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Fonseca-Alves CE, Leis-Filho AF, Lacerda ZA, de Faria Lainetti P, Amorim RL, Rogatto SR. Lapatinib antitumor effect is associated with PI3K and MAPK pathway: An analysis in human and canine prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297043. [PMID: 38564578 PMCID: PMC10986952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The aberrant activation of HER2 has a pivotal role in bone metastasis implantation and progression in several tumor types, including prostate cancer (PC). Trastuzumab and other anti-HER2 therapies, such as lapatinib, have been used in human breast cancer HER2 positive. Although HER2 overexpression has been reported in PC, anti-HER2 therapy response has revealed conflicting results. We investigated the potential of lapatinib in inhibiting cell migration and inducing apoptosis in two human (LNCaP and PC3) and two canine PC cell lines (PC1 and PC2). Cell migration and apoptosis were evaluated by Annexin V/PI analysis after lapatinib treatment. The transcriptome analysis of all cell lines before and after treatment with lapatinib was also performed. We found increased apoptosis and migration inhibition in LNCaP cells (androgen-sensitive cell line), while PC1, PC2, and PC3 cells showed no alterations after the treatment. The transcriptome analysis of LNCaP and PC3 cell lines showed 158 dysregulated transcripts in common, while PC1 and PC2 cell lines presented 82. At the doses of lapatinib used, we observed transcriptional modifications in all cell lines. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were enriched in human PC cells, while canine PC cells showed enrichment of tyrosine kinase antitumor response and HER2-related pathways. In canine PC cells, the apoptosis failed after lapatinib treatment, possibly due to the downregulation of MAPK genes. Prostate cancer cells insensitive to androgens may be resistant to lapatinib through PI3K gene dysregulation. The association of lapatinib with PI3K inhibitors may provide a more effective antitumor response and clinical benefits to PC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University–UNIP, Bauru-SP, 17048–290, Brazil
| | - Antonio Fernando Leis-Filho
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Zara Alves Lacerda
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia de Faria Lainetti
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Renee Laufer Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Botucatu-SP, 18618–681, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Rogatto
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Tripathi N, Thomas VM, Sayegh N, Gebrael G, Chigarira B, Jo Y, Li H, Sahu KK, Nussenzveig R, Nordblad B, Swami U, Agarwal N, Maughan BL. Impact of androgen receptor alterations on cell-free DNA genomic profiling on survival outcomes in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2023; 83:1602-1609. [PMID: 37644774 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) gene alterations, as detected by circulating tumor cell-free DNA (cfDNA) genomic profiling, have been shown to emerge after a variable duration of androgen signaling inhibition. AR alterations were associated with inferior outcomes on treatment with androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPI) in the first line metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) setting in a phase 2 trial. Here in, we assessed the impact of these AR alterations on survival outcomes in a real-world patient population of mCRPC experiencing disease progression on an ARPI. METHODS In this IRB-approved retrospective study, consecutively seen patients with a confirmed diagnosis of mCRPC, with disease progression on a treatment with ARPIs in the first line mCRPC setting, with no prior exposure to an ARPI in the castration sensitive setting, and with available cfDNA profiling from a CLIA certified laboratory were included. Patients were categorized based on AR status: wild-type (ARwt ) or alteration-positive (AR+ ). The objective was to correlate overall survival (OS) after disease progression on the first-line ARPI with the presence or absence of AR alterations. Kaplan-Meier and Cox Regression Tests were used as implemented in R-Studio (v.4.2). RESULTS A total of 137 mCRPC patients were eligible: 69 with ARwt versus 68 with AR+ . The median OS posttreatment with the first ARPI was significantly higher for ARwt than AR+ patients (30.1 vs. 15.2 mos; p < 0.001). Of 108 patients who received a subsequent line of therapy, 63 received an alternate ARPI (AR+ 39 vs. 24 ARwt ), while 20 received a taxane-based therapy (11 AR+ vs. 9 ARwt ). Among patients receiving an alternate ARPI, AR+ had numerically shorter OS (16.8 vs. 30.4 mos, p = 0.1). Among patients receiving taxane-based regimens, the OS was not significantly different between AR+ and ARwt (14.5 vs. 10.1 mos, p = 0.18). CONCLUSION In this real-world study, mCRPC patients with AR alterations on cfDNA had inferior OS after disease progression on the first ARPI, compared to those who did not, and may impact outcomes on a subsequent ARPI but not on subsequent taxane-based therapy received. By providing survival estimates for patients with or without AR alterations, our data may aid in patient counseling, prognostication, treatment decision, and for designing future clinical trials in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishita Tripathi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Vinay Mathew Thomas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Nicolas Sayegh
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Georges Gebrael
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Beverly Chigarira
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Yeonjung Jo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas, ISA
| | - Kamal K Sahu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Blake Nordblad
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Umang Swami
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Benjamin L Maughan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Sharifi MN, O'Regan RM, Wisinski KB. Is the Androgen Receptor a Viable Target in Triple Negative Breast Cancer in 5 Years? Clin Breast Cancer 2023; 23:813-824. [PMID: 37419745 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by high rates of disease recurrence after definitive therapy, and median survival of less than 18 months in the metastatic setting. Systemic therapy options for TNBC consist primarily of cytotoxic chemotherapy-containing regimens, and while recently FDA-approved chemo-immunotherapy combinations and antibody-drug conjugates such as Sacituzumab govitecan have improved clinical outcomes, there remains an unmet need for more effective and less toxic therapies. A subset of TNBC expresses the androgen receptor (AR), a nuclear hormone steroid receptor that activates an androgen-responsive transcriptional program, and gene expression profiling has revealed a TNBC molecular subtype with AR expression and luminal and androgen responsive features. Both preclinical and clinical data suggest biologic similarities between luminal AR (LAR) TNBC and ER+ luminal breast cancer, including lower proliferative activity, relative chemoresistance, and high rates of oncogenic activating mutations in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Preclinical LAR-TNBC models are sensitive to androgen signaling inhibitors (ASIs), and particularly given the availability of FDA-approved ASIs with robust efficacy in prostate cancer, there has been great interest in targeting this pathway in AR+ TNBC. Here, we review the underlying biology and completed and ongoing androgen-targeted therapy studies in early stage and metastatic AR+ TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina N Sharifi
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI.
| | - Ruth M O'Regan
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Kari B Wisinski
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI
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4
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Mitsogianni M, Papatsoris A, Bala VM, Issa H, Moussa M, Mitsogiannis I. An overview of hormonal directed pharmacotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:1765-1774. [PMID: 37545430 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2023.2244415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in the male. Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) has been the mainstay in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer however, due to the outgrowth of castration-resistant cell population the disease inevitably progresses to an aggressive, difficult to handle stage. AREAS COVERED We have reviewed the literature regarding hormonal-directed therapy prostate cancer. New agents, namely abiraterone acetate, combined with prednisone, and next generation antiandrogens (enzalutamide, apalutamide and darolutamide) have shown considerable efficacy, not only in patients with metastatic but also in those with non-metastatic disease, either castration resistant (CRPC) or hormone sensitive (HSPC). EXPERT OPINION The addition of abiraterone and of the second-generation antiandrogens to our therapeutic armamentarium has improved prognosis ofprostate cancer in the last decade. Abiraterone is a viable option in patients with metastatic disease (hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant), whereas all next-generation antiandrogens have demonstrated efficacy in terms of metastasis-free and overall survival in non-metastatic CRPC. In addition, enzalutamide has also been found efficacious in mCRPC and mHSPC, while apalutamide in mHSPC. Currently there are no reliable data to indicate a potential superiority of one of these agents over the others in CRPC or HSPC as there are no relevant head to head studies . Sequencing hormone treatment modalities, chemotherapies and immunotherapies have not reached a consensus as yet. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to clearly define the role of novel antiandrogens in the treatment of prostate cancer. The choice of treatment should be individualized following discussion with the patient .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Athanasios Papatsoris
- 2nd Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Sismanoglio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vanessa-Meletia Bala
- 2nd Department of Medical Oncology, General Oncology Hospital of Kifissia 'Agioi Anargyroi', Athens, Greece
| | - Hussein Issa
- Department of Urology, Al Zahraa Hospital, University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Moussa
- Department of Urology, Al Zahraa Hospital, University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Iraklis Mitsogiannis
- 2nd Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Sismanoglio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Eivary SHA, Kheder RK, Najmaldin SK, Kheradmand N, Esmaeili SA, Hajavi J. Implications of IL-21 in solid tumor therapy. Med Oncol 2023; 40:191. [PMID: 37249661 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cancer, the most deadly disease, is known as a recent dilemma worldwide. Presently different treatments are used for curing cancers, especially solid cancers. Because of the immune-enhancing functions of cytokine, IL-21 as a cytokine may have new possibilities to manipulate the immune system in disease conditions, as it stimulates NK and CTL functions and drives IgG antibody production. Indeed, IL-21 has been revealed to elicit antitumor-immune responses in several tumor models. Combining IL-21 with other agents, which target tumor cells, immune-regulatory circuits, or other immune-enhancing molecules enhances this activity. The exciting breakthrough in the results obtained in pre-clinical situations has led to the early outset of present developing clinical trials in cancer patients. In the paper, we have reviewed the function of IL-21 in solid tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hossein Abtahi Eivary
- Department of Medical Sciences of Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Para-Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Ramiar Kamal Kheder
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, College of Science, University of Raparin, Rania, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Soran K Najmaldin
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Nahid Kheradmand
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Jafar Hajavi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Science, Gonabad, Iran.
