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Wen X, Xu G. Nephrotoxicity in Bispecific Antibodies Recipients: Focus on T-Cell-Engaging Bispecific Antibodies. Onco Targets Ther 2024; 17:545-556. [PMID: 39006885 PMCID: PMC11245674 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s465679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are evolving the landscape of cancer treatment and have significantly improved the outcomes of relapsed or refractory cancer patients. As increasing BsAbs entered clinical practice, specific toxicities have emerged, and renal side-effects have been described. However, there are a lack of studies analyzing the nephrotoxicity in the anti-cancer BsAbs recipients systematically. In this review, we demonstrate the etiologies, mechanisms, other risk factors and treatment options of kidney injury in the BsAbs recipients to provide a more comprehensive insight into the nephrotoxicity post-BsAbs therapy. Significantly, due to the limited clinical trial data on each subject, we mainly conclude the related etiologies, mechanisms, and risk factors of nephrotoxicity that occur in T-cell-engaging BsAbs recipients. Nephrotoxicity associated with non-T-cell BsAbs may be associated with adverse nephrotoxicity of related monoclonal antibodies to two specific antigens. The aim of this paper is to provide nephrologists and oncologists with theoretical knowledge to provide better medical management for recipients who receive BsAbs, especially T-cell-engaging BsAbs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaosi Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
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2
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Zhang Y, Yang Z, Saimi D, Shen X, Ye J, Yu B, Pefaur N, Scheer JM, Nixon AE, Chen Z. Geometric Antibody Engineering Reveals the Spatial Factor on the Efficacy of Bispecific T Cell Engagers. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:916-925. [PMID: 38491942 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) represent an emerging class of biologics that can recognize two different antigens or epitopes. T-cell engagers (TcEs) bind two targets in trans on the cell surface of the effector and target cell to induce proximal immune effects, opening exciting windows for immunotherapies. To date, the engineering of BsAbs has been mainly focused on tuning the molecular weight and valency. However, the effects of spatial factors on the biological functions of BsAbs have been less explored due to the lack of biochemical methods to precisely manipulate protein geometry. Here, we studied the geometric effects of the TcEs. First, by genetically inserting rigidly designed ankyrin repeat proteins into TcEs, we revealed that the efficacy progressively decreased as the spacer distance of the two binding domains increased. Then, we constructed 26 pairs of TcEs with the same size but varying orientations using click chemistry-mediated conjugation at different mutation sites. We found that linear ligation sites play a minor role in modulating cell-killing efficacy. Next, we rendered the TcEs' advanced topology by cyclization chemistry using the SpyTag/SpyCatcher pair or sortase ligation approaches. Cyclized TcEs were generally more potent than their linear counterparts. Particularly, sortase A cyclized TcEs, bearing a minimal tagging motif, exhibited better cell-killing efficacy in vitro and improved stability both in vitro and in vivo compared to the linear TcE. This work combines modern bioconjugation chemistry and protein engineering tools for antibody engineering, shedding light on the elusive spatial factors of BsAbs functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- College of Future Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- College of Future Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dilizhatai Saimi
- College of Future Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaowen Shen
- College of Future Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junqing Ye
- Department of Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim, Investment Co., Ltd., Beijing 100027, China
| | - Bingke Yu
- Department of Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim, Investment Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Noah Pefaur
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Justin M Scheer
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Andrew E Nixon
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Zhixing Chen
- College of Future Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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3
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Thirumalaisamy R, Vasuki S, Sindhu SM, Mothilal TM, Srimathi V, Poornima B, Bhuvaneswari M, Hariharan M. FDA-Approved Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cell Therapy for Different Cancers-A Recent Perspective. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01090-0. [PMID: 38459361 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world, and their rate of occurence has been increased in recent decades. Current review article, summarizes the novel treatment options Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapy for various cancers constitute a major health and development challenge, impacting every aspect of sustainable development quoted by goal 3 good health and well-being of UN sustainable goals. WHO estimates that 70% of cancer deaths occur in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs) by 2030, LMICs are expected to bear the brunt of the expected 24.1 million new cancer cases per year. This current review article focuses and discussed about CAR-T cell therapy for various cancers against most prevalent non-communicable disease cancer disease stipulated by WHO and UN sustainable goals. Three literature databases Google scholar, Science Direct, PubMed was utilized to search and collect CAR-T cell treatment options for different cancers published articles sources in between January 2000 and December 2023. There were a total of 18,700 papers found, with 48 of them being found to be eligible focusing various cancer treatment by CAR-T cells utilized for the study. Based on the information gathered, CAR-T cell therapy treating different cancers and their merit and its advantages in heal and improve certain cancers was also discussed in this review article with their detailed molecular mechanisms. This article also gives an insight to utilize CAR-T cell treatment protocols for rejuvenating cancer patient from such ruthless cancer disease condition thereby improving life span of cancer patients and eradication of disease in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thirumalaisamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sona College Arts and Science, Salem (Dt.), Tamil Nadu, 636005, India.
| | - S Vasuki
- Department of Biotechnology, Sona College Arts and Science, Salem (Dt.), Tamil Nadu, 636005, India
| | - S M Sindhu
- Department of Biotechnology, Sona College Arts and Science, Salem (Dt.), Tamil Nadu, 636005, India
- Department of Biotechnology, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women (Autonomous), Coimbatore (Dt.), Tamil Nadu, 641004, India
| | - T M Mothilal
- Department of Biotechnology, Sona College Arts and Science, Salem (Dt.), Tamil Nadu, 636005, India
| | - V Srimathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sona College Arts and Science, Salem (Dt.), Tamil Nadu, 636005, India
| | - B Poornima
- Department of Biotechnology, Sona College Arts and Science, Salem (Dt.), Tamil Nadu, 636005, India
| | - M Bhuvaneswari
- Department of Biotechnology, Sona College Arts and Science, Salem (Dt.), Tamil Nadu, 636005, India
| | - Mohan Hariharan
- Center for Applied Research, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 602105, India
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4
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Van Lint S, Van Parys A, Van Den Eeckhout B, Vandamme N, Plaisance S, Verhee A, Catteeuw D, Rogge E, De Geest J, Vanderroost N, Roels J, Saeys Y, Uzé G, Kley N, Cauwels A, Tavernier J. A bispecific Clec9A-PD-L1 targeted type I interferon profoundly reshapes the tumor microenvironment towards an antitumor state. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:191. [PMID: 38031106 PMCID: PMC10685570 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite major improvements in immunotherapeutic strategies, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment remains a major obstacle for the induction of efficient antitumor responses. In this study, we show that local delivery of a bispecific Clec9A-PD-L1 targeted type I interferon (AcTaferon, AFN) overcomes this hurdle by reshaping the tumor immune landscape.Treatment with the bispecific AFN resulted in the presence of pro-immunogenic tumor-associated macrophages and neutrophils, increased motility and maturation profile of cDC1 and presence of inflammatory cDC2. Moreover, we report empowered diversity in the CD8+ T cell repertoire and induction of a shift from naive, dysfunctional CD8+ T cells towards effector, plastic cytotoxic T lymphocytes together with increased presence of NK and NKT cells as well as decreased regulatory T cell levels. These dynamic changes were associated with potent antitumor activity. Tumor clearance and immunological memory, therapeutic immunity on large established tumors and blunted tumor growth at distant sites were obtained upon co-administration of a non-curative dose of chemotherapy.Overall, this study illuminates further application of type I interferon as a safe and efficient way to reshape the suppressive tumor microenvironment and induce potent antitumor immunity; features which are of major importance in overcoming the development of metastases and tumor cell resistance to immune attack. The strategy described here has potential for application across to a broad range of cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Van Lint
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB & Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Van Parys
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB & Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
- Present Affiliation: Orionis Biosciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bram Van Den Eeckhout
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB & Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niels Vandamme
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Single Cell Core, VIB, Ghent-Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Annick Verhee
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB & Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Catteeuw
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB & Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elke Rogge
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB & Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Present Affiliation: Orionis Biosciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jennifer De Geest
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB & Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Present Affiliation: Orionis Biosciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nele Vanderroost
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB & Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jana Roels
- VIB Single Cell Core, VIB, Ghent-Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Data Mining and Modelling for Biomedicine, VIB & Center for inflammation research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gilles Uzé
- IRMB, University Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Niko Kley
- Orionis Biosciences, Ghent, Belgium
- Orionis Biosciences, Boston, USA
| | - Anje Cauwels
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB & Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Present Affiliation: Orionis Biosciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB & Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
- Orionis Biosciences, Ghent, Belgium.
