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Ferrauto G, Terreno E. Compartmentalized agents: A powerful strategy for enhancing the detection sensitivity of chemical exchange saturation transfer contrast. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4791. [PMID: 35731545 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the very beginnings of the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) technique, poor overall sensitivity has appeared to be one of its strongest limitations for future applications. Research has therefore focused on designing systems, such as supramolecular and nanosized agents, that contain a high number of magnetically equivalent mobile spins. However, the number of mobile spins offered by these systems is still limited by their composition and surface/volume ratio. The design of compartmentalized agents, that is, systems where an aqueous inner core is separated from the MRI-detected bulk pool via a semipermeable barrier/membrane, is very much a step forward for the technique. These vesicular systems can (i) act as biocompatible and versatile carriers for dia-, para-, and hetero-nuclear CEST probes, thus offering new application options; and (ii) act as CEST probes themselves via the encapsulation of a suitable agent (e.g., a paramagnetic shift reagent) that can change the resonance frequency of the spin pool in the inner compartment only. LipoCEST agents were the pioneers in the latter category, as they are able to grant picomolar sensitivity (in terms of nanoparticle concentration), and paved the way for new applications for CEST agents, especially in the theranostic research area. The use of larger, natural vesicular systems, such as yeasts and cells, in which the huge number of intravesicular spins lowers the detection threshold to a femtomolar limit, is a further step forward in the development of compartmentalized CEST agents. Finally, interesting combinations of nanovesicular and cellular compartmentalized systems have been proposed, thus highlighting how the approach has the potential to drive CEST agents towards completing their journey to mature clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ferrauto
- Center for Molecular and Preclinical Imaging, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Enzo Terreno
- Center for Molecular and Preclinical Imaging, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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2
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Malhotra S, Dumoga S, Singh N. Red blood cells membrane-derived nanoparticles: Applications and key challenges in their clinical translation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1776. [PMID: 35106966 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular membrane-derived nanoparticles, particularly of red blood cells (RBCs), represent an emerging class of drug delivery systems. The lack of nucleus and organelles in these cells makes them easy to process and empty out intracellular contents. The empty vesicle membranes can then be either used as a coating on nanoparticles or can be reassembled into a nanovesicle. Engineered RBCs membrane has unique ability to retain its lipid bilayer architecture with host's proteins during top-down approach, thus allowing it to form stable nanoformulations mimicking RBCs stealth properties. In addition, its core-shell structure allows loading of different drug molecules, and its surface chemistry can be manipulated by facile conjugation with ligands on the shell. The remarkable ability of RBCs membrane to fuse with membranes of other cells enables the formation of hybrid nanovesicles. In this review, we highlight the biomedical applications of such vesicles and discuss the potential challenges related to its clinical translation. Although nano-RBCs retain much of the host's proteins, which may give an edge over synthetic nanoparticles in terms of lower immunogenicity, its production at industrial level is more challenging. This review gives the critical analysis of barriers involved in the translation of RBCs-derived nanoparticles from preclinical to clinical level. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Malhotra
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shweta Dumoga
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.,Biomedical Engineering unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, New Delhi, India
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3
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Walther A, Mackens-Kiani A, Eder J, Herbig M, Herold C, Kirschbaum C, Guck J, Wittwer LD, Beesdo-Baum K, Kräter M. Depressive disorders are associated with increased peripheral blood cell deformability: a cross-sectional case-control study (Mood-Morph). Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:150. [PMID: 35396373 PMCID: PMC8990596 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathophysiological landmarks of depressive disorders are chronic low-grade inflammation and elevated glucocorticoid output. Both can potentially interfere with cytoskeleton organization, cell membrane bending and cell function, suggesting altered cell morpho-rheological properties like cell deformability and other cell mechanical features in depressive disorders. We performed a cross-sectional case-control study using the image-based morpho-rheological characterization of unmanipulated blood samples facilitating real-time deformability cytometry (RT-DC). Sixty-nine pre-screened individuals at high risk for depressive disorders and 70 matched healthy controls were included and clinically evaluated by Composite International Diagnostic Interview leading to lifetime and 12-month diagnoses. Facilitating deep learning on blood cell images, major blood cell types were classified and morpho-rheological parameters such as cell size and cell deformability of every individual cell was quantified. We found peripheral blood cells to be more deformable in patients with depressive disorders compared to controls, while cell size was not affected. Lifetime persistent depressive disorder was associated with increased cell deformability in monocytes and neutrophils, while in 12-month persistent depressive disorder erythrocytes deformed more. Lymphocytes were more deformable in 12-month major depressive disorder, while for lifetime major depressive disorder no differences could be identified. After correction for multiple testing, only associations for lifetime persistent depressive disorder remained significant. This is the first study analyzing morpho-rheological properties of entire blood cells and highlighting depressive disorders and in particular persistent depressive disorders to be associated with increased blood cell deformability. While all major blood cells tend to be more deformable, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils are mostly affected. This indicates that immune cell mechanical changes occur in depressive disorders, which might be predictive of persistent immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Walther
- Biopsychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anne Mackens-Kiani
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Biopsychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julian Eder
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Biopsychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maik Herbig
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.419562.d0000 0004 0374 4283Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Herold
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,Zellmechanik Dresden GmbH, Dresden, Germany
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Biopsychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.419562.d0000 0004 0374 4283Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lucas Daniel Wittwer
- grid.419562.d0000 0004 0374 4283Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany ,grid.434947.90000 0004 0643 2840Faculty of Informatics/Mathematics, HTW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Beesdo-Baum
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Behavioral Epidemiology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Kräter
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.419562.d0000 0004 0374 4283Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Resealed erythrocytes: Towards a novel approach for anticancer therapy. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Li Y, Raza F, Liu Y, Wei Y, Rong R, Zheng M, Yuan W, Su J, Qiu M, Li Y, Raza F, Liu Y, Wei Y, Rong R, Zheng M, Yuan W, Su J, Qiu M. Clinical progress and advanced research of red blood cells based drug delivery system. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121202. [PMID: 34749072 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are biocompatible carriers that can be employed to deliver different bioactive substances. In the past few decades, many strategies have been developed to encapsulate or attach drugs to RBCs. Osmotic-based encapsulation methods have been industrialized recently, and some encapsulated RBC formulations have reached the clinical stage for treating tumors and neurological diseases. Inspired by the intrinsic properties of intact RBCs, some advanced delivery strategies have also been proposed. These delivery systems combine RBCs with other novel systems to further exploit and expand the application of RBCs. This review summarizes the clinical progress of drugs encapsulated into intact RBCs, focusing on the loading and clinical trials. It also introduces the latest advanced research based on developing prospects and limitations of intact RBCs drug delivery system (DDS), hoping to provide a reference for related research fields and further application potential of intact RBCs based drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Li
