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da Silva MF, de Lima LVA, Zanetti TA, Felicidade I, Favaron PO, Lepri SR, Lirio Rondina DB, Mantovani MS. Diosgenin increases BBC3 expression in HepG2/C3A cells and alters cell communication in a 3D spheroid model. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 879-880:503512. [PMID: 35914860 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have shown that diosgenin, a steroidal sapogenin, is a promising phytochemical for treating different pathological conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. However, the toxicological safety of this molecule for therapeutic use in humans needs to be better understood. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms of action of diosgenin in HepG2/C3A human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, alterations in the cell cycle, and cell death (apoptosis) were investigated and associated with the gene expression profile of pathways involved in these processes. The effects of diosgenin on the growth of spheroids were also tested. Diosgenin induced a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability and cell cycle arrest in S and G2/M phases and apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Apoptosis was associated with an increase in the expression of BBC3, a participant in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Diosgenin also promoted an increase in volume and greater cellular breakdown in spheroids. These results allowed a better understanding of the toxicity of diosgenin in human cells and contributed to the development of treatments based on this phytochemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Felipe da Silva
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Luan Vitor Alves de Lima
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Thalita Alves Zanetti
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Felicidade
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Phelipe Oliveira Favaron
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Lepri
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Débora Berbel Lirio Rondina
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Mário Sérgio Mantovani
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Tuerxun K, He J, Ibrahim I, Yusupu Z, Yasheng A, Xu Q, Tang R, Aikebaier A, Wu Y, Tuerdi M, Nijiati M, Zou X, Xu T. Bioartificial livers: a review of their design and manufacture. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35545058 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac6e86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rapidly progressive disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. Liver transplantation and artificial liver support systems, such as artificial livers (ALs) and bioartificial livers (BALs), are the two major therapies for ALF. Compared to ALs, BALs are composed of functional hepatocytes that provide essential liver functions, including detoxification, metabolite synthesis, and biotransformation. Furthermore, BALs can potentially provide effective support as a form of bridging therapy to liver transplantation or spontaneous recovery for patients with ALF. In this review, we systematically discussed the currently available state-of-the-art designs and manufacturing processes for BAL support systems. Specifically, we classified the cell sources and bioreactors that are applied in BALs, highlighted the advanced technologies of hepatocyte culturing and bioreactor fabrication, and discussed the current challenges and future trends in developing next generation BALs for large scale clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahaer Tuerxun
- Department of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Jianyu He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Beijing, 100084, CHINA
| | - Irxat Ibrahim
- Department of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, China, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Zainuer Yusupu
- Department of Ultrasound, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, China, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Abudoukeyimu Yasheng
- Department of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Qilin Xu
- Department of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Ronghua Tang
- Department of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Aizemaiti Aikebaier
- Department of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Yuanquan Wu
- Department of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, China, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Maimaitituerxun Tuerdi
- Department of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, China, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Mayidili Nijiati
- Medical imaging center, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, China, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Xiaoguang Zou
- Hospital Organ, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Tao Xu
- Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, CHINA
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Three-dimensional (3D) liver cell models - a tool for bridging the gap between animal studies and clinical trials when screening liver accumulation and toxicity of nanobiomaterials. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2048-2074. [PMID: 35507131 PMCID: PMC9066991 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the exciting properties and wide-reaching applications of nanobiomaterials (NBMs) in human health and medicine, their translation from bench to bedside is slow, with a predominant issue being liver accumulation and toxicity following systemic administration. In vitro 2D cell-based assays and in vivo testing are the most popular and widely used methods for assessing liver toxicity at pre-clinical stages; however, these fall short in predicting toxicity for NBMs. Focusing on in vitro and in vivo assessment, the accurate prediction of human-specific hepatotoxicity is still a significant challenge to researchers. This review describes the relationship between NBMs and the liver, and the methods for assessing toxicity, focusing on the limitations they bring in the assessment of NBM hepatotoxicity as one of the reasons defining the poor translation for NBMs. We will then present some of the most recent advances towards the development of more biologically relevant in vitro liver methods based on tissue-mimetic 3D cell models and how these could facilitate the translation of NBMs going forward. Finally, we also discuss the low public acceptance and limited uptake of tissue-mimetic 3D models in pre-clinical assessment, despite the demonstrated technical and ethical advantages associated with them.
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Reiniers MJ, de Haan LR, Reeskamp LF, Broekgaarden M, Hoekstra R, van Golen RF, Heger M. Optimal Use of 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescein Diacetate in Cultured Hepatocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:721-747. [PMID: 35505044 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a state that arises when the production of reactive transients overwhelms the cell's capacity to neutralize the oxidants and radicals. This state often coincides with the pathogenesis and perpetuation of numerous chronic diseases. On the other hand, medical interventions such as radiation therapy and photodynamic therapy generate radicals to selectively damage and kill diseased tissue. As a result, the qualification and quantification of oxidative stress are of great interest to those studying disease mechanisms as well as therapeutic interventions. 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH2-DA) is one of the most widely used fluorogenic probes for the detection of reactive transients. The nonfluorescent DCFH2-DA crosses the plasma membrane and is deacetylated by cytosolic esterases to 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH2). The nonfluorescent DCFH2 is subsequently oxidized by reactive transients to form the fluorescent 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF). The use of DCFH2-DA in hepatocyte-derived cell lines is more challenging because of membrane transport proteins that interfere with probe uptake and retention, among several other reasons. Cancer cells share some of the physiological and biochemical features with hepatocytes, so probe-related technical issues are applicable to cultured malignant cells as well. This study therefore analyzed the in vitro properties of DCFH2-DA in cultured human hepatocytes (HepG2 cells and differentiated and undifferentiated HepaRG cells) to identify methodological and technical features that could impair proper data analysis and interpretation. The main issues that were found and should therefore be accounted for in experimental design include the following: (1) both DCFH2-DA and DCF are taken up rapidly, (2) DCF is poorly retained in the cytosol and exits the cell, (3) the rate of DCFH2 oxidation is cell type-specific, (4) DCF fluorescence intensity is pH-dependent at pH < 7, and (5) the stability of DCFH2-DA in cell culture medium relies on medium composition. Based on the findings, the conditions for the use of DCFH2-DA in hepatocyte cell lines were optimized. Finally, the optimized protocol was reduced to practice and DCFH2-DA was applied to visualize and quantify oxidative stress in real time in HepG2 cells subjected to anoxia/reoxygenation as a source of reactive transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Reiniers
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medisch Centrum, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne R de Haan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Laboratory Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens F Reeskamp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mans Broekgaarden
