1
|
Rajendran K, Krishnan UM. Biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 562:119857. [PMID: 38986861 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is among the most common neurodegenerative disorders. AD is characterized by deposition of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques, leading to associated secondary pathologies, progressive neurodegeneration, and eventually death. Currently used diagnostics are largely image-based, lack accuracy and do not detect early disease, ie, prior to onset of symptoms, thus limiting treatment options and outcomes. Although biomarkers such as amyloid-β and tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid have gained much attention, these are generally limited to disease progression. Unfortunately, identification of biomarkers for early and accurate diagnosis remains a challenge. As such, body fluids such as sweat, serum, saliva, mucosa, tears, and urine are under investigation as alternative sources for biomarkers that can aid in early disease detection. This review focuses on biomarkers identified through proteomics in various biofluids and their potential for early and accurate diagnosis of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayalvizhi Rajendran
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India; School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India; School of Arts, Sciences, Humanities, & Education, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Naskar A, Stezin A, Dharmappa A, Hegde S, Philip M, Kamble N, Saini J, Sandhya K, Tatu U, Yadav R, Pal PK, Alladi PA. Fibrinogen and Complement Factor H Are Promising CSF Protein Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease with Cognitive Impairment─A Proteomics-ELISA-Based Study. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1030-1045. [PMID: 35200010 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) with cognitive impairment (PDCI) is essentially diagnosed through clinical and neuropsychological examinations. There is a need to identify biomarkers to foresee cognitive decline in them. We performed label-free unbiased nontargeted proteomics (Q-TOF LC/MS-MS) on the CSF of non-neurological control; PDCI; PD; and normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) patients, followed by targeted ELISA for validation. Of the 281 proteins identified, 42 were differentially altered in PD, PDCI, and NPH. With a certain overlap, 28 proteins were altered in PDCI and 25 proteins were altered in NPH. Five significantly upregulated proteins in PDCI were fibrinogen, gelsolin, complement factor-H, and apolipoproteins A-I and A-IV, whereas carnosine dipeptidase-1, carboxypeptidase-E, dickkopf-3, and secretogranin-3 precursor proteins were downregulated. Those uniquely altered in NPH were the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein, ceruloplasmin, α-1 antitrypsin, VGF nerve growth factor, and neural cell adhesion molecule L1-like protein. The ELISA-derived protein concentrations correlated with neuropsychological scores of certain cognitive domains. In PDCI, the Wisconsin card sorting percentile correlated negatively with fibrinogen. Intraperitoneal injection of native fibrinogen caused motor deficits in C57BL/6J mice as assessed by the pole test. Thus, a battery of proteins such as fibrinogen-α-chain, CFAH, and APOA-I/APOA-IV alongside neuropsychological assessment could be reliable biomarkers to distinguish PDCI and NPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Naskar
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology & Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Albert Stezin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Arpitha Dharmappa
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Shantala Hegde
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Mariamma Philip
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Nitish Kamble
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Jitender Saini
- Department of Neuroimaging & Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - K. Sandhya
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru 560002, India
| | - Utpal Tatu
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Phalguni Anand Alladi
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology & Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Podvin S, Jones A, Liu Q, Aulston B, Mosier C, Ames J, Winston C, Lietz CB, Jiang Z, O’Donoghue AJ, Ikezu T, Rissman RA, Yuan SH, Hook V. Mutant Presenilin 1 Dysregulates Exosomal Proteome Cargo Produced by Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Neurons. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:13033-13056. [PMID: 34056454 PMCID: PMC8158845 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation and propagation of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-Tau) is a neuropathological hallmark occurring with neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Extracellular vesicles, exosomes, have been shown to initiate tau propagation in the brain. Notably, exosomes from human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) neurons expressing the AD familial A246E mutant form of presenilin 1 (mPS1) are capable of inducing tau deposits in the mouse brain after in vivo injection. To gain insights into the exosome proteome cargo that participates in propagating tau pathology, this study conducted proteomic analysis of exosomes produced by human iPSC neurons expressing A246E mPS1. Significantly, mPS1 altered the profile of exosome cargo proteins to result in (1) proteins present only in mPS1 exosomes and not in controls, (2) the absence of proteins in the mPS1 exosomes which were present only in controls, and (3) shared proteins which were upregulated or downregulated in the mPS1 exosomes compared to controls. These results show that mPS1 dysregulates the proteome cargo of exosomes to result in the acquisition of proteins involved in the extracellular matrix and protease functions, deletion of proteins involved in RNA and protein translation systems along with proteasome and related functions, combined with the upregulation and downregulation of shared proteins, including the upregulation of amyloid precursor protein. Notably, mPS1 neuron-derived exosomes displayed altered profiles of protein phosphatases and kinases involved in regulating the status of p-tau. The dysregulation of exosome cargo proteins by mPS1 may be associated with the ability of mPS1 neuron-derived exosomes to propagate tau pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Alexander Jones