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Faisal Raza
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqi Wei
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruonan Rong
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyuan Zheng
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Weien Yuan
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Su
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingfeng Qiu
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - Y Li
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - F Raza
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Liu
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Wei
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - R Rong
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - M Zheng
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - W Yuan
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - J Su
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - M Qiu
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
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6
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Robert M, Laperrousaz B, Piedrahita D, Gautier EF, Nemkov T, Dupuy F, Nader E, Salnot V, Mayeux P, D'Alessandro A, Lavazec C, Joly P, Scheer A, Connes P, Cibiel A. Multiparametric characterization of red blood cell physiology after hypotonic dialysis based drug encapsulation process. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 12:2089-2102. [PMID: 35847505 PMCID: PMC9279626 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) can act as carriers for therapeutic agents and can substantially improve the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of many drugs. Maintaining RBCs integrity and lifespan is important for the efficacy of RBCs as drug carrier. We investigated the impact of drug encapsulation by hypotonic dialysis on RBCs physiology and integrity. Several parameters were compared between processed RBCs loaded with l-asparaginase (“eryaspase”), processed RBCs without drug and non-processed RBCs. Processed RBCs were less hydrated and displayed a reduction of intracellular content. We observed a change in the metabolomic but not in the proteomic profile of processed RBCs. Encapsulation process caused moderate morphological changes and was accompanied by an increase of RBCs-derived Extracellular Vesicles release. Despite a decrease in deformability, processed RBCs were not mechanically retained in a spleen-mimicking device and had increased surface-to-volume ratio and osmotic resistance. Processed RBCs half-life was not significantly affected in a mouse model and our previous phase 1 clinical study showed that encapsulation of asparaginase in RBCs prolonged its in vivo half-life compared to free forms. Our study demonstrated that encapsulation by hypotonic dialysis may affect certain characteristics of RBCs but does not significantly affect the in vivo longevity of RBCs or their drug carrier function.
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7
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Aktar N, Chen T, Moudud A, Xu S, Zhou X. Tolerogenic vehicles of antigens in the antigen-specific immunotherapy for autoimmunity. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Brenner JS, Mitragotri S, Muzykantov VR. Red Blood Cell Hitchhiking: A Novel Approach for Vascular Delivery of Nanocarriers. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2021; 23:225-248. [PMID: 33788581 PMCID: PMC8277719 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-121219-024239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) hitchhiking is a method of drug delivery that can increase drug concentration in target organs by orders of magnitude. In RBC hitchhiking, drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) are adsorbed onto red blood cells and then injected intravascularly, which causes the NPs to transfer to cells of the capillaries in the downstream organ. RBC hitchhiking has been demonstrated in multiple species and multiple organs. For example, RBC-hitchhiking NPs localized at unprecedented levels in the brain when using intra-arterial catheters, such as those in place immediately after mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke. RBC hitchhiking has been successfully employed in numerous preclinical models of disease, ranging from pulmonary embolism to cancer metastasis. In addition to summarizing the versatility of RBC hitchhiking, we also describe studies into the surprisingly complex mechanisms of RBC hitchhiking as well as outline future studies to further improve RBC hitchhiking's clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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9
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Su Y, Zhang T, Huang T, Gao J. Current advances and challenges of mesenchymal stem cells-based drug delivery system and their improvements. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120477. [PMID: 33737099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently emerged as a promising living carrier for targeted drug delivery. A wealth of literature has shown evidence for great advances in MSCs-based drug delivery system (MSCs-DDS) in the treatment of various diseases. Nevertheless, as this field of study rapidly advances, several challenges associated with this delivery strategy have arisen, mainly due to the inherent limitations of MSCs. To this end, several novel technologies are being developed in parallel to improve the efficiency or safety of this system. In this review, we introduce recent advances and summarize the present challenges of MSCs-DDS. We also highlight some potential technologies to improve MSCs-DDS, including nanotechnology, genome engineering technology, and biomimetic technology. Finally, prospects for application of artificially improved MSCs-DDS are addressed. The technologies summarized in this review provide a general guideline for the improvement of MSCs-DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqin Su
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tianyuan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ting Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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10
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Javed S, Alshehri S, Shoaib A, Ahsan W, Sultan MH, Alqahtani SS, Kazi M, Shakeel F. Chronicles of Nanoerythrosomes: An Erythrocyte-Based Biomimetic Smart Drug Delivery System as a Therapeutic and Diagnostic Tool in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:368. [PMID: 33802156 PMCID: PMC7998655 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, drug delivery using natural biological carriers has emerged as one of the most widely investigated topics of research. Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, can act as potential carriers for a wide variety of drugs, including anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory, along with various proteins, peptides, enzymes, and other macromolecules. The red blood cell-based nanocarrier systems, also called nanoerythrosomes, are nanovesicles poised with extraordinary features such as long blood circulation times, the ability to escape immune system, the ability to release the drug gradually, the protection of drugs from various endogenous factors, targeted and specified delivery of drugs, as well as possessing both therapeutic and diagnostic applications in various fields of biomedical sciences. Their journey over the last two decades is escalating with fast pace, ranging from in vivo to preclinical and clinical studies by encapsulating a number of drugs into these carriers. Being biomimetic nanoparticles, they have enhanced the stability profile of drugs and their excellent site-specific targeting ability makes them potential carrier systems in the diagnosis and therapy of wide variety of tumors including gliomas, lung cancers, breast cancers, colon cancers, gastric cancers, and other solid tumors. This review focuses on the most recent advancements in the field of nanoerythrosomes, as an excellent and promising nanoplatform for the novel drug delivery of various drugs particularly antineoplastic drugs along with their potential as a promising diagnostic tool for the identification of different tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamama Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.J.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Almaarefa University, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ambreen Shoaib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.); (S.S.A.)