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Järemo H, Semenas J, Bergström SH, Lundholm M, Thysell E, Widmark A, Crnalic S, Ylitalo EB, Bergh A, Brattsand M, Wikström P. Investigating microRNA Profiles in Prostate Cancer Bone Metastases and Functional Effects of microRNA-23c and microRNA-4328. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092437. [PMID: 37173903 PMCID: PMC10177411 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are aberrantly expressed in prostate cancer (PC), but comprehensive knowledge about their levels and function in metastatic PC is lacking. Here, we explored the differential expression of miRNA profiles during PC progression to bone metastasis, and further focused on the downregulation of miRNA-23c and -4328 and their impact on PC growth in experimental models. Using microarray screening, the levels of 1510 miRNAs were compared between bone metastases (n = 14), localized PC (n = 7) and benign prostate tissue (n = 7). Differentially expressed miRNAs (n = 4 increased and n = 75 decreased, p < 0.05) were identified, of which miRNA-1, -23c, -143-3p, -143-5p, -145-3p, -205-5p, -221-3p, -222-3p and -4328 showed consistent downregulation during disease progression (benign > localized PC > bone metastases). The downregulation of miRNA-23c and -4328 was confirmed by reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of 67 metastasis, 12 localized PC and 12 benign prostate tissue samples. The stable overexpression of miRNA-23c and -4328 in the 22Rv1 and PC-3 cell lines resulted in reduced PC cell growth in vitro, and in the secretion of high levels of miRNA-23c (but not -4328) in extracellular vesicles. However, no tumor suppressive effects were observed from miRNA-23c overexpression in PC-3 cells subcutaneously grown in mice. In conclusion, bone metastases display a profound reduction of miRNA levels compared to localized PC and benign disease. The downregulation of those miRNAs, including miRNA-23c and -4328, may lead to a loss of tumor suppressive effects and provide biomarker and therapeutic possibilities that deserve to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Järemo
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Julius Semenas
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Marie Lundholm
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elin Thysell
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Widmark
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sead Crnalic
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Orthopedics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Brattsand
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Wikström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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7
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Let’s Go 3D! New Generation of Models for Evaluating Drug Response and Resistance in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065293. [PMID: 36982368 PMCID: PMC10049142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide and the second most frequent in men. Several risk factors can contribute to the development of PC, and those include age, family history, and specific genetic mutations. So far, drug testing in PC, as well as in cancer research in general, has been performed on 2D cell cultures. This is mainly because of the vast benefits these models provide, including simplicity and cost effectiveness. However, it is now known that these models are exposed to much higher stiffness; lose physiological extracellular matrix on artificial plastic surfaces; and show changes in differentiation, polarization, and cell–cell communication. This leads to the loss of crucial cellular signaling pathways and changes in cell responses to stimuli when compared to in vivo conditions. Here, we emphasize the importance of a diverse collection of 3D PC models and their benefits over 2D models in drug discovery and screening from the studies done so far, outlining their benefits and limitations. We highlight the differences between the diverse types of 3D models, with the focus on tumor–stroma interactions, cell populations, and extracellular matrix composition, and we summarize various standard and novel therapies tested on 3D models of PC for the purpose of raising awareness of the possibilities for a personalized approach in PC therapy.
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8
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Sayegh N, Tripathi N, Nussenzveig RH, Thomas VM, Tandar C, Goel D, Nordblad B, Sahu KK, Li H, L Maughan B, Agarwal N, Swami U. Survival of Patients with Metastatic Prostate Cancer After Disease Progression on an Androgen Receptor Axis-Targeted Therapy Given in the Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Versus Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Setting. Eur Urol Focus 2023; 9:106-109. [PMID: 35835693 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor axis-targeted therapies (ARATs; androgen receptor or androgen synthesis inhibitors) have been approved for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCSPC and mCRPC) on the basis of improved overall survival (OS) in randomized clinical trials. However, it is not clear whether the OS for patients after progression on first-line ARAT differs if the first ARAT was administered in the mCSPC versus mCRPC setting and what its estimates are. We assessed the OS after disease progression on ARAT given as first-line therapy in mCSPC versus mCRPC. Patient-level data were collected retrospectively, and only those treated with first-line ARAT for mCSPC or mCRPC were included. For patients receiving ARAT in the mCRPC setting, no prior ARAT was allowed in the mCSPC setting. The median OS and hazard ratio (HR) were determined via Kaplan-Meier analysis from the time of progression on ARAT. Of 382 patients treated with first-line ARAT, 172 (44 mCSPC and 128 mCRPC) had experienced disease progression and were included in the analysis. Median OS was similar in the mCSPC (23 mo) and mCRPC (17 mo) settings (HR 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.62-1.56; p = 0.95). A total of 138 patients received subsequent systemic therapy after progression. Our results suggest that median OS is similar after progression on one ARAT, whether given in the first-line mCSPC or first-line mCRPC setting, and is estimated to be <2 yr. These data have implications for patient prognostication and the design of clinical trials in the post-ARAT setting for further drug development. PATIENT SUMMARY: We investigated whether the survival benefit differs between metastatic castration-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer for patients who have already experienced cancer progression after first-line treatment with one drug targeting the androgen receptor pathway (called ARAT). We found that the median survival benefit was less than 2 years and was similar for the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sayegh
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Care, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nishita Tripathi
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Care, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Vinay Mathew Thomas
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Care, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Clara Tandar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Care, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Divyam Goel
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Care, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Blake Nordblad
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Care, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kamal Kant Sahu
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Care, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Haoran Li
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Care, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Benjamin L Maughan
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Care, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Care, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Umang Swami
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Care, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Comparative Study of the Lipophilicity of Selected Anti-Androgenic and Blood Uric Acid Lowering Compounds. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010166. [PMID: 36615359 PMCID: PMC9821840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the lipophilicity of a series substances lowering the concentration of uric acid in blood and anti-androgen drugs by thin-layer chromatography in reversed-phase systems (RP-TLC, RP-HPTLC) and computational methods. The chromatographic parameter of lipophilicity (RMW) of tested compounds was determined on three stationary phases, i.e., RP18F254, RP18WF254 and RP2F254, using ethanol-water, propan-2-ol-water and acetonitrile-water in various volume compositions as mobile phases. The chromatographic analysis led to determining the experimental value of the lipophilicity parameter for each of the tested compounds, including those for which the experimental value of the partition coefficient (logPexp) as a measure of lipophilicity is not well described in available databases, such as febuxostat, oxypurinol, ailanthone, abiraterone and teriflunomide. The chromatographic parameters of lipophilicity were compared with the logP values obtained with various software packages, such as AClogP, AlogPs, AlogP, MlogP, XlogP2, XlogP3, ACD/logP and logPKOWWIN. The obtained results indicate that, among selected chromatographic parameters of lipophilicity, both experimental and calculated logP values gave similar results, and these RP-TLC or RP-HPTLC systems can be successfully applied to estimate the lipophilicity of studied heterocyclic compounds belonging to two different pharmacological groups. This work also illustrates the similarity and difference existing between the tested compounds under study using the chemometric methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). In addition, a relatively new approach based on the sum of ranking differences (SRD) was used to compare the chromatographically obtained and theoretical lipophilicity descriptors of studied compounds.
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10
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Liu M, Liu S, Chen F. WWC1, a target of miR-138-5p, facilitates the progression of prostate cancer. Am J Med Sci 2022; 364:772-781. [PMID: 35970246 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND WWC1 is known to be involved in the development of cancer. Therefore, it is critical to study the molecular mechanisms and cellular roles of WWC1 in cancer therapy. METHODS In this study, we examined the effect of WWC1 on prostate cancer tumorigenesis and the role of miR-138-5p in prostate cancer. The expression levels of miR-138-5p and WWC1 in prostate cancer (Pca) tissues and cells were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR and western blotting. Cell counting kit-8 and BrdU assays were performed to study cell proliferation and caspase-3 activity assay to detect apoptosis. Migration experiments were conducted to observe the movement ability of the cells. RESULTS The expression of WWC1 in Pca tissues or cell lines was increased, whereas miR-138-5p expression was decreased. MiR-138-5p targeted and partially neutralized the role of WWC1 in Pca cells. Moreover, reduced expression of WWC1 in Pca cell lines suppressed cell proliferation and migration and promoted apoptosis in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings reveal a novel mechanism by which miR-138-5p negatively regulates WWC1 in Pca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- Department of Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430033, Hubei, China
| | - Shiguo Liu
- Department of Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430033, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430033, Hubei, China.