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Qing Liu
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Brent Aulston
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Charles Mosier
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Janneca Ames
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Charisse Winston
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Christopher B. Lietz
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Zhenze Jiang
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology,
Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston 02118, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
- Veterans
Affairs San Diego Healthcare System,
La Jolla, San Diego 92161, California, United States
| | - Shauna H. Yuan
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Williams ME, Naudé PJW, van der Westhuizen FH. Proteomics and metabolomics of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: A systematic review. J Neurochem 2021; 157:429-449. [PMID: 33421125 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are common features of the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 within the central nervous system (CNS). The underlying neuropathophysiology of HAND is incompletely known. Furthermore, there are no markers to effectively predict or stratify the risk of HAND. Recent advancements in the fields of proteomics and metabolomics have shown promise in addressing these concerns, however, it is not clear if these approaches may provide new insight into pathways and markers related to HAND. We therefore conducted a systematic review of studies using proteomic and/or metabolomic approaches in the aim of identifying pathways or markers associated with neurocognitive impairment in people living with HIV (PLWH). Thirteen studies were eligible, including 11 proteomic and 2 metabolomic investigations of HIV-positive clinical samples (cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain tissue, and serum). Across varying profiling techniques and sample types, the majority of studies found an association of markers with neurocognitive function in PLWH. These included metabolic marker myo-inositol and proteomic markers superoxide dismutase, gelsolin, afamin, sphingomyelin, and ceramide. Certain markers were found to be dysregulated across various sample types. Afamin and gelsolin overlapped in studies of blood and CSF and sphingomyelin and ceramide overlapped in studies of CSF and brain tissue. The association of these markers with neurocognitive functioning may indicate the activity of certain pathways, potentially those related to the underlying neuropathophysiology of HAND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monray E Williams
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Petrus J W Naudé
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Age, Sex Hormones, and Circadian Rhythm Regulate the Expression of Amyloid-Beta Scavengers at the Choroid Plexus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186813. [PMID: 32957439 PMCID: PMC7554684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the brain is thought to derive from the impairment of Aβ clearance mechanisms rather than from its overproduction, which consequently contributes to the development of Alzheimer’s disease. The choroid plexus epithelial cells constitute an important clearance route for Aβ, either by facilitating its transport from the cerebrospinal fluid to the blood, or by synthesizing and secreting various proteins involved in Aβ degradation. Impaired choroid plexus synthesis, secretion, and transport of these Aβ-metabolizing enzymes have been therefore associated with the disruption of Aβ homeostasis and amyloid load. Factors such as aging, female gender, and circadian rhythm disturbances are related to the decline of choroid plexus functions that may be involved in the modulation of Aβ-clearance mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the impact of age, sex hormones, and circadian rhythm on the expression of Aβ scavengers such as apolipoprotein J, gelsolin, and transthyretin at the rat choroid plexus. Our results demonstrated that mRNA expression and both intracellular and secreted protein levels of the studied Aβ scavengers are age-, sex-, and circadian-dependent. These data suggest that the Aβ-degradation and clearance pathways at the choroid plexus, mediated by the presence of Aβ scavengers, might be compromised as a consequence of aging and circadian disturbances. These are important findings that enhance the understanding of Aβ-clearance-regulating mechanisms at the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pedrero-Prieto CM, García-Carpintero S, Frontiñán-Rubio J, Llanos-González E, Aguilera García C, Alcaín FJ, Lindberg I, Durán-Prado M, Peinado JR, Rabanal-Ruiz Y. A comprehensive systematic review of CSF proteins and peptides that define Alzheimer's disease. Clin Proteomics 2020; 17:21. [PMID: 32518535 PMCID: PMC7273668 