- Team Cancer Targets and Experimental Therapeutics, Department Microenvironment Cell Plasticity and Signaling, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université de Grenoble-Alpes, Allée des Alpes, La Tronche, France
- INSERM U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Allée des Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rowan F van Golen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Michal Heger
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
- Laboratory Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Pluta KD, Ciezkowska M, Wisniewska M, Wencel A, Pijanowska DG. Cell-based clinical and experimental methods for assisting the function of impaired livers – Present and future of liver support systems. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Luce E, Messina A, Duclos-Vallée JC, Dubart-Kupperschmitt A. Advanced Techniques and Awaited Clinical Applications for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation into Hepatocytes. Hepatology 2021; 74:1101-1116. [PMID: 33420753 PMCID: PMC8457237 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is currently the only curative treatment for several liver diseases such as acute liver failure, end-stage liver disorders, primary liver cancers, and certain genetic conditions. Unfortunately, despite improvements to transplantation techniques, including live donor transplantation, the number of organs available remains insufficient to meet patient needs. Hepatocyte transplantation has enabled some encouraging results as an alternative to organ transplantation, but primary hepatocytes are little available and cannot be amplified using traditional two-dimensional culture systems. Indeed, although recent studies have tended to show that three-dimensional culture enables long-term hepatocyte culture, it is still agreed that, like most adult primary cell types, hepatocytes remain refractory to in vitro expansion. Because of their exceptional properties, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be amplified indefinitely and differentiated into any cell type, including liver cells. While many teams have worked on hepatocyte differentiation, there has been a consensus that cells obtained after hPSC differentiation have more fetal than adult hepatocyte characteristics. New technologies have been used to improve the differentiation process in recent years. This review discusses the technical improvements made to hepatocyte differentiation protocols and the clinical approaches developed to date and anticipated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléanor Luce
- INSERMUniversité Paris-SaclayUnité Mixte de Recherche (UMR_S) 1193VillejuifFrance.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire HépatinovHôpital Paul-BrousseVillejuifFrance
| | - Antonietta Messina
- INSERMUniversité Paris-SaclayUnité Mixte de Recherche (UMR_S) 1193VillejuifFrance.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire HépatinovHôpital Paul-BrousseVillejuifFrance
| | - Jean-Charles Duclos-Vallée
- INSERMUniversité Paris-SaclayUnité Mixte de Recherche (UMR_S) 1193VillejuifFrance.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire HépatinovHôpital Paul-BrousseVillejuifFrance
| | - Anne Dubart-Kupperschmitt
- INSERMUniversité Paris-SaclayUnité Mixte de Recherche (UMR_S) 1193VillejuifFrance.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire HépatinovHôpital Paul-BrousseVillejuifFrance
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7
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Reiniers MJ, de Haan LR, Reeskamp LF, Broekgaarden M, van Golen RF, Heger M. Analysis and Optimization of Conditions for the Use of 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescein Diacetate in Cultured Hepatocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050674. [PMID: 33925917 PMCID: PMC8147027 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous liver pathologies encompass oxidative stress as molecular basis of disease. The use of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH2-DA) as fluorogenic redox probe is problematic in liver cell lines because of membrane transport proteins that interfere with probe kinetics, among other reasons. The properties of DCFH2-DA were analyzed in hepatocytes (HepG2, HepaRG) to characterize methodological issues that could hamper data interpretation and falsely skew conclusions. Experiments were focused on probe stability in relevant media, cellular probe uptake/retention/excretion, and basal oxidant formation and metabolism. DCFH2-DA was used under optimized experimental conditions to intravitally visualize and quantify oxidative stress in real-time in HepG2 cells subjected to anoxia/reoxygenation. The most important findings were that: (1) the non-fluorescent DCFH2-DA and the fluorescent DCF are rapidly taken up by hepatocytes, (2) DCF is poorly retained in hepatocytes, and (3) DCFH2 oxidation kinetics are cell type-specific. Furthermore, (4) DCF fluorescence intensity was pH-dependent at pH < 7 and (5) the stability of DCFH2-DA in cell culture medium relied on medium composition. The use of DCFH2-DA to measure oxidative stress in cultured hepatocytes comes with methodological and technical challenges, which were characterized and solved. Optimized in vitro and intravital imaging protocols were formulated to help researchers conduct proper experiments and draw robust conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J. Reiniers
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China; (M.J.R.); (L.R.d.H.)
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medisch Centrum, 2512 VA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne R. de Haan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China; (M.J.R.); (L.R.d.H.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens F. Reeskamp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Mans Broekgaarden
- Team Cancer Targets and Experimental Therapeutics, Department Microenvironment Cell Plasticity and Signaling, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR 5309, Université de Grenoble-Alpes, Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France;
- INSERM U 1209, Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Rowan F. van Golen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Michal Heger
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China; (M.J.R.); (L.R.d.H.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-138-19345926 or +31-30-2533966
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Štampar M, Sedighi Frandsen H, Rogowska-Wrzesinska A, Wrzesinski K, Filipič M, Žegura B. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2/C3A) cell-based 3D model for genotoxicity testing of chemicals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:143255. [PMID: 33187710 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The major weakness of the current in vitro genotoxicity test systems is the inability of the indicator cells to express metabolic enzymes needed for the activation and detoxification of genotoxic compounds, which consequently can lead to misleading results. Thus, there is a significant emphasis on developing hepatic cell models, including advanced in vitro three-dimensional (3D) cell-based systems, which better imitate in vivo cell behaviour and offer more accurate and predictive data for human exposures. In this study, we developed an approach for genotoxicity testing with 21-day old spheroids formed from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2/C3A) using the dynamic clinostat bioreactor system (CelVivo BAM/bioreactor) under controlled conditions. The spheroids were exposed to indirect-acting genotoxic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon [PAH; benzo(a) pyrene B(a)P], and heterocyclic aromatic amine [PhIP]) at non-cytotoxic concentrations for 24 and 96 h. The results showed that both environmental pollutants B(a)P and PhIP significantly increased the level of DNA strand breaks assessed by the comet assay. Further, the mRNA level of selected genes encoding metabolic enzymes from phase I and II, and DNA damage responsive genes was determined (qPCR). The 21-day old spheroids showed higher basal expression of genes encoding metabolic enzymes compared to monolayer culture. In spheroids, B(a)P or PhIP induced compound-specific up-regulation of genes implicated in their metabolism, and deregulation of genes implicated in DNA damage and immediate-early response. The study demonstrated that this model utilizing HepG2/C3A spheroids grown under dynamic clinostat conditions represents a very sensitive and promising in vitro model for genotoxicity and environmental studies and can thus significantly contribute to a more reliable assessment of genotoxic activities of pure chemicals, and complex environmental samples even at very low for environmental exposure relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Štampar
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Helle Sedighi Frandsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Metka Filipič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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9