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11
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Bratt O, Carlsson S, Fransson P, Kindblom J, Stranne J, Karlsson CT. The Swedish national guidelines on prostate cancer, part 2: recurrent, metastatic and castration resistant disease. Scand J Urol 2022; 56:278-284. [PMID: 35798533 DOI: 10.1080/21681805.2022.2093396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is now an unprecedented amount of evidence to consider when revising prostate cancer guidelines. We believe that there is a value in publishing summaries of national clinical guidelines in English for others to read and comment on. METHODS This is part 2 of a summary of the Swedish prostate cancer guidelines that were published in June 2022. This part covers recurrence after local treatment and management of metastatic and castration resistant disease. Part 1 covers early detection, diagnostics, staging, patient support and management of non-metastatic disease. RESULTS The 2022 Swedish guidelines include several new recommendations. Among these is a recommendation of a period of observation with repeated PSA tests for patients with approximately 10 years' life expectancy who experience a BCR more than 2-5 years after radical prostatectomy, to allow for estimating the PSA doubling time before deciding whether to give salvage radiotherapy or not. Recent results from the PEACE-1 trial led to the recommendation of triple-treatment with a GnRH agonist, abiraterone plus prednisolone and 6 cycles of docetaxel for patients with high-volume metastatic disease who are fit for chemotherapy. The Swedish guidelines differ from the European ones by having more restrictive recommendations about genetic testing of and high-dose zoledronic acid or denosumab treatment for men with metastatic prostate cancer, and by recommending considering bicalutamide monotherapy for selected patients with low-volume metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS The 2022 Swedish prostate cancer guidelines include several new recommendations and some that differ from the European guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Bratt
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Carlsson
- Section of Urology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Fransson
- Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jon Kindblom
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Johan Stranne
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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12
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Rajput S, Pink D, Findlay S, Woolner E, Lewis JD, McDermott MT. Application of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy to Guide Therapy for Advanced Prostate Cancer Patients. ACS Sens 2022; 7:827-838. [PMID: 35271265 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A critical unmet need for advanced prostate cancer (PCa) patients is optimizing systemic treatments to maximize the benefit for individuals. The response of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) to androgen receptor (AR)-directed hormonal treatments (i.e., enzalutamide and abiraterone) is mediated by the expression of a molecular variant of the androgen receptor called androgen receptor variant 7 (AR-V7). Detection and measurement of AR-V7 in mCRPC patients will lead to more informed PCa treatment. Herein, we demonstrate a quantitative nanoparticle-enhanced sandwich antibody assay for the successful ex vivo measurement of AR-V7 protein in serum from mCRPC patients. The nanoparticles are constructed as extrinsic Raman spectroscopy labels (ERLs), and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is used for assay readout. Our approach does not require specialized specimen collection materials, circulating tumor cell enrichment, or pretreatment of serum. Calibration of our assay is accomplished by expressing AR-V7 in an appropriate cell line as AR-V7 is not commercially available. We demonstrate a linear calibration curve from cell lysate and correlate lysate protein with mRNA from cultured prostate cancer cells. Finally, we demonstrate a novel pilot-scale application for clinical use by quantitatively measuring AR-V7 in serum of seven advanced PCa patients. Distinct separation of PCa patients by AR-V7 status (positive or negative) was observed. Together, the presence and amount of AR-V7 in serum offer predictive and prognostic value to inform selection between two classes of systemic treatments (i.e., hormones or taxanes). Triaging patients that are AR-V7-positive to other systemic treatments (e.g., taxane-based chemotherapy) can improve progression-free survival and overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Rajput
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Desmond Pink
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Scott Findlay
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Emma Woolner
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - John D. Lewis
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Mark T. McDermott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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13
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Gurioli G, Conteduca V, Brighi N, Scarpi E, Basso U, Fornarini G, Mosca A, Nicodemo M, Banna GL, Lolli C, Schepisi G, Ravaglia G, Bondi I, Ulivi P, De Giorgi U. Circulating tumor cell gene expression and plasma AR gene copy number as biomarkers for castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with cabazitaxel. BMC Med 2022; 20:48. [PMID: 35101049 PMCID: PMC8805338 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cabazitaxel improves overall survival (OS) in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients progressing after docetaxel. In this prospective study, we evaluated the prognostic role of CTC gene expression on cabazitaxel-treated patients and its association with plasma androgen receptor (AR) copy number (CN). METHODS Patients receiving cabazitaxel 20 or 25 mg/sqm for mCRPC were enrolled. Digital PCR was performed to assess plasma AR CN status. CTC enrichment was assessed using the AdnaTest EMT-2/StemCell kit. CTC expression analyses were performed for 17 genes. Data are expressed as hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI. RESULTS Seventy-four patients were fully evaluable. CTC expression of AR-V7 (HR=2.52, 1.24-5.12, p=0.011), AKR1C3 (HR=2.01, 1.06-3.81, p=0.031), AR (HR=2.70, 1.46-5.01, p=0.002), EPCAM (HR=3.75, 2.10-6.71, p< 0.0001), PSMA (HR=2.09, 1.19-3.66, p=0.01), MDK (HR=3.35, 1.83-6.13, p< 0.0001), and HPRT1 (HR=2.46, 1.44-4.18, p=0.0009) was significantly associated with OS. ALDH1 (OR=5.50, 0.97-31.22, p=0.05), AR (OR=8.71, 2.32-32.25, p=0.001), EPCAM (OR=7.26, 1.47-35.73, p=0.015), PSMA (OR=3.86, 1.10-13.50, p=0.035), MDK (OR=6.84, 1.87-24.98, p=0.004), and HPRT1 (OR=7.41, 1.82-30.19, p=0.005) expression was associated with early PD. AR CN status was significantly correlated with AR-V7 (p=0.05), EPCAM (p=0.02), and MDK (p=0.002) expression. In multivariable model, EPCAM and HPRT1 CTC expression, plasma AR CN gain, ECOG PS=2, and liver metastases and PSA were independently associated with poorer OS. In patients treated with cabazitaxel 20 mg/sqm, median OS was shorter in AR-V7 positive than negative patients (6.6 versus 14 months, HR=3.46, 1.47-8.17], p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS Baseline CTC biomarkers may be prognosticators for cabazitaxel-treated mCRPC patients. Cabazitaxel at lower (20 mg/sqm) dose was associated with poorer outcomes in AR-V7 positive patients compared to AR-V7 negative patients in a post hoc subgroup analysis. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03381326 . Retrospectively registered on 18 December 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Gurioli
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy.
| | - Vincenza Conteduca
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Medical Oncology and Biomolecular Therapy, University of Foggia, Policlinico Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Nicole Brighi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Emanuela Scarpi
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Umberto Basso
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fornarini
- Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mosca
- Multidisciplinary Oncology Outpatient Clinic, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Nicodemo
- Medical Oncology, Ospedale Sacro Cuore don Calabria, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Cristian Lolli
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Schepisi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Giorgia Ravaglia
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Isabella Bondi
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Paola Ulivi
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
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14
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Altschuler J, Stockert JA, Kyprianou N. Non-Coding RNAs Set a New Phenotypic Frontier in Prostate Cancer Metastasis and Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042100. [PMID: 33672595 PMCID: PMC7924036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) mortality remains a significant public health problem, as advanced disease has poor survivability due to the development of resistance in response to both standard and novel therapeutic interventions. Therapeutic resistance is a multifaceted problem involving the interplay of a number of biological mechanisms including genetic, signaling, and phenotypic alterations, compounded by the contributions of a tumor microenvironment that supports tumor growth, invasiveness, and metastasis. The androgen receptor (AR) is a primary regulator of prostate cell growth, response and maintenance, and the target of most standard PCa therapies designed to inhibit AR from interacting with androgens, its native ligands. As such, AR remains the main driver of therapeutic response in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). While androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), in combination with microtubule-targeting taxane chemotherapy, offers survival benefits in patients with mCRPC, therapeutic resistance invariably develops, leading to lethal disease. Understanding the mechanisms underlying resistance is critical to improving therapeutic outcomes and also to the development of biomarker signatures of predictive value. The interconversions between epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) navigate the prostate tumor therapeutic response, and provide a novel targeting platform in overcoming therapeutic resistance. Both microRNA (miRNA)- and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-mediated mechanisms have been associated with epigenetic changes in prostate cancer. This review discusses the current evidence-based knowledge of the role of the phenotypic transitions and novel molecular determinants (non-coding RNAs) as contributors to the emergence of therapeutic resistance and metastasis and their integrated predictive value in prostate cancer progression to advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Altschuler
- Department of Urology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.A.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Jennifer A. Stockert
- Department of Urology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.A.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Urology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.A.); (J.A.S.)
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Li H, Zhang Y, Li D, Ma X, Xu K, Ding B, Li H, Wang Z, Ouyang W, Long G, Zeng J, Liu H, Yan L, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Guan W, Hu Z, Liu C, Wan J, Wang G, Pu X, Zhang M, Guo L, An R, Qi J, Guo A, Ye Z, Liu J, Zhang X, Xu H. Androgen Receptor Splice Variant 7 Predicts Shorter Response in Patients with Metastatic Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy. Eur Urol 2021; 79:879-886. [PMID: 33579577 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether AR-V7 expression can predict the response in patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) who receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains to be explored. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the predictive value of AR-V7 expression in the prognosis of mHSPC patients receiving ADT. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this multicenter prospective cohort study, 310 mHSPC patients commencing ADT were enrolled. Standard immunohistochemical staining was used to assess AR-V7 protein expression in biopsy tissues collected before initiation of ADT. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate associations of AR-V7 status (positive vs negative) with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Sixty-four (21%) patients were AR-V7-positive and 246 (79%) patients were AR-V7-negative. The median follow-up for patients not confirmed dead was 25 mo (interquartile range 10-30). Compared to AR-V7-negative patients, AR-V7-positive patients had significantly shorter PFS (hazard ratio [HR] 47.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 25.83-86.94) and OS (HR 3.57, 95% CI 1.46-8.72). In multivariable analysis, AR-V7 was an independent predictive factor (HR 7.61, 95% CI 5.24-11.06) for shorter PFS. Limitations include the sample size and follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS AR-V7 expression in primary cancer tissue is correlated with poor prognosis for mHSPC patients receiving ADT. PATIENT SUMMARY In this study of men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, AR-V7 protein expression in primary cancer tissue was associated with poor outcomes on androgen deprivation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Urology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Yucong Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beichen Ding
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongzhao Li
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhize Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Urology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Gongwei Long
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Urology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Haoran Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Urology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Libin Yan
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangjun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Urology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Urology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Urology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiquan Hu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Urology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wan
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyong Pu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlang Guo
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruihua An
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiping Qi
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Aitao Guo
- Department of Pathology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Urology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiumin Liu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Urology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
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16
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Starch-Capped AgNPs' as Potential Cytotoxic Agents against Prostate Cancer Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020256. [PMID: 33498166 PMCID: PMC7908990 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the major therapeutic approaches of prostate cancer (PC) is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), but patients develop resistance within 2–3 years, making the development of new therapeutic approaches of great importance. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized through green approaches have been studied as anticancer agents because of their physical-chemical properties. This study explored the cytotoxic capacity of starch-capped AgNPs, synthesized through green methods, in LNCaP and in PC-3 cells, a hormonal-sensitive and hormone-resistant PC cell line, respectively. These AgNPs were synthesized in a microwave pressurized synthesizer and characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Their cytotoxicity was assessed regarding their ability to alter morphological aspect (optical microscopy), induce damage in cytoplasmic membrane (Trypan Blue Assay), mitochondria (WST-1 assay), cellular proliferation (BrdU assay), and cell cycle (Propidium iodide and flow-cytometry). AgNPs showed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of approximately 408 nm and average size of 3 nm. The starch-capped AgNPs successfully induced damage in cytoplasmic membrane and mitochondria, at concentrations equal and above 20 ppm. These damages lead to cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and G2/M, blockage of proliferation and death in LNCaP and PC-3 cells, respectively. This data shows these AgNPs’ potential as anticancer agents for the different stages of PC.