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-020-09276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last two decades, over 100 proteomics studies have identified a variety of potential biomarkers in CSF of Alzheimer's (AD) patients. Although several reviews have proposed specific biomarkers, to date, the statistical relevance of these proteins has not been investigated and no peptidomic analyses have been generated on the basis of specific up- or down- regulation. Herein, we perform an analysis of all unbiased explorative proteomics studies of CSF biomarkers in AD to critically evaluate whether proteins and peptides identified in each study are consistent in distribution; direction change; and significance, which would strengthen their potential use in studies of AD pathology and progression. METHODS We generated a database containing all CSF proteins whose levels are known to be significantly altered in human AD from 47 independent, validated, proteomics studies. Using this database, which contains 2022 AD and 2562 control human samples, we examined whether each protein is consistently present on the basis of reliable statistical studies; and if so, whether it is over- or under-represented in AD. Additionally, we performed a direct analysis of available mass spectrometric data of these proteins to generate an AD CSF peptide database with 3221 peptides for further analysis. RESULTS Of the 162 proteins that were identified in 2 or more studies, we investigated their enrichment or depletion in AD CSF. This allowed us to identify 23 proteins which were increased and 50 proteins which were decreased in AD, some of which have never been revealed as consistent AD biomarkers (i.e. SPRC or MUC18). Regarding the analysis of the tryptic peptide database, we identified 87 peptides corresponding to 13 proteins as the most highly consistently altered peptides in AD. Analysis of tryptic peptide fingerprinting revealed specific peptides encoded by CH3L1, VGF, SCG2, PCSK1N, FBLN3 and APOC2 with the highest probability of detection in AD. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals a panel of 27 proteins and 21 peptides highly altered in AD with consistent statistical significance; this panel constitutes a potent tool for the classification and diagnosis of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Pedrero-Prieto
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Sonia García-Carpintero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Frontiñán-Rubio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Emilio Llanos-González
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Cristina Aguilera García
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Alcaín
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Mario Durán-Prado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Juan R. Peinado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Yoana Rabanal-Ruiz
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Podvin S, Jones A, Liu Q, Aulston B, Ransom L, Ames J, Shen G, Lietz CB, Jiang Z, O'Donoghue AJ, Winston C, Ikezu T, Rissman RA, Yuan S, Hook V. Dysregulation of Exosome Cargo by Mutant Tau Expressed in Human-induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Neurons Revealed by Proteomics Analyses. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1017-1034. [PMID: 32295833 PMCID: PMC7261814 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation and propagation of hyperphosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) is a common neuropathological hallmark associated with neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), and related tauopathies. Extracellular vesicles, specifically exosomes, have recently been demonstrated to participate in mediating Tau propagation in brain. Exosomes produced by human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons expressing mutant Tau (mTau), containing the P301L and V337M Tau mutations of FTDP-17, possess the ability to propagate p-Tau pathology after injection into mouse brain. To gain an understanding of the mTau exosome cargo involved in Tau pathogenesis, these pathogenic exosomes were analyzed by proteomics and bioinformatics. The data showed that mTau expression dysregulates the exosome proteome to result in 1) proteins uniquely present only in mTau, and not control exosomes, 2) the absence of proteins in mTau exosomes, uniquely present in control exosomes, and 3) shared proteins which were significantly upregulated or downregulated in mTau compared with control exosomes. Notably, mTau exosomes (not control exosomes) contain ANP32A (also known as I1PP2A), an endogenous inhibitor of the PP2A phosphatase which regulates the phosphorylation state of p-Tau. Several of the mTau exosome-specific proteins have been shown to participate in AD mechanisms involving lysosomes, inflammation, secretases, and related processes. Furthermore, the mTau exosomes lacked a substantial portion of proteins present in control exosomes involved in pathways of localization, vesicle transport, and protein binding functions. The shared proteins present in both mTau and control exosomes represented exosome functions of vesicle-mediated transport, exocytosis, and secretion processes. These data illustrate mTau as a dynamic regulator of the biogenesis of exosomes to result in acquisition, deletion, and up- or downregulation of protein cargo to result in pathogenic mTau exosomes capable of in vivo propagation of p-Tau neuropathology in mouse brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alexander Jones
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Brent Aulston
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Linnea Ransom
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Janneca Ames