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van der Mark VA, Adam AAA, Chang JC, Oude Elferink RP, Chamuleau RAFM, Hoekstra R. Overexpression of the constitutive androstane receptor and shaken 3D-culturing increase biotransformation and oxidative phosphorylation and sensitivity to mitochondrial amiodarone toxicity of HepaRG cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 399:115055. [PMID: 32428594 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver cell line HepaRG is one of the preferred sources of human hepatocytes for in vitro applications. However, mitochondrial energy metabolism is relatively low, which affects hepatic functionality and sensitivity to hepatotoxins. Culturing in a bioartificial liver (BAL) system with high oxygen, medium perfusion, low substrate stiffness, and 3D conformation increases HepaRG functionality and mitochondrial activity compared to conventional monolayer culturing. In addition, drug metabolism has been improved by overexpression of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), a regulator of drug and energy metabolism in the new HepaRG-CAR line. Here, we investigated the effect of BAL culturing on the HepaRG-CAR line by applying a simple and downscaled BAL culture procedure based on shaking 3D cultures, named Bal-in-a-dish (BALIAD). We compared monolayer and BALIAD cultures of HepaRG and HepaRG-CAR cells. CAR overexpression and BALIAD culturing synergistically or additively increased transcript levels of CAR and three of the seven tested CAR target genes in biotransformation. Additionally, Cytochrome P450 3A4 activity was 35-fold increased. The mitochondrial energy metabolism was enhanced; lactate production and glucose consumption switched into lactate elimination and glucose production. BALIAD culturing alone reduced glycogen content and increased oxygen consumption and mitochondrial content. Both CAR overexpression and BALIAD culturing decreased mitochondrial superoxide levels. HepaRG-CAR BALIADs were most sensitive to mitochondrial toxicity induced by the hepatotoxin amiodarone, as indicated by oxygen consumption and mitochondrial superoxide accumulation. These data show that BALIAD culturing of HepaRG-CAR cells induces high mitochondrial energy metabolism and xenobiotic metabolism, increasing its potential for drug toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A van der Mark
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aziza A A Adam
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jung-Chin Chang
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ronald P Oude Elferink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert A F M Chamuleau
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AG&M, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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10
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Li ZH, Xie ZY, Ouyang XX, Huang KZ, Yu XP, Zhao YL, Zhang YH, Zhu DH, Yu J, Li LJ. Assessment of biological functions for C3A cells interacting with adverse environments of liver failure plasma. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2020; 19:129-137. [PMID: 31704080 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For its better differentiated hepatocyte phenotype, C3A cell line has been utilized in bioartificial liver system. However, up to now, there are only a few of studies working at the metabolic alternations of C3A cells under the culture conditions with liver failure plasma, which mainly focus on carbohydrate metabolism, total protein synthesis and ureagenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of acute liver failure plasma on the growth and biological functions of C3A cells, especially on CYP450 enzymes. METHODS C3A cells were treated with fresh DMEM medium containing 10% FBS, fresh DMEM medium containing 10% normal plasma and acute liver failure plasma, respectively. After incubation, the C3A cells were assessed for cell viabilities, lactate dehydrogenase leakage, gene transcription, protein levels, albumin secretion, ammonia metabolism and CYP450 enzyme activities. RESULTS Cell viabilities decreased 15%, and lactate dehydrogenase leakage had 1.3-fold elevation in acute liver failure plasma group. Gene transcription exhibited up-regulation, down-regulation or stability for different hepatic genes. In contrast, protein expression levels for several CYP450 enzymes kept constant, while the CYP450 enzyme activities decreased or remained stable. Albumin secretion reduced about 48%, and ammonia accumulation increased approximately 41%. CONCLUSIONS C3A cells cultured with acute liver failure plasma showed mild inhibition of cell viabilities, reduction of albumin secretion, and increase of ammonia accumulation. Furthermore, CYP450 enzymes demonstrated various alterations on gene transcription, protein expression and enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhong-Yang Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Kai-Zhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ya-Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Dan-Hua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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11
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Ibrahim B, Stange J, Dominik A, Sauer M, Doss S, Eggert M. Albumin promotes proliferation of G1 arrested serum starved hepatocellular carcinoma cells. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8568. [PMID: 32185103 PMCID: PMC7060934 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and functions as a transport molecule that continuously interacts with various cell types. Because of these properties, albumin has been exploited by the pharmaceutical industry to improve drug delivery into target cells. The immediate effects of albumin on cells, however, require further understanding. The cell interacting properties and pharmaceutical applications of albumin incentivises continual research into the immediate effects of albumin on cells. The HepG2/C3A hepatocellular carcinoma cell line is used as a model for studying cancer pathology as well as liver biosynthesis and cellular responses to drugs. Here we investigated the direct effect of purified albumin on HepG2/C3A cell proliferation in the absence of serum, growth factors and other serum originating albumin bound molecules. We observed that the reduced cell counts in serum starved HepG2/C3A cultures were increased by the inclusion of albumin. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that the percentage of cells in G1 phase during serum starvation was reduced from 86.4 ± 2.3% to 78.3 ± 3.2% by the inclusion of albumin whereas the percentage of cells in S phase was increased from 6.5 ± 1.5% to 14.3 ± 3.6%. A significant reduction in the cell cycle inhibitor protein, P21, accompanied the changes in the proportions of cell cycle phases upon treatment with albumin. We have also observed that the levels of dead cells determined by DNA fragmentation and membrane permeabilization caused by serum starvation (TUNEL: 16.6 ± 7.2%, ethidium bromide: 13.8 ± 4.8%) were not significantly altered by the inclusion of albumin (11.6 ± 10.2%, ethidium bromide: 16.9 ± 8.9%). Therefore, the increase in cell number was mainly caused by albumin promoting proliferation rather than protection against cell death. These primary findings demonstrate that albumin has immediate effects on HepG2/C3A hepatocellular carcinoma cells. These effects should be taken into consideration when studying the effects of albumin bound drugs or pathological ligands bound to albumin on HepG2/C3A cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr Ibrahim
- Division of Nephrology/ Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Mecklenburg Verpommern, Germany
| | - Jan Stange
- Division of Nephrology/ Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Mecklenburg Verpommern, Germany
| | - Adrian Dominik
- Division of Nephrology/ Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Mecklenburg Verpommern, Germany
| | - Martin Sauer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Mecklenburg Verpommern, Germany
| | - Sandra Doss
- Division of Nephrology/ Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Mecklenburg Verpommern, Germany
| | - Martin Eggert
- Division of Nephrology/ Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Mecklenburg Verpommern, Germany
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12
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Genetically modified C3A cells with restored urea cycle for improved bioartificial liver. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Gómez-Mariano G, Matamala N, Martínez S, Justo I, Marcacuzco A, Jimenez C, Monzón S, Cuesta I, Garfia C, Martínez MT, Huch M, Pérez de Castro I, Posada M, Janciauskiene S, Martínez-Delgado B. Liver organoids reproduce alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency-related liver disease. Hepatol Int 2019; 14:127-137. [PMID: 31832977 PMCID: PMC6994530 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-019-10007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a product of SERPINA1 gene mainly expressed by hepatocytes. Clinically relevant mutations in the SERPINA1 gene, such as Z (Glu342Lys), results in an expression of misfolded AAT protein having high propensity to polymerize, accumulate in hepatocytes and thus to enhance a risk for hepatocyte damage and subsequent liver disease. So far, the relationship between the Z-AAT accumulation and liver cell damage remains not completely understood. We present three-dimensional organoid culture systems, as a novel tool for modeling Z-AAT-related liver diseases. METHODS We have established liver organoids from liver biopsies of patients with homozygous (ZZ) and heterozygous (MZ) deficiency and normal (MM) genotypes of AAT. The features of these organoid models were characterized by analyzing AAT protein secretion and intracellular aggregation in MZ and ZZ genotypes as well as SERPINA1 expression in differentiated cultures. RESULTS Transcriptional analysis of differentiated organoid cultures by RNA-Seq showed hepatocyte-specific gene expression profile. Genes, such as ALB, APOB, CYP3A4 and SERPINA1, were validated and confirmed through quantitative-PCR analysis. The organoids from MZ and ZZ cases showed intracellular aggregation and lower secretion of AAT protein, and lower expression of ALB and APOB, as typically seen in hepatocytes from Z-AAT deficiency patients. Furthermore, organoids responded to external stimulus. Treatment with oncostatin M, a well-known inducer of SERPINA1, increased expression of the full-length transcripts (AAT-1C) as well as the short transcript of AAT (AAT-ST1C4). CONCLUSIONS Liver organoid model recapitulates the key features of Z-AAT deficiency and provides a useful tool for disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Gómez-Mariano
