment. Novel therapeutic approaches rely on multimodal analgesia, integrating different pharmacological strategies to optimize efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. The recognition of the imperative role of the endocannabinoid system in pain regulation has prompted the investigation of cannabinoid compounds as a new therapeutic avenue. Cannabinoids may serve as adjuvants, enhancing the analgesic effects of other drugs and potentially replacing or at least reducing the dependence on other long-term analgesics in pain management. This narrative review succinctly summarizes pertinent information on the molecular mechanisms, clinical therapeutic benefits, and considerations associated with the plausible use of various cannabinoid compounds in treating POP. According to the available evidence, cannabinoid compounds modulate specific molecular mechanisms intimately involved in POP. However, only two of the eleven clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of different cannabinoid interventions showed positive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Carrascosa
- Servicio de Anestesiologia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda. Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.J.C.); (R.S.); (B.M.); (F.M.G.-G.); (E.M.-S.); (P.P.-D.)
| | - Francisco Navarrete
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (F.N.); (M.S.G.-G.); (D.N.); (A.G.); (A.B.T.); (L.G.)
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Raquel Saldaña
- Servicio de Anestesiologia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda. Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.J.C.); (R.S.); (B.M.); (F.M.G.-G.); (E.M.-S.); (P.P.-D.)
| | - María S. García-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (F.N.); (M.S.G.-G.); (D.N.); (A.G.); (A.B.T.); (L.G.)
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Belinda Montalbán
- Servicio de Anestesiologia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda. Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.J.C.); (R.S.); (B.M.); (F.M.G.-G.); (E.M.-S.); (P.P.-D.)
| | - Daniela Navarro
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (F.N.); (M.S.G.-G.); (D.N.); (A.G.); (A.B.T.); (L.G.)
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Fernando M. Gómez-Guijarro
- Servicio de Anestesiologia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda. Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.J.C.); (R.S.); (B.M.); (F.M.G.-G.); (E.M.-S.); (P.P.-D.)
| | - Ani Gasparyan
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (F.N.); (M.S.G.-G.); (D.N.); (A.G.); (A.B.T.); (L.G.)
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Elena Murcia-Sánchez
- Servicio de Anestesiologia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda. Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.J.C.); (R.S.); (B.M.); (F.M.G.-G.); (E.M.-S.); (P.P.-D.)
| | - Abraham B. Torregrosa
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (F.N.); (M.S.G.-G.); (D.N.); (A.G.); (A.B.T.); (L.G.)
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Paloma Pérez-Doblado
- Servicio de Anestesiologia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda. Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.J.C.); (R.S.); (B.M.); (F.M.G.-G.); (E.M.-S.); (P.P.-D.)
| | - Luisa Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (F.N.); (M.S.G.-G.); (D.N.); (A.G.); (A.B.T.); (L.G.)
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (F.N.); (M.S.G.-G.); (D.N.); (A.G.); (A.B.T.); (L.G.)
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
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Shivshankar S, Nimely J, Puhl H, Iyer MR. Pharmacological Evaluation of Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators Using GRAB eCB2.0 Sensor. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5012. [PMID: 38732230 PMCID: PMC11084632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25095012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors CB1R and CB2R are G-protein coupled receptors acted upon by endocannabinoids (eCBs), namely 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA), with unique pharmacology and modulate disparate physiological processes. A genetically encoded GPCR activation-based sensor that was developed recently-GRABeCB2.0-has been shown to be capable of monitoring real-time changes in eCB levels in cultured cells and preclinical models. However, its responsiveness to exogenous synthetic cannabinoid agents, particularly antagonists and allosteric modulators, has not been extensively characterized. This current study expands upon the pharmacological characteristics of GRABeCB2.0 to enhance the understanding of fluorescent signal alterations in response to various functionally indiscriminate cannabinoid ligands. The results from this study could enhance the utility of the GRABeCB2.0 sensor for in vitro as well as in vivo studies of cannabinoid action and may aid in the development of novel ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samay Shivshankar
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Josephine Nimely
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Henry Puhl
- Laboratory of Biophotonics and Quantum Biology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA;
| | - Malliga R. Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Alzu'bi A, Almahasneh F, Khasawneh R, Abu-El-Rub E, Baker WB, Al-Zoubi RM. The synthetic cannabinoids menace: a review of health risks and toxicity. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:49. [PMID: 38216984 PMCID: PMC10785485 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are chemically classified as psychoactive substances that target the endocannabinoid system in many body organs. SCs can initiate pathophysiological changes in many tissues which can be severe enough to damage the normal functionality of our body systems. The majority of SCs-related side effects are mediated by activating Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1R) and Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2R). The activation of these receptors can enkindle many downstream signalling pathways, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis that ultimately can produce deleterious changes in many organs. Besides activating the cannabinoid receptors, SCs can act on non-cannabinoid targets, such as the orphan G protein receptors GPR55 and GPR18, the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors (PPARs), and the Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), which are broadly expressed in the brain and the heart and their activation mediates many pharmacological effects of SCs. In this review, we shed light on the multisystem complications found in SCs abusers, particularly discussing their neurologic, cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic effects, as well as highlighting the mechanisms that intermediate SCs-related pharmacological and toxicological consequences to provide comprehensive understanding of their short and long-term systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Alzu'bi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 211-63, Jordan.
| | - Fatimah Almahasneh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 211-63, Jordan
| | - Ramada Khasawneh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 211-63, Jordan
| | - Ejlal Abu-El-Rub
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 211-63, Jordan
| | - Worood Bani Baker
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 211-63, Jordan
| | - Raed M Al-Zoubi
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation & Men'S Health, Doha, Qatar.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, QU-Health, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar.
- Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
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Criscuolo E, De Sciscio ML, De Cristofaro A, Nicoara C, Maccarrone M, Fezza F. Computational and Experimental Drug Repurposing of FDA-Approved Compounds Targeting the Cannabinoid Receptor CB1. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1678. [PMID: 38139805 PMCID: PMC10747202 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) plays a pivotal role in regulating various physiopathological processes, thus positioning itself as a promising and sought-after therapeutic target. However, the search for specific and effective CB1R ligands has been challenging, prompting the exploration of drug repurposing (DR) strategies. In this study, we present an innovative DR approach that combines computational screening and experimental validation to identify potential Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounds that can interact with the CB1R. Initially, a large-scale virtual screening was conducted using molecular docking simulations, where a library of FDA-approved drugs was screened against the CB1R's three-dimensional structures. This in silico analysis allowed us to prioritize compounds based on their binding affinity through two different filters. Subsequently, the shortlisted compounds were subjected to in vitro assays using cellular and biochemical models to validate their interaction with the CB1R and determine their functional impact. Our results reveal FDA-approved compounds that exhibit promising interactions with the CB1R. These findings open up exciting opportunities for DR in various disorders where CB1R signaling is implicated. In conclusion, our integrated computational and experimental approach demonstrates the feasibility of DR for discovering CB1R modulators from existing FDA-approved compounds. By leveraging the wealth of existing pharmacological data, this strategy accelerates the identification of potential therapeutics while reducing development costs and timelines. The findings from this study hold the potential to advance novel treatments for a range of CB1R -associated diseases, presenting a significant step forward in drug discovery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Criscuolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00121 Rome, Italy; (E.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Maria Laura De Sciscio
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.L.D.S.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Angela De Cristofaro
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.L.D.S.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Catalin Nicoara
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00121 Rome, Italy; (E.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via Del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Filomena Fezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00121 Rome, Italy; (E.C.); (C.N.)
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5
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Iyer MR, Cinar R, Wood CM, Zawatsky CN, Coffey NJ, Kim KA, Liu Z, Katz A, Abdalla J, Hassan SA, Lee YS. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling Studies of 3,4-Diarylpyrazoline Series of Compounds as Potent, Nonbrain Penetrant Antagonists of Cannabinoid-1 (CB 1R) Receptor with Reduced Lipophilicity. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2374-2387. [PMID: 35084860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present report, we describe the synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel "four-arm" dihydropyrazoline compounds designed as peripherally restricted antagonists of cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R). A series of racemic 3,4-diarylpyrazolines were synthesized and evaluated initially in CB1 receptor binding assays. The novel compounds, designed to limit brain penetrance and decreased lipophilicity, showed high affinity for CB1R and potent in vitro CB1R antagonist activities. Promising compounds with potent CB1R activity were evaluated in tissue distribution studies. Compounds 6a, 6f, and 7c showed limited brain penetrance attesting to its peripheral restriction. The 4S-enantiomer of these compounds further showed a stereoselective affinity for the CB1 receptor and behaved as inverse agonists. In vivo studies on food intake and body weight reduction in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice showed that these compounds could serve as potential leads for the development of selective CB1R antagonists with improved potency and peripheral restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malliga R Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Resat Cinar
- Section on Fibrotic Disorders, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Casey M Wood
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Charles N Zawatsky
- Section on Fibrotic Disorders, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Nathan J Coffey
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Kyu Ah Kim
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Section on Fibrotic Disorders, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Alexis Katz
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Jasmina Abdalla
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Sergio A Hassan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Yong-Sok Lee
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Tarawneh AH, Pandey P, Al-Momani LA, Gadetskaya AV, Abu-Orabi ST, Doerksen RJ, Cutler SJ. 1,2,3-Triazole derivatives as highly selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) agonists. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Alsayed SSR, Suri A, Bailey AW, Lane S, Werry EL, Huang CC, Yu LF, Kassiou M, Sredni ST, Gunosewoyo H. Synthesis and antitumour evaluation of indole-2-carboxamides against paediatric brain cancer cells. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1910-1925. [PMID: 34825187 PMCID: PMC8597418 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paediatric glioblastomas are rapidly growing, devastating brain neoplasms with an invasive phenotype. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy, which are the current therapeutic adjuvant to surgical resection, are still associated with various toxicity profiles and only marginally improve the course of the disease and life expectancy. A considerable body of evidence supports the antitumour and apoptotic effects of certain cannabinoids, such as WIN55,212-2, against a wide spectrum of cancer cells, including gliomas. In fact, we previously highlighted the potent cytotoxic activity of the cannabinoid ligand 5 against glioblastoma KNS42 cells. Taken together, in this study, we designed, synthesised, and evaluated several indoles and indole bioisosteres for their antitumour activities. Compounds 8a, 8c, 8f, 12c, and 24d demonstrated significant inhibitory activities against the viability (IC50 = 2.34-9.06 μM) and proliferation (IC50 = 2.88-9.85 μM) of paediatric glioblastoma KNS42 cells. All five compounds further retained their antitumour activities against two atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour (AT/RT) cell lines. When tested against a medulloblastoma DAOY cell line, only 8c, 8f, 12c, and 24d maintained their viability inhibitory activities. The viability assay against non-neoplastic human fibroblast HFF1 cells suggested that compounds 8a, 8c, 8f, and 12c act selectively towards the panel of paediatric brain tumour cells. In contrast, compound 24d and WIN55,212-2 were highly toxic toward HFF1 cells. Due to their structural resemblance to known cannabimimetics, the most potent compounds were tested in cannabinoid 1 and 2 receptor (CB1R and CB2R) functional assays. Compounds 8a, 8c, and 12c failed to activate or antagonise both CB1R and CB2R, whereas compounds 8f and 24d antagonised CB1R and CB2R, respectively. We also performed a transcriptional analysis on KNS42 cells treated with our prototype compound 8a and highlighted a set of seven genes that were significantly downregulated. The expression levels of these genes were previously shown to be positively correlated with tumour growth and progression, indicating their implication in the antitumour activity of 8a. Overall, the drug-like and selective antitumour profiles of indole-2-carboxamides 8a, 8c, 8f, and 12c substantiate the versatility of the indole scaffold in cancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahinda S R Alsayed
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University Bentley Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - Amreena Suri
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Anders W Bailey
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Samuel Lane
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Eryn L Werry
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Chiang-Ching Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI 53205 USA
| | - Li-Fang Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Simone Treiger Sredni
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Hendra Gunosewoyo
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University Bentley Perth WA 6102 Australia
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8
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Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Reproduction and Fertility: Where We Stand. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:2429-2439. [PMID: 33970442 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although cannabis use is increasing in general population, their prevalence among young adults is remarkably high. In recent years, their medical use gained a renewed interest. However, it can underline the reputation of cannabis being a harmless drug. Between cannabinoids, uniquely found on the cannabis plant, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the well-studied compound. It is responsible for the psychoactive effects via central cannabinoid receptors. Nevertheless, cannabinoids interact with other chemical signalling systems such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. THC indirectly decreases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion by the hypothalamus. The consequences are diverse, and several key hormones are affected. THC disturbs important reproductive events like folliculogenesis, ovulation and sperm maturation and function. Although generally accepted that cannabinoid consumption impacts male and female fertility, prevailing evidence remains largely on pre-clinical studies. Here, we introduce cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system, and we review the most prominent clinical evidence about cannabis consumption in reproductive potential and teratogenicity.