- Orionis Biosciences, Boston, USA.
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5
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Tzuri N, Yegodayev KM, Novoplansky O, Elkabets M, Aharoni A, Papo N. Developing a dual VEGF/PDL1 inhibitor based on high-affinity scFv heterodimers as an anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11923. [PMID: 37488176 PMCID: PMC10366146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression is enhanced by the interaction of programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1), which is associated with inhibition of the immune response against tumors, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which inhibits immune cell activity while inducing angiogenesis and proliferation of cancer cells. Dual inhibition of PDL1 and VEGF may therefore confer a synergistic anti-cancer therapeutic effect. We present a novel strategy for developing a therapeutic that simultaneously binds and inhibits both PDL1 and VEGF. We generated a bi-specific protein, designated DuRan-Bis, comprising a single chain variable fragment (scFv)-based inhibitor of PDL1 fused to an scFv-based inhibitor of VEGF, with the latter being attached to an Fc fragment. We found that DuRan-Bis binds to both PDL1 and VEGF with high affinity. Compared to treatments with mono-specific proteins, alone or in combination, the DuRan-Bis chimera showed superior inhibition of the proliferation of glioblastoma cells. In comparison to treatment with immune cells alone, a combination of immune cells with DuRan-Bis decreased the viability of head and neck cancer cells. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to use a single polypeptide chain scFv-scFv-Fc scaffold for engineering a high-affinity bi-specific inhibitor of PDL1 and VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Tzuri
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering and The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ksenia M Yegodayev
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ofra Novoplansky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Moshe Elkabets
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Amir Aharoni
- Department of Life Sciences and The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Niv Papo
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering and The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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6
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Segaliny AI, Jayaraman J, Chen X, Chong J, Luxon R, Fung A, Fu Q, Jiang X, Rivera R, Ma X, Ren C, Zimak J, Hedde PN, Shang Y, Wu G, Zhao W. A high throughput bispecific antibody discovery pipeline. Commun Biol 2023; 6:380. [PMID: 37029216 PMCID: PMC10082157 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04746-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) represent an emerging class of immunotherapy, but inefficiency in the current discovery has limited their broad clinical availability. Here we report a high throughput, agnostic, single-cell-based functional screening pipeline, comprising molecular and cell engineering for efficient generation of BsAb library cells, followed by functional interrogation at the single-cell level to identify and sort positive clones and downstream sequence identification and functionality characterization. Using a CD19xCD3 bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) as a model, we demonstrate that our single-cell platform possesses a high throughput screening efficiency of up to one and a half million variant library cells per run and can isolate rare functional clones at a low abundance of 0.008%. Using a complex CD19xCD3 BiTE-expressing cell library with approximately 22,300 unique variants comprising combinatorially varied scFvs, connecting linkers and VL/VH orientations, we have identified 98 unique clones, including extremely rare ones (~ 0.001% abundance). We also discovered BiTEs that exhibit novel properties and insights to design variable preferences for functionality. We expect our single-cell platform to not only increase the discovery efficiency of new immunotherapeutics, but also enable identifying generalizable design principles based on an in-depth understanding of the inter-relationships between sequence, structure, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayapriya Jayaraman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | | | - Ryan Luxon
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Audrey Fung
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Qiwei Fu
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Xianzhi Jiang
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | | | - Xiaoya Ma
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Ci Ren
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Jan Zimak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Per Niklas Hedde
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Yonglei Shang
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - George Wu
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA.
| | - Weian Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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7
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Liu D, Bao L, Zhu H, Yue Y, Tian J, Gao X, Yin J. Microenvironment-responsive anti-PD-L1 × CD3 bispecific T-cell engager for solid tumor immunotherapy. J Control Release 2023; 354:606-614. [PMID: 36669532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific T-cell Engager (BiTE) antibodies can redirect T-cells to tumor cells, and turn on the targeted lysis of tumor cells. However, BiTE has been challenging in solid tumors due to short plasma half-life, "off-target" effect, and immunosuppression via PD-1/PD-L1 axis. This study designed a safe, long-acting, and highly effective Protease-Activated PSTAGylated BiTE, named PAPB, which includes a shielding polypeptide domain (PSTAG), a protease-activated linker, and a BiTE core. The BiTE core consists of two scFvs targeting PD-L1 and CD3. BiTE core bound PD-L1 and CD3 in a dose-dependent manner, and PAPB can release BiTE core in response to MMP2 in the tumor microenvironment to exert antitumor activity. The plasma half-life of PAPB in mice was significantly prolonged from 2.46 h to 6.34 h of the BiTE core. In mice bearing melanoma (A375) xenografts, PAPB significantly increased infiltration of T lymphocytes in tumor tissue, and inhibited tumor proliferation without activating T-cells in the peripheral blood. Overall, the engineering protein PAPB could be a promising drug candidate for solid tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingkang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lichen Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Haichao Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yali Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jun Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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8
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Ball K, Dovedi SJ, Vajjah P, Phipps A. Strategies for clinical dose optimization of T cell-engaging therapies in oncology. MAbs 2023; 15:2181016. [PMID: 36823042 PMCID: PMC9980545 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2181016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Innovative approaches in the design of T cell-engaging (TCE) molecules are ushering in a new wave of promising immunotherapies for the treatment of cancer. Their mechanism of action, which generates an in trans interaction to create a synthetic immune synapse, leads to complex and interconnected relationships between the exposure, efficacy, and toxicity of these drugs. Challenges thus arise when designing optimal clinical dose regimens for TCEs with narrow therapeutic windows, with a variety of dosing strategies being evaluated to mitigate key side effects such as cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity, and on-target off-tumor toxicities. This review evaluates the current approaches to dose optimization throughout the preclinical and clinical development of TCEs, along with perspectives for improvement of these strategies. Quantitative approaches used to aid the understanding of dose-exposure-response relationships are highlighted, along with opportunities to guide the rational design of next-generation TCE molecules, and optimize their dose regimens in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Ball
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Pavan Vajjah
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alex Phipps
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Wilkinson I, Hale G. Systematic analysis of the varied designs of 819 therapeutic antibodies and Fc fusion proteins assigned international nonproprietary names. MAbs 2022; 14:2123299. [PMID: 36109838 PMCID: PMC9481088 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2123299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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10
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Lou H, Cao X. Antibody variable region engineering for improving cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 42:804-827. [PMID: 35822503 PMCID: PMC9456695 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy and specificity of conventional monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs in the clinic require further improvement. Currently, the development and application of novel antibody formats for improving cancer immunotherapy have attracted much attention. Variable region-retaining antibody fragments, such as antigen-binding fragment (Fab), single-chain variable fragment (scFv), bispecific antibody, and bi/trispecific cell engagers, are engineered with humanization, multivalent antibody construction, affinity optimization and antibody masking for targeting tumor cells and killer cells to improve antibody-based therapy potency, efficacy and specificity. In this review, we summarize the application of antibody variable region engineering and discuss the future direction of antibody engineering for improving cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hantao Lou
- Ludwig Institute of Cancer ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7DRUK
- Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7FZUK
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7FZUK
- Department of ImmunologyCentre for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100005P. R. China
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11
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Mocquot P, Mossazadeh Y, Lapierre L, Pineau F, Despas F. The pharmacology of blinatumomab: state of the art on pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, adverse drug reactions and evaluation in clinical trials. J Clin Pharm Ther 2022; 47:1337-1351. [PMID: 35906791 PMCID: PMC9796714 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Bispecific drugs (BDs) belong to the family of immunotherapies along with checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cells. In the field of oncology, BDs are designed to simultaneously bind a tumour antigen on the one side and an antigen present on the surface of effector cells on the other. This review summarizes the information available to date on the first marketed BiTE-format bispecific antibody, blinatumomab BLINCYTO® in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. METHODS A literature search was conducted in the PubMed database by including studies published in English using the term blinatumomab. Furthermore, bibliographies of selected references were also evaluated for relevant articles. Clinical trial (CT) data were retrieved from clinicaltrials.gov (ongoing trials, adverse events [AEs]) and global pharmacovigilance data were retrieved from VigiBase®. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Blinatumomab is a fusion protein which consists of two single-chain variable fragments arranged in tandem: the first binds the CD19 surface antigen of all B cells and the second targets the CD3 antigen of T cells. Binding of blinatumomab to B and T cells induces apoptosis of B cells after secretion of granzymes and perforins by T cells. T-cell activation results in secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulation of activation markers and adhesion molecules on the surface of T cells. The major CTs that led to an indication show increased overall survival with blinatumomab with better efficacy in patients in haematological remission with minimal residual disease ≥10-3 . The major AEs are cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity and hypogammaglobulinemia. The three most frequent system organ classes in CTs are haematological, gastrointestinal and general disorders. These results are also found in VigiBase® but neurological disorders and infections appear more frequently in real life. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION This review summarizes the current knowledge of blinatumomab in the literature. The subject of many CTs is to improve the route of administration and expand the indications for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Mocquot