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammad Hadi Sultan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.J.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Saad Saeed Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.); (S.S.A.)
| | - Mohsin Kazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.K.)
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11
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Ru X, Liu P, Liu T, Ma X, Yang L. Construction of bifunctional living red blood cells for combined photothermal-chemotherapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 120:111708. [PMID: 33545867 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Modifying living cells using in-situ synthesized nanomaterials to endow them with new functions is highly desirable. Herein we report intra- and extra-cellular dual-modified red blood cells (RBCs) with intracellular CaCO3 nanoparticles (NPs) and extracellular polypyrrole-folic acid (PPy-FA) coating, which are exploited as a bifunctional drug carrier. The functionalized living cells (CaCO3@RBC@PPy-FA) are fabricated through first the intracellular in situ reaction of exogenous Ca2+ and CO32- ions to generate CaCO3 NPs, then polymerization of pyrrole and finally modification of folic acid (FA) on the membrane of individual cells, forming a CaCO3@RBC@PPy-FA structure. As a result, such dual-modified RBCs not only preserve the original performances of the cells but also possess the desirable properties as a drug carrier, such as high loading capacity due to the action of CaCO3 NPs, targeting and light-controlled drug release due to the action of PPy-FA. Under NIR laser stimulation, these bifunctional RBCs (DOX-CaCO3@RBC@PPy-FA) present an instant release profile of doxorubicin (DOX) and have high targeting-ability toward cancer cells, achieving a marked synergistic combined photothermal-chemotherapy effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Ru
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China; School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
| | - Lin Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
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12
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Sadat SMA, Vakili MR, Paiva IM, Weinfeld M, Lavasanifar A. Development of Self-Associating SN-38-Conjugated Poly(ethylene oxide)-Poly(ester) Micelles for Colorectal Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111033. [PMID: 33138058 PMCID: PMC7694018 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38), which is the active metabolite of irinotecan, has been hampered because of its practical water-insolubility. In this study, we successfully synthesized two self-associating SN-38-polymer drug conjugates to improve the water-solubility of SN-38, while retaining its anticancer activity. The polymeric micellar SN-38 conjugates were composed of either methoxy-poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(α-benzyl carboxylate-ε-caprolactone) conjugated to SN-38 at the PBCL end (mPEO-b-PBCL/SN-38) or mPEO-block-poly(α-carboxyl-ε-caprolactone) attached to SN-38 from the pendent-free carboxyl site (mPEO-b-PCCL/SN-38). The chemical structure of block copolymers was confirmed by 1H NMR. The physicochemical characterizations of their self-assembled structures including size, surface charge, polydispersity, critical micellar concentration, conjugation content and efficiency, morphology, kinetic stability, and in vitro release of SN-38 were compared between the two formulations. In vitro anticancer activities were evaluated by measuring cellular cytotoxicity and caspase activation by MTS and Caspase-Glo 3/7 assays, respectively. The hemolytic activity of both micellar structures against rat red blood cells was also measured. The results showed the formation of SN-38-polymeric micellar conjugates at diameters < 50 nm with a narrow size distribution and sustained release of SN-38 for both structures. The loading content of SN-38 in mPEO-b-PBCL and mPEO-b-PCCL were 11.47 ± 0.10 and 12.03 ± 0.17 (% w/w), respectively. The mPEO-b-PBCL/SN-38, end-capped micelles were kinetically more stable than mPEO-b-PCCL/SN-38. The self-assembled mPEO-b-PBCL/SN-38 and mPEO-b-PCCL/SN-38 micelles resulted in significantly higher cytotoxic effects than irinotecan against human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116, HT-29, and SW20. The CRC cells were found to be 70-fold to 330-fold more sensitive to micellar SN-38 than irinotecan, on average. Both SN-38-incorporated micelles showed two-fold higher caspase-3/7 activation levels than irinotecan. The mPEO-b-PBCL/SN-38 micelles were not hemolytic, but mPEO-b-PCCL/SN-38 showed some hemolysis. The overall results from this study uphold mPEO-b-PBCL/SN-38 over mPEO-b-PCCL/SN-38 micellar formulation as an effective delivery system of SN-38 that warrants further preclinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sams M. A. Sadat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (S.M.A.S.); (I.M.P.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Vakili
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (S.M.A.S.); (I.M.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.V.); (A.L.); Tel.: +1-5879204349 (M.R.V.); +1-7804922742 (A.L.); Fax: +1-7804921217 (M.R.V.); +1-7804921217 (A.L.)
| | - Igor M. Paiva
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (S.M.A.S.); (I.M.P.)
| | - Michael Weinfeld
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada;
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Afsaneh Lavasanifar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (S.M.A.S.); (I.M.P.)