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Simmons TC, Freeman SM, Lackey NS, Dreyer BK, Manoli DS, Bales KL. Cannabinoid receptor Type 1 densities reflect social organization in Microtus. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:1004-1017. [PMID: 33460115 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Across many species, endocannabinoids play an important role in regulating social play, reward, and anxiety. These processes are mediated through at least two distinct cannabinoid receptors (CB), CB1 and CB2. CB1 expression is found in appreciable densities across regions of the brain that integrate memory with socio-spatial information; many of these regions have been directly linked to the neurobiology of pair bonding in monogamous species. Using receptor autoradiography, we provide the first distributional map of CB1 within the brains of closely related monogamous prairie voles and promiscuous meadow voles, and compare receptor densities across sexes and species in limbic regions. We observe CB1-specific signal using [3H] CP-55,940 and [3H] SR141716A, though the latter exhibited a lower signal to noise ratio. We confirmed the presence of CB2 in prairie vole spleen tissue using [3H] CP-55,940. However, we found no evidence of CB2 in the brain using either [3H] CP-55,940 or [3H] A-836,339. The overall distribution of putative CB1 in the brain was similar across vole species and followed the pattern of CB1 expression observed in other species-high intensity binding within the telencephalon, moderate binding within the diencephalon, and mild binding within the mesencephalon and metencephalon (aside from the cerebellar cortex). However, we found profound differences in CB1 densities across species, with prairie voles having higher CB1 binding in regions implicated in social attachment and spatial memory (e.g., periaqueductal gray, hippocampus). These findings suggest that CB1 densities, but not distribution, correlate with the social systems of vole species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton C Simmons
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sara M Freeman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Nicholas S Lackey
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brooke K Dreyer
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Devanand S Manoli
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Karen L Bales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Perin P, Mabou Tagne A, Enrico P, Marino F, Cosentino M, Pizzala R, Boselli C. Cannabinoids, Inner Ear, Hearing, and Tinnitus: A Neuroimmunological Perspective. Front Neurol 2020; 11:505995. [PMID: 33329293 PMCID: PMC7719758 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.505995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis has been used for centuries for recreational and therapeutic purposes. Whereas, the recreative uses are based on the psychotropic effect of some of its compounds, its therapeutic effects range over a wide spectrum of actions, most of which target the brain or the immune system. Several studies have found cannabinoid receptors in the auditory system, both at peripheral and central levels, thus raising the interest in cannabinoid signaling in hearing, and especially in tinnitus, which is affected also by anxiety, memory, and attention circuits where cannabinoid effects are well described. Available studies on animal models of tinnitus suggest that cannabinoids are not likely to be helpful in tinnitus treatment and could even be harmful. However, the pharmacology of cannabinoids is very complex, and most studies focused on neural CB1R-based responses. Cannabinoid effects on the immune system (where CB2Rs predominate) are increasingly recognized as essential in understanding nervous system pathological responses, and data on immune cannabinoid targets have emerged in the auditory system as well. In addition, nonclassical cannabinoid targets (such as TRP channels) appear to play an important role in the auditory system as well. This review will focus on neuroimmunological mechanisms for cannabinoid effects and their possible use as protective and therapeutic agents in the ear and auditory system, especially in tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Perin
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Pizzala
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Boselli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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11
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Cannabinoids in the Pathophysiology of Skin Inflammation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030652. [PMID: 32033005 PMCID: PMC7037408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are increasingly-used substances in the treatment of chronic pain, some neuropsychiatric disorders and more recently, skin disorders with an inflammatory component. However, various studies cite conflicting results concerning the cellular mechanisms involved, while others suggest that cannabinoids may even exert pro-inflammatory behaviors. This paper aims to detail and clarify the complex workings of cannabinoids in the molecular setting of the main dermatological inflammatory diseases, and their interactions with other substances with emerging applications in the treatment of these conditions. Also, the potential role of cannabinoids as antitumoral drugs is explored in relation to the inflammatory component of skin cancer. In vivo and in vitro studies that employed either phyto-, endo-, or synthetic cannabinoids were considered in this paper. Cannabinoids are regarded with growing interest as eligible drugs in the treatment of skin inflammatory conditions, with potential anticancer effects, and the readiness in monitoring of effects and the facility of topical application may contribute to the growing support of the use of these substances. Despite the promising early results, further controlled human studies are required to establish the definitive role of these products in the pathophysiology of skin inflammation and their usefulness in the clinical setting.
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12
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The Endocannabinoid System of Animals. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090686. [PMID: 31527410 PMCID: PMC6770351 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Our understanding of the Endocannabinoid System of animals, and its ubiquitous presence in nearly all members of Animalia, has opened the door to novel approaches targeting pain management, cancer therapeutics, modulation of neurologic disorders, stress reduction, anxiety management, and inflammatory diseases. Both endogenous and exogenous endocannabinoid-related molecules are able to function as direct ligands or, otherwise, influence the EndoCannabinoid System (ECS). This review article introduces the reader to the ECS in animals, and documents its potential as a source for emerging therapeutics. Abstract The endocannabinoid system has been found to be pervasive in mammalian species. It has also been described in invertebrate species as primitive as the Hydra. Insects, apparently, are devoid of this, otherwise, ubiquitous system that provides homeostatic balance to the nervous and immune systems, as well as many other organ systems. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been defined to consist of three parts, which include (1) endogenous ligands, (2) G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), and (3) enzymes to degrade and recycle the ligands. Two endogenous molecules have been identified as ligands in the ECS to date. The endocannabinoids are anandamide (arachidonoyl ethanolamide) and 2-AG (2-arachidonoyl glycerol). Two G-coupled protein receptors (GPCR) have been described as part of this system, with other putative GPC being considered. Coincidentally, the phytochemicals produced in large quantities by the Cannabis sativa L plant, and in lesser amounts by other plants, can interact with this system as ligands. These plant-based cannabinoids are termed phytocannabinoids. The precise determination of the distribution of cannabinoid receptors in animal species is an ongoing project, with the canine cannabinoid receptor distribution currently receiving the most interest in non-human animals.
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Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid (SC) products have gained popularity as abused drugs over the past decade in many countries. The SCs broadly impact psychological state (e.g., mood, suicidal thoughts and psychosis) and physiological functions (e.g., cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and urinary). This review is about the effects of SCs on psychotic symptoms in clinical settings and the potentially relevant chemistry and mechanisms of action for SCs. Induction of psychotic symptoms after consuming SC products were reported, including new-onset psychosis and psychotic relapses. The role of SCs in psychosis is more complex than any single chemical component might explain, and these effects may not be a simple extension of the typical effects of cannabis or natural cannabinoids.