- Département de Pharmacologie Médicale, CHU de ToulouseUniversité Toulouse III ‐ Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Yasmine Mossazadeh
- Département de Pharmacologie Médicale, CHU de ToulouseUniversité Toulouse III ‐ Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Léopoldine Lapierre
- Département d'Hématologie et de Médecine InterneInstitut Universitaire du Cancer‐Oncopole, CHU de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Fanny Pineau
- Département d'Hématologie et de Médecine InterneInstitut Universitaire du Cancer‐Oncopole, CHU de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Fabien Despas
- Département de Pharmacologie Médicale, CHU de ToulouseUniversité Toulouse III ‐ Paul SabatierToulouseFrance,Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul SabatierToulouseFrance,INSERM CIC1436 CIC ToulouseFrance
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12
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Underwood DJ, Bettencourt J, Jawad Z. The manufacturing considerations of bispecific antibodies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1043-1065. [PMID: 35771976 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2095900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibody therapies have made huge strides in providing safe and efficacious drugs for autoimmune, cancer and infectious disease. These bispecific antibodies can be assembled from the basic building blocks of IgGs, resulting in dozens of formats. AREAS COVERED It is important to consider the manufacturability of these formats early in the antibody discovery phases. Broadly categorizing bispecific antibodies into IgG-like, fragment-based, appended and hybrid formats can help in looking at early manufacturability considerations. EXPERT OPINION Ideally, bispecific antibody manufacturing should contain a minimal number of steps, with processes that give high yields of protein with no contaminants. Many of these have been determined for the fragment-based bispecific blinatumomab and the IgG-like bispecifics from hybridomas. However, for new formats, these need to be considered early in the research and development pipeline. The hybrid formats offer an unusual alternative in generating high pure yields of bispecific molecules if the engineering challenges can be deciphered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zahra Jawad
- Agenus inc., 3 Forbes Road, Lexington, MA, 02421-7305, United States.,Creasallis ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridgeshire, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
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13
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Alnefaie A, Albogami S, Asiri Y, Ahmad T, Alotaibi SS, Al-Sanea MM, Althobaiti H. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells: An Overview of Concepts, Applications, Limitations, and Proposed Solutions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:797440. [PMID: 35814023 PMCID: PMC9256991 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.797440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity, orchestrated by B-cells and T-cells, plays a crucial role in protecting the body from pathogenic invaders and can be used as tools to enhance the body's defense mechanisms against cancer by genetically engineering these immune cells. Several strategies have been identified for cancer treatment and evaluated for their efficacy against other diseases such as autoimmune and infectious diseases. One of the most advanced technologies is chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, a pioneering therapy in the oncology field. Successful clinical trials have resulted in the approval of six CAR-T cell products by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, there have been various obstacles that limit the use of CAR T-cell therapy as the first line of defense mechanism against cancer. Various innovative CAR-T cell therapeutic designs have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical trial settings and have demonstrated much potential for development. Such trials testing the suitability of CARs against solid tumors and HIV are showing promising results. In addition, new solutions have been proposed to overcome the limitations of this therapy. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding this novel technology, including CAR T-cell structure, different applications, limitations, and proposed solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Alnefaie
- Department of Medical Services, King Faisal Medical Complex, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousif Asiri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer Ahmad
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Saqer S. Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M. Al-Sanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham Althobaiti
- Chief of Medical Department, King Faisal Medical Complex (KFMC), Taif, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Aschmoneit N, Kühl L, Seifert O, Kontermann RE. Fc-comprising scDb-based trivalent, bispecific T-cell engagers for selective killing of HER3-expressing cancer cells independent of cytokine release. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003616. [PMID: 34782429 PMCID: PMC8593740 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bispecific T-cell engagers are an established therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hematologic malignancies but face several challenges when it comes to their application for the treatment of solid tumors, including on-target off-tumor adverse events. Employing an avidity-mediated specificity gain by introducing an additional binding moiety for the tumor-associated antigen can be achieved using formats with a 2+1 stoichiometry. Methods Besides biochemical characterization and validation of target cell binding to cancer cells with different HER3 expression, we used in vitro co-culture assays with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and HER3-expressing target cells to determine T-cell activation, T-cell proliferation and PBMC-mediated cancer cell lysis of HER3-positive cell lines by the trivalent, bispecific antibodies. Results In this study, we developed trivalent, bispecific antibodies comprising a silenced Fc region for T-cell retargeting to HER3-expressing tumor cells, combining a bivalent single-chain diabody (scDb) fused to a first heterodimerizing Fc chain with either an Fab or scFv fused to a second heterodimerizing Fc chain. All these HER3-targeting T-cell engagers comprising two binding sites for HER3 and one binding site for CD3 mediated target cell killing. However, format and orientation of binding sites influenced efficacy of target cell binding, target cell-dependent T-cell activation and T-cell-mediated target cell killing. Beneficial effects were seen when the CD3 binding site was located in the scDb moiety. These molecules showed efficient killing of medium HER3-expressing cancer cells with very low induction of cytokine release, while sparing target cells with low or undetectable HER3 expression. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that these trivalent, bispecific antibodies represent formats with superior interdomain spacing resulting in efficient target cell killing and a potential advantageous safety profile due to very low cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Aschmoneit
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lennart Kühl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany .,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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Alhallak K, Sun J, Jeske A, Park C, Yavner J, Bash H, Lubben B, Adebayo O, Khaskiah A, Azab AK. Bispecific T Cell Engagers for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma: Achievements and Challenges. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2853. [PMID: 34201007 PMCID: PMC8228067 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MM is the second most common hematological malignancy and represents approximately 20% of deaths from hematopoietic cancers. The advent of novel agents has changed the therapeutic landscape of MM treatment; however, MM remains incurable. T cell-based immunotherapy such as BTCEs is a promising modality for the treatment of MM. This review article discusses the advancements and future directions of BTCE treatments for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinan Alhallak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jennifer Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Amanda Jeske
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Chaelee Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
| | - Jessica Yavner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
| | - Hannah Bash
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
| | - Berit Lubben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
| | - Ola Adebayo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
| | - Ayah Khaskiah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Birzeit 627, West Bank, Palestine;
| | - Abdel Kareem Azab
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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16
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Shi J, Chen X, Diao J, Jiang L, Li L, Li S, Liang W, Jin X, Wang Y, Wong C, Zhang XT, Tse FLS. Bioanalysis in the Age of New Drug Modalities. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:64. [PMID: 33942188 PMCID: PMC8093172 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of regulatory guidelines for the bioanalysis of new drug modalities, many of which contain multiple functional domains, bioanalytical strategies have been carefully designed to characterize the intact drug and each functional domain in terms of quantity, functionality, biotransformation, and immunogenicity. The present review focuses on the bioanalytical challenges and considerations for RNA-based drugs, bispecific antibodies and multi-domain protein therapeutics, prodrugs, gene and cell therapies, and fusion proteins. Methods ranging from the conventional ligand binding assays and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assays to quantitative polymerase chain reaction or flow cytometry often used for oligonucleotides and cell and gene therapies are discussed. Best practices for method selection and validation are proposed as well as a future perspective to address the bioanalytical needs of complex modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shi
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China.