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Gloria Shen
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Christopher B Lietz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Zhenze Jiang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Charisse Winston
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California
| | - Shauna Yuan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Santos J, Milthorpe BK, Padula MP. Proteomic Analysis of Cyclic Ketamine Compounds Ability to Induce Neural Differentiation in Human Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030523. [PMID: 30691166 PMCID: PMC6387408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural regeneration is of great interest due to its potential to treat traumatic brain injuries and diseases that impact quality of life. Growth factor mediated differentiation can take up to several weeks to months to produce the cell of interest whereas chemical stimulation may be as minimal as a few hours. The smaller time scale is of great clinical relevance. Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) were treated for up to 24 h with a novel differentiation media containing the cyclic ketamine compounds to direct neurogenic induction. The extent of differentiation was investigated by proteome changes occurring during the process. The treatments indicated the ADSCs responded favorably to the neurogenic induction media by presenting a number of morphological cues of neuronal phenotype previously seen and a higher cell population post induction compared to previous studies. Furthermore, approximately 3500 proteins were analyzed and identified by mass spectrometric iTRAQ analyses. The bioinformatics analyses revealed hundreds of proteins whose expression level changes were statistically significant and biologically relevant to neurogenesis and annotated as being involved in neurogenic development. Complementing this, the Bioplex cytokine assay profiles present evidence of decreased panel of stress response cytokines and a relative increase in those involved in neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerran Santos
- Advanced Tissue Regeneration & Drug Delivery Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123 Broadway, Ultimo 2007, Australia.
- Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123 Broadway, Ultimo 2007, Australia.
- CIRIMAT, Paul Sabatier, University of Toulouse 3 (INPT), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Bruce Kenneth Milthorpe
- Advanced Tissue Regeneration & Drug Delivery Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123 Broadway, Ultimo 2007, Australia.
| | - Matthew Paul Padula
- Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123 Broadway, Ultimo 2007, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Plasma Gelsolin: Indicator of Inflammation and Its Potential as a Diagnostic Tool and Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092516. [PMID: 30149613 PMCID: PMC6164782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelsolin, an actin-depolymerizing protein expressed both in extracellular fluids and in the cytoplasm of a majority of human cells, has been recently implicated in a variety of both physiological and pathological processes. Its extracellular isoform, called plasma gelsolin (pGSN), is present in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, milk, urine, and other extracellular fluids. This isoform has been recognized as a potential biomarker of inflammatory-associated medical conditions, allowing for the prediction of illness severity, recovery, efficacy of treatment, and clinical outcome. A compelling number of animal studies also demonstrate a broad spectrum of beneficial effects mediated by gelsolin, suggesting therapeutic utility for extracellular recombinant gelsolin. In the review, we summarize the current data related to the potential of pGSN as an inflammatory predictor and therapeutic target, discuss gelsolin-mediated mechanisms of action, and highlight recent progress in the clinical use of pGSN.
Collapse
|
10
|
Garcia‐Gil M, Pierucci F, Vestri A, Meacci E. Crosstalk between sphingolipids and vitamin D3: potential role in the nervous system. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:605-627. [PMID: 28127747 PMCID: PMC6398521 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are both structural and bioactive compounds. In particular, ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate regulate cell fate, inflammation and excitability. 1-α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2 D3 ) is known to play an important physiological role in growth and differentiation in a variety of cell types, including neural cells, through genomic actions mediated by its specific receptor, and non-genomic effects that result in the activation of specific signalling pathways. 1,25(OH)2 D3 and sphingolipids, in particular sphingosine 1-phosphate, share many common effectors, including calcium regulation, growth factors and inflammatory cytokines, but it is still not known whether they can act synergistically. Alterations in the signalling and concentrations of sphingolipids and 1,25(OH)2 D3 have been found in neurodegenerative diseases and fingolimod, a structural analogue of sphingosine, has been approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. This review, after a brief description of the role of sphingolipids and 1,25(OH)2 D3 , will focus on the potential crosstalk between sphingolipids and 1,25(OH)2 D3 in neural cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Garcia‐Gil
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood ‘Nutraceuticals and Food for Health’University of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Federica Pierucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, Molecular and Applied Biology Research UnitUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