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.R.V.); (A.L.); Tel.: +1-5879204349 (M.R.V.); +1-7804922742 (A.L.); Fax: +1-7804921217 (M.R.V.); +1-7804921217 (A.L.)
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13
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Masterson CH, McCarthy SD, O'Toole D, Laffey JG. The role of cells and their products in respiratory drug delivery: the past, present, and future. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1689-1702. [PMID: 32842784 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1814732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell-based delivery systems offer considerable promise as novel and innovative therapeutics to target the respiratory system. These systems consist of cells and/or their extracellular vesicles that deliver their contents, such as anti-microbial peptides, micro RNAs, and even mitochondria to the lung, exerting direct therapeutic effects. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this article is to critically review the status of cell-based therapies in the delivery of therapeutics to the lung, evaluate current progress, and elucidate key challenges to the further development of these novel approaches. An overview as to how these cells and/or their products may be modified to enhance efficacy is given. More complex delivery cell-based systems, including cells or vesicles that are genetically modified to (over)express specific therapeutic products, such as proteins and therapeutic nucleic acids are also discussed. Focus is given to the use of the aerosol route to deliver these products directly into the lung. EXPERT OPINION The use of biological carriers to deliver chemical or biological agents demonstrates great potential in modern medicine. The next generation of drug delivery systems may comprise 'cell-inspired' drug carriers that are entirely synthetic, developed using insights from cell-based therapeutics to overcome limitations of current generation synthetic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire H Masterson
- Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland , Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - Sean D McCarthy
- Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland , Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniel O'Toole
- Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland , Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - John G Laffey
- Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland , Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland.,Department of Anaesthesia, Galway University Hospitals, SAOLTA University Health Group , Galway, Ireland
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14
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Lucarini G, Sbaraglia F, Vizzoca A, Cinti C, Ricotti L, Menciassi A. Design of an innovative platform for the treatment of cerebral tumors by means of erythro-magneto-HA-virosomes. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2020; 6:045005. [PMID: 33444266 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab89f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common intracranial tumors, featured by a high mortality rate. They represent about 28% of all primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors and 80% of all malignant brain tumors. Cytotoxic chemotherapy is one of the conventional treatments used for the treatment, but it often shows rather limited efficacy and severe side effects on healthy organs, due to the low selectivity of the therapy for malignant cells and to a limited access of the drug to the tumor site, caused by the presence of the Blood-Brain Barrier. In order to resolve these limitations, recently an Erythro-Magneto-HA-Virosome (EMHV) drug delivery system (DDS), remotely controllable through an externally applied magnetic field, has been proposed. To accurately localize the EMHV at the target area, a system able to generate an adequate magnetic field is necessary. In this framework, the objective of this paper was to design and develop a magnetic helmet for the localization of the proposed EMHV DDS in the brain area. The results demonstrated, through the implementation of therapeutic efficacy maps, that the magnetic helmet designed in the study is a potential promising magnetic generation system useful for studying the possible usability of the magnetic helmet in the treatment of glioma and possibly other CNS pathologies by EMHV DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioia Lucarini
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy. Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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15
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Xu E, Wu X, Zhang X, Zul K, Raza F, Su J, Qiu M. Study on the protection of dextran on erythrocytes during drug loading. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 189:110882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Ghosh S, Girigoswami K, Girigoswami A. Membrane-encapsulated camouflaged nanomedicines in drug delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2067-2082. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the limitations of conventional therapies, there has been an increasing need for nanomedicines for real-time diagnosis and effective treatment of life-threatening diseases. Despite the conceptual and technological success achieved by researchers worldwide, the complexities of biological systems, efficient engineering and formulation of monodispersed nanomedicines, inadequate information on bio–nano interactions, issues on health hazards, clinical trials and commercialization have set new challenges in biomedical research. This review highlights how the biological membrane improves the performance of nanomedicines in drug delivery. With the list of nanomedicines getting longer gradually to overcome the drawbacks of conventional therapeutics, it is important to concentrate on the interactions between nanostructures and living systems in order to improve the biocompatibility and therapeutic efficacy of functional nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparna Ghosh
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India
| | - Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India
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17
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AlQahtani SA, Harisa GI, Badran MM, AlGhamdi KM, Kumar A, Salem-Bekhit MM, Ahmad SF, Alanazi FK. Nano-erythrocyte membrane-chaperoned 5-fluorouracil liposomes as biomimetic delivery platforms to target hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:989-996. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1577887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed A. AlQahtani
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamaleldin I. Harisa
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Badran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khalid M. AlGhamdi
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Vitiligo Research Chair, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Vitiligo Research Chair, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mounir M. Salem-Bekhit
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sheikh F. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fars K. Alanazi