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2,200, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Matamala
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2,200, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Selene Martínez
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2,200, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iago Justo
- General and Digestive Surgery Department, Hospital Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Marcacuzco
- General and Digestive Surgery Department, Hospital Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Jimenez
- General and Digestive Surgery Department, Hospital Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Monzón
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuesta
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Garfia
- Digestive Department, Hospital Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Meritxell Huch
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ignacio Pérez de Castro
- Gene Therapy Unit, Institute of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Posada
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Delgado
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2,200, 28220 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Advanced In Vitro HepaRG Culture Systems for Xenobiotic Metabolism and Toxicity Characterization. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 44:437-458. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Hiller T, Berg J, Elomaa L, Röhrs V, Ullah I, Schaar K, Dietrich AC, Al-Zeer MA, Kurtz A, Hocke AC, Hippenstiel S, Fechner H, Weinhart M, Kurreck J. Generation of a 3D Liver Model Comprising Human Extracellular Matrix in an Alginate/Gelatin-Based Bioink by Extrusion Bioprinting for Infection and Transduction Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3129. [PMID: 30321994 PMCID: PMC6213460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting is a novel technology that may help to overcome limitations associated with two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures and animal experiments, as it allows the production of three-dimensional (3D) tissue models composed of human cells. The present study describes the optimization of a bioink composed of alginate, gelatin and human extracellular matrix (hECM) to print human HepaRG liver cells with a pneumatic extrusion printer. The resulting tissue model was tested for its suitability for the study of transduction by an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector and infection with human adenovirus 5 (hAdV5). We found supplementation of the basic alginate/gelatin bioink with 0.5 and 1 mg/mL hECM provides desirable properties for the printing process, the stability of the printed constructs, and the viability and metabolic functions of the printed HepaRG cells. The tissue models were efficiently transduced by AAV vectors of serotype 6, which successfully silenced an endogenous target (cyclophilin B) by means of RNA interference. Furthermore, the printed 3D model supported efficient adenoviral replication making it suitable to study virus biology and develop new antiviral compounds. We consider the approach described here paradigmatic for the development of 3D tissue models for studies including viral vectors and infectious viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hiller
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Johanna Berg
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Laura Elomaa
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Viola Röhrs
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Imran Ullah
- Berlin-Brandenburger Centrum für Regenerative Therapien, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katrin Schaar
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ann-Christin Dietrich
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Munir A Al-Zeer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Kurtz
- Berlin-Brandenburger Centrum für Regenerative Therapien, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Dept. of Internal Medicine/Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Dept. of Internal Medicine/Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Henry Fechner
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Green CJ, Parry SA, Gunn PJ, Ceresa CDL, Rosqvist F, Piché ME, Hodson L. Studying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the ins and outs of in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro human models. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2018; 41:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2018-0038/hmbci-2018-0038.xml. [PMID: 30098284 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2018-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing. Determining the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of human NAFLD will allow for evidence-based prevention strategies, and more targeted mechanistic investigations. Various in vivo, ex situ and in vitro models may be utilised to study NAFLD; but all come with their own specific caveats. Here, we review the human-based models and discuss their advantages and limitations in regards to studying the development and progression of NAFLD. Overall, in vivo whole-body human studies are advantageous in that they allow for investigation within the physiological setting, however, limited accessibility to the liver makes direct investigations challenging. Non-invasive imaging techniques are able to somewhat overcome this challenge, whilst the use of stable-isotope tracers enables mechanistic insight to be obtained. Recent technological advances (i.e. normothermic machine perfusion) have opened new opportunities to investigate whole-organ metabolism, thus ex situ livers can be investigated directly. Therefore, investigations that cannot be performed in vivo in humans have the potential to be undertaken. In vitro models offer the ability to perform investigations at a cellular level, aiding in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of NAFLD. However, a number of current models do not closely resemble the human condition and work is ongoing to optimise culturing parameters in order to recapitulate this. In summary, no single model currently provides insight into the development, pathophysiology and progression across the NAFLD spectrum, each experimental model has limitations, which need to be taken into consideration to ensure appropriate conclusions and extrapolation of findings are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Green
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Siôn A Parry
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Pippa J Gunn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlo D L Ceresa
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fredrik Rosqvist
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie-Eve Piché
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Leanne Hodson
- University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Churchill Hospital,Old Road Headington, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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17
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Fang SY, Hu CQ, Liu MN, Tao L, Wang Y, Gong MJ, He Y, He TC, Bi Y. Reversibly immortalized hepatic progenitor cell line containing double suicide genes. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1977-1986. [PMID: 30085335 PMCID: PMC6108856 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of functional hepatocytes is required for bioartificial liver therapy. Simian virus 40 T-antigen (SV40T) has been previously reported to improve the immortalized proliferation of primary hepatocytes to generate a sufficient number of cells; however, these long-term immortalized hepatocytes may induce further malignant transformation in vivo. In the present study, the SV40T immortalization gene and two suicide genes, herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) and cytosine deaminase (CD), were transducted into primary hepatocytes to construct a novel type of Cre/LoxP-mediated reversible immortalized hepatocyte line. Polymerase chain reaction analysis and western blotting confirmed that the SV40T, HSV-tk and CD genes were successfully inserted into hepatic progenitor cells and their expression was controlled by Cre/LoxP recombination. Total removal of SV40T could be achieved via the ganciclovir (GCV)/HSV-tk suicide system. Cells maintained their biosafety in vivo with CD gene expression and 5-fluoro-cytosine (5-FC) induced cell death. Following transplantation into the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) model group, the majority of cells had survived after 14 days post-implantation and a number of the cells had transported into the liver parenchyma. When compared with the CCl4 model group, the transplanted cells repaired the liver biochemical index and pathological structure markedly. Thus, the present study reports a novel reversible immortalized hepatocyte with double suicide genes, which exhibited the cellular phenotype and recovery function of normal liver cells. This method maximally guaranteed the biological safety of immortalized hepatocytes for in vivo application, providing a reliable, safe and ideal cell material for the artificial liver technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Fang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Qun Hu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Nan Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Jia Gong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yang Bi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