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Gallelli CA, Calcagnini S, Romano A, Koczwara JB, de Ceglia M, Dante D, Villani R, Giudetti AM, Cassano T, Gaetani S. Modulation of the Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation by Endocannabinoids and Their Lipid Analogues. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E93. [PMID: 30021985 PMCID: PMC6070960 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7070093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the pivotal role played by oxidative stress in tissue injury development, thus resulting in several pathologies including cardiovascular, renal, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders, all characterized by an altered oxidative status. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and lipid peroxidation-derived reactive aldehydes including acrolein, malondialdehyde, and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, among others, are the main responsible for cellular and tissue damages occurring in redox-dependent processes. In this scenario, a link between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and redox homeostasis impairment appears to be crucial. Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, the best characterized endocannabinoids, are able to modulate the activity of several antioxidant enzymes through targeting the cannabinoid receptors type 1 and 2 as well as additional receptors such as the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, and the orphan G protein-coupled receptors 18 and 55. Moreover, the endocannabinoids lipid analogues N-acylethanolamines showed to protect cell damage and death from reactive aldehydes-induced oxidative stress by restoring the intracellular oxidants-antioxidants balance. In this review, we will provide a better understanding of the main mechanisms triggered by the cross-talk between the oxidative stress and the ECS, focusing also on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants as scavengers of reactive aldehydes and their toxic bioactive adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Anna Gallelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvio Calcagnini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Justyna Barbara Koczwara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marialuisa de Ceglia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Donatella Dante
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Villani
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Giudetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Luigi Pinto, c/o Ospedali Riuniti, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Cooper A, Singh S, Hook S, Tyndall JDA, Vernall AJ. Chemical Tools for Studying Lipid-Binding Class A G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:316-353. [PMID: 28655732 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid, free fatty acid, lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine 1-phosphate, prostanoid, leukotriene, bile acid, and platelet-activating factor receptor families are class A G protein-coupled receptors with endogenous lipid ligands. Pharmacological tools are crucial for studying these receptors and addressing the many unanswered questions surrounding expression of these receptors in normal and diseased tissues. An inherent challenge for developing tools for these lipid receptors is balancing the often lipophilic requirements of the receptor-binding pharmacophore with favorable physicochemical properties to optimize highly specific binding. In this study, we review the radioligands, fluorescent ligands, covalent ligands, and antibodies that have been used to study these lipid-binding receptors. For each tool type, the characteristics and design rationale along with in vitro and in vivo applications are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cooper
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sameek Singh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Hook
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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16
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Adolescent Exposure to the Synthetic Cannabinoid WIN 55212-2 Modifies Cocaine Withdrawal Symptoms in Adult Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28635664 PMCID: PMC5486147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cannabinoid consumption is an increasingly common behavior among teenagers and has been shown to cause long-lasting neurobehavioral alterations. Besides, it has been demonstrated that cocaine addiction in adulthood is highly correlated with cannabis abuse during adolescence. Cocaine consumption and subsequent abstinence from it can cause psychiatric symptoms, such as psychosis, cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depression. The aim of the present research was to study the consequences of adolescent exposure to cannabis on the psychiatric-like effects promoted by cocaine withdrawal in adult mice. We pre-treated juvenile mice with the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist WIN 55212-2 (WIN) and then subjected them to a chronic cocaine treatment during adulthood. Following these treatments, animals were tested under cocaine withdrawal in the following paradigms: pre-pulse inhibition, object recognition, elevated plus maze, and tail suspension. The long-term psychotic-like actions induced by WIN were not modified after cocaine cessation. Moreover, the memory impairments induced by cocaine withdrawal were not altered by previous adolescent WIN intake. However, WIN pre-treatment prevented the anxiogenic effects observed after cocaine abstinence, and led to greater depressive-like symptoms following cocaine removal in adulthood. This study is the first to show the long-lasting behavioral consequences of juvenile exposure to WIN on cocaine withdrawal in adult mice.
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17
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Iyer MR, Cinar R, Katz A, Gao M, Erdelyi K, Jourdan T, Coffey NJ, Pacher P, Kunos G. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel, Non-Brain-Penetrant, Hybrid Cannabinoid CB 1R Inverse Agonist/Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1126-1141. [PMID: 28085283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of novel dual-target compounds with antagonist/inverse agonist activity at cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and inhibitory effect on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). A series of 3,4-diarylpyrazolinecarboximidamides were synthesized and evaluated in CB1 receptor (CB1R) binding assays and iNOS activity assays. The novel compounds, designed to have limited brain penetrance, elicited potent in vitro CB1R antagonist activities and iNOS inhibitory activities. Some key compounds displayed high CB1R binding affinities. Compound 7 demonstrated potent in vivo pharmacological activities such as reduction of food intake mediated by the antagonism of the CB1Rs and antifibrotic effect in the animal models of fibrosis mediated by iNOS inhibition and CB1R antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malliga R Iyer
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, and ‡Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, and ‡Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Alexis Katz
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, and ‡Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Michael Gao
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, and ‡Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Katalin Erdelyi
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, and ‡Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Tony Jourdan
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, and ‡Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Nathan J Coffey
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, and ‡Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, and ‡Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, and ‡Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
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18
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Fonseca BM, Teixeira NA, Correia-da-Silva G. Cannabinoids as Modulators of Cell Death: Clinical Applications and Future Directions. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 173:63-88. [PMID: 28425013 DOI: 10.1007/112_2017_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are bioactive lipids that modulate various physiological processes through G-protein-coupled receptors (CB1 and CB2) and other putative targets. By sharing the activation of the same receptors, some phytocannabinoids and a multitude of synthetic cannabinoids mimic the effects of endocannabinoids. In recent years, a growing interest has been dedicated to the study of cannabinoids properties for their analgesic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. In addition to these well-recognized effects, various studies suggest that cannabinoids may affect cell survival, cell proliferation or cell death. These observations indicate that cannabinoids may play an important role in the regulation of cellular homeostasis and, thus, may contribute to tissue remodelling and cancer treatment. For a long time, the study of cannabinoid receptor signalling has been focused on the classical adenylyl cyclase/cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. However, this pathway does not totally explain the wide array of biological responses to cannabinoids. In addition, the diversity of receptors and signalling pathways that endocannabinoids modulate offers an interesting opportunity for the development of specific molecules to disturb selectively the endogenous system. Moreover, emerging evidences suggest that cannabinoids ability to limit cell proliferation and to induce tumour-selective cell death may offer a novel strategy in cancer treatment. This review describes the main properties of cannabinoids in cell death and attempts to clarify the different pathways triggered by these compounds that may help to understand the complexity of respective molecular mechanisms and explore the potential clinical benefit of cannabinoids use in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Fonseca
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - N A Teixeira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - G Correia-da-Silva
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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19
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Bedlack RS, Joyce N, Carter GT, Paganoni S, Karam C. Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neurol Clin 2015; 33:909-36. [PMID: 26515629 PMCID: PMC4712627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the severity of their illness and lack of effective disease-modifying agents, it is not surprising that most patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) consider trying complementary and alternative therapies. Some of the most commonly considered alternative therapies include special diets, nutritional supplements, cannabis, acupuncture, chelation, and energy healing. This article reviews these in detail. The authors also describe 3 models by which physicians may frame discussions about alternative therapies: paternalism, autonomy, and shared decision making. Finally, the authors review a program called ALSUntangled, which uses shared decision making to review alternative therapies for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Bedlack
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27702, USA.