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Zhang X, Qiu M, Guo P, Lian Y, Xu E, Su J. Autologous Red Blood Cell Delivery of Betamethasone Phosphate Sodium for Long Anti-Inflammation. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040286. [PMID: 30567356 PMCID: PMC6320894 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although glucocorticoids are highly effective in treating various types of inflammation such as skin disease, rheumatic disease, and allergic disease, their application have been seriously limited for their high incidence of side effects, particularly in long term treatment. To improve efficacy and reduce side effects, we encapsulated betamethasone phosphate (BSP) into biocompatible red blood cells (RBCs) and explored its long acting-effect. BSP was loaded into rat autologous erythrocytes by hypotonic preswelling method, and the loading amount was about 2.5 mg/mL cells. In vitro, BSP loaded RBCs (BSP-RBCs) presented similar morphology, osmotic fragility to native RBCs (NRBCs). After the loading process, the loaded cells can maintain around 70% of Na+/K+-ATPase activity of natural cells. In vivo, a series of tests including survival, pharmacokinetics, and anti-inflammatory effect were carried out to examine the long-acting effect of BSP-RBCs. The results shown that the loaded cells could circulate in plasma for over nine days, the release of BSP can last for over seven days and the anti-inflammatory effect can still be observed on day 5 after injection. Totally, BSP-loaded autologous erythrocytes seem to be a promising sustained releasing delivery system with long anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Mingfeng Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Pengcheng Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yumei Lian
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Enge Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jing Su
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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19
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Antonelli A, Pacifico S, Sfara C, Tamma M, Magnani M. Ferucarbotran-loaded red blood cells as long circulating MRI contrast agents: first in vivo results in mice. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:675-687. [PMID: 29488423 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The encapsulation of superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents in red blood cells (RBCs) could overcome their rapid removal by reticulo-endothelial system improving their stability in blood circulation. MATERIALS & METHODS Murine ferucarbotran-loaded RBCs were tested in vivo as new contrasting agents in MRI application. RESULTS A superior visualization of organs and cerebral vessels was evidenced in ferucarbotran-loaded RBCs-treated mice compared with the controls. The signal enhancement lasted for days, while the contrast from bulk ferucarbotran disappeared after few minutes. CONCLUSION Ferucarbotran-loaded RBCs showed to improve diagnostic imaging and their use may extend the time frame for MRI and magnetic resonance angiography since to date the time frame for data acquisition has been limited to the first pass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Antonelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino (PU) 61029, Italy
| | - Severina Pacifico
- Department Environmental, Biological & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technologies, Second University of Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Carla Sfara
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino (PU) 61029, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Tamma
- Center of Biotechnologies Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, Via A Cardarelli 9, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino (PU) 61029, Italy
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20
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Pan DC, Myerson JW, Brenner JS, Patel PN, Anselmo AC, Mitragotri S, Muzykantov V. Nanoparticle Properties Modulate Their Attachment and Effect on Carrier Red Blood Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1615. [PMID: 29371620 PMCID: PMC5785499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19897-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Attachment of nanoparticles (NPs) to the surface of carrier red blood cells (RBCs) profoundly alters their interactions with the host organism, decelerating NP clearance from the bloodstream while enabling NP transfer from the RBC surface to the vascular cells. These changes in pharmacokinetics of NPs imposed by carrier RBCs are favorable for many drug delivery purposes. On the other hand, understanding effects of NPs on the carrier RBCs is vital for successful translation of this novel drug delivery paradigm. Here, using two types of distinct nanoparticles (polystyrene (PSNP) and lysozyme-dextran nanogels (LDNG)) we assessed potential adverse and sensitizing effects of surface adsorption of NPs on mouse and human RBCs. At similar NP loadings (approx. 50 particles per RBC), adsorption of PSNPs, but not LDNGs, induces RBCs agglutination and sensitizes RBCs to damage by osmotic, mechanical and oxidative stress. PSNPs, but not LDNGs, increase RBC stiffening and surface exposure of phosphatidylserine, both known to accelerate RBC clearance in vivo. Therefore, NP properties and loading amounts have a profound impact on RBCs. Furthermore, LDNGs appear conducive to nanoparticle drug delivery using carrier RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Jacob W Myerson
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Jacob S Brenner
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Priyal N Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Aaron C Anselmo
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
| | - Vladimir Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States.
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21
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Wang C, Wen D, Gu Z. Cellular Bioparticulates with Therapeutics for Cancer Immunotherapy. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 29:702-708. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Singh P, Singh S, Kesharwani RK. Resealed Erythrocytes as Drug Carriers and Its Therapeutic Applications. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this pharma innovative world, there are more than 30 drug delivery systems. Today's due to lacking the target specificity, the present scenario about drug delivery is emphasizing towards targeted drug delivery systems. Erythrocytes are the most common type of blood cells travel thousands of miles from wide to narrow pathways to deliver oxygen, drugs and nutrient during their lifetime. Red blood cells have strong and targeted potential carrier capabilities for varieties of drugs. Drug-loaded carrier erythrocytes or resealed erythrocytes are promising for various passive and active targeting. Resealed erythrocyte have advantage over several drug carrier models like biocompatibility, biodegradability without toxic products, inert intracellular environment, entrapping potential for a variety of chemicals, protection of the organism against toxic effects of the drug, able to circulate throughout the body, ideal zero-order drug-release kinetics, no undesired immune response against encapsulated drug etc. Resealed erythrocytes are rapidly taken up by macrophages of the Reticuloendothelial System (RES) of the liver, lung, and spleen of the body and hence drugs also. Resealed erythrocytes method of drugs delivery is secure and effective for drugs targeting specially for a longer period of time. This chapter will explain the different method of drug loading for resealed erythrocytes, their characterization, and applications in various therapies and associated health benefits.
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Abstract
Macromolecules (proteins/peptides) have the potential for the development of new therapeutics. Due to their specific mechanism of action, macromolecules can be administered at relatively low doses compared with small-molecule drugs. Unfortunately, the therapeutic potential and clinical application of macromolecules is hampered by various obstacles including their large size, short in vivo half-life, phagocytic clearance, poor membrane permeability and structural instability. These challenges have encouraged researchers to develop novel strategies for effective delivery of macromolecules. In this review, various routes of macromolecule administration (invasive/noninvasive) are discussed. The advantages/limitations of novel delivery systems and the potential role of nanotechnology for the delivery of macromolecules are elaborated. In addition, fabrication approaches to make nanoformulations in different shapes and sizes are also summarized.