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Jianbo Diao
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Liying Jiang
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Lan Li
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Stephen Li
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Wenzhong Liang
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Xiaoying Jin
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Colton Wong
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Xiaolong Tom Zhang
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Francis L S Tse
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
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17
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Bansal D, Reimers MA, Knoche EM, Pachynski RK. Immunotherapy and Immunotherapy Combinations in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020334. [PMID: 33477569 PMCID: PMC7831137 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most prostate cancers are localized, and the majority are curable, recurrences occur in approximately 35% of men. Among patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence and PSA doubling time (PSADT) less than 15 months after radical prostatectomy, prostate cancer accounted for approximately 90% of the deaths by 15 years after recurrence. An immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and impaired cellular immunity are likely largely responsible for the limited utility of checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) in advanced prostate cancer compared with other tumor types. Thus, for immunologically "cold" malignancies such as prostate cancer, clinical trial development has pivoted towards novel approaches to enhance immune responses. Numerous clinical trials are currently evaluating combination immunomodulatory strategies incorporating vaccine-based therapies, checkpoint inhibitors, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Other trials evaluate the efficacy and safety of these immunomodulatory agents' combinations with standard approaches such as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), taxane-based chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Here, we will review promising immunotherapies in development and ongoing trials for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). These novel trials will build on past experiences and promise to usher a new era to treat patients with mCRPC.
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18
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Demel I, Bago JR, Hajek R, Jelinek T. Focus on monoclonal antibodies targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) in multiple myeloma: update 2021. Br J Haematol 2020; 193:705-722. [PMID: 33216972 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable advances have been achieved in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) in the last decade, which saw targeted immunotherapy, represented by anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies, successfully incorporated across indications. However, myeloma is still considered curable in only a small subset of patients, and the majority of them eventually relapse. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is expressed exclusively in mature B lymphocytes and plasma cells, and represents an ideal new target for immunotherapy, presented by bispecific antibody (bsAb) constructs, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells. Each of them has proved its efficacy with the potential for deep and long-lasting responses as a single agent therapy in heavily pretreated patients. As a result, belantamab mafodotin was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of relapsed/refractory MM, as the first anti-BCMA agent. In the present review, we focus on monoclonal antibodies targeting BCMA - bsAbs and ADCs. The data from preclinical studies as well as first-in-human clinical trials will be reviewed, together with the coverage of their constructs and mechanisms of action. The present results have laid the groundwork for the ongoing or upcoming clinical trials with combinatory regimens, which have always been a cornerstone in the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Demel
- Department of Haemato-oncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Julio Rodriguez Bago
- Department of Haemato-oncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hajek
- Department of Haemato-oncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Jelinek
- Department of Haemato-oncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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19
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Hofmann T, Krah S, Sellmann C, Zielonka S, Doerner A. Greatest Hits-Innovative Technologies for High Throughput Identification of Bispecific Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6551. [PMID: 32911608 PMCID: PMC7554978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have shown a tremendous increase and diversification in antibody-based therapeutics with advances in production techniques and formats. The plethora of currently investigated bi- to multi-specific antibody architectures can be harnessed to elicit a broad variety of specific modes of actions in oncology and immunology, spanning from enhanced selectivity to effector cell recruitment, all of which cannot be addressed by monospecific antibodies. Despite continuously growing efforts and methodologies, the identification of an optimal bispecific antibody as the best possible combination of two parental monospecific binders, however, remains challenging, due to tedious cloning and production, often resulting in undesired extended development times and increased expenses. Although automated high throughput screening approaches have matured for pharmaceutical small molecule development, it was only recently that protein bioconjugation technologies have been developed for the facile generation of bispecific antibodies in a 'plug and play' manner. In this review, we provide an overview of the most relevant methodologies for bispecific screening purposes-the DuoBody concept, paired light chain single cell production approaches, Sortase A and Transglutaminase, the SpyTag/SpyCatcher system, and inteins-and elaborate on the benefits as well as drawbacks of the different technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hofmann
- Advanced Cell Culture Technologies, Merck Life Sciences KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Simon Krah
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.K.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Carolin Sellmann
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.K.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.K.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Achim Doerner
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.K.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
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20
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Development of an artificial antibody specific for HLA/peptide complex derived from cancer stem-like cell/cancer-initiating cell antigen DNAJB8. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:1387-1394. [PMID: 32753678 PMCID: PMC7592043 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-1017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peptide-vaccination therapy targeting tumour-associated antigens can elicit immune responses, but cannot be used to eliminate large tumour burden. In this study, we developed a therapeutic single-chain variable-fragment (scFv) antibody that recognises the cancer stem-like cell/cancer-initiating cell (CSC/CIC) antigen, DNAJB8. Methods We screened scFv clones reacting with HLA-A24:20/DNAJB8-derived peptide (DNAJB8_143) complex using naive scFv phage-display libraries. Reactivity and affinity of scFv clones against the cognate antigen were quantified using FACS and surface plasmon resonance. Candidate scFv clones were engineered to human IgG1 (hIgG1) and T-cell-engaging bispecific antibody (CD3xJB8). Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and bispecific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (BADCC) were assessed. Results scFv clones A10 and B10 were isolated after bio-panning. Both A10-hIgG1 and B10-hIgG1 reacted with DNAJB8-143 peptide-pulsed antigen-presenting cells and HLA-A24(+)/DNAJB8(+) renal cell carcinoma and osteosarcoma cell lines. A10-hIgG1 and B10-hIgG1 showed strong affinity with the cognate HLA/peptide complex (KD = 2.96 × 10−9 M and 5.04 × 10−9 M, respectively). A10-hIgG1 and B10-hIgG1 showed CDC against HLA-A24(+)/DNAJB8(+) cell lines. B10-(CD3xJB8) showed superior BADCC to A10-(CD3xJB8). Conclusion We isolated artificial scFv antibodies reactive to CSC/CIC antigen DNAJB8-derived peptide naturally present on renal cell carcinoma and sarcoma. Immunotherapy using these engineered antibodies could be promising.