| | - Nanette Joyce
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, 4860 Y Street Suite 3850, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Gregory T Carter
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Luke's Rehabilitation Institute, 711 South Cowley, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Sabrina Paganoni
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston VA Health Care System, Harvard Medical School, Massachussets General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Chafic Karam
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 170 Manning Drive, Campus Box 7025, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7025, USA
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20
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Abstract
Cannabis has been used for centuries to treat seizures. Recent anecdotal reports, accumulating animal model data, and mechanistic insights have raised interest in cannabis-based antiepileptic therapies. In this study, we review current understanding of the endocannabinoid system, characterize the pro- and anticonvulsive effects of cannabinoids [e.g., Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol (CBD)], and highlight scientific evidence from pre-clinical and clinical trials of cannabinoids in epilepsy. These studies suggest that CBD avoids the psychoactive effects of the endocannabinoid system to provide a well-tolerated, promising therapeutic for the treatment of seizures, while whole-plant cannabis can both contribute to and reduce seizures. Finally, we discuss results from a new multicenter, open-label study using CBD in a population with treatment-resistant epilepsy. In all, we seek to evaluate our current understanding of cannabinoids in epilepsy and guide future basic science and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C Rosenberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Richard W Tsien
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Benjamin J Whalley
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, UK.
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21
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Iakovenko RO, Kazakova AN, Muzalevskiy VM, Ivanov AY, Boyarskaya IA, Chicca A, Petrucci V, Gertsch J, Krasavin M, Starova GL, Zolotarev AA, Avdontceva MS, Nenajdenko VG, Vasilyev AV. Reactions of CF3-enones with arenes under superelectrophilic activation: a pathway to trans-1,3-diaryl-1-CF3-indanes, new cannabinoid receptor ligands. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:8827-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01072a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CF3-enones react with arenes in TfOH to givetrans-1,3-diaryl-1-CF3indanes.
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22
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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23
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Manteniotis S, Lehmann R, Flegel C, Vogel F, Hofreuter A, Schreiner BSP, Altmüller J, Becker C, Schöbel N, Hatt H, Gisselmann G. Comprehensive RNA-Seq expression analysis of sensory ganglia with a focus on ion channels and GPCRs in Trigeminal ganglia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79523. [PMID: 24260241 PMCID: PMC3832644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific functions of sensory systems depend on the tissue-specific expression of genes that code for molecular sensor proteins that are necessary for stimulus detection and membrane signaling. Using the Next Generation Sequencing technique (RNA-Seq), we analyzed the complete transcriptome of the trigeminal ganglia (TG) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of adult mice. Focusing on genes with an expression level higher than 1 FPKM (fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads), we detected the expression of 12984 genes in the TG and 13195 in the DRG. To analyze the specific gene expression patterns of the peripheral neuronal tissues, we compared their gene expression profiles with that of the liver, brain, olfactory epithelium, and skeletal muscle. The transcriptome data of the TG and DRG were scanned for virtually all known G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as well as for ion channels. The expression profile was ranked with regard to the level and specificity for the TG. In total, we detected 106 non-olfactory GPCRs and 33 ion channels that had not been previously described as expressed in the TG. To validate the RNA-Seq data, in situ hybridization experiments were performed for several of the newly detected transcripts. To identify differences in expression profiles between the sensory ganglia, the RNA-Seq data of the TG and DRG were compared. Among the differentially expressed genes (> 1 FPKM), 65 and 117 were expressed at least 10-fold higher in the TG and DRG, respectively. Our transcriptome analysis allows a comprehensive overview of all ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors that are expressed in trigeminal ganglia and provides additional approaches for the investigation of trigeminal sensing as well as for the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of pain.
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Musshoff F, Madea B, Kernbach-Wighton G, Bicker W, Kneisel S, Hutter M, Auwärter V. Driving under the influence of synthetic cannabinoids ("Spice"): a case series. Int J Legal Med 2013; 128:59-64. [PMID: 23636569 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-013-0864-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recreational use of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists-so-called "Spice" products-became very popular during the last few years. Several reports on clinical symptoms and poisonings were published. Unfortunately, most of these reports do not contain any analytical data on synthetic cannabinoids in body fluids, and no or only a limited number of cases were reported concerning driving under the influence (DUI) of this kind of drugs. In this article, several cases of DUI of synthetic cannabinoids (AM-2201, JWH-018, JWH-019, JWH-122, JWH-210, JWH-307, MAM-2201 (JWH-122 5-fluoropentyl derivative), and UR-144) are presented, focusing on analytical results and signs of impairment documented by the police or the physicians who had taken the blood sample from the suspects. Consumption of synthetic cannabinoids can lead to impairment similar to typical performance deficits caused by cannabis use which are not compatible with safe driving. These deficits include centrally sedating effects and impairment of fine motor skills necessary for keeping the vehicle on track. Police as well as forensic toxicologists and other groups should become familiar with the effects of synthetic cannabinoid use, and be aware of the fact that drug users may shift to these "legal" alternatives due to their nondetectability by commonly used drug screening tests based on antibodies. Sophisticated screening procedures covering the complete range of available compounds or their metabolites have to be developed for both blood/serum and urine testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Musshoff
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111, Bonn, Germany,
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Endogenous cannabinoids revisited: A biochemistry perspective. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 102-103:13-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kalliomäki J, Philipp A, Baxendale J, Annas P, Karlsten R, Segerdahl M. Lack of effect of central nervous system-active doses of nabilone on capsaicin-induced pain and hyperalgesia. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:336-42. [PMID: 22233155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of nabilone on capsaicin-induced pain and hyperalgesia, as well as on biomarkers of cannabinoid central nervous system (CNS) effects. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study was conducted in 30 healthy male volunteers receiving single doses of nabilone (1, 2 or 3 mg). Pain intensity after intradermal capsaicin injections in the forearm was assessed by continuous visual analogue scale (0-100 mm). Capsaicin cream was applied to the calf to induce hyperalgesia. Primary hyperalgesia was assessed by measuring heat pain thresholds, whereas secondary hyperalgesia was assessed by measuring the area where light tactile stimulation was felt to be painful. Pain and hyperalgesia were measured at baseline and 2-3.5 h after dosing. The CNS effects were assessed at baseline and up to 24 h after dosing using visual analogue mood scales for feeling 'stimulated', 'anxious', 'sedated' and 'down'. Plasma samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were obtained up to 24 h after drug administration. Nabilone did not significantly attenuate either ongoing pain or primary or secondary hyperalgesia, whereas dose-dependent CNS effects were observed from 1.5 to 6 h after dosing, being maximal at 4-6 h. Plasma concentrations of nabilone and its metabolite carbinol were maximal 1-2 h after dosing. Adverse events (AE) were common on nabilone treatment. Four subjects withdrew due to pronounced CNS AE (anxiety, agitation, altered perception, impaired consciousness). Although nabilone had marked CNS effects, no analgesic or antihyperalgesic effects were observed.