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18
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Starokozhko V, Hemmingsen M, Larsen L, Mohanty S, Merema M, Pimentel RC, Wolff A, Emnéus J, Aspegren A, Groothuis G, Dufva M. Differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cell under flow conditions to mature hepatocytes for liver tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1273-1284. [PMID: 29499107 PMCID: PMC5969064 DOI: 10.1002/term.2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) under flow conditions in a 3D scaffold is expected to be a major step forward for construction of bioartificial livers. The aims of this study were to induce hepatic differentiation of hiPSCs under perfusion conditions and to perform functional comparisons with fresh human precision-cut liver slices (hPCLS), an excellent benchmark for the human liver in vivo. The majority of the mRNA expression of CYP isoenzymes and transporters and the tested CYP activities, Phase II metabolism, and albumin, urea, and bile acid synthesis in the hiPSC-derived cells reached values that overlap those of hPCLS, which indicates a higher degree of hepatic differentiation than observed until now. Differentiation under flow compared with static conditions had a strong inducing effect on Phase II metabolism and suppressed AFP expression but resulted in slightly lower activity of some of the Phase I metabolism enzymes. Gene expression data indicate that hiPSCs differentiated into both hepatic and biliary directions. In conclusion, the hiPSC differentiated under flow conditions towards hepatocytes express a wide spectrum of liver functions at levels comparable with hPCLS indicating excellent future perspectives for the development of a bioartificial liver system for toxicity testing or as liver support device for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Starokozhko
- Groningen Research Institute for PharmacyUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mette Hemmingsen
- Department of Micro‐ and NanotechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkDenmark
| | - Layla Larsen
- Department of Micro‐ and NanotechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkDenmark
| | | | - Marjolijn Merema
- Groningen Research Institute for PharmacyUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo C. Pimentel
- Department of Micro‐ and NanotechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkDenmark
| | - Anders Wolff
- Department of Micro‐ and NanotechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkDenmark
| | - Jenny Emnéus
- Department of Micro‐ and NanotechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkDenmark
| | | | - Geny Groothuis
- Groningen Research Institute for PharmacyUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Martin Dufva
- Department of Micro‐ and NanotechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkDenmark
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19
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Adam AAA, van der Mark VA, Donkers JM, Wildenberg ME, Oude Elferink RPJ, Chamuleau RAFM, Hoekstra R. A practice-changing culture method relying on shaking substantially increases mitochondrial energy metabolism and functionality of human liver cell lines. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193664. [PMID: 29672606 PMCID: PMC5908182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Practice-changing culturing techniques of hepatocytes are highly required to increase their differentiation. Previously, we found that human liver cell lines HepaRG and C3A acquire higher functionality and increased mitochondrial biogenesis when cultured in the AMC-Bioartificial liver (BAL). Dynamic medium flow (DMF) is one of the major contributors to this stimulatory effect. Recently, we found that DMF-culturing by shaking of HepaRG monolayers resulted in higher mitochondrial biogenesis. Here we further investigated the effect of DMF-culturing on energy metabolism and hepatic functionality of HepaRG and C3A monolayers. HepaRG and C3A DMF-monolayers were incubated with orbital shaking at 60 rpm during the differentiation phase, while control monolayers were maintained statically. Subsequently, energy metabolism and hepatic functionality were compared between static and DMF-cultures. DMF-culturing of HepaRG cells substantially increased hepatic differentiation; transcript levels of hepatic structural genes and hepatic transcription regulators were increased up to 15-fold (Cytochrome P450 3A4) and nuclear translocation of hepatic transcription factor CEBPα was stimulated. Accordingly, hepatic functions were positively affected, including ammonia elimination, urea production, bile acid production, and CYP3A4 activity. DMF-culturing shifted energy metabolism from aerobic glycolysis towards oxidative phosphorylation, as indicated by a decline in lactate production and glucose consumption, and an increase in oxygen consumption. Similarly, DMF-culturing increased mitochondrial energy metabolism and hepatic functionality of C3A cells. In conclusion, simple shaking of monolayer cultures substantially improves mitochondrial energy metabolism and hepatic differentiation of human liver cell lines. This practice-changing culture method may prove to prolong the in-vitro maintenance of primary hepatocytes and increase hepatic differentiation of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza A. A. Adam
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent A. van der Mark
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Surgical Laboratory, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne M. Donkers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon E. Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department Of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. J. Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A. F. M. Chamuleau
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Surgical Laboratory, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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20
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Adam AAA, van Wenum M, van der Mark VA, Jongejan A, Moerland PD, Houtkooper RH, Wanders RJA, Oude Elferink RP, Chamuleau RAFM, Hoekstra R. AMC-Bio-Artificial Liver culturing enhances mitochondrial biogenesis in human liver cell lines: The role of oxygen, medium perfusion and 3D configuration. Mitochondrion 2017; 39:30-42. [PMID: 28844938 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human liver cell lines, like HepaRG and C3A, acquire higher functionality when cultured in the AMC-Bio-Artificial Liver (AMC-BAL). The three main differences between BAL and monolayer culture are the oxygenation (40% vs 20%O2), dynamic vs absent medium perfusion and 3D vs 2D configuration. Here, we investigated the background of the differences between BAL-cultures and monolayers. METHODS We performed whole-genome microarray analysis on HepaRG monolayer and BAL-cultures. Next, mitochondrial biogenesis was studied in monolayer and BAL-cultures of HepaRG and C3A. The driving forces for mitochondrial biogenesis by BAL-culturing were investigated in representative culture models differing in oxygenation level, medium flow or 2D vs 3D configuration. RESULTS Gene-sets related to mitochondrial energy metabolism were most prominently up-regulated in HepaRG-BAL vs monolayer cultures. This was confirmed by a 2.4-fold higher mitochondrial abundance with increased expression of mitochondrial OxPhos complexes. Moreover, the transcript levels of mitochondria-encoded genes were up to 3.6-fold induced and mitochondrial membrane potential activity was 8.3-fold increased in BAL vs monolayers. Culturing with 40% O2, dynamic medium flow and/or in 3D increased the mitochondrial abundance and expression of mitochondrial complexes vs standard monolayer culturing. The stimulatory effect of the BAL culture on mitochondrial biogenesis was confirmed in C3A cells in which mitochondrial abundance increased 2.2-fold with induction of mitochondria-encoded genes. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The increased functionality of liver cell lines upon AMC-BAL culturing is associated with increased mitochondrial biogenesis. High oxygenation, medium perfusion and 3D configuration contribute to the up-regulation of the mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza A A Adam
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martien van Wenum
- Surgical Laboratory, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent A van der Mark
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Surgical Laboratory, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Perry D Moerland
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic and Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic and Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A F M Chamuleau