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17
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Morais M, Teixeira AL, Dias F, Machado V, Medeiros R, Prior JAV. Cytotoxic Effect of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Green Methods in Cancer. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14308-14335. [PMID: 33231444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health problem, but despite the several treatment approaches available, patients develop resistance in short time periods, making overcoming resistance or finding more efficient treatments an imperative challenge. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been described as an alternative option due to their physicochemical properties. The scope of this review was to systematize the available scientific information concerning these characteristics in AgNPs synthesized according to green chemistry's recommendations as well as their cytotoxicity in different cancer models. This is the first paper analyzing, correlating, and summarizing AgNPs' main parameters that modulate their cellular effect, including size, shape, capping, and surface plasmon resonance profile, dose range, and exposure time. It highlights the strong dependence of AgNPs' cytotoxic effects on their characteristics and tumor model, making evident the strong need of standardization and full characterization. AgNPs' application in oncology research is a new, open, and promising field and needs additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Morais
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.,Research Department, LPCC-Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), Estrada Interior da Circunvalação 6657, 4200-172 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Teixeira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisca Dias
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Machado
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.,Research Department, LPCC-Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), Estrada Interior da Circunvalação 6657, 4200-172 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.,CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Praça de 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - João A V Prior
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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18
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Guan J, Jiang X, Gai J, Sun X, Zhao J, Li J, Li Y, Cheng M, Du T, Fu L, Li Q. Sirtuin 5 regulates the proliferation, invasion and migration of prostate cancer cells through acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:14039-14049. [PMID: 33103371 PMCID: PMC7753991 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) is a NAD+‐dependent class III protein deacetylase, and its role in prostate cancer has not yet been reported. Therefore, to explore the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, we investigated the effect of SIRT5 on prostate cancer. Sirtuin 5 was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 57 normal and cancerous prostate tissues. We found that the tissue expression levels of SIRT5 in patients with Gleason scores ≥7 were significantly different from those in patients with Gleason scores <7 (P < .05, R > 0). Further, mass spectrometry and pathway screening experiments showed that SIRT5 regulated the activity of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which in turn modulated the expression of MMP9 and cyclin D1. Being a substrate of SIRT5, acetyl‐CoA acetyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) was regulated by SIRT5. SIRT5 also regulated MAPK pathway activity through ACAT1. These results revealed that SIRT5 promoted the activity of the MAPK pathway through ACAT1, increasing the ability of prostate cancer cells to proliferate, migrate and invade. Overall, these results indicate that SIRT5 expression is closely associated with prostate cancer progression. Understanding the underlying mechanism may provide new targets and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Guan
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xizi Jiang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junda Gai
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Jinming Zhao
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yizhuo Li
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tengjiao Du
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingchang Li
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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19
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Fontana F, Raimondi M, Marzagalli M, Sommariva M, Gagliano N, Limonta P. Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures as an In Vitro Tool for Prostate Cancer Modeling and Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186806. [PMID: 32948069 PMCID: PMC7554845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture technology has gained a lot of interest due to its ability to better recapitulate the in vivo organization and microenvironment of in vitro cultured cancer cells. In particular, 3D tumor models have demonstrated several different characteristics compared with traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures and have provided an interesting link between the latter and animal experiments. Indeed, 3D cell cultures represent a useful platform for the identification of the biological features of cancer cells as well as for the screening of novel antitumor agents. The present review is aimed at summarizing the most common 3D cell culture methods and applications, with a focus on prostate cancer modeling and drug discovery.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Androgens
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Culture Techniques/instrumentation
- Cell Culture Techniques/methods
- Cell Hypoxia
- Drug Discovery/methods
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/instrumentation
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/methods
- Energy Metabolism
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Male
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Monitoring, Immunologic
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/cytology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects
- Therapies, Investigational
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-503-18427
| | - Michela Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Michele Sommariva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Nicoletta Gagliano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
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20
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Guzman-Esquivel J, Mendoza-Hernandez MA, Tiburcio-Jimenez D, Avila-Zamora ON, Delgado-Enciso J, De-Leon-Zaragoza L, Casarez-Price JC, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Martinez-Fierro ML, Meza-Robles C, Barocio-Acosta A, Baltazar-Rodriguez LM, Zaizar-Fregoso SA, Plata-Florenzano JE, Delgado-Enciso I. Decreased biochemical progression in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer using a novel mefenamic acid anti-inflammatory therapy: A randomized controlled trial. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:4151-4160. [PMID: 32391109 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common non-dermatological cancer in men and is a growing public health problem. Castration-resistant disease (CRD) is the most advanced stage of the disease and is difficult to control. Patients with CRD may no longer accept conventional therapies as they are not in appropriate clinical conditions or they refuse to receive it. Given that inflammation is an essential component of CRD origin and progression, anti-inflammatory agents could be a therapeutic option with fenamates as one of the proposed choices. A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, 2-arm, parallel group, phase II-III clinical trial was performed involving 20 patients with CRD-PCa (with a prostate specific antigen level <100 ng/ml) that were undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and did not accept any established treatment for that disease stage. In addition to ADT, 10 patients received placebo and 10 received mefenamic acid (500 mg orally every 12 h) for 6 months. The primary endpoint was the change in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at 6 months. The PSA levels decreased significantly with mefenamic acid (an average 42% decrease), whereas there was an average 55% increase in the placebo group (P=0.024). In the patients treated with the placebo, 70% had biochemical disease progression (an increase of ≥25% in PSA levels), which did not occur in any of the patients treated with mefenamic acid (relative risk=0.12; 95% confidence interval, 0.01-0.85; P=0.033). There was a significant increase in quality of life (EQ-5D-5L score) and body mass index (BMI) with the experimental treatment. In conclusion, mefenamic acid administration decreased biochemical progression in patients with castration resistant PCa, improved their quality of life and increased their BMI. Future studies are required in order to strengthen the findings of the present clinical trial. Trial registration, Cuban Public Registry of Clinical Trials Database RPCEC00000248, August 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Guzman-Esquivel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico.,Department of Research, General Hospital of Zone No. 1 IMSS, Villa de Alvarez, Colima 28983, Mexico
| | | | - Daniel Tiburcio-Jimenez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Oscar N Avila-Zamora
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico
| | - Josuel Delgado-Enciso
- Department of Research, Foundation for Cancer Ethics, Education and Research of The Cancerology State Institute, Colima 28085, Mexico
| | - Luis De-Leon-Zaragoza
- Department of Research, General Hospital of Zone No. 1 IMSS, Villa de Alvarez, Colima 28983, Mexico.,Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico
| | - Juan C Casarez-Price
- Department of Research, General Hospital of Zone No. 1 IMSS, Villa de Alvarez, Colima 28983, Mexico.,Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico
| | - Iram P Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Molecular and Structural Physiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, Mexico
| | - Margarita L Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico
| | - Carmen Meza-Robles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico.,Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Barocio-Acosta
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico
| | - Luz M Baltazar-Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Sergio A Zaizar-Fregoso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Jorge E Plata-Florenzano
- Department of Research, General Hospital of Zone No. 1 IMSS, Villa de Alvarez, Colima 28983, Mexico.,Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico
| | - Iván Delgado-Enciso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico.,Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico
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22
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König F, Strauß A, Johannsen M, Mommsen C, Fricke E, Klier J, Mehl S, Pfister D, Sahlmann CO, Werner A, Goebell PJ. [Radium-223 for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) : The androgen receptor-independent active agent in the therapeutic sequence]. Urologe A 2019; 59:53-64. [PMID: 31598745 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-019-01052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radium-223 improves overall survival and preserves quality of life in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and symptomatic bone metastases and no known visceral metastases. Radium-223 can be used in combination with a luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue and as part of a sequential treatment scheme if disease progresses after at least two prior lines of systemic mCRPC therapies or if no other available systemic treatment is eligible. OBJECTIVES Today physicians are faced with a previously unknown multitude and complexity of options for the treatment of mCRPC. An increasing number of clinical trials contribute to the dynamics of the therapeutic landscape. Radium-223 was approved for mCRPC treatment in 2013. Up to now the recommendations of use have been adjusted several times. Highlighting recent clinical trials and practice, this paper explores the position of radium-223 within the therapeutic sequence and outlines key elements for the interdisciplinary cooperation between uro-oncologists and nuclear medicine specialists. RESULTS The mode of action of radium-223 does not depend on the androgen receptor (AR) pathway. Thus, it is an option in the therapeutic sequence when the efficacy of other agents is reduced by resistance. Furthermore, the efficacy of prior or subsequent medications are neither reduced nor enhanced by radium-223. The opportunity of an AR-independent and survival-prolonging medication should be taken as soon as the indication criteria are met because the incidence of visceral metastases increases during disease progression. According to current mCRPC guidelines, the osteoprotective use of bisphosphonates or denosumab is recommended, before treatment with radium-223 is started or resumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F König
- ATURO, Fachärzte für Urologie und Andrologie, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - A Strauß
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - M Johannsen
- Urologische Facharztpraxis PD Dr. M. Johannsen & T. Laux, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - C Mommsen
- Praxen für diagnostische und therapeutische Nuklearmedizin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - E Fricke
- Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Klinikum Lippe, Lemgo, Deutschland
| | - J Klier
- Urologie Bayenthal, Gemeinschaftspraxis Dr. J. Klier & Dr. T. Strunk, Köln, Deutschland
| | - S Mehl
- Praxen für diagnostische und therapeutische Nuklearmedizin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - D Pfister
- Klinik für Urologie, Uro-Onkologie, spezielle urologische und Roboter-assistierte Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Köln, Deutschland
| | - C-O Sahlmann
- Abteilung Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - A Werner
- Radiologie Rhein-Neckar, Schwetzingen und Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - P J Goebell
- Urologische und Kinderurologische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland.
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23
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CK2 Pro-Survival Role in Prostate Cancer Is Mediated via Maintenance and Promotion of Androgen Receptor and NFκB p65 Expression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020089. [PMID: 31197122 PMCID: PMC6631211 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prosurvival protein kinase CK2, androgen receptor (AR), and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) interact in the function of prostate cells, and there is evidence of crosstalk between these signals in the pathobiology of prostate cancer (PCa). As CK2 is elevated in PCa, and AR and NFκB are involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer, we investigated their interaction in benign and malignant prostate cells in the presence of altered CK2 expression. Our results show that elevation of CK2 levels caused increased levels of AR and NFκB p65 in prostate cells of different phenotypes. Analysis of TCGA PCa data indicated that AR and CK2α RNA expression are strongly correlated. Small molecule inhibition or molecular down-regulation of CK2 caused reduction in AR mRNA expression and protein levels in PCa cells and in orthotopic xenograft tumors by various pathways. Among these, regulation of AR protein stability plays a unifying role in CK2 maintenance of AR protein levels. Our results show induction of various endoplasmic reticulum stress signals after CK2 inhibition, which may play a role in the PCa cell death response. Of note, CK2 inhibition caused loss of cell viability in both parental and enzalutamide-resistant castrate-resistant PCa cells. The present work elucidates the specific link of CK2 to the pathogenesis of PCa in association with AR and NFκB expression; further, the observation that inhibition of CK2 can exert a growth inhibitory effect on therapy-resistant PCa cells emphasizes the potential utility of CK2 inhibition in patients who are on enzalutamide treatment for advanced cancer.