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Cox AO, Daw RC, Mason MD, Grabenauer M, Pande PG, Davis KH, Wiley JL, Stout PR, Thomas BF, Huffman JW. Use of SPME-HS-GC-MS for the analysis of herbal products containing synthetic cannabinoids. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 36:293-302. [PMID: 22582264 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence and use of herbal mixtures containing synthetic cannabinoids presents a growing public health concern and legal challenge for society. In contrast to the plant-derived cannabinoids in medical marijuana and other cannabinoid-based therapeutics, the commonly encountered synthetic cannabinoids in these mendaciously labeled products constitute a structurally diverse set of compounds of relatively unknown pharmacology and toxicology. Indeed, the use of these substances has been associated with an alarming number of hospitalizations and emergency room visits. Moreover, there are already several hundred known cannabinoid agonist compounds that could potentially be used for illicit purposes, posing an additional challenge for public health professionals and law enforcement efforts, which often require the detection and identification of the active ingredients for effective treatment or prosecution. A solid-phase microextraction headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method is shown here to allow for rapid and reliable detection and structural identification of many of the synthetic cannabinoid compounds that are currently or could potentially be used in herbal smoking mixtures. This approach provides accelerated analysis and results that distinguish between structural analogs within several classes of cannabinoid compounds, including positional isomers. The analytical results confirm the continued manufacture and distribution of herbal materials with synthetic cannabinoids and provide insight into the manipulation of these products to avoid legal constraints and prosecution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson O Cox
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
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A common molecular basis for exogenous and endogenous cannabinoid potentiation of glycine receptors. J Neurosci 2012; 32:5200-8. [PMID: 22496565 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6347-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids can allosterically modulate glycine receptors (GlyRs). However, little is known about the molecular basis of cannabinoid-GlyR interactions. Here we report that sustained incubation with the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) substantially increased the amplitude of glycine-activated current in both rat cultured spinal neurons and in HEK-293 cells expressing human α1, rat α2 and α3 GlyRs. While the α1 and α3 subunits were highly sensitive to AEA-induced potentiation, the α2 subunit was relatively insensitive to AEA. Switching a serine at 296 and 307 in the TM3 (transmembrane domain 3) of the α1 and α3 subunits with an alanine (A) at the equivalent position in the α2 subunit converted the α1/α3 AEA-sensitive receptors to sensitivity resembling that of α2. The S296 residue is also critical for exogenous cannabinoid-induced potentiation of I(Gly). The magnitude of AEA potentiation decreased with removal of either the hydroxyl or oxygen groups on AEA. While desoxy-AEA was significantly less efficacious in potentiating I(Gly), desoxy-AEA inhibited potentiation produced by both Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a major psychoactive component of marijuana, and AEA. Similarly, didesoxy-THC, a modified THC with removal of both hydroxyl/oxygen groups, did not affect I(Gly) when applied alone but inhibited the potentiation of I(Gly) induced by AEA and THC. These findings suggest that exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids potentiate GlyRs via a hydrogen bonding-like interaction. Such a specific interaction likely stems from a common molecular basis involving the S296 residue in the TM3 of the α1 and α3 subunits.
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Calvaruso G, Pellerito O, Notaro A, Giuliano M. Cannabinoid-associated cell death mechanisms in tumor models (review). Int J Oncol 2012; 41:407-13. [PMID: 22614735 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cannabinoids (the active components of Cannabis sativa) and their derivatives have received considerable interest due to findings that they can affect the viability and invasiveness of a variety of different cancer cells. Moreover, in addition to their inhibitory effects on tumor growth and migration, angiogenesis and metastasis, the ability of these compounds to induce different pathways of cell death has been highlighted. Here, we review the most recent results generating interest in the field of death mechanisms induced by cannabinoids in cancer cells. In particular, we analyze the pathways triggered by cannabinoids to induce apoptosis or autophagy and investigate the interplay between the two processes. Overall, the results reported here suggest that the exploration of molecular mechanisms induced by cannabinoids in cancer cells can contribute to the development of safe and effective treatments in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Calvaruso
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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31
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Carter GT, Flanagan AM, Earleywine M, Abrams DI, Aggarwal SK, Grinspoon L. Cannabis in palliative medicine: improving care and reducing opioid-related morbidity. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2011; 28:297-303. [PMID: 21444324 DOI: 10.1177/1049909111402318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike hospice, long-term drug safety is an important issue in palliative medicine. Opioids may produce significant morbidity. Cannabis is a safer alternative with broad applicability for palliative care. Yet the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) classifies cannabis as Schedule I (dangerous, without medical uses). Dronabinol, a Schedule III prescription drug, is 100% tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the most psychoactive ingredient in cannabis. Cannabis contains 20% THC or less but has other therapeutic cannabinoids, all working together to produce therapeutic effects. As palliative medicine grows, so does the need to reclassify cannabis. This article provides an evidence-based overview and comparison of cannabis and opioids. Using this foundation, an argument is made for reclassifying cannabis in the context of improving palliative care and reducing opioid-related morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Carter
- Hospice Services, Providence Medical Group, Olympia, WA 98531, USA.