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21
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Reducing minimal residual disease with blinatumomab prior to HCT for pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Adv 2020; 3:1926-1929. [PMID: 31243002 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018025726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Children treated with blinatumomab for B-ALL with MRD had few side effects and proceeded to hematopoietic cell transplant without delay. Blinatumomab given prior to transplant reduces MRD and results in favorable leukemia-free survival, toxicity, and overall survival.
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22
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Lejeune M, Köse MC, Duray E, Einsele H, Beguin Y, Caers J. Bispecific, T-Cell-Recruiting Antibodies in B-Cell Malignancies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:762. [PMID: 32457743 PMCID: PMC7221185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are designed to recognize and bind to two different antigens or epitopes. In the last few decades, BsAbs have been developed within the context of cancer therapies and in particular for the treatment of hematologic B-cell malignancies. To date, more than one hundred different BsAb formats exist, including bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs), and new constructs are constantly emerging. Advances in protein engineering have enabled the creation of BsAbs with specific mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Moreover, a better understanding of resistance and evasion mechanisms, as well as advances in the protein engineering and in immunology, will help generating a greater variety of BsAbs to treat various cancer types. This review focuses on T-cell-engaging BsAbs and more precisely on the various BsAb formats currently being studied in the context of B-cell malignancies, on ongoing clinical trials and on the clinical concerns to be taken into account in the development of new BsAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Lejeune
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA I3, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Murat Cem Köse
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA I3, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Elodie Duray
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA I3, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yves Beguin
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA I3, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jo Caers
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA I3, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium
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23
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Development of oncolytic virotherapy: from genetic modification to combination therapy. Front Med 2020; 14:160-184. [PMID: 32146606 PMCID: PMC7101593 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a novel form of immunotherapy using natural or genetically modified viruses to selectively replicate in and kill malignant cells. Many genetically modified oncolytic viruses (OVs) with enhanced tumor targeting, antitumor efficacy, and safety have been generated, and some of which have been assessed in clinical trials. Combining OVT with other immunotherapies can remarkably enhance the antitumor efficacy. In this work, we review the use of wild-type viruses in OVT and the strategies for OV genetic modification. We also review and discuss the combinations of OVT with other immunotherapies.
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24
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Dickopf S, Lauer ME, Ringler P, Spick C, Kern P, Brinkmann U. Highly flexible, IgG-shaped, trivalent antibodies effectively target tumor cells and induce T cell-mediated killing. Biol Chem 2019; 400:343-350. [PMID: 30763031 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel bispecific antibody format was applied to generate T cell-engaging antibodies. The TriFab format is a trivalent IgG-shaped entity composed of two Fab arms that bind to antigens on the surface of tumor cells, which are linked via flexible peptides to a CD3 binding moiety that replaces the CH2 domains of conventional IgGs. The distinctive feature of these T cell recruiting bispecifics is that their CD3 variable regions are incorporated between domains, rather than N- or C-terminally fused to an Fc or antibody fragments. T cell recruiting TriFabs resemble in size and shape, are expressed and show biophysical properties similar to regular IgGs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrates high flexibility of the cell surface binding arms as well as target antigen accessibility of the interspersed CD3 binding domain. Functional co-culturing assays of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and different tumor cell lines (MCF7 and A431) revealed a dose-dependent T cell-mediated cytotoxicity that was induced by the TriFabs targeting either LeY or EGFR cell surface antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Dickopf
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Matthias E Lauer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Chemical Biology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstraße 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Ringler
- Center for Cellular Imaging and Nano Analytics, Biozentrum University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Spick
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Peter Kern
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
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25
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Schepisi G, Cursano MC, Casadei C, Menna C, Altavilla A, Lolli C, Cerchione C, Paganelli G, Santini D, Tonini G, Martinelli G, De Giorgi U. CAR-T cell therapy: a potential new strategy against prostate cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:258. [PMID: 31619289 PMCID: PMC6794851 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the main causes of cancer-related death in men. In the present immunotherapy era, several immunotherapeutic agents have been evaluated in PCa with poor results, possibly due to its low mutational burden. The recent development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy redirected against cancer-specific antigens would seem to provide the means for bypassing immune tolerance mechanisms. CAR-T cell therapy has proven effective in eradicating hematologic malignancies and the challenge now is to obtain the same degree of in solid tumors, including PCa. In this study we review the principles that have guided the engineering of CAR-T cells and the specific prostatic antigens identified as possible targets for immunological and non-immunological therapies. We also provide a state-of-the-art overview of CAR-T cell therapy in PCa, defining the key obstacles to its development and underlining the mechanisms used to overcome these barriers. At present, although there are still many unanswered questions regarding CAR-T cell therapy, there is no doubt that it has the potential to become an important treatment option for urological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Schepisi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy.
| | | | - Chiara Casadei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Cecilia Menna
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Amelia Altavilla
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Cristian Lolli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Claudio Cerchione
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paganelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
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26
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Current Perspectives in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101472. [PMID: 31575023 PMCID: PMC6826426 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different immunotherapeutic approaches have proved to be of significant clinical value to many patients with different types of advanced cancer. However, we need more precise immunotherapies and predictive biomarkers to increase the successful response rates. The advent of next generation sequencing technologies and their applications in immuno-oncology has helped us tremendously towards this aim. We are now moving towards the realization of personalized medicine, thus, significantly increasing our expectations for a more successful management of the disease. Here, we discuss the current immunotherapeutic approaches against cancer, including immune checkpoint blockade with an emphasis on anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies. We also analyze a growing list of other co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory markers and emphasize the mechanism of action of the principal pathway for each of these, as well as on drugs that either have been FDA-approved or are under clinical investigation. We further discuss recent advances in other immunotherapies, including cytokine therapy, adoptive cell transfer therapy and therapeutic vaccines. We finally discuss the modulation of gut microbiota composition and response to immunotherapy, as well as how tumor-intrinsic factors and immunological processes influence the mutational and epigenetic landscape of progressing tumors and response to immunotherapy but also how immunotherapeutic intervention influences the landscape of cancer neoepitopes and tumor immunoediting.