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Surgical Laboratory, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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Starokozhko V, Groothuis GMM. Challenges on the road to a multicellular bioartificial liver. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e227-e236. [PMID: 27943623 DOI: 10.1002/term.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, the progress in the development of a bioartificial liver (BAL) as an extracorporeal device or as a tissue engineered transplantable organ has been immense. However, many important BAL characteristics that are necessary to meet clinical demands have not been sufficiently addressed. This review describes the existing challenges in the development of a BAL for clinical applications, highlighting multicellularity and sinusoidal microarchitecture as crucial BAL characteristics to fulfil various liver functions. Currently available sources of nonparenchymal liver cells, such as endothelial cells, cholangiocytes and macrophages, used in BAL development are defined. Also, we discuss the recent studies on the reconstruction of the complex liver sinusoid microarchitecture using various liver cell types. Moreover, we highlight some other aspects of a BAL, such as liver zonation and formation of a vascular as well as biliary network for an adequate delivery, biotransformation and removal of substrates and waste products. Finally, the benefits of a multicellular BAL for the pharmaceutical industry are briefly described. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Starokozhko
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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22
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Hannoun Z, Steichen C, Dianat N, Weber A, Dubart-Kupperschmitt A. The potential of induced pluripotent stem cell derived hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2016; 65:182-199. [PMID: 26916529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation remains the only curative treatment for liver disease. However, the number of patients who die while on the waiting list (15%) has increased in recent years as a result of severe organ shortages; furthermore the incidence of liver disease is increasing worldwide. Clinical trials involving hepatocyte transplantation have provided encouraging results. However, transplanted cell function appears to often decline after several months, necessitating liver transplantation. The precise aetiology of the loss of cell function is not clear, but poor engraftment and immune-mediated loss appear to be important factors. Also, primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are not readily available, de-differentiate, and die rapidly in culture. Hepatocytes are available from other sources, such as tumour-derived human hepatocyte cell lines and immortalised human hepatocyte cell lines or porcine hepatocytes. However, all these cells suffer from various limitations such as reduced or differences in functions or risk of zoonotic infections. Due to their significant potential, one possible inexhaustible source of hepatocytes is through the directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This review will discuss the potential applications and existing limitations of hiPSC-derived hepatocytes in regenerative medicine, drug screening, in vitro disease modelling and bioartificial livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Hannoun
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Clara Steichen
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Noushin Dianat
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Anne Weber
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Anne Dubart-Kupperschmitt
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France.
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23
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Hindley CJ, Cordero-Espinoza L, Huch M. Organoids from adult liver and pancreas: Stem cell biology and biomedical utility. Dev Biol 2016; 420:251-261. [PMID: 27364469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The liver and pancreas are critical organs maintaining whole body metabolism. Historically, the expansion of adult-derived cells from these organs in vitro has proven challenging and this in turn has hampered studies of liver and pancreas stem cell biology, as well as being a roadblock to disease modelling and cell replacement therapies for pathologies in these organs. Recently, defined culture conditions have been described which allow the in vitro culture and manipulation of adult-derived liver and pancreatic material. Here we review these systems and assess their physiological relevance, as well as their potential utility in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hindley
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; The Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Lucía Cordero-Espinoza
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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24
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van Wenum M, Adam AA, Hakvoort TB, Hendriks EJ, Shevchenko V, van Gulik TM, Chamuleau RA, Hoekstra R. Selecting Cells for Bioartificial Liver Devices and the Importance of a 3D Culture Environment: A Functional Comparison between the HepaRG and C3A Cell Lines. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:964-78. [PMID: 27489500 PMCID: PMC4971735 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.15165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the first clinical trials on Bioartificial Livers (BALs) loaded with a proliferative human hepatocyte cell source have started. There are two cell lines that are currently in an advanced state of BAL development; HepaRG and HepG2/C3A. In this study we aimed to compare both cell lines on applicability in BALs and to identify possible strategies for further improvement. We tested both cell lines in monolayer- and BAL cultures on growth characteristics, hepatic differentiation, nitrogen-, carbohydrate-, amino acid- and xenobiotic metabolism. Interestingly, both cell lines adapted the hepatocyte phenotype more closely when cultured in BALs; e.g. monolayer cultures produced lactate, while BAL cultures showed diminished lactate production (C3A) or conversion to elimination (HepaRG), and urea cycle activity increased upon BAL culturing in both cell lines. HepaRG-BALs outperformed C3A-BALs on xenobiotic metabolism, ammonia elimination and lactate elimination, while protein synthesis was comparable. In BAL cultures of both cell lines ammonia elimination correlated positively with glutamine production and glutamate consumption, suggesting ammonia elimination was mainly driven by the balance between glutaminase and glutamine synthetase activity. Both cell lines lacked significant urea cycle activity and both required multiple culture weeks before reaching optimal differentiation in BALs. In conclusion, culturing in BALs enhanced hepatic functionality of both cell lines and from these, the HepaRG cells are the most promising proliferative cell source for BAL application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martien van Wenum
- 1. Surgical laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 2. Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aziza A.A. Adam
- 1. Surgical laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theodorus B.M. Hakvoort
- 2. Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik J. Hendriks
- 1. Surgical laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas M. van Gulik
- 1. Surgical laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert A.F.M. Chamuleau
- 2. Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- 1. Surgical laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 2. Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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25
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Gaskell H, Sharma P, Colley HE, Murdoch C, Williams DP, Webb SD. Characterization of a functional C3A liver spheroid model. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1053-1065. [PMID: 27746894 PMCID: PMC5047049 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00101g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
More predictive in vitro liver models are a critical requirement for preclinical screening of compounds demonstrating hepatotoxic liability. 3D liver spheroids have been shown to have an enhanced functional lifespan compared to 2D monocultures; however a detailed characterisation of spatiotemporal function and structure of spheroids still needs further attention before widespread use in industry. We have developed and characterized the structure and function of a 3D liver spheroid model formed from C3A hepatoma cells. Spheroids were viable and maintained a compact in vivo-like structure with zonation features for up to 32 days. MRP2 and Pgp transporters had polarised expression on the canalicular membrane of cells in the spheroids and were able to functionally transport CMFDA substrate into these canalicular structures. Spheroids expressed CYP2E1 and were able to synthesise and secrete albumin and urea to a higher degree than monolayer C3A cultures. Penetration of doxorubicin throughout the spheroid core was demonstrated. Spheroids showed increased susceptibility to hepatotoxins when compared to 2D cultures, with acetaminophen having an IC50 of 7.2 mM in spheroids compared to 33.8 mM in monolayer culture. To conclude, we developed an alternative method for creating C3A liver spheroids and demonstrated cellular polarisation and zonation, as well as superior liver-specific functionality and more sensitive toxicological response compared to standard 2D liver models, confirming a more in vivo-like liver model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Gaskell
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science , Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , Sherrington Building , Ashton Street and University of Liverpool , L69 3GE , UK . ; AstraZeneca , 310 , Cambridge Science Park , Milton Road , Cambridge , Cambridgeshire , CB4 0FZ , UK
| | - Parveen Sharma
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science , Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , Sherrington Building , Ashton Street and University of Liverpool , L69 3GE , UK .