- Interuniversitary Miology InstitutesItaly
| | - Ambra Vestri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, Molecular and Applied Biology Research UnitUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
- Interuniversitary Miology InstitutesItaly
| | - Elisabetta Meacci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, Molecular and Applied Biology Research UnitUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
- Interuniversitary Miology InstitutesItaly
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Duarte AC, Hrynchak MV, Gonçalves I, Quintela T, Santos CRA. Sex Hormone Decline and Amyloid β Synthesis, Transport and Clearance in the Brain. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27632792 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormones (SH) are essential regulators of the central nervous system. The decline in SH levels along with ageing may contribute to compromised neuroprotection and set the grounds for neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. In Alzheimer's disease, besides other pathological features, there is an imbalance between amyloid β (Aβ) production and clearance, leading to its accumulation in the brain of older subjects. Aβ accumulation is a primary cause for brain inflammation and degeneration, as well as concomitant cognitive decline. There is mounting evidence that SH modulate Aβ production, transport and clearance. Importantly, SH regulate most of the molecules involved in the amyloidogenic pathway, their transport across brain barriers for elimination, and their degradation in the brain interstitial fluid. This review brings together data on the regulation of Aβ production, metabolism, degradation and clearance by SH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Duarte
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - M V Hrynchak
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - I Gonçalves
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - T Quintela
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - C R A Santos
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li M, Cui F, Cheng Y, Han L, Wang J, Sun D, Liu YL, Zhou PK, Min R. Gelsolin: role of a functional protein in mitigating radiation injury. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 71:389-96. [PMID: 25164111 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to explore the protective effect of exogenous gelsolin (GSN) in mice exposed to high-dose of radiation. Changes in the levels of GSNs in peripheral blood of mice and cytoplasm of cultured human intestinal epithelial cells (HIECs) were analyzed after their exposure to different doses of (137)Cs γ-rays at a fixed dose rate. The coagulation associated indices, such as prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were measured. Effect on radiation-mediated oxidative damage was evaluated by estimating the altered glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in the blood. The results showed that radiation induced a pronounced decrease in the pGSN blood levels. However, the cGSN levels of irradiated HIECs were increased in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of recombinant human pGSN to irradiated mice resulted in an ameliorated clotting time as indicated by the PT and the APTT indices. The treatment of mice with hpGSN enhanced the blood levels of GSH while MDA concentrations were decreased indicating an improved antioxidant status. These results suggest that GSNs might play a regulatory role in the suppression of the tissue damage induced by acute radiation exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Li
- Division of Radiation Medicine Department of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dziedzic T, Pera J, Klimkowicz-Mrowiec A, Mroczko B, Slowik A. Biochemical and Radiological Markers of Alzheimer's Disease Progression. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:623-44. [PMID: 26757184 DOI: 10.3233/ifs-150578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative, inevitably progressive disease with a rate of cognitive, functional, and behavioral decline that varies highly from patient to patient. Although several clinical predictors of AD progression have been identified, to our mind in clinical practice there is a lack of a reliable biomarker that enables one to stratify the risk of deterioration. Identification of biomarkers that allow the monitoring of AD progression could change the way physicians and caregivers make treatment decisions. This review summarizes the results of studies on potential biochemical and radiological markers related to AD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Dziedzic
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Pera
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, Poland.,Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital, Białystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Slowik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Henriques AG, Oliveira JM, Gomes B, Ruivo R, da Cruz e Silva EF, da Cruz e Silva OAB. Complexing Aβ prevents the cellular anomalies induced by the Peptide alone. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 53:661-8. [PMID: 24599756 PMCID: PMC4112052 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Retention of intracellular secreted APP (isAPP) can be provoked by the neurotoxic peptide Aβ. The latter decreases in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, as a consequence of its cerebral accumulation and deposition into senile plaques. Of similar relevance, secreted APP (sAPP) levels can be associated with AD. The studies here presented, reinforce the link between sAPP and Aβ and address putative therapeutic strategies. Laminin and gelsolin are potential candidates; both prevent Aβ fibril formation by complexing with Aβ, thus attenuating its neurotoxicity. We show that preincubation of Aβ with laminin and gelsolin has the effect of rendering it less potent to isAPP accumulation in cortical neurons. This appears to be related to a decrease in F-actin polymerization, whereas Aβ alone induces the polymerization. Further, Aβ decreases gelsolin levels, and the latter is involved in Aβ removal. Our data indicates that Aβ-laminin and Aβ-gelsolin complexes are less neurotoxic and also less potent than fibrillar Aβ at inducing isAPP retention. These results validate the potential of these proteins as therapeutic strategies that prevent the Aβ-induced effects. In hence, given that Aβ decreases the levels of proteins involved in its own clearance, this may contribute to the mechanisms underlying AD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Henriques
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Centro de Biologia Celular, SACS, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J. M. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Centro de Biologia Celular, SACS, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - B. Gomes
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Centro de Biologia Celular, SACS, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R. Ruivo
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Centro de Biologia Celular, SACS, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - E. F. da Cruz e Silva
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Centro de Biologia Celular, SACS, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - O. A. B. da Cruz e Silva
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Centro de Biologia Celular, SACS, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Song F, Poljak A, Kochan NA, Raftery M, Brodaty H, Smythe GA, Sachdev PS. Plasma protein profiling of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's disease using iTRAQ quantitative proteomics. Proteome Sci 2014; 12:5. [PMID: 24433274 PMCID: PMC3898732 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-12-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the promise of disease modifying treatments, there is a need for more specific diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Plasma biomarkers are likely to be utilised to increase diagnostic accuracy and specificity of AD and cognitive decline. METHODS Isobaric tags (iTRAQ) and proteomic methods were used to identify potential plasma biomarkers of MCI and AD. Relative protein expression level changes were quantified in plasma of 411 cognitively normal subjects, 19 AD patients and 261 MCI patients. Plasma was pooled into 4 groups including normal control, AD, amnestic single and multiple domain MCI (aMCI), and nonamnestic single and multiple domain MCI (nMCI). Western-blotting was used to validate iTRAQ data. Integrated function and protein interactions were explored using WEB based bioinformatics tools (DAVID v6.7 and STRING v9.0). RESULTS In at least two iTRAQ replicate experiments, 30 proteins were significantly dysregulated in MCI and AD plasma, relative to controls. These proteins included ApoA1, ApoB100, complement C3, C4b-binding protein, afamin, vitamin D-binding protein precursor, isoform 1 of Gelsolin actin regulator, Ig mμ chain C region (IGHM), histidine-rich glycoprotein and fibrinogen β and γ chains. Western-blotting confirmed that afamin was decreased and IGHM was increased in MCI and AD groups. Bioinformatics results indicated that these dysregulated proteins represented a diversity of biological processes, including acute inflammatory response, cholesterol transport and blood coagulation. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that expression level changes in multiple proteins are observed in MCI and AD plasma. Some of these, such as afamin and IGHM, may be candidate biomarkers for AD and the predementia condition of MCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Poljak
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu H, Liu J, Liang S, Xiong H. Plasma gelsolin protects HIV-1 gp120-induced neuronal injury via voltage-gated K+ channel Kv2.1. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
|
17
|
Brain site-specific proteome changes in aging-related dementia. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e39. [PMID: 24008896 PMCID: PMC3789264 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed at gaining insights into the brain site-specific proteomic senescence signature while comparing physiologically aged brains with aging-related dementia brains (for example, Alzheimer's disease (AD)). Our study of proteomic differences within the hippocampus (Hp), parietal cortex (pCx) and cerebellum (Cb) could provide conceptual insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in aging-related neurodegeneration. Using an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS) brain site-specific proteomic strategy, we identified 950 proteins in the Hp, pCx and Cb of AD brains. Of these proteins, 31 were significantly altered. Most of the differentially regulated proteins are involved in molecular transport, nervous system development, synaptic plasticity and apoptosis. Particularly, proteins such as Gelsolin (GSN), Tenascin-R (TNR) and AHNAK could potentially act as novel biomarkers of aging-related neurodegeneration. Importantly, our Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)-based network analysis further revealed ubiquitin C (UBC) as a pivotal protein to interact with diverse AD-associated pathophysiological molecular factors and suggests the reduced ubiquitin proteasome degradation system (UPS) as one of the causative factors of AD.