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27
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Del Bano J, Florès-Florès R, Josselin E, Goubard A, Ganier L, Castellano R, Chames P, Baty D, Kerfelec B. A Bispecific Antibody-Based Approach for Targeting Mesothelin in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1593. [PMID: 31354732 PMCID: PMC6636429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) remain a major medical challenge due to poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Mesothelin is a glycosyl-phosphatidyl inositol-linked membrane protein with restricted normal expression and high level expression in a large proportion of TNBC, thus qualifying as an attractive target. Its overexpression in breast tumors has been recently correlated with a decreased disease-free survival and an increase of distant metastases. The objective of the study was to investigate the relevance of a bispecific antibody-based immunotherapy approach through mesothelin targeting and CD16 engagement using a Fab-like bispecific format (MesobsFab). Using two TNBC cell lines with different level of surface mesothelin and epithelial/mesenchymal phenotypes, we showed that, in vitro, MesobsFab promotes the recruitment and penetration of NK cells into tumor spheroids, induces potent dose-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of mesothelin-positive tumor cells, cytokine secretion, and decreases cell invasiveness. MesobsFab was able to induce cytotoxicity in resting human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), mainly through its NK cells-mediated antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. In vivo, the anti-tumor effect of MesobsFab depends upon a threshold of MSLN density on target cells. Collectively our data support mesothelin as a relevant therapeutic target for the subset of TNBC that overexpresses mesothelin characterized by a low overall and disease-free survival as well as the potential of MesobsFab as antibody-based immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanie Del Bano
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmette, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Rémy Florès-Florès
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, UMR7288, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Josselin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmette, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Armelle Goubard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmette, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia Ganier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmette, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Rémy Castellano
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmette, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Chames
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmette, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Baty
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmette, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Brigitte Kerfelec
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmette, CRCM, Marseille, France
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28
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Strohl WR, Naso M. Bispecific T-Cell Redirection versus Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cells as Approaches to Kill Cancer Cells. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E41. [PMID: 31544847 PMCID: PMC6784091 DOI: 10.3390/antib8030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concepts for T-cell redirecting bispecific antibodies (TRBAs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are both at least 30 years old but both platforms are just now coming into age. Two TRBAs and two CAR-T cell products have been approved by major regulatory agencies within the last ten years for the treatment of hematological cancers and an additional 53 TRBAs and 246 CAR cell constructs are in clinical trials today. Two major groups of TRBAs include small, short-half-life bispecific antibodies that include bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTE®s) which require continuous dosing and larger, mostly IgG-like bispecific antibodies with extended pharmacokinetics that can be dosed infrequently. Most CAR-T cells today are autologous, although significant strides are being made to develop off-the-shelf, allogeneic CAR-based products. CAR-Ts form a cytolytic synapse with target cells that is very different from the classical immune synapse both physically and mechanistically, whereas the TRBA-induced synapse is similar to the classic immune synapse. Both TRBAs and CAR-T cells are highly efficacious in clinical trials but both also present safety concerns, particularly with cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity. New formats and dosing paradigms for TRBAs and CAR-T cells are being developed in efforts to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity, as well as to optimize use with both solid and hematologic tumors, both of which present significant challenges such as target heterogeneity and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Strohl
- BiStro Biotech Consulting, LLC, 1086 Tullo Farm Rd., Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
| | - Michael Naso
- Century Therapeutics, 3675 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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29
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Kholodenko RV, Kalinovsky DV, Doronin II, Ponomarev ED, Kholodenko IV. Antibody Fragments as Potential Biopharmaceuticals for Cancer Therapy: Success and Limitations. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:396-426. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170817152554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an important class of therapeutic agents approved for the therapy of many types of malignancies. However, in certain cases applications of conventional mAbs have several limitations in anticancer immunotherapy. These limitations include insufficient efficacy and adverse effects. The antigen-binding fragments of antibodies have a considerable potential to overcome the disadvantages of conventional mAbs, such as poor penetration into solid tumors and Fc-mediated bystander activation of the immune system. Fragments of antibodies retain antigen specificity and part of functional properties of conventional mAbs and at the same time have much better penetration into the tumors and a greatly reduced level of adverse effects. Recent advantages in antibody engineering allowed to produce different types of antibody fragments with improved structure and properties for efficient elimination of tumor cells. These molecules opened up new perspectives for anticancer therapy. Here, we will overview the structural features of the various types of antibody fragments and their applications for anticancer therapy as separate molecules and as part of complex conjugates or structures. Mechanisms of antitumor action of antibody fragments as well as their advantages and disadvantages for clinical application will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman V. Kholodenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Daniel V. Kalinovsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Igor I. Doronin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Eugene D. Ponomarev
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Brain, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong
| | - Irina V. Kholodenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
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30
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Brey CU, Proff J, Teufert N, Salzer B, Brozy J, Münz M, Pendzialek J, Ensser A, Holter W, Lehner M. A gB/CD3 bispecific BiTE antibody construct for targeting Human Cytomegalovirus-infected cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17453. [PMID: 30487534 PMCID: PMC6261951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) antibody constructs are successfully used as cancer therapeutics. We hypothesized that this treatment strategy could also be applicable for therapy of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, since HCMV-encoded proteins are abundantly expressed on the surface of infected cells. Here we show that a BiTE antibody construct directed against HCMV glycoprotein B (gB) and CD3 efficiently triggers T cells to secrete IFN-γ and TNF upon co-culture with fibroblasts infected with HCMV strain AD169, Towne or Toledo. Titration of gB expression levels in non-infected cells confirmed that already low levels of gB are sufficient for efficient triggering of T cells in presence of the BiTE antibody construct. Comparison of redirecting T cells with the bispecific antibody versus a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) based on the same scFv showed a similar sensitivity for gB expression. Although lysis of infected target cells was absent, the BiTE antibody construct inhibited HCMV replication by triggering cytokine production. Notably, even strongly diluted supernatants of the activated T cells efficiently blocked the replication of HCMV in infected primary fibroblasts. In summary, our data prove the functionality of the first BiTE antibody construct targeting an HCMV-encoded glycoprotein for inhibiting HCMV replication in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Proff
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natascha Teufert
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Markus Münz
- AMGEN Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Armin Ensser
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Holter
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Kinderspital, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Lehner
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria.
- St. Anna Kinderspital, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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31
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Xu JW, Wang L, Cheng YG, Zhang GY, Hu SY, Zhou B, Zhan HX. Immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer: A long and hopeful journey. Cancer Lett 2018; 425:143-151. [PMID: 29605510 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple therapeutic strategies have been developed to treat pancreatic cancer. However, the outcomes of these approaches are disappointing. Due to deeper understandings of the pivotal roles of the immune system in pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis and progression, novel therapeutic strategies based on immune cells and the tumor microenvironment are being investigated. Some of these approaches, such as checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, and BiTE antibodies, have achieved exciting outcomes in preclinical and clinical trials. The current review describes the roles of immune cells and the immunosuppressive microenvironment in the development of pancreatic cancer, as well as the preclinical and clinical outcomes and benefits of recent immunotherapeutic approaches, which may help us further disclose the mechanisms of pancreatic cancer progression and the dialectical views of feasibility and effectiveness of immunotherapy in treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China
| | - Yu-Gang Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China
| | - Guang-Yong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China
| | - San-Yuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China.
| | - Han-Xiang Zhan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China.
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32
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Leconet W, Liu H, Guo M, Le Lamer-Déchamps S, Molinier C, Kim S, Vrlinic T, Oster M, Liu F, Navarro V, Batra JS, Noriega AL, Grizot S, Bander NH. Anti-PSMA/CD3 Bispecific Antibody Delivery and Antitumor Activity Using a Polymeric Depot Formulation. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1927-1940. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Dahlén E, Veitonmäki N, Norlén P. Bispecific antibodies in cancer immunotherapy. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2018; 6:3-17. [PMID: 29998217 DOI: 10.1177/2515135518763280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the clinical success of immune checkpoint antibodies targeting CTLA-4, PD-1 or PD-L1 in cancer treatment, bispecific antibodies are now emerging as a growing class of immunotherapies with potential to further improve clinical efficacy and safety. We describe three classes of immunotherapeutic bispecific antibodies: (a) cytotoxic effector cell redirectors; (b) tumor-targeted immunomodulators; and (c) dual immunomodulators. Cytotoxic effector cell redirectors are dominated by T-cell redirecting compounds, bispecific compounds engaging a tumor-associated antigen and the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex, thereby redirecting T-cell cytotoxicity to malignant cells. This is the most established class of bispecific immunotherapies, with two compounds having reached the market and numerous compounds in clinical development. Tumor-targeted immunomodulators are bispecific compounds binding to a tumor-associated antigen and an immunomodulating receptor, such as CD40 or 4-1BB. Such compounds are usually designed to be inactive until binding the tumor antigen, thereby localizing immune stimulation to the tumor environment, while minimizing immune activation elsewhere. This is expected to induce powerful activation of tumor-specific T cells with reduced risk of immune-related adverse events. Finally, dual immunomodulators are bispecific compounds that bind two distinct immunomodulating targets, often combining targeting of PD-1 or PD-L1 with that of LAG-3 or TIM-3. The rationale is to induce superior tumor immunity compared to monospecific antibodies to the same targets. In this review, we describe each of these classes of bispecific antibodies, and present examples of compounds in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dahlén
- Alligator Bioscience, 22381 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Per Norlén
- Alligator Bioscience, 22381 Lund, Sweden
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34
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Cesano A, Warren S. Bringing the next Generation of Immuno-Oncology Biomarkers to the Clinic. Biomedicines 2018; 6:E14. [PMID: 29393888 PMCID: PMC5874671 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent successes in the use of immunotherapy to treat cancer have led to a multiplicity of new compounds in development. Novel clinical-grade biomarkers are needed to guide the choice of these agents to obtain the maximal likelihood of patient benefit. Predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy differ from the traditional biomarkers used for targeted therapies: the complexity of the immune response and tumour biology requires a more holistic approach than the use of a single analyte biomarker. This paper reviews novel biomarker approaches for the effective development of immune-oncology therapies, highlighting the promise of the advances in next-generation gene expression profiling that allow biologic information to be efficiently organized and interpreted for a maximum predictive value at the individual patient level.