| | - Helen E Colley
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology , School of Clinical Dentistry , Claremont Crescent and University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S10 2TA , UK
| | - Craig Murdoch
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology , School of Clinical Dentistry , Claremont Crescent and University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S10 2TA , UK
| | - Dominic P Williams
- AstraZeneca , 310 , Cambridge Science Park , Milton Road , Cambridge , Cambridgeshire , CB4 0FZ , UK
| | - Steven D Webb
- Department of Mathematical Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , James Parsons Building , Byrom Street , Liverpool , L3 3AF , UK
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26
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Hoshiba T, Otaki T, Nemoto E, Maruyama H, Tanaka M. Blood-Compatible Polymer for Hepatocyte Culture with High Hepatocyte-Specific Functions toward Bioartificial Liver Development. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:18096-18103. [PMID: 26258689 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of bioartificial liver (BAL) is expected because of the shortage of donor liver for transplantation. The substrates for BAL require the following criteria: (a) blood compatibility, (b) hepatocyte adhesiveness, and (c) the ability to maintain hepatocyte-specific functions. Here, we examined blood-compatible poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) (PMEA) and poly(tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate) (PTHFA) (PTHFA) as the substrates for BAL. HepG2, a human hepatocyte model, could adhere on PMEA and PTHFA substrates. The spreading of HepG2 cells was suppressed on PMEA substrates because integrin contribution to cell adhesion on PMEA substrate was low and integrin signaling was not sufficiently activated. Hepatocyte-specific gene expression in HepG2 cells increased on PMEA substrate, whereas the expression decreased on PTHFA substrates due to the nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein (YAP). These results indicate that blood-compatible PMEA is suitable for BAL substrate. Also, PMEA is expected to be used to regulate cell functions for blood-contacting tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hoshiba
- †Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- ‡International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takayuki Otaki
- †Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Eri Nemoto
- †Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroka Maruyama
- †Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- †Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- §Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Jiang J, Wolters JEJ, van Breda SG, Kleinjans JC, de Kok TM. Development of novel tools for the in vitro investigation of drug-induced liver injury. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1523-37. [PMID: 26155718 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1065814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to its complex mechanisms and unpredictable occurrence, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) complicates drug identification and classification. Since species-specific differences in metabolism and pharmacokinetics exist, data obtained from animal studies may not be sufficient to predict DILI in humans. AREAS COVERED Over the last few decades, numerous in vitro models have been developed to replace animal testing. The advantages and disadvantages of commonly used liver-derived in vitro models (e.g., cell lines, hepatocyte models, liver slices, three-dimensional (3D) hepatospheres, etc.) are discussed. Toxicogenomics-based methodologies (genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) and next-generation sequencing have also been used to enhance the reliability of DILI prediction. This review presents an overview of the currently used alternative toxicological models and of the most advanced approaches in the field of DILI research. EXPERT OPINION It seems unlikely that a single in vitro system will be able to mimic the complex interactions in the human liver. Three-dimensional multicellular systems may bridge the gap between conventional 2D models and in vivo clinical studies in humans and provide a reliable basis for hepatic toxicity assay development. Next-generation sequencing technologies, in comparison to microarray-based technologies, may overcome the current limitations and are promising for the development of predictive models in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jiang
- a 1 Maastricht University, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Department of Toxicogenomics , Maastricht, The Netherlands +31 43 3881090 ; +31 43 3884146 ;
| | - Jarno E J Wolters
- b 2 Maastricht University, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Department of Toxicogenomics , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Simone G van Breda
- b 2 Maastricht University, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Department of Toxicogenomics , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos C Kleinjans
- b 2 Maastricht University, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Department of Toxicogenomics , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M de Kok
- b 2 Maastricht University, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Department of Toxicogenomics , Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Green CJ, Pramfalk C, Morten KJ, Hodson L. From whole body to cellular models of hepatic triglyceride metabolism: man has got to know his limitations. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E1-20. [PMID: 25352434 PMCID: PMC4281685 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00192.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a main metabolic organ in the human body and carries out a vital role in lipid metabolism. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases, encompassing a spectrum of conditions from simple fatty liver (hepatic steatosis) through to cirrhosis. Although obesity is a known risk factor for hepatic steatosis, it remains unclear what factor(s) is/are responsible for the primary event leading to retention of intrahepatocellular fat. Studying hepatic processes and the etiology and progression of disease in vivo in humans is challenging, not least as NAFLD may take years to develop. We present here a review of experimental models and approaches that have been used to assess liver triglyceride metabolism and discuss their usefulness in helping to understand the aetiology and development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Green
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford United Kingdom; and
| | - Camilla Pramfalk
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford United Kingdom; and
| | - Karl J Morten
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford United Kingdom; and
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29
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van Wenum M, Chamuleau RAFM, van Gulik TM, Siliakus A, Seppen J, Hoekstra R. Bioartificial liversin vitroandin vivo: tailoring biocomponents to the expanding variety of applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1745-60. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.950651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Eva R, Bram DC, Joery DK, Tamara V, Geert B, Vera R, Mathieu V. Strategies for immortalization of primary hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2014; 61:925-43. [PMID: 24911463 PMCID: PMC4169710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver has the unique capacity to regenerate in response to a damaging event. Liver regeneration is hereby largely driven by hepatocyte proliferation, which in turn relies on cell cycling. The hepatocyte cell cycle is a complex process that is tightly regulated by several well-established mechanisms. In vitro, isolated hepatocytes do not longer retain this proliferative capacity. However, in vitro cell growth can be boosted by immortalization of hepatocytes. Well-defined immortalization genes can be artificially overexpressed in hepatocytes or the cells can be conditionally immortalized leading to controlled cell proliferation. This paper discusses the current immortalization techniques and provides a state-of-the-art overview of the actually available immortalized hepatocyte-derived cell lines and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramboer Eva
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - De Craene Bram
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - De Kock Joery
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Vanhaecke Tamara