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Hughes RM, Marvin CM, Rodgers ZL, Ding S, Oien NP, Smith WJ, Lawrence DS. Phototriggered Secretion of Membrane Compartmentalized Bioactive Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, and Department of Pharmacology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
- Current address: Department of Chemistry, 300 Science & Technology Building; East Carolina University; Greenville NC 27858 USA
| | - Christina M. Marvin
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, and Department of Pharmacology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Zachary L. Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, and Department of Pharmacology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
- Current address: Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Song Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, and Department of Pharmacology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Nathan P. Oien
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, and Department of Pharmacology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
- Current address: KBI Biopharma; 1101 Hamlin Rd Durham NC 27704 USA
| | - Weston J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, and Department of Pharmacology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
- Current address: Skaggs School of Pharmacy; University of Colorado; 12850 E. Montview Blvd Aurora CO 80045 USA
| | - David S. Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, and Department of Pharmacology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
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25
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Hughes RM, Marvin CM, Rodgers ZL, Ding S, Oien NP, Smith WJ, Lawrence DS. Phototriggered Secretion of Membrane Compartmentalized Bioactive Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:16080-16083. [PMID: 27874260 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A strategy for the light-activated release of bioactive compounds (BODIPY, colchicine, paclitaxel, and methotrexate) from membrane-enclosed depots is described. We have found that membrane-permeable bioagents can be rendered membrane impermeable by covalent attachment to cobalamin (Cbl) through a photocleavable linker. These Cbl-bioagent conjugates are imprisoned within lipid-enclosed compartments in the dark, as exemplified by their retention in the interior of erythrocytes. Subsequent illumination drives the secretion of the bioactive species from red blood cells. Photorelease is triggered by wavelengths in the red, far-red, and near-IR regions, which can be pre-assigned by affixing a fluorophore with the desired excitation wavelength to the Cbl-bioagent conjugate. Pre-assigned wavelengths allow different biologically active compounds to be specifically and unambiguously photoreleased from common carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Current address: Department of Chemistry, 300 Science & Technology Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Christina M Marvin
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Zachary L Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Current address: Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Song Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Nathan P Oien
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Current address: KBI Biopharma, 1101 Hamlin Rd, Durham, NC, 27704, USA
| | - Weston J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Current address: Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David S Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Fliervoet LAL, Mastrobattista E. Drug delivery with living cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:63-72. [PMID: 27129442 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The field of drug delivery has grown tremendously in the past few decades by developing a wide range of advanced drug delivery systems. An interesting category is cell-based drug delivery, which includes encapsulation of drugs inside cells or attached to the surface and subsequent transportation through the body. Another approach involves genetic engineering of cells to secrete therapeutic molecules in a controlled way. The next-generation systems integrate expertise from synthetic biology to generate therapeutic gene networks for highly advanced sensory and output devices. These developments are very exciting for the drug delivery field and could radically change the way we administer biological medicines to chronically ill patients. This review is covering the use of living cells, either as transport system or production-unit, to deliver therapeutic molecules and bioactive proteins inside the body. It describes a wide range of approaches in cell-based drug delivery and highlights exceptional examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies A L Fliervoet
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are naturally capable of transporting diverse cargoes throughout the circulatory system, both loaded to their surface or within their inner volume. Starting largely from the 1970s, diverse approaches for encapsulation into, and surface coupling onto, RBCs have been investigated as potential drug delivery systems. In the last decade, these efforts have yielded diverse strategies to load drugs and nanocarriers to RBCs, and to optimize their pharmacokinetics, distribution, and effects in the body. Several formulations of donor RBCs encapsulated with enzymes and drugs are currently undergoing clinical trials for treatment of oncologic and neurologic conditions. Newer approaches include design of drugs with an affinity to circulating RBCs, encapsulation into RBCs using membrane permeating compounds, and design of hybrid drug delivery systems combining synthetic components with fragments of RBC membranes. Notwithstanding the growing enthusiasm and optimism in RBC drug delivery, in this article we discuss potentially problematic issues of this biomedical concept, especially impairment of biocompatibility of the carrier RBCs, and other adverse and unintended effects. Rigorous and systematic analysis of the cautionary aspects described in this article should be further developed and extended in order to soberly gauge the risk/benefit balance of any given RBC-based drug delivery application. While there is little doubt that RBC drug delivery will ultimately flourish, focusing research efforts on approaches that are unlikely to cause adverse effects in patients will help to sooner bring this day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Villa
- Division of Transfusion Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jerard Seghatchian
- International Consultancy in Blood Components Quality/Safety Improvement & DDR Strategies, London, UK
| | - Vladimir Muzykantov
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Villa CH, Cines DB, Siegel DL, Muzykantov V. Erythrocytes as Carriers for Drug Delivery in Blood Transfusion and Beyond. Transfus Med Rev 2016; 31:26-35. [PMID: 27707522 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are innate carriers that can also be engineered to improve the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many drugs, particularly biotherapeutics. Successful loading of drugs, both internally and on the external surface of RBCs, has been demonstrated for many drugs including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antithrombotic agents. Methods for internal loading of drugs within RBCs are now entering clinical use. Although internal loading can result in membrane disruption that may compromise biocompatibility, surface loading using either affinity or chemical ligands offers a diverse set of approaches for the production of RBC drug carriers. A wide range of surface determinants is potentially available for this approach, although there remains a need to characterize the effects of coupling agents to these surface proteins. Somewhat surprisingly, recent data also suggest that red cell-mediated delivery may confer tolerogenic immune effects. Questions remaining before widespread application of these technologies include determining the optimal loading protocol, source of RBCs, and production logistics, as well as addressing regulatory hurdles. Red blood cell drug carriers, after many decades of progress, are now poised to enter the clinic and broaden the potential application of RBCs in blood transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Villa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Douglas B Cines