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35
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Brinkmann U, Kontermann RE. The making of bispecific antibodies. MAbs 2017; 9:182-212. [PMID: 28071970 PMCID: PMC5297537 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1268307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades we have seen a phenomenal evolution of bispecific antibodies for therapeutic applications. The 'zoo' of bispecific antibodies is populated by many different species, comprising around 100 different formats, including small molecules composed solely of the antigen-binding sites of two antibodies, molecules with an IgG structure, and large complex molecules composed of different antigen-binding moieties often combined with dimerization modules. The application of sophisticated molecular design and genetic engineering has solved many of the technical problems associated with the formation of bispecific antibodies such as stability, solubility and other parameters that confer drug properties. These parameters may be summarized under the term 'developability'. In addition, different 'target product profiles', i.e., desired features of the bispecific antibody to be generated, mandates the need for access to a diverse panel of formats. These may vary in size, arrangement, valencies, flexibility and geometry of their binding modules, as well as in their distribution and pharmacokinetic properties. There is not 'one best format' for generating bispecific antibodies, and no single format is suitable for all, or even most of, the desired applications. Instead, the bispecific formats collectively serve as a valuable source of diversity that can be applied to the development of therapeutics for various indications. Here, a comprehensive overview of the different bispecific antibody formats is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Im Nonnenwald, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Roland E. Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstraße, Stuttgart, Germany
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36
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Zhou SJ, Wei J, Su S, Chen FJ, Qiu YD, Liu BR. Strategies for Bispecific Single Chain Antibody in Cancer Immunotherapy. J Cancer 2017; 8:3689-3696. [PMID: 29151956 PMCID: PMC5688922 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering has resulted in more than 50 recombinant bispecific antibody formats over the past two decades. Bispecific scFv antibodies represent a successful and promising immunotherapy platform that retargets cytotoxic T cells to tumor cells, with one scFv directed to tumor-associated antigens and the other to T cells. Based on this antibody construct, strategies for both specific tumor targeting and T cell activation are reviewed here. Three distinct types of tumor antigens are considered to optimize specificity and safety in bispecific scFv based treatment: cancer-testis antigens, neo-antigens and virus-associated antigens. In terms of T cell activation, although CD3 has been widely applied in bispecific scFvs being developed, CD28 and CD137 among co-stimulatory signals are also ideal candidates to be evaluated. Besides, LIGHT and HIV-Tat101 have drawn much attention as their potential roles in modulating antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Juan Zhou
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Wei
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Su
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang-Jun Chen
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Dong Qiu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bao-Rui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since the approval of ipilimumab, different immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines and costimulatory agonists have been developed with success, improving patient's survival in a number of different tumour types. However, immunotherapy results in durable responses but only in a fraction of patients. In order to improve this, combination of different immune agents is currently being attempted in the clinic with the potential of becoming one day the next wave of immune treatments available for our cancer patients. RECENT FINDINGS Combinatory regimens may have synergistic effects by acting at different points of the cancer immune cycle, from initiation and propagation of anticancer immunity, to stimulation of neoantigen presentation and priming, promotion of trafficking of immune cells to access the tumour and, finally, cancer-cell recognition and killing. SUMMARY In this article, the most relevant combination strategies that are currently under research are reviewed, as they are expected to become a new standard of care in the near future.
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Arimori T, Kitago Y, Umitsu M, Fujii Y, Asaki R, Tamura-Kawakami K, Takagi J. Fv-clasp: An Artificially Designed Small Antibody Fragment with Improved Production Compatibility, Stability, and Crystallizability. Structure 2017; 25:1611-1622.e4. [PMID: 28919443 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody fragments are frequently used as a "crystallization chaperone" to aid structural analysis of complex macromolecules that are otherwise crystallization resistant, but conventional fragment formats have not been designed for this particular application. By fusing an anti-parallel coiled-coil structure derived from the SARAH domain of human Mst1 kinase to the variable region of an antibody, we succeeded in creating a novel chimeric antibody fragment of ∼37 kDa, termed "Fv-clasp," which exhibits excellent crystallization compatibility while maintaining the binding ability of the original IgG molecule. The "clasp" and the engineered disulfide bond at the bottom of the Fv suppressed the internal mobility of the fragment and shielded hydrophobic residues, likely contributing to the high heat stability and the crystallizability of the Fv-clasp. Finally, Fv-clasp antibodies showed superior "chaperoning" activity over conventional Fab fragments, and facilitated the structure determination of an ectodomain fragment of integrin α6β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Arimori
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu Kitago
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masataka Umitsu
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryoko Asaki
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Junichi Takagi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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39
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Binder U, Skerra A. PASylation®: A versatile technology to extend drug delivery. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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40
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Velasquez MP, Szoor A, Vaidya A, Thakkar A, Nguyen P, Wu MF, Liu H, Gottschalk S. CD28 and 41BB Costimulation Enhances the Effector Function of CD19-Specific Engager T Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:860-870. [PMID: 28821531 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T cells expressing CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) with endodomains that encode a signaling domain derived from CD3ζ and CD28 or 41BB have potent antitumor activity in early-phase clinical studies for B-cell malignancies. Besides CD19-specific CARs, other approaches are actively being pursued to redirect T cells to CD19, including recombinant bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) proteins or T cells genetically modified to express BiTEs [engager (ENG) T cells]. As BiTEs provide no costimulation, we investigated here if provision of costimulation through CD28 and 41BB enhances the effector function of CD19-ENG T cells. CD19-ENG T cells expressing CD80 and 41BBL on their cell surface (CD19-ENG.41BBL/CD80 T cells) were generated by retroviral transduction. CD19-ENG.41BBL/CD80 T cells retained their antigen specificity and had superior effector function compared with both unmodified T cells and CD19-ENG T cells expressing either CD80, 41BBL, or no costimulatory molecule, as judged by cytokine (IFNγ and IL2) production, T-cell proliferation, and their ability to sequentially kill target cells. In vivo, CD19-ENG.41BBL/CD80 T cells had superior antileukemia activity in the BV173 xenograft model, resulting in a survival advantage in comparison to CD19-ENG T cells. Thus, provision of costimulation is critical for the effector function of ENG T cells. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(10); 860-70. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya Paulina Velasquez
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Arpad Szoor
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Abishek Vaidya
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Aarohi Thakkar
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Meng-Fen Wu
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hao Liu