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Berx Geert
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rogiers Vera
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Vinken Mathieu
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
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Selden C, Spearman CW, Kahn D, Miller M, Figaji A, Erro E, Bundy J, Massie I, Chalmers SA, Arendse H, Gautier A, Sharratt P, Fuller B, Hodgson H. Evaluation of encapsulated liver cell spheroids in a fluidised-bed bioartificial liver for treatment of ischaemic acute liver failure in pigs in a translational setting. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82312. [PMID: 24367515 PMCID: PMC3867376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver failure is an increasing problem. Donor-organ shortage results in patients dying before receiving a transplant. Since the liver can regenerate, alternative therapies providing temporary liver-support are sought. A bioartificial-liver would temporarily substitute function in liver failure buying time for liver regeneration/organ-procurement. Our aim: to develop a prototype bioartificial-liver-machine (BAL) comprising a human liver-derived cell-line, cultured to phenotypic competence and deliverable in a clinical setting to sites distant from its preparation. The objective of this study was to determine whether its use would improve functional parameters of liver failure in pigs with acute liver failure, to provide proof-of-principle. HepG2 cells encapsulated in alginate-beads, proliferated in a fluidised-bed-bioreactor providing a biomass of 4-6 × 10(10)cells, were transported from preparation-laboratory to point-of-use operating theatre (6000 miles) under perfluorodecalin at ambient temperature. Irreversible ischaemic liver failure was induced in anaesthetised pigs, after portal-systemic-shunt, by hepatic-artery-ligation. Biochemical parameters, intracranial pressure, and functional-clotting were measured in animals connected in an extracorporeal bioartificial-liver circuit. Efficacy was demonstrated comparing outcomes between animals connected to a circuit containing alginate-encapsulated cells (Cell-bead BAL), and those connected to circuit containing alginate capsules without cells (Empty-bead BAL). Cells of the biomass met regulatory standards for sterility and provenance. All animals developed progressive liver-failure after ischaemia induction. Efficacy of BAL was demonstrated since animals connected to a functional biomass (+ cells) had significantly smaller rises in intracranial pressure, lower ammonia levels, more bilirubin conjugation, improved acidosis and clotting restoration compared to animals connected to the circuit without cells. In the +cell group, human proteins accumulated in pigs' plasma. Delivery of biomass using a short-term cold-chain enabled transport and use without loss of function over 3 days. Thus, a fluidised-bed bioreactor containing alginate-encapsulated HepG2 cell-spheroids improved important parameters of acute liver failure in pigs. The system can readily be up-scaled and transported to point-of-use justifying development at clinical scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Selden
- University College London Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Wendy Spearman
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Delawir Kahn
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Malcolm Miller
- Department of Anaesthetics, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Anthony Figaji
- Department Neurosurgery, Red Cross Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Eloy Erro
- University College London Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Bundy
- University College London Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel Massie
- University College London Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sherri-Ann Chalmers
- University College London Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hiram Arendse
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Aude Gautier
- University College London Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Sharratt
- Biochemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Fuller
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom
| | - Humphrey Hodgson
- University College London Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom
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Higuchi Y, Kawai K, Yamazaki H, Nakamura M, Bree F, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Suemizu H. The human hepatic cell line HepaRG as a possible cell source for the generation of humanized liver TK-NOG mice. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:146-53. [PMID: 24066694 PMCID: PMC3906414 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.836257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Humanized-liver mice, in which the liver has been repopulated with human hepatocytes, have been used to study aspects of human liver physiology such as drug metabolism, toxicology and hepatitis infection. However, the procurement of human hepatocytes is a major problem in producing humanized-liver mice because of the finite nature of the patient-derived resource. In order to overcome this limitation, the human hepatic cell line HepaRG® were evaluated as promising donor cells for liver reconstitution in the TK-NOG mouse model. We demonstrate that, in vivo, transplanted confluent culture or differentiated HepaRG® cells proliferated and differentiated toward both hepatocyte-like and biliary-like cells within the recipient liver. In contrast, proliferative HepaRG® cells could engraft TK-NOG mouse liver but could differentiate only toward biliary-like cells. The differentiation to hepatocyte-like cells was characterized by the detection of human albumin in the recipient mouse serum and was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining for human leukocyte antigen, human albumin, cytochrome P450 3A4, and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2. Biliary-like cells were characterized by positive staining for cytokeratin-19. These results indicated that the differentiated HepaRG® cells are a possible cell source for generating humanized-liver mice, which are a useful model for in vivo studies of liver physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Higuchi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals , Kawasaki, Kanagawa , Japan
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Dianat N, Steichen C, Vallier L, Weber A, Dubart-Kupperschmitt A. Human pluripotent stem cells for modelling human liver diseases and cell therapy. Curr Gene Ther 2013; 13:120-32. [PMID: 23444872 PMCID: PMC3882648 DOI: 10.2174/1566523211313020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The liver is affected by many types of diseases, including metabolic disorders and acute liver failure. Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is currently the only effective treatment for life-threatening liver diseases but transplantation of allogeneic hepatocytes has now become an alternative as it is less invasive than OLT and can be performed repeatedly. However, this approach is hampered by the shortage of organ donors, and the problems related to the isolation of high quality adult hepatocytes, their cryopreservation and their absence of proliferation in culture. Liver is also a key organ to assess the pharmacokinetics and toxicology of xenobiotics and for drug discovery, but appropriate cell culture systems are lacking. All these problems have highlighted the need to explore other sources of cells such as stem cells that could be isolated, expanded to yield sufficiently large populations and then induced to differentiate into functional hepatocytes. The presence of a niche of “facultative” progenitor and stem cells in the normal liver has recently been confirmed but they display no telomerase activity. The recent discovery that human induced pluripotent stem cells can be generated from somatic cells has renewed hopes for regenerative medicine and in vitro disease modelling, as these cells are easily accessible. We review here the present progresses, limits and challenges for the generation of functional hepatocytes from human pluripotent stem cells in view of their potential use in regenerative medicine and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Dianat
- INSERM UMR-S972, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, F-94807, France
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35
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 18:241-50. [PMID: 23486386 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32835f5709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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