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24
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Downregulation of miR-139-5p promotes prostate cancer progression through regulation of SOX5. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:2128-2135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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25
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Shore ND, Tammela TL, Massard C, Bono P, Aspegren J, Mustonen M, Fizazi K. Safety and Antitumour Activity of ODM-201 (BAY-1841788) in Chemotherapy-naïve and CYP17 Inhibitor-naïve Patients: Follow-up from the ARADES and ARAFOR Trials. Eur Urol Focus 2018; 4:547-553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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He Z, Tang F, Lu Z, Huang Y, Lei H, Li Z, Zeng G. Analysis of differentially expressed genes, clinical value and biological pathways in prostate cancer. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:1444-1456. [PMID: 29887958 PMCID: PMC5992552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the gene expression changes in prostate cancer (PC) and screen the hub genes and associated pathways of PC progression. The authors employed integrated analysis of GSE46602 downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases to identify 484 consensual differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in PC, when compared with adjacent normal tissue samples. Functional annotation and pathway analysis were performed. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and module were constructed. RT-qPCR was used to validate the results in clinical PC samples. Survival analysis of hub genes was performed to explore their clinical value. GO analysis results revealed that DEGs were significantly enriched in negative regulation of nitrobenzene metabolic process, extracellular space and protein homodimerization activity. KEGG pathway analysis results revealed that DEGs were most significantly enriched in focal adhesion. The top 10 hub genes were identified to be hub genes from the PPI network, and the model revealed that these genes were enriched in various pathways, including neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, p53 and glutathione metabolism signaling pathways. RT-qPCR results validated that expression levels of eight genes (PIK3R1, BIRC5, ITGB4, RRM2, TOP2A, ANXA1, LPAR1 and ITGB8) were consistent with the bioinformatics analysis. ITGB4 and RRM2 with genetic alterations exhibited association with a poorer survival rate, compared with those without alterations. These results revealed that PC-related genes and pathways have an important role in tumor expansion, metastasis and prognosis. In summary, these hub genes and related pathways may act as biomarkers or therapeutic targets for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui He
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510230, China
| | - Fucai Tang
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510230, China
| | - Zechao Lu
- First Clinical College of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510230, China
| | - Yucong Huang
- Third Clinical College of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510230, China
| | - Hanqi Lei
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510230, China
| | - Zhibiao Li
- Third Clinical College of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510230, China
| | - Guohua Zeng
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510230, China
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27
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Crawford ED, Schellhammer PF, McLeod DG, Moul JW, Higano CS, Shore N, Denis L, Iversen P, Eisenberger MA, Labrie F. Androgen Receptor Targeted Treatments of Prostate Cancer: 35 Years of Progress with Antiandrogens. J Urol 2018; 200:956-966. [PMID: 29730201 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2018.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antiandrogens inhibit the androgen receptor and have an important role in the treatment of prostate cancer. This review provides a historical perspective on the development and clinical benefit of antiandrogens in the treatment of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched PubMed® for clinical trials with the search terms antiandrogens and prostate cancer combined with drug names for antiandrogens. This article represents a collaboration of clinical investigators who have made critical scientific contributions leading to the approval of antiandrogens for treating patients with prostate cancer. RESULTS Antiandrogens differ in chemical structure and exert varying efficacy and safety profiles. The unfavorable therapeutic index of steroidal antiandrogens led to replacement by safer nonsteroidal agents. Flutamide, nilutamide and bicalutamide, which were designed to target the androgen receptor, were developed primarily for use in combination with castration to provide combined androgen blockade. Modest clinical benefits were observed with the combination of first generation antiandrogens and castration vs castration alone. With increased knowledge of androgen receptor structure and its biological functions a new generation of antiandrogens without agonist activity was designed to provide more potent inhibition of the androgen receptor. Randomized clinical trials in patients with metastatic, castration resistant prostate cancer showed significant survival benefits, which led to the approval of enzalutamide in August 2012. Apalutamide was recently approved while darolutamide is not yet approved in the United States. These next generation antiandrogens are being actively tested in earlier disease states such as nonmetastatic prostate cancer. Evolving knowledge of resistance mechanisms to androgen receptor targeted treatments will stimulate research and drug discovery for additional compounds. Further testing in nonmetastatic castration resistant prostate cancer as well as castration sensitive disease states will hopefully augment our ability to treat a broader spectrum of patients with prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS Antiandrogens have already provided important benefits for prostate cancer treatment. Greater knowledge about the structural and functional biology of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer will facilitate further discovery and development of further improved antiandrogens with enhanced clinical activity in patients with advanced metastatic disease. Testing these new agents earlier in the course of prostate cancer may further improve the survival and quality of life of patients with current local and/or systemic treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David G McLeod
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda
| | - Judd W Moul
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Celestia S Higano
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Neal Shore
- Carolina Urologic Research Center, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
| | - Louis Denis
- Europa Uomo, Oncology Centre Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Iversen
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mario A Eisenberger
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
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Lev A, Lulla AR, Ross BC, Ralff MD, Makhov PB, Dicker DT, El-Deiry WS. ONC201 Targets AR and AR-V7 Signaling, Reduces PSA, and Synergizes with Everolimus in Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:754-766. [PMID: 29588330 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays a key role in prostate cancer progression, and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a mainstay clinical treatment regimen for patients with advanced disease. Unfortunately, most prostate cancers eventually become androgen-independent and resistant to ADT with patients progressing to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Constitutively activated AR variants (AR-V) have emerged as mediators of resistance to AR-targeted therapy and the progression of mCRPC, and they represent an important therapeutic target. Out of at least 15 AR-Vs described thus far, AR-V7 is the most abundant, and its expression correlates with ADT resistance. ONC201/TIC10 is the founding member of the imipridone class of small molecules and has shown anticancer activity in a broad range of tumor types. ONC201 is currently being tested in phase I/II clinical trials for advanced solid tumors, including mCRPC, and hematologic malignancies. There has been promising activity observed in patients in early clinical testing. This study demonstrates preclinical single-agent efficacy of ONC201 using in vitro and in vivo models of prostate cancer. ONC201 has potent antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in both castration-resistant and -sensitive prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, the data demonstrate that ONC201 downregulates the expression of key drivers of prostate cancer such as AR-V7 and downstream target genes including the clinically used biomarker PSA (KLK3). Finally, the data also provide a preclinical rationale for combination of ONC201 with approved therapeutics for prostate cancer such as enzalutamide, everolimus (mTOR inhibitor), or docetaxel.Implications: The preclinical efficacy of ONC201 as a single agent or in combination, in hormone-sensitive or castration-resistant prostate cancer, suggests the potential for immediate clinical translation. Mol Cancer Res; 16(5); 754-66. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Lev
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amriti R Lulla
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian C Ross
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marie D Ralff
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Petr B Makhov
- Department of Urologic Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David T Dicker
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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29
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Fan L, Wang R, Chi C, Cai W, Zhang Y, Qian H, Shao X, Wang Y, Xu F, Pan J, Zhu Y, Shangguan X, Zhou L, Dong B, Xue W. Systemic immune-inflammation index predicts the combined clinical outcome after sequential therapy with abiraterone and docetaxel for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Prostate 2018; 78:250-256. [PMID: 29285775 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the antitumor effect of abiraterone (AA) followed by docetaxel-prednisone (DP) or vice versa in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients, and explored factors that might predict combined PSA-PFS, combined rPFS and OS. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed mCRPC patients treated with sequential therapy using DP followed by AA or vice versa. Patients who had received enzalutamide or cabazitaxel were excluded. The primary outcome measure was overall survival (OS). The combined PSA progression-free survival (PSA-PFS), combined radiographic PFS (rPFS), and OS of AA-to-DP were compared to the reverse sequence using Kaplan-Meier curves with log-rank statistics. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed to determine prognostic factors that were associated with combined PSA-PFS, combined rPFS and OS. RESULTS A total of 104 mCRPC patients who began treatment between 2013 and 2017 were identified: 42 were in the DP-to-AA group and 62 were in the AA-to-DP group. There was no significant difference of baseline clinical characteristics between AA-to-DP and DP-to-AA group. In addition, there was no significant difference in combined PSA-PFS (AA-to-DP: 12.5 [11.4-13.6] vs DP-to-AA: 13.2 [10.9-15.5] months [P = 0.127]), combined rPFS (AA-to-DP: 12.2 [10.9-13.4] vs DP-to-AA: 11.2 [8.9-13.5] months [P = 0.183]) and OS (AA-to-DP: 23.3 [19.7-26.9] vs DP-to-AA: 22.9 [22.1-23.7] months [P = 0.213]) between the two treatment sequences in Kaplan-Meier analysis. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, high systematic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) level, which was calculated by P (platelet) × N (neutrophil)/L(lymphocyte), remained significant predictors of OS, combined rPFS and combined PSA-PFS. CONCLUSION In this study, we did not observe differences in clinical outcomes based on alternative sequencing of AA and DP in mCRPC patients. The ability to tolerate side effects and patient preference may be used to determine the treatment sequencing. In addition, high pretreatment SII level is a negative independent prognosticator of survival outcomes in mCRPC with sequential therapy using DP followed by AA or vice versa, which might guide clinicians select the best treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liancheng Fan
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenfei Chi
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Cai
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyang Qian
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shao
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahua Pan
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinjie Zhu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Shangguan
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixin Zhou
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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30