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. .,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Kamta J, Chaar M, Ande A, Altomare DA, Ait-Oudhia S. Advancing Cancer Therapy with Present and Emerging Immuno-Oncology Approaches. Front Oncol 2017; 7:64. [PMID: 28459041 PMCID: PMC5394116 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immuno-oncology (I-O) is a young and growing field on the frontier of cancer therapy. Contrary to cancer therapies that directly target malignant cells, I-O therapies stimulate the body’s immune system to target and attack the tumor, which is otherwise invisible to, or inhibiting the immune response. To this end, several methods have been developed: First, passive therapies that enable T-cells to fight the tumor without direct manipulation, typically through binding and modifying the intracellular signaling of surface receptors. Checkpoint inhibitors, perhaps the most well known of I-O therapies; are an example of such. These are monoclonal antibodies that block binding of the tumor cell at receptors that inactivate the T-cell. A variety of small molecules can achieve the same effect by affecting metabolic or signaling pathways to boost the immune response or prevent its attenuation. Drugs originally formulated for unrelated disease states are now being used to treat cancer under the I-O approach. Second, active therapies which often involve direct manipulations that occur in vitro and once introduced to the patient will directly attack the tumor. Adoptive cell transfer is the oldest of these methods. It involves the removal of T-cells from the body, which are then expanded and genetically modified for specificity toward tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), and then reintroduced to the patient. A similar approach is taken with cancer vaccines, where TAAs are identified and reintroduced with adjuvants to stimulate an immune response, sometimes in the context of antigen-presenting cells or viral vectors. Oncolytic viruses are genetically modified natural viruses for selectivity toward tumor cells. The resulting cytotoxicity has the potential to elicit an immune response that furthers tumor cell killing. A final active approach is bi-specific T-cell engagers. These modified antibodies act to link a T-cell and tumor cell through surface receptors and thereby forcibly generate immune recognition. The therapies in each of these subfields are all still very new and ongoing clinical trials could provide even further additions. The full therapeutic potential of the aforementioned therapies, alone or in combination, has yet to be realized, but holds great promise for the future of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Kamta
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Maher Chaar
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Anusha Ande
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Deborah A Altomare
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sihem Ait-Oudhia
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Bispecific Antibodies as a Development Platform for New Concepts and Treatment Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010048. [PMID: 28036020 PMCID: PMC5297683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of molecular cloning technology and the deep understanding of antibody engineering, there are diverse bispecific antibody formats from which to choose to pursue the optimal biological activity and clinical purpose. The single-chain-based bispecific antibodies usually bridge tumor cells with immune cells and form an immunological synapse because of their relatively small size. Bispecific antibodies in the IgG format include asymmetric bispecific antibodies and homodimerized bispecific antibodies, all of which have an extended blood half-life and their own crystalline fragment (Fc)-mediated functions. Besides retargeting effector cells to the site of cancer, new applications were established for bispecific antibodies. Bispecific antibodies that can simultaneously bind to cell surface antigens and payloads are a very ideal delivery system for therapeutic use. Bispecific antibodies that can inhibit two correlated signaling molecules at the same time can be developed to overcome inherent or acquired resistance and to be more efficient angiogenesis inhibitors. Bispecific antibodies can also be used to treat hemophilia A by mimicking the function of factor VIII. Bispecific antibodies also have broad application prospects in bone disorders and infections and diseases of the central nervous system. The latest developments of the formats and application of bispecific antibodies will be reviewed. Furthermore, the challenges and perspectives are summarized in this review.
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43
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Coming-of-Age of Antibodies in Cancer Therapeutics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:1009-1028. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Klinger M, Benjamin J, Kischel R, Stienen S, Zugmaier G. Harnessing T cells to fight cancer with BiTE® antibody constructs--past developments and future directions. Immunol Rev 2016; 270:193-208. [PMID: 26864113 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE(®)) antibody constructs represent a novel immunotherapy that bridges cytotoxic T cells to tumor cells, thereby inducing target cell-dependent polyclonal T-cell activation and proliferation, and leading to apoptosis of bound tumor cells. Anti-CD19 BiTE(®) blinatumomab has demonstrated clinical activity in Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-negative relapsed or refractory (r/r) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) eventually resulting in conditional approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2014. This drug is currently further developed in pediatric and Ph(+) r/r, as well as in minimal residual disease-positive ALL, and might also offer clinical benefit for patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, especially for those with aggressive forms like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Another BiTE(®) antibody construct in hemato-oncology designated AMG 330 targets CD33 on acute myeloid leukemia blast cells. After showing promising ex vivo activity, this drug candidate has recently entered phase 1 clinical development, and has further indicated potential for combination with checkpoint inhibitors. In solid tumor indications, three BiTE(®) antibody constructs have been tested in phase 1 studies so far: anti-EpCAM BiTE(®) AMG 110, anti-CEA BiTE(®) MEDI-565/AMG 211, and anti-PSMA BiTE(®) BAY2010112/AMG 212. Pertinent questions comprise how to maximize BiTE(®) penetration and T-cell infiltration of the tumor while simultaneously minimizing any adverse events, which is currently explored by a continuous intravenous infusion approach. Thus, BiTE(®) antibody constructs will hopefully provide new treatment options for patients in several indications with high unmet medical need.
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45
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Hua CK, Ackerman ME. Engineering broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention and therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:157-173. [PMID: 26827912 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A combination of advances spanning from isolation to delivery of potent HIV-specific antibodies has begun to revolutionize understandings of antibody-mediated antiviral activity. As a result, the set of broadly neutralizing and highly protective antibodies has grown in number, diversity, potency, and breadth of viral recognition and neutralization. These antibodies are now being further enhanced by rational engineering of their anti-HIV activities and coupled to cutting edge gene delivery and strategies to optimize their pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. As a result, the prospects for clinical use of HIV-specific antibodies to treat, clear, and prevent HIV infection are gaining momentum. Here we discuss the diverse methods whereby antibodies are being optimized for neutralization potency and breadth, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and effector function with the aim of revolutionizing HIV treatment and prevention options.
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T cells expressing CD19-specific Engager Molecules for the Immunotherapy of CD19-positive Malignancies. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27130. [PMID: 27255991 PMCID: PMC4891739 DOI: 10.1038/srep27130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or the infusion of bispecific T-cell engagers (BITEs) have shown antitumor activity in humans for CD19-positive malignancies. While BITEs redirect the large reservoir of resident T cells to tumors, CAR T cells rely on significant in vivo expansion to exert antitumor activity. We have shown that it is feasible to modify T cells to secrete solid tumor antigen-specific BITEs, enabling T cells to redirect resident T cells to tumor cells. To adapt this approach to CD19-positive malignancies we now generated T cells expressing secretable, CD19-specific BITEs (CD19-ENG T cells). CD19-ENG T cells recognized tumor cells in an antigen-dependent manner as judged by cytokine production and tumor killing, and redirected bystander T cells to tumor cells. Infusion of CD19-ENG T cells resulted in regression of leukemia or lymphoma in xenograft models and a survival advantage in comparison to control mice. Genetically modified T cells expressing engager molecules may present a promising addition to current CD19-targeted immunotherapies.
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Schuurman J, Parren PWHI. Editorial overview: Special section: New concepts in antibody therapeutics: What's in store for antibody therapy? Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 40:vii-xiii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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48
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Bispecific antibodies and CARs: generalized immunotherapeutics harnessing T cell redirection. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 40:24-35. [PMID: 26963133 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To realize the full potential of cancer immunotherapy, the latest generation immunotherapeutics are designed to harness the potent tumor-killing capacity of T cells. Thus, to mobilize T cells, new optimized bispecific antibody (BsAb) designs, enabling efficient polyclonal redirection of cytotoxic activity through binding to CD3 and a Tumor Associated Antigen (TAA) and refined genetically modified T cells have recently expanded the arsenal of available options for cancer treatment. This review presents the current understanding of the parameters crucial to the design of optimal T cell redirecting BsAb and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells. However, there are additional questions that require thorough elucidation. Both modalities will benefit from design changes that may increase the therapeutic window. One such approach could employ the discrimination afforded by multiple TAA to significantly increase selectivity.
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