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Don L Siegel
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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29
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Zhang H. Erythrocytes in nanomedicine: an optimal blend of natural and synthetic materials. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:1024-31. [PMID: 27090487 DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00072j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid approach strategy using synthetic nanoparticles and erythrocytes offers an optimal blend of natural and synthetic materials. The combined advantages of erythrocytes and nanoparticles could serve as an immune-evasive multifunctional platform. This review summarized the research on state-of-the-art and significant advances in erythrocytes for nanomedicine, and presented are their fabrication process, their unique properties and applications. According to its structure, this review mainly focuses on three kinds of erythrocyte-based nanomedicine: whole erythrocytes as carriers, cell membrane coated nanoparticles, and nanoerythrosomes. In addition, some future prospects are also prudentially addressed. We expect rapid success in the advancement of erythrocyte-based nanomedicines, from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Myerson JW, Anselmo AC, Liu Y, Mitragotri S, Eckmann DM, Muzykantov VR. Non-affinity factors modulating vascular targeting of nano- and microcarriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 99:97-112. [PMID: 26596696 PMCID: PMC4798918 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Particles capable of homing and adhering to specific vascular biomarkers have potential as fundamental tools in drug delivery for mediation of a wide variety of pathologies, including inflammation, thrombosis, and pulmonary disorders. The presentation of affinity ligands on the surface of a particle provides a means of targeting the particle to sites of therapeutic interest, but a host of other factors come into play in determining the targeting capacity of the particle. This review presents a summary of several key considerations in nano- and microparticle design that modulate targeted delivery without directly altering epitope-specific affinity. Namely, we describe the effect of factors in definition of the base carrier (including shape, size, and flexibility) on the capacity of carriers to access, adhere to, and integrate in target biological milieus. Furthermore, we present a summary of fundamental dynamics of carrier behavior in circulation, taking into account interactions with cells in circulation and the role of hemodynamics in mediating the direction of carriers to target sites. Finally, we note non-affinity aspects to uptake and intracellular trafficking of carriers in target cells. In total, recent findings presented here may offer an opportunity to capitalize on mitigating factors in the behavior of ligand-targeted carriers in order to optimize targeting.
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31
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Pan D, Vargas-Morales O, Zern B, Anselmo AC, Gupta V, Zakrewsky M, Mitragotri S, Muzykantov V. The Effect of Polymeric Nanoparticles on Biocompatibility of Carrier Red Blood Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152074. [PMID: 27003833 PMCID: PMC4803339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) can be used for vascular delivery of encapsulated or surface-bound drugs and carriers. Coupling to RBC prolongs circulation of nanoparticles (NP, 200 nm spheres, a conventional model of polymeric drug delivery carrier) enabling their transfer to the pulmonary vasculature without provoking overt RBC elimination. However, little is known about more subtle and potentially harmful effects of drugs and drug carriers on RBCs. Here we devised high-throughput in vitro assays to determine the sensitivity of loaded RBCs to osmotic stress and other damaging insults that they may encounter in vivo (e.g. mechanical, oxidative and complement insults). Sensitivity of these tests is inversely proportional to RBC concentration in suspension and our results suggest that mouse RBCs are more sensitive to damaging factors than human RBCs. Loading RBCs by NP at 1:50 ratio did not affect RBCs, while 10–50 fold higher NP load accentuated RBC damage by mechanical, osmotic and oxidative stress. This extensive loading of RBC by NP also leads to RBCs agglutination in buffer; however, addition of albumin diminished this effect. These results provide a template for analyses of the effects of diverse cargoes loaded on carrier RBCs and indicate that: i) RBCs can tolerate carriage of NP at doses providing loading of millions of nanoparticles per microliter of blood; ii) tests using protein-free buffers and mouse RBCs may overestimate adversity that may be encountered in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Omayra Vargas-Morales
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Blaine Zern
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aaron C. Anselmo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Zakrewsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Tang W, Zhen Z, Wang M, Wang H, Chuang YJ, Zhang W, Wang GD, Todd T, Cowger T, Chen H, Liu L, Li Z, Xie J. Red Blood Cell-Facilitated Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer Treatment. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2016; 26:1757-1768. [PMID: 31749670 PMCID: PMC6867707 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201504803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment modality for cancer management. So far, most PDT studies have focused on delivery of photosensitizers to tumors. O2, another essential component of PDT, is not artificially delivered but taken from the biological milieu. However, cancer cells demand a large amount of O2 to sustain their growth and that often leads to low O2 levels in tumors. The PDT process may further potentiate the oxygen deficiency, and in turn, adversely affect the PDT efficiency. In the present study, a new technology called red blood cell (RBC)-facilitated PDT, or RBC-PDT, is introduced that can potentially solve the issue. As the name tells, RBC-PDT harnesses erythrocytes, an O2 transporter, as a carrier for photosensitizers. Because photosensitizers are adjacent to a carry-on O2 source, RBC-PDT can efficiently produce 1O2 even under low oxygen conditions. The treatment also benefits from the long circulation of RBCs, which ensures a high intraluminal concentration of photosensitizers during PDT and hence maximizes damage to tumor blood vessels. When tested in U87MG subcutaneous tumor models, RBC-PDT shows impressive tumor suppression (76.7%) that is attributable to the codelivery of O2 and photosensitizers. Overall, RBC-PDT is expected to find wide applications in modern oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
| | - Zipeng Zhen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
| | - Mengzhe Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,
| | - Yen-Jun Chuang
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Weizhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
| | - Geoffrey D Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
| | - Trever Todd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