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Kiyoi T, Adam JM, Clark JK, Davies K, Easson AM, Edwards D, Feilden H, Fields R, Francis S, Jeremiah F, McArthur D, Morrison AJ, Prosser A, Ratcliffe PD, Schulz J, Wishart G, Baker J, Campbell R, Cottney JE, Deehan M, Epemolu O, Evans L. Discovery of potent and orally bioavailable heterocycle-based cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1748-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Pinar-Sueiro S, Rodríguez-Puertas R, Vecino E. [Cannabinoid applications in glaucoma]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 86:16-23. [PMID: 21414525 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glaucoma is a slowly progressive optic neuropathy that is one of the leading causes of legal blindness throughout the world. Currently there is a limited group of topical drugs for the medical treatment of glaucoma is currently limited, and research needs to be focused on new therapeutic horizons, such as the potential usefulness of the cannabinoid agonists for the treatment of glaucoma. AIM To review the current scientific literature related to the beneficial effects derived from the different ways of administration of cannabinoids indicated for the glaucomatous optic neuropathy. DEVELOPMENT Cannabinoid receptors have shown an intense expression in ocular tissues implicated in the regulation of the intraocular pressure, as well as inner layers of the retina. Through activation of CB1 and CB1 specific receptors and through other still unknown pathways, the cannabinoid agonists have shown both a clear hypotensive, as well as an experimentally proved neuroprotective effect on retinal ganglion cells. CONCLUSIONS Some cannabinoid agonists (WIN 55212-2, anandamide) have demonstrated, in experimental studies, to act as «ideal drugs» in the management of glaucoma, as they have been shown to have good tolerability after topical application, efficiently reduce intraocular pressure, and behave as neuroprotectors on retinal ganglion cells. Further studies as regards the safety and clinical assays must be carried out in order to examine the effectiveness of these drugs for the treatment of glaucoma in our daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pinar-Sueiro
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Grupo de Oftalmo-Biología Experimental (GOBE), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Vizcaya, España
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Moir EM, Yoshiizumi K, Cairns J, Cowley P, Ferguson M, Jeremiah F, Kiyoi T, Morphy R, Tierney J, Wishart G, York M, Baker J, Cottney JE, Houghton AK, McPhail P, Osprey A, Walker G, Adam JM. Design, synthesis, and structure–activity relationship study of bicyclic piperazine analogs of indole-3-carboxamides as novel cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7327-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wesnes KA, Annas P, Edgar CJ, Deeprose C, Karlsten R, Philipp A, Kalliomäki J, Segerdahl M. Nabilone produces marked impairments to cognitive function and changes in subjective state in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:1659-69. [PMID: 19525335 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109105900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This was a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover study of the acute cognitive and subjective effects of nabilone 1-3 mg in healthy male volunteers. The Cognitive Drug Research computerised system (CDR system) was used to assess changes in attention, working and episodic memory. In addition, a number of self-ratings were conducted including those of mood, alertness and perceived drug effects. Impairments to attention, working and episodic memory and self-ratings of alertness were evident. Volunteers also experienced a number of subjective drug effects. These data demonstrate that acute doses of nabilone in the range 1-3 mg produce clear cognitive and subjective effects in healthy volunteers, and therefore they may be used as reference data in the future study of peripherally acting cannabinoids believed to be free from such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Wesnes
- Cognitive Drug Research Ltd., Goring-on-Thames, UK
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Weber KC, De Lima EF, De Mello PH, Da Silva ABF, Honório KM. Research Article: Insights into the Molecular Requirements for the Anti-obesity Activity of a Series of CB1 Ligands. Chem Biol Drug Des 2010; 76:320-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2010.01016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Understanding of the structure and function of the endocannabinoid system is rapidly evolving. Physiological and pharmacological manipulations based on cannabinoid receptors, ligands and endocannabinoids have explained some medicinal attributes of cannabinoids as used across the world for thousands of years. Plant-derived and synthetic cannabinoids are available for therapeutic use. Small clinical trials have demonstrated analgesic potential in acute and chronic pain. Regulatory and pharmacological limitations of these agents have hindered pain research in humans. Selective agonists, antagonists and metabolic targets to enhance endogenous cannabinoid activity are in development. Government reports in Europe and North America have encouraged research into the use of cannabinoids for pain relief and endorsed the clinical trials in acute and chronic pain. The results of large clinical trials into cannabinoid use for acute pain is expected to be the catalyst for wider studies and possible changes in legislation. Long-term effects of psychoactive cannabinoids require close monitoring and international cooperation to define their role, if any, in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Holdcroft
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London SW10 9NH, UK.
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Carter GT, Abood ME, Aggarwal SK, Weiss MD. Cannabis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Hypothetical and Practical Applications, and a Call for Clinical Trials. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2010; 27:347-56. [DOI: 10.1177/1049909110369531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant advances have increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), yet this has not translated into any greatly effective therapies. It appears that a number of abnormal physiological processes occur simultaneously in this devastating disease. Ideally, a multidrug regimen, including glutamate antagonists, antioxidants, a centrally acting anti-inflammatory agent, microglial cell modulators (including tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α] inhibitors), an antiapoptotic agent, 1 or more neurotrophic growth factors, and a mitochondrial function-enhancing agent would be required to comprehensively address the known pathophysiology of ALS. Remarkably, cannabis appears to have activity in all of those areas. Preclinical data indicate that cannabis has powerful antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. In the G93A-SOD1 ALS mouse, this has translated to prolonged neuronal cell survival, delayed onset, and slower progression of the disease. Cannabis also has properties applicable to symptom management of ALS, including analgesia, muscle relaxation, bronchodilation, saliva reduction, appetite stimulation, and sleep induction. With respect to the treatment of ALS, from both a disease modifying and symptom management viewpoint, clinical trials with cannabis are the next logical step. Based on the currently available scientific data, it is reasonable to think that cannabis might significantly slow the progression of ALS, potentially extending life expectancy and substantially reducing the overall burden of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T. Carter
- Muscular Dystrophy Association/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Center, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA,
| | - Mary E. Abood
- Anatomy and Cell Biology and Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunil K. Aggarwal
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael D. Weiss
- Muscular Dystrophy Association/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Center, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA, Neuromuscular Disease Division, Department of Neurology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA, Electrodiagnostic Laboratory, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Greineisen WE, Turner H. Immunoactive effects of cannabinoids: considerations for the therapeutic use of cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:547-55. [PMID: 20219697 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The active constituents of Cannabis sativa have been used for centuries as recreational drugs and medicinal agents. Today, marijuana is the most prevalent drug of abuse in the United States and, conversely, therapeutic use of marijuana constituents are gaining mainstream clinical and political acceptance. Given the documented contributions of endocannabinoid signaling to a range of physiological systems, including cognitive function, and the control of eating behaviors, it is unsurprising that cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists are showing significant clinical potential. In addition to the neuroactive effects of cannabinoids, an emerging body of data suggests that both endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids are potently immunoactive. The central premise of this review article is that the immunological effects of cannabinoids should be considered in the context of each prescribing decision. We present evidence that the immunological effects of cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists are highly relevant to the spectrum of disorders for which cannabinoid therapeutics are currently offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Greineisen