Collapse
|
18
|
Hu Y, Zhou J, Fang L, Liu H, Zhan Q, Luo D, Zhou C, Chen J, Li Q, Xie P. Hippocampal synaptic dysregulation of exo/endocytosis-associated proteins induced in a chronic mild-stressed rat model. Neuroscience 2013; 230:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
19
|
Sukhanova A, Poly S, Shemetov A, Bronstein I, Nabiev I. Implications of protein structure instability: from physiological to pathological secondary structure. Biopolymers 2012; 97:577-88. [PMID: 22605549 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are folded during their synthesis; this process may be spontaneous or assisted. Both phenomena are carefully regulated by the "housekeeping" mechanism and molecular chaperones to avoid the appearance of misfolded proteins. Unfolding process generally occurs during physiological degradation of protein, but in some specific cases it results from genetic or environmental changes and does not correspond to metabolic needs. The main outcome of these phenomena is the appearance of nonfunctional pathologically unfolded proteins with a strong tendency to aggregation. Moreover, for some of these unfolded proteins, the agglomeration that follows initial proteins association may give rise to highly structured soluble aggregates. These aggregates have been identified as the main cause of the so-called amyloidosis or amyloid diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases, and type II diabetes mellitus. Although some common mechanisms of amyloid protein aggregation have been identified, the roles of the environmental conditions inducing amyloidosis remain to be clarified. In this review, we will summarize recent studies identifying the origin of amyloid nucleation and will try to predict the therapeutic prospects that may be opened by elucidation of the amyloidosis mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyona Sukhanova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Spuch C, Ortolano S, Navarro C. LRP-1 and LRP-2 receptors function in the membrane neuron. Trafficking mechanisms and proteolytic processing in Alzheimer's disease. Front Physiol 2012; 3:269. [PMID: 22934024 PMCID: PMC3429044 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) belongs to the low-density lipoprotein receptor family, generally recognized as cell surface endocytic receptors, which bind and internalize extracellular ligands for degradation in lysosomes. Neurons require cholesterol to function and keep the membrane rafts stable. Cholesterol uptake into the neuron is carried out by ApoE via LRPs receptors on the cell surface. In neurons the most important are LRP-1 and LRP-2, even it is thought that a causal factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the malfunction of this process which cause impairment intracellular signaling as well as storage and/or release of nutrients and toxic compounds. Both receptors are multifunctional cell surface receptors that are widely expressed in several tissues including neurons and astrocytes. LRPs are constituted by an intracellular (ICD) and extracellular domain (ECD). Through its ECD, LRPs bind at least 40 different ligands ranging from lipoprotein and protease inhibitor complex to growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins. These receptors has also been shown to interact with scaffolding and signaling proteins via its ICD in a phosphorylation-dependent manner and to function as a co-receptor partnering with other cell surface or integral membrane proteins. Thus, LRPs are implicated in two major physiological processes: endocytosis and regulation of signaling pathways, which are both involved in diverse biological roles including lipid metabolism, cell growth processes, degradation of proteases, and tissue invasion. Interestingly, LRPs were also localized in neurons in different stages, suggesting that both receptors could be implicated in signal transduction during embryonic development, neuronal outgrowth or in the pathogenesis of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Spuch
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of VigoVigo, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Peddada N, Sagar A, Ashish, Garg R. Plasma gelsolin: a general prognostic marker of health. Med Hypotheses 2011; 78:203-10. [PMID: 22082609 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasma gelsolin (pGSN) is the only component of two member extracellular actin scavenger system capable of severing circulating actin microfilaments. Here, we put forth the hypothesis that pGSN level is an important and sensitive general prognostic biomarker for health and disease conditions in humans, urging the need for gelsolin replacement therapy to improve patient's health status. Clinical significance and the therapeutic importance of this protein have been well illustrated in animal models as well as in patients with various diseases. Patients with decreased pGSN levels were observed to have higher mortality rate, longer hospital stay and longer ventilation time in intensive care units as compared to healthy controls. pGSN levels were found to be increasing in patients recovering from diseases; furthermore, it has been confirmed that repletion with exogenous recombinant pGSN increases the survival rate in animal models of different acute insults. To be used as a biomarker of health, however, establishing the accurate levels of gelsolin in human plasma and understanding its variance with age, race, gender and health status is a prerequisite. Upon establishing the accurate levels of pGSN in healthy individuals, this biomarker would predict the prognosis/disease progression in multiple health conditions and help in prioritizing the ones in-need of gelsolin replacement therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh Peddada
- Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|