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Huang Y, Jiang X, Liang X, Jiang G. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of castration resistant prostate cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6063-6076. [PMID: 29616091 PMCID: PMC5876469 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With increases in the mortality rate and number of patients with prostate cancer (PCa), PCa, particularly the advanced and metastatic disease, has been the focus of a number of studies globally. Over the past seven decades, androgen deprivation therapy has been the primary therapeutic option for patients with advanced PCa; however, the majority of patients developed a poor prognosis stage of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which eventually led to mortality. Due to CRPC being incurable, laboratory investigations and clinical studies focusing on CRPC have been conducted worldwide. Clarification of the molecular pathways that may lead to CRPC is important for discovering novel therapeutic strategies to delay or reverse the progression of disease. A sustained androgen receptor (AR) signal is still regarded as the main cause of CRPC. Increasing number of studies have proposed different potential mechanisms that cause CRPC, and this has led to the development of novel agents targeting the AR-dependent pathway or AR-independent signaling. In the present review, the major underlying mechanisms causing CRPC, including several major categories of AR-dependent mechanisms, AR bypass signaling, AR-independent mechanisms and other important hypotheses (including the functions of autophagy, PCa stem cell and microRNAs in CRPC progression), are summarized with retrospective pre-clinical or clinical trials to guide future research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiao Huang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Xianhan Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Xue Liang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Ganggang Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
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Culig Z, Puhr M. Interleukin-6 and prostate cancer: Current developments and unsolved questions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 462:25-30. [PMID: 28315704 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is expressed in prostate tumors and in the stromal tumor micro-enviroment. It is known to regulate proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and differentiation. The signaling pathway of Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3, which is activated by IL-6, is in the focus of scientific investigations for improved treatment approaches. Different effects of IL-6 and/or STAT3 on tumor cell growth have been observed in human and murine prostate cancer (PCa) models. Experimental therapies have been proposed in order to block the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. In this context, the anti-IL-6 antibody siltuximab (CNTO 328) has been demonstrated to inhibit growth of prostate tumors in vitro and in vivo and delays progression towards castration resistance. However, clinically, the anti-IL-6 antibody was not successful as a monotherapy in phase II studies in patients with metastatic PCa. IL-6 is implicated in regulation of cellular stemness by increasing phosphorylation of STAT3. The cytokine has also a role in development of resistance to the non-steroidal anti-androgen enzalutamide. Endogenous inhibitors of IL-6 are suppressors of cytokine signaling and protein inhibitors of activated STAT. Although they inhibit signal transduction through STAT3, they may also exhibit anti-apoptotic effects. On the basis of complexity of IL-6 action in PCa, an individualized approach is needed to identify patients who will benefit from anti-IL-6 therapy in combination with standard treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Culig
- Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Martin Puhr
- Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Bernemann C, Steinestel J, Humberg V, Bögemann M, Schrader AJ, Lennerz JK. Performance comparison of two androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7) detection methods. BJU Int 2018; 122:219-226. [PMID: 29359890 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the performance of two established androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7) mRNA detection systems, as paradoxical responses to next-generation androgen-deprivation therapy in AR-V7 mRNA-positive circulating tumour cells (CTC) of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) could be related to false-positive classification using detection systems with different sensitivities. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared the performance of two established mRNA-based AR-V7 detection technologies using either SYBR Green or TaqMan chemistries. We assessed in vitro performance using eight genitourinary cancer cell lines and serial dilutions in three AR-V7-positive prostate cancer cell lines, as well as in 32 blood samples from patients with CRPC. RESULTS Both assays performed identically in the cell lines and serial dilutions showed identical diagnostic thresholds. Performance comparison in 32 clinical patient samples showed perfect concordance between the assays. In particular, both assays determined AR-V7 mRNA-positive CTCs in three patients with unexpected responses to next-generation anti-androgen therapy. Thus, technical differences between the assays can be excluded as the underlying reason for the unexpected responses to next-generation anti-androgen therapy in a subset of AR-V7 patients. CONCLUSIONS Irrespective of the method used, patients with AR-V7 mRNA-positive CRPC should not be systematically precluded from an otherwise safe treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Steinestel
- Urology, University of Muenster Medical Center, Muenster, Germany
| | - Verena Humberg
- Urology, University of Muenster Medical Center, Muenster, Germany
| | - Martin Bögemann
- Urology, University of Muenster Medical Center, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Jochen K Lennerz
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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p53 status in the primary tumor predicts efficacy of subsequent abiraterone and enzalutamide in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2018; 21:260-268. [PMID: 29302046 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-017-0027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We tested whether tissue-based analysis of p53 and PTEN genomic status in primary tumors is predictive for subsequent sensitivity to abiraterone and enzalutamide in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 309 consecutive patients with CRPC treated with abiraterone or enzalutamide. Of these, 101 men (33%) had available primary tumor tissue for analysis. We screened for deleterious TP53 missense mutations and PTEN deletions using genetically validated immunohistochemical assays for nuclear accumulation of p53 protein and PTEN protein loss, with sequencing confirmation of TP53 mutations in a subset. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared between patients with and without p53 and/or PTEN alterations. RESULTS Forty-eight percent of the evaluable cases had PTEN loss and 27% had p53 nuclear accumulation. OS and PFS did not differ according to PTEN status, but were significantly associated with p53 status. Median OS was 16.7 months (95% CI, 14-21.9 months) and 31.2 months (95% CI, 24.5-43.4) for men with and without p53 nuclear accumulation, respectively (HR 2.32; 95% CI 1.19-4.51; P = 0.0018). Similarly, median PFS was 5.5 months (95% CI, 3.2-9.9 months) and 10.9 months (95% CI, 8-15.2 months) in men with and without p53 nuclear accumulation, respectively (HR 2.14, 95%CI 1.20-3.81; P = 0.0008). In multivariable analyses, p53 status was independently associated with PFS (HR 2.15; 95% CI 1.03-4.49; P = 0.04) and a HR of 2.19 for OS (95% CI 0.89-5.40; P = 0.087). CONCLUSIONS p53 inactivation in the primary tumor (but not PTEN loss) may be predictive of inferior outcomes to novel hormonal therapies in CRPC.
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Kim JH, Lee H, Shin EA, Kim DH, Choi JB, Kim SH. Implications of Bcl-2 and its interplay with other molecules and signaling pathways in prostate cancer progression. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:911-920. [PMID: 28816549 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1369044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among several genetic alterations involved in the progression of prostate cancer, B cell lymphoma gene number 2 (BCL-2) is an important target molecule in the progression of androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) after androgen ablation or castration. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of BCL-2 in prostate cancer progression remains elusive and controversial. In the current review, we discuss the critical role of BCL-2 in the carcinogenesis of prostate cancer with experimental evidences on the BCL-2 molecular networks in AIPC and androgen-dependent prostate cancer (ADPC) and subsequently suggest perspective research targeting BCL-2. Areas covered: This review focused on the molecular implications of BCL-2 in association with other molecules and signaling pathways involved in the progression and carcinogenesis of prostate cancer. Expert opinion: BCL-2 plays a pivotal role in the progression of AIPC than in ADPC since androgen represses BCL-2. BCL-2 acts as a pro-survival molecule in association with androgen-related signaling in the progression of ADPC, while BCL-2 upregulation, PTEN loss, PI3K/AKT phosphorylation and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation are primarily involved in AIPC. To identify more effective prostate cancer therapy, further mechanistic studies are required with BCL-2 inhibitors in AIPC and ADPC, considering a multi-target therapy against BCL-2 and its related signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ha Kim
- a Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Hyemin Lee
- a Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Eun Ah Shin
- a Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- b Department of East West Medical Science, Graduate School of East West Medical Science , Kyung Hee University , Yongin , South Korea
| | - Jhin Baek Choi
- b Department of East West Medical Science, Graduate School of East West Medical Science , Kyung Hee University , Yongin , South Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- a Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , South Korea
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Seitz AK, Thoene S, Bietenbeck A, Nawroth R, Tauber R, Thalgott M, Schmid S, Secci R, Retz M, Gschwend JE, Ruland J, Winter C, Heck MM. AR-V7 in Peripheral Whole Blood of Patients with Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: Association with Treatment-specific Outcome Under Abiraterone and Enzalutamide. Eur Urol 2017; 72:828-834. [PMID: 28818355 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been demonstrated that androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7) expression in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) predicts poor treatment response in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients treated with abiraterone or enzalutamide. OBJECTIVE To develop a practical and robust liquid profiling approach for direct quantification of AR-V7 in peripheral whole blood without the need for CTC capture and to determine its potential for predicting treatment response in mCRPC patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Whole blood samples from a prospective biorepository of 85 mCRPC patients before treatment initiation with abiraterone (n=56) or enzalutamide (n=29) were analyzed via droplet digital polymerase chain reaction. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The association of AR-V7 status with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response defined by PSA decline ≥50% and with PSA-progression-free survival (PSA-PFS), clinical PFS, and overall survival (OS) was assessed. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS High AR-V7 expression levels in whole blood were detectable in 18% (15/85) of patients. No patient with high AR-V7 expression achieved a PSA response, and AR-V7 status was an independent predictor of PSA response in multivariable logistic regression analysis (p=0.03). High AR-V7 expression was associated with shorter PSA-PFS (median 2.4 vs 3.7 mo; p<0.001), shorter clinical PFS (median 2.7 vs 5.5 mo; p<0.001), and shorter OS (median 4.0 vs. 13.9 mo; p<0.001). On multivariable Cox regression analysis, high AR-V7 expression remained an independent predictor of shorter PSA-PFS (hazard ratio [HR] 7.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3-20.7; p<0.001), shorter clinical PFS (HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-4.9; p=0.02), and shorter OS (HR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4-6.3; p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS Testing of AR-V7 mRNA levels in whole blood is a simple and promising approach to predict poor treatment outcome in mCRPC patients receiving abiraterone or enzalutamide. PATIENT SUMMARY We established a method for determining AR-V7 status in whole blood. This test predicted treatment resistance in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer undergoing treatment with abiraterone or enzalutamide. Prospective validation is needed before application to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katharina Seitz
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Silvia Thoene
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, partner site Munich, Germany; German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Bietenbeck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Nawroth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Tauber
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Mark Thalgott
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmid
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Ramona Secci
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, partner site Munich, Germany; German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margitta Retz
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen E Gschwend
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, partner site Munich, Germany; German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Winter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, partner site Munich, Germany; German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Matthias M Heck