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Department of Biology, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawaii 96816, USA
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40
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Cannabinoid. Br J Pharmacol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00501_18.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Luca T, Di Benedetto G, Scuderi MR, Palumbo M, Clementi S, Bernardini R, Cantarella G. The CB1/CB2 receptor agonist WIN-55,212-2 reduces viability of human Kaposi's sarcoma cells in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 616:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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43
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Pharmacological Synergism Between Cannabinoids and Paclitaxel in Gastric Cancer Cell Lines. J Surg Res 2009; 155:40-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2008] [Revised: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Cannabinoids inhibit the respiration of human sperm. Fertil Steril 2009; 91:2471-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ferraro L, Tomasini MC, Beggiato S, Gaetani S, Cassano T, Cuomo V, Amoroso S, Tanganelli S, Antonelli T. Short- and long-term consequences of prenatal exposure to the cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 on rat glutamate transmission and cognitive functions. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:1017-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Hasanein P, Soltani N. Effects of the endocannabinoid transport inhibitors AM404 and UCM707 on diabetic neuropathy in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36:1127-31. [PMID: 19413593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
1. Diabetic rats display increased pain responses following injection of formalin into the paw, suggesting the presence of hyperalgesia. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of the systemic administration of the endocannabinoid transport inhibitors UCM707 and AM404 (1, 10 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) on hyperalgesia during the formalin test in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. 2. Nociceptive testing was performed in male adult Wistar rats 4 weeks after the onset of hyperglycaemia. At the end of the experiment, all rats were weighed and then underwent plasma glucose measurements. 3. Diabetes caused significant hyperalgesia during both phases of the formalin test. At 10 and 50 mg/kg, both UCM707 and AM404 reversed chemical hyperalgesia in diabetic rats. UCM707 (10 and 50 mg/kg) caused less intensive nociceptive behaviour during both phases of the test, whereas AM404 (10 and 50 mg/kg) only affected pain scores during Phase 1 of the formalin test. At 1 mg, neither drug had any effect on pain behaviour in control and diabetic groups compared with their respective controls. Neither UCM707 nor AM404 had any effect on bodyweight or plasma glucose levels of treated compared with non-treated rats at any of the doses tested. 4. The results of the present study indicate that systemic administration of UCM707 and AM404 is effective in ameliorating chemical hyperalgesia in STZ-diabetic rats. Thus, endocannabinoid transport inhibitors may have potential in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Hasanein
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
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Garzón J, de la Torre-Madrid E, Rodríguez-Muñoz M, Vicente-Sánchez A, Sánchez-Blázquez P. Gz mediates the long-lasting desensitization of brain CB1 receptors and is essential for cross-tolerance with morphine. Mol Pain 2009; 5:11. [PMID: 19284549 PMCID: PMC2657119 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the systemic administration of cannabinoids produces antinociception, their chronic use leads to analgesic tolerance as well as cross-tolerance to morphine. These effects are mediated by cannabinoids binding to peripheral, spinal and supraspinal CB1 and CB2 receptors, making it difficult to determine the relevance of each receptor type to these phenomena. However, in the brain, the CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) are expressed at high levels in neurons, whereas the expression of CB2Rs is marginal. Thus, CB1Rs mediate the effects of smoked cannabis and are also implicated in emotional behaviors. We have analyzed the production of supraspinal analgesia and the development of tolerance at CB1Rs by the direct injection of a series of cannabinoids into the brain. The influence of the activation of CB1Rs on supraspinal analgesia evoked by morphine was also evaluated. Results Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of cannabinoid receptor agonists, WIN55,212-2, ACEA or methanandamide, generated a dose-dependent analgesia. Notably, a single administration of these compounds brought about profound analgesic tolerance that lasted for more than 14 days. This decrease in the effect of cannabinoid receptor agonists was not mediated by depletion of CB1Rs or the loss of regulated G proteins, but, nevertheless, it was accompanied by reduced morphine analgesia. On the other hand, acute morphine administration produced tolerance that lasted only 3 days and did not affect the CB1R. We found that both neural mu-opioid receptors (MORs) and CB1Rs interact with the HINT1-RGSZ module, thereby regulating pertussis toxin-insensitive Gz proteins. In mice with reduced levels of these Gz proteins, the CB1R agonists produced no such desensitization or morphine cross-tolerance. On the other hand, experimental enhancement of Gz signaling enabled an acute icv administration of morphine to produce a long-lasting tolerance at MORs that persisted for more than 2 weeks, and it also impaired the analgesic effects of cannabinoids. Conclusion In the brain, cannabinoids can produce analgesic tolerance that is not associated with the loss of surface CB1Rs or their uncoupling from regulated transduction. Neural specific Gz proteins are essential mediators of the analgesic effects of supraspinal CB1R agonists and morphine. These Gz proteins are also responsible for the long-term analgesic tolerance produced by single doses of these agonists, as well as for the cross-tolerance between CB1Rs and MORs.
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Hou DR, Alam S, Kuan TC, Ramanathan M, Lin TP, Hung MS. 1,2,3-Triazole derivatives as new cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1022-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wallace DJ, Campos KR, Shultz CS, Klapars A, Zewge D, Crump BR, Phenix BD, McWilliams JC, Krska S, Sun Y, Chen CY, Spindler F. New Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of Taranabant, a CB1R Inverse Agonist for the Treatment of Obesity. Org Process Res Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/op800270e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debra J. Wallace
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., Department of Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Solvias AG, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kevin R. Campos
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., Department of Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Solvias AG, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C. Scott Shultz
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., Department of Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Solvias AG, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Artis Klapars
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., Department of Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Solvias AG, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Zewge
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., Department of Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Solvias AG, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brian R. Crump
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., Department of Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Solvias AG, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brian D. Phenix
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., Department of Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Solvias AG, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J. Christopher McWilliams
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., Department of Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Solvias AG, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shane Krska
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., Department of Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Solvias AG, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yongkui Sun
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., Department of Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Solvias AG, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cheng-yi Chen
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., Department of Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Solvias AG, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Spindler
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., Department of Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and Solvias AG, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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Chakrabarti R. Pharmacotherapy of obesity: emerging drugs and targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:195-207. [DOI: 10.1517/14728220802637063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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