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
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Terada N, Maughan BL, Akamatsu S, Kobayashi T, Yamasaki T, Inoue T, Kamba T, Ogawa O, Antonarakis ES. Exploring the optimal sequence of abiraterone and enzalutamide in patients with chemotherapy-naïve castration-resistant prostate cancer: The Kyoto-Baltimore collaboration. Int J Urol 2017; 24:441-448. [PMID: 28455853 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate and compare the efficacy of sequential treatment with abiraterone followed by enzalutamide or vice versa for castration-resistant prostate cancer. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated data on 198 consecutive chemotherapy-naïve patients who had received both abiraterone and enzalutamide for castration-resistant prostate cancer at Kyoto University Hospital (including satellite hospitals) and at Johns Hopkins Cancer Center. Prostate-specific antigen progression-free survival and overall survival in patients treated with sequential abiraterone-to-enzalutamide versus enzalutamide-to-abiraterone without intervening therapies were compared. RESULTS Overall, 113 patients were treated with the abiraterone-to-enzalutamide sequence and 85 with the enzalutamide-to-abiraterone sequence. Median prostate-specific antigen progression-free survival was not significantly different between abiraterone and enzalutamide in the first-line setting (hazard ratio 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.66-1.19, P = 0.412), but there was an advantage favoring enzalutamide compared with abiraterone in the second-line setting (hazard ratio 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.49-0.91, P = 0.009). Furthermore, the combined prostate-specific antigen progression-free survival was significantly longer in the abiraterone-to-enzalutamide sequence than in the enzalutamide-to-abiraterone sequence (hazard ratio 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.41-0.76, P < 0.001). The difference was significant even in multivariate analyses (hazard ratio 0.65, 95% confidence interval 0.42-0.99, P = 0.044). There was no statistical difference in overall survival between the two sequences in univariate (hazard ratio 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.53-1.43, P = 0.599) and multivariate analyses (hazard ratio 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.49-1.35, P = 0.427). CONCLUSIONS The abiraterone-to-enzalutamide sequence might have more favorable efficacy in terms of combined prostate-specific antigen progression-free survival than the enzalutamide-to-abiraterone sequence, although no differences in overall survival were observed. This could possibly be attributable to longer prostate-specific antigen progression-free survival with second-line enzalutamide compared with abiraterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Terada
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Benjamin L Maughan
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shusuke Akamatsu
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshinari Yamasaki
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kamba
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Analytical Validation of Androgen Receptor Splice Variant 7 Detection in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) Laboratory Setting. J Mol Diagn 2017; 19:115-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Maughan BL, Luber B, Nadal R, Antonarakis ES. Comparing Sequencing of Abiraterone and Enzalutamide in Men With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Retrospective Study. Prostate 2017; 77:33-40. [PMID: 27527643 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no validated clinical decision tools to aid optimal treatment selection in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Frequently, abiraterone and enzalutamide are used prior to chemotherapy in mCRPC, given the more favorable safety profiles. However, there is no published data on clinical outcomes regarding best sequencing of these two agents. METHODS A retrospective analysis of consecutive mCRPC patients treated with enzalutamide and abiraterone at Johns Hopkins was conducted. Patients were treated with sequential enzalutamide and abiraterone, in either order. The combined progression-free survival (PFS: PFS1 + PFS2) of abiraterone-to-enzalutamide was compared to the reverse sequence, where PFS1 and PFS2 represented clinical/radiographic progression-free survival on the first and second agents, respectively. Overall survival (OS) from the start of the first therapy to death and PSA response rates (defined as ≥50% PSA declines at any time) were also compared between groups. Outcomes were adjusted using propensity score-weighted multivariable Cox analyses. RESULTS Eighty-one patients who satisfied our entry criteria were identified: 65 in the abiraterone-to-enzalutamide group and 16 in the enzalutamide-to-abiraterone group. There were no significant baseline differences between groups. Multivariable analysis suggested a difference between groups favoring the abiraterone-to-enzalutamide sequence with respect to combined PFS (HR 0.37, 95%CI 0.22-0.64, P < 0.001). There was no statistical difference in OS between the groups after multivariable adjustment (HR 0.57, 95%CI 0.29-1.11, P = 0.098), although OS was numerically superior in the abiraterone-to-enzalutamide group. CONCLUSIONS We observed differences suggesting improved outcomes favoring the abiraterone-to-enzalutamide sequence in men with mCRPC, with statistical confirmation in terms of PFS but not OS. Prospective studies are required to verify these hypothesis-generating findings. Further evaluation of biomarkers to inform optimal treatment sequencing in men with mCRPC is urgently needed. Prostate 77:33-40, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Maughan
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brandon Luber
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rosa Nadal
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
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Synthesis and basic evaluation of 7α-(3-[ 18F]fluoropropyl)-testosterone and 7α-(3-[ 18F]fluoropropyl)-dihydrotestosterone. Ann Nucl Med 2016; 31:53-62. [PMID: 27680022 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-016-1130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 7α-Substituted androgen derivatives may have the potential to visualize androgen receptors with positron emission tomography. In the present study, we synthesized fluoropropyl derivatives of 7α-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-testosterone ([18F]7) and 7α-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-dihydrotestosterone ([18F]15), and characterized their in vitro binding, in vivo biodistribution, and performed blocking studies in mature androgen deprived male rats. METHODS We synthesized [18F]7 and [18F]15. In vitro binding to recombinant rat AR ligand binding domain protein was determined using a competitive radiometric ligand-binding assay with the high-affinity synthetic androgen [17α-methyl-3H]-methyltrienolone ([3H]R1881). In vivo biodistribution was performed in mature male rats treated with diethylstilbestrol (chemical castration). A blocking study was performed by co-administration of dihydrotestosterone (36 µg/animal). RESULTS 7α-(3-Fluoropropyl)-testosterone (7) and 7α-(3-fluoropropyl)-dihydrotestosterone (15) showed competitive binding to recombinant rat AR ligand binding domain protein. The IC50 value of 15 (13.0 ± 3.3 nM) was higher than 7 (47.8 ± 10.0 nM). In contrast to the AR binding affinity, the ventral prostate uptake of [18F]7 and [18F]15 at 2 h post-injection was similar (0.07 % injected dose/g of tissue). A blocking study indicated that specific binding of [18F]15 is observed in the ventral prostate. [18F]7 and [18F]15 showed moderate levels of bone uptake, which indicates moderate metabolic de-fluorination in rodents. CONCLUSION [18F]15 is better than [18F]7 in terms of radiochemical yield, in vitro binding affinity, prostate specific binding and stability against in vivo metabolic de-fluorination. However, the net uptake level of [18F]15 in prostate might be insufficient for in vivo visualization. Although [18F]7 and [18F]15 improved in vivo stability against de-fluorination, other basic characterization data in rodents were not superior to the current standard tracer 16β-[18F]fluoro-5α-dihydrotestosterone. It is also revealed that the shorter side chain length of 7α-[18F]fluoromethyl-dihydrotestosterone is superior to the longer three carbon chain in [18F]15, in terms of net prostate uptake and in vivo metabolic stability.
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Maughan BL, Antonarakis ES. Clinical Relevance of Androgen Receptor Splice Variants in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2016; 16:57. [PMID: 26537882 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-015-0375-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) currently benefits from a wealth of treatment options, yet still remains lethal in the vast majority of patients. It is becoming increasingly understood that this disease entity continues to evolve over time, acquiring additional and diverse resistance mechanisms with each subsequent therapy used. This dynamic relationship between treatment pressure and disease resistance can be challenging for the managing clinician. The recent discovery of alternate splice variants of the androgen receptor (AR) is one potential mechanism of escape in mCRPC, and recognizing this resistance mechanism might be important for optimal treatment selection for our patients. AR-V7 appears to be the most relevant AR splice variant, and early clinical data suggest that it is a negative prognostic marker in mCRPC. Emerging evidence also suggests that detection of AR-V7 may be associated with resistance to novel hormonal therapy (abiraterone and enzalutamide) but may be compatible with sensitivity to taxane chemotherapy (docetaxel and cabazitaxel). Adding to this complexity is the observation that AR-V7 is a dynamic marker whose status may change across time and depending on selective pressures induced by different therapies. Finally, it is possible that AR-V7 may represent a therapeutic target in mCRPC if drugs can be designed that degrade or inhibit AR splice variants or block their transcriptional activity. Several such agents (including galeterone, EPI-506, and bromodomain/BET inhibitors) are now in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Maughan
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1-1M45, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1-1M45, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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41
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Pelekanou V, Castanas E. Androgen Control in Prostate Cancer. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2224-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Pelekanou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine; Yale University; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Elias Castanas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine; University of Crete; Heraklion Greece
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Nadal R, Tsai HL, Sinibaldi VJ, Paller CJ, Antonarakis ES, Denmeade SR, Carducci MA, Eisenberger MA. Prognostic factors for clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer treated with sequential novel androgen receptor-directed therapies. Prostate 2016; 76:512-20. [PMID: 26689606 PMCID: PMC9844548 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prognostic factors associated with clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) treated with a novel androgen receptor-directed therapies (ARDT) in the second line setting has not been formally evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed and analyzed medical records of all patients with mCRPC who received sequential treatment with ARDT. We analyzed potential clinical factors associated with post treatment endpoints including 50% decline in prostatic-specific antigen (PSA), PSA-progression-free survival (PFS), clinical or radiographic PFS and overall survival (OS). Prognostic univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were developed and assessed. RESULTS One hundred twenty-six patients with mCRPC treated with a second-line novel ARDT were included. Overall, 50% decline in PSA was observed in 22% of patients and a median PSA-PFS of 2.9 months and a PFS of 3.6 months. After adjusting for potential confounders including prior exposure to docetaxel and number of prior antiandrogen agents, time to development of CRPC was an independent factor associated with PSA-PFS (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99-1; P = 0.02) and PFS (HR: 0.99; CI: 0.98-1; P= 0.01). PSA response (50% decline) to first-line novel ARDT correlated negatively with PSA-PFS with second-line novel ARDT (HR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.14-2.53; P = 0.009) and lower pre-treatment levels of albumin were associated with shorter PFS (HR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.32-0.97; P = 0.03). Performance status, pre-treatment levels of albumin, extent of disease and time to development CRPC were associated with OS. CONCLUSIONS Second-line ARDT is associated with modest outcomes in patients with mCRPC. Time to development of CRPC is the strongest predictor of PSA response, PSA-PFS and OS which suggest that intrinsic resistance to AR directed treatment is the major treatment outcome factor in these patients. Future studies in patients receiving long term ARTD should include the identification of predictive biomarkers to facilitate treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mario A. Eisenberger
- Correspondence to: Prof. Mario A. Eisenberger, MD, Johns Hopkins University Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD.
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Boudadi K, Antonarakis ES. Resistance to Novel Antiandrogen Therapies in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2016; 10:1-9. [PMID: 27013902 PMCID: PMC4798019 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s34534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of novel therapies that maximally decrease androgen-receptor (AR) signaling activity, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains a lethal disease. Even though abiraterone and enzalutamide represent breakthroughs in the treatment of mCRPC and have demonstrated significant survival benefits, a significant proportion of patients have primary resistance to these agents and virtually all patients develop secondary resistance. While the mechanisms of resistance to these agents are not fully understood, many hypotheses of AR-dependent and AR-independent mechanisms are emerging, including upregulation of AR and cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17), induction of AR splice variants, AR point mutations, upregulation of glucocorticoid receptor, activation of alternative oncogenic signaling pathways, neuroendocrine transformation, and immune evasion via programmed death-ligand 1 upregulation. The aim of this review is to summarize the most clinically relevant mechanisms of resistance to novel androgen-directed agents, focusing on escape from enzalutamide and abiraterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Boudadi
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center,
Department of Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel S. Antonarakis
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center,
Department of Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
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44
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Boudadi K, Antonarakis ES. Resistance to Novel Antiandrogen Therapies in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.4137/cmo.ss34534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite the introduction of novel therapies that maximally decrease androgen-receptor (AR) signaling activity, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains a lethal disease. Even though abiraterone and enzalutamide represent breakthroughs in the treatment of mCRPC and have demonstrated significant survival benefits, a significant proportion of patients have primary resistance to these agents and virtually all patients develop secondary resistance. While the mechanisms of resistance to these agents are not fully understood, many hypotheses of AR-dependent and AR-independent mechanisms are emerging, including upregulation of AR and cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17), induction of AR splice variants, AR point mutations, upregulation of glucocorticoid receptor, activation of alternative oncogenic signaling pathways, neuroendocrine transformation, and immune evasion via programmed death-ligand 1 upregulation. The aim of this review is to summarize the most clinically relevant mechanisms of resistance to novel androgen-directed agents, focusing on escape from enzalutamide and abiraterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Boudadi
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel S. Antonarakis
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
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45
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Udayakumar TS, Stoyanova R, Shareef MM, Mu Z, Philip S, Burnstein KL, Pollack A. Edelfosine Promotes Apoptosis in Androgen-Deprived Prostate Tumors by Increasing ATF3 and Inhibiting Androgen Receptor Activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1353-63. [PMID: 26944919 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Edelfosine is a synthetic alkyl-lysophospholipid that possesses significant antitumor activity in several human tumor models. Here, we investigated the effects of edelfosine combined with androgen deprivation (AD) in LNCaP and VCaP human prostate cancer cells. This treatment regimen greatly decreased cell proliferation compared with single agent or AD alone, resulting in higher levels of apoptosis in LNCaP compared with VCaP cells. Edelfosine caused a dose-dependent decrease in AKT activity, but did not affect the expression of total AKT in either cell line. Furthermore, edelfosine treatment inhibited the expression of androgen receptor (AR) and was associated with an increase in activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) expression levels, a stress response gene and a negative regulator of AR transactivation. ATF3 binds to AR after edelfosine + AD and represses the transcriptional activation of AR as demonstrated by PSA promoter studies. Knockdown of ATF3 using siRNA-ATF3 reversed the inhibition of PSA promoter activity, suggesting that the growth inhibition effect of edelfosine was ATF3 dependent. Moreover, expression of AR variant 7 (ARv7) and TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene were greatly inhibited after combined treatment with AD and edelfosine in VCaP cells. In vivo experiments using an orthotopic LNCaP model confirmed the antitumor effects of edelfosine + AD over the individual treatments. A significant decrease in tumor volume and PSA levels was observed when edelfosine and AD were combined, compared with edelfosine alone. Edelfosine shows promise in combination with AD for the treatment of prostate cancer patients. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(6); 1353-63. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirupandiyur S Udayakumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Radka Stoyanova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Mohammed M Shareef
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Zhaomei Mu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sakhi Philip
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Kerry L Burnstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Alan Pollack
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
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46
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Wang T, Song W, Chen Y, Chen R, Liu Z, Wu L, Li M, Yang J, Wang L, Liu J, Ye Z, Wang C, Chen K. Flightless I Homolog Represses Prostate Cancer Progression through Targeting Androgen Receptor Signaling. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1531-44. [PMID: 26527749 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Flightless I (FLII), member of the gelsolin superfamily of actin-remodeling proteins, functions as a transcriptional coregulator. We aim to evaluate a tumor-suppressive function of FLII in regulating androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cancer progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined FLII protein and mRNA expression in clinical prostate cancer specimens by immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted to evaluate the difference in disease-overall survival associated with the expression levels of FLII and AR. Prostate cancer cells stably expressing FLII or shRNA knockdown were used for functional analyses. Immunoprecipitation, Luciferase reporter, and immunofluorescence staining assays were performed to examine the functional interaction between FLII and AR. RESULTS Our analysis of the expression levels of FLII in a clinical gene expression array dataset showed that the expression of FLII was positively correlated with the overall survival of prostate cancer patients exhibiting high levels of AR expression. Examination of protein and mRNA levels of FLII showed a significant decrease of FLII expression in human prostate cancers. AR and FLII formed a complex in a ligand-dependent manner through the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of AR. Subsequently, we observed a competitive binding to AR between FLII and the ligand. FLII inhibited AR transactivation and decreased AR nuclear localization. Furthermore, FLII contributed to castration-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer cell growth through AR-dependent signaling, and reintroduction of FLII in prostate cancer cells sensitized the cells to bicalutamide and enzalutamide treatment. CONCLUSIONS FLII plays a tumor-suppressive role and serves as a crucial determinant of resistance of prostate cancer to endocrine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Song
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruibao Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Licheng Wu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingchao Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tianjin Radiation and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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47
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Maughan BL, Xhou XC, Suzman DL, Nadal R, Bassi S, Schweizer MT, Antonarakis ES. Optimal sequencing of docetaxel and abiraterone in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2015; 75:1814-20. [PMID: 26306637 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances have yielded multiple new life-prolonging treatments for men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) including chemotherapy, next-generation hormonal therapy, immunotherapy, and radiopharmaceutical products. However, the optimal sequencing of these agents to maximize clinical benefit remains unclear. Recent data from the CHAARTED and STAMPEDE studies suggest that early use of docetaxel in men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) significantly improves survival, but whether early compared with delayed use of chemotherapy also provides a survival advantage in mCRPC is unknown. METHODS A retrospective analysis of consecutive mCRPC patients treated at Johns Hopkins is reported. Patients included were treated with sequential docetaxel and abiraterone, in either order. The combined progression-free survival (combined PFS: PFS1 + PFS2) of abiraterone-to-docetaxel is compared to the reverse sequence, where PFS1 and PFS2 represent progression-free survival on the first and second agents respectively. Overall survival (OS) from the start of the first therapy to death is compared between groups. Baseline characteristics are reported prior to the start of the first agent in the sequence. Propensity score-weighted multivariable models and Kaplan-Meier analysis are used for evaluation of the primary and secondary outcomes. RESULTS Fifty-eight patients who began treatment for mCRPC between January 2011 (the year of abiraterone's FDA-approval) and February 2015 were identified: 26 were in the docetaxel-to-abiraterone group and 32 were in the abiraterone-to-docetaxel group. Patients in the abiraterone-to-docetaxel group had more Gleason 8-10 tumors, greater metastatic burden in bone, and higher median PSAs than those in the docetaxel-to-abiraterone group. Propensity score-weighted univariate analyses for combined PFS (HR 0.82; 95%CI 0.50-1.33; P = 0.41) and OS (HR 0.79; 95%CI 0.50-1.25; P = 0.31) do not identify any significant differences based on treatment sequence. Propensity score-weighted multivariate analyses for combined PFS (HR 0.91; 95%CI 0.52-1.60; P = 0.74) and OS (HR 0.98; 95%CI 0.59-1.63; P = 0.95) also do not identify any significant differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS We do not observe differences in clinical outcomes based on alternative sequencing of abiraterone and docetaxel in men with mCRPC. Treatment sequencing should be determined by patient and disease characteristics, comorbidities and end-organ function, ability to tolerate side effects, and patient preferences. Studies evaluating biomarkers to inform optimal treatment sequencing in men with mCRPC are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Maughan
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xian C Xhou
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel L Suzman
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rosa Nadal
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sunakshi Bassi
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael T Schweizer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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48
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Centenera MM, Carter SL, Gillis JL, Marrocco-Tallarigo DL, Grose RH, Tilley WD, Butler LM. Co-targeting AR and HSP90 suppresses prostate cancer cell growth and prevents resistance mechanisms. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:805-18. [PMID: 26187127 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Persistent androgen receptor (AR) signaling in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) underpins the urgent need for therapeutic strategies that better target this pathway. Combining classes of agents that target different components of AR signaling has the potential to delay resistance and improve patient outcomes. Many oncoproteins, including the AR, rely on the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) for functional maturation and stability. In this study, enhanced anti-proliferative activity of the Hsp90 inhibitors 17-allylamino-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) and AUY922 in androgen-sensitive and CRPC cells was achieved when the agents were used in combination with AR antagonists bicalutamide or enzalutamide. Moreover, significant caspase-dependent cell death was achieved using sub-optimal agent doses that individually have no effect. Expression profiling demonstrated regulation of a broadened set of AR target genes with combined 17-AAG and bicalutamide compared with the respective single agent treatments. This enhanced inhibition of AR signaling was accompanied by impaired chromatin binding and nuclear localization of the AR. Importantly, expression of the AR variant AR-V7 that is implicated in resistance to AR antagonists was not induced by combination treatment. Likewise, the heat shock response that is typically elicited with therapeutic doses of Hsp90 inhibitors, and is a potential mediator of resistance to these agents, was significantly reduced by combination treatment. In summary, the co-targeting strategy in this study more effectively inhibits AR signaling than targeting AR or HSP90 alone and prevents induction of key resistance mechanisms in prostate cancer cells. These findings merit further evaluation of this therapeutic strategy to prevent CRPC growth.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Anilides/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Benzoquinones/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Gene Expression Profiling
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Lactams, Macrocyclic/pharmacology
- Male
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/prevention & control
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tosyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Centenera
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Sarah L Carter
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Joanna L Gillis
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Deborah L Marrocco-Tallarigo
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Randall H Grose
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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