| | - Taku Cowger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
| | - Hongmin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,
| | - Jin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
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Casagrande G, Arienti F, Mazzocchi A, Taverna F, Ravagnani F, Costantino M. Application of Controlled Shear Stresses on the Erythrocyte Membrane as a New Approach to Promote Molecule Encapsulation. Artif Organs 2016; 40:959-970. [DOI: 10.1111/aor.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giustina Casagrande
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,”; Politecnico di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Flavio Arienti
- Service of Immunohematology & Transfusion Medicine; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori; Milan Italy
| | - Arabella Mazzocchi
- Service of Immunohematology & Transfusion Medicine; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori; Milan Italy
| | - Francesca Taverna
- Service of Immunohematology & Transfusion Medicine; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori; Milan Italy
| | - Fernando Ravagnani
- Service of Immunohematology & Transfusion Medicine; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori; Milan Italy
| | - MariaLaura Costantino
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,”; Politecnico di Milano; Milan Italy
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Ferrauto G, Delli Castelli D, Di Gregorio E, Terreno E, Aime S. LipoCEST and cellCEST imaging agents: opportunities and challenges. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:602-18. [PMID: 26810631 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
From the early days of CEST agents' disclosure, it was evident that their potential for in vivo applications was strongly hampered by the intrinsic low sensitivity. Therefore, much work has been devoted to seek out suitable routes to achieve strong CEST contrast enhancement. The use of nanosized systems turned out to be a strategic choice, because a very large amount of CEST agents can be delivered at the site of interest. However, the breakthrough innovation in term of increase of sensitivity was found by designing the lipoCEST agents. The naturally inspired, liposomes vesicles, when loaded with paramagnetic lanthanide-based shift reagents, can be transformed into CEST probes. The large number of water molecules entrapped inside the inner cavity of the nanovesicles represents an enormous pool of exchanging protons for the generation of CEST contrast, whereas the presence of the shift reagent increases the separation in chemical shift of their nuclear magnetic resonance signal from that of the bulk water, thus allowing for a proper exchange regime for the activation of CEST contrast. From lipoCEST, it has been rather straightforward to evolve to cellCEST in order to exploit the cytoplasmatic water molecules as source of the CEST effect, once cells have been loaded with the proper shift reagent. The red blood cells were found to be particularly suitable for the development of the cellCEST concept. Finally, an understanding of the main determinants of the CEST effects in nanosized and cellular-sized agents has allowed the design of innovative lipoCEST/RBC aggregates for potential theranostic applications. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:602-618. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1385 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ferrauto
- Molecular & Preclinical Imaging Centers, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Delli Castelli
- Molecular & Preclinical Imaging Centers, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Enza Di Gregorio
- Molecular & Preclinical Imaging Centers, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Enzo Terreno
- Molecular & Preclinical Imaging Centers, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,IBB-CNR-UOS, University of Torino (IT), Turin, Italy
| | - Silvio Aime
- Molecular & Preclinical Imaging Centers, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,IBB-CNR-UOS, University of Torino (IT), Turin, Italy
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35
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Hitchhiking nanoparticles: Reversible coupling of lipid-based nanoparticles to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Biomaterials 2016; 77:243-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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36
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Villa CH, Pan DC, Zaitsev S, Cines DB, Siegel DL, Muzykantov VR. Delivery of drugs bound to erythrocytes: new avenues for an old intravascular carrier. Ther Deliv 2015; 6:795-826. [PMID: 26228773 PMCID: PMC4712023 DOI: 10.4155/tde.15.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For several decades, researchers have used erythrocytes for drug delivery of a wide variety of therapeutics in order to improve their pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, controlled release and pharmacodynamics. Approaches include encapsulation of drugs within erythrocytes, as well as coupling of drugs onto the red cell surface. This review focuses on the latter approach, and examines the delivery of red blood cell (RBC)-surface-bound anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and anti-microbial agents, as well as RBC carriage of nanoparticles. Herein, we discuss the progress that has been made in surface loading approaches, and address in depth the issues relevant to surface loading of RBC, including intrinsic features of erythrocyte membranes, immune considerations, potential surface targets and techniques for the production of affinity ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Villa
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel C Pan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sergei Zaitsev
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Douglas B Cines
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Donald L Siegel
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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37
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Chen P, Zhang X, Jia L, Prud'homme RK, Szekely Z, Sinko PJ. Optimal structural design of mannosylated nanocarriers for macrophage targeting. J Control Release 2014; 194:341-9. [PMID: 25220160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are involved in a number of diseases, such as HIV infection/AIDS, tuberculosis, tumor development and atherosclerosis. Macrophages possess several cell surface receptors (e.g., the mannose receptor, MR) that may serve as drug delivery cellular portals for nanocarriers (NCs). In this study, the optimal structural configuration for cell uptake of mannosylated poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugate type NCs was determined. A series of NCs were synthesized to systematically evaluate the effects of the number of mannose units (Man), the PEG carrier size and the mPEG spacer length between adjacent mannose units on NC uptake into MR-expressing J774.E murine macrophage-like cells. Among NCs with 0, 1, 2 or 4 units of mannose, the uptake of (Man)2-NC was the highest, suggesting a trade-off between avidity and NC-MR clustering on the cell surface that sterically hinders endocytosis. This optimal (Man)2-NC configuration was built into subsequent NCs to optimize the other two parameters, PEG carrier size and spacer length. NCs with 0, 5, 12, 20, 30 or 40 kDa linear PEG carriers showed an inverse relationship between PEG size and uptake. The 12 kDa PEG carrier was chosen for investigating the third parameter, the Man-Man distance, since it may represent the best trade off (i.e., tissue penetration vs. systemic clearance) for in vivo macrophage targeting. Three (Man)2-PEG12kDa NCs with different Man-Man distances (39, 56 or 89Å) were synthesized. The uptake of the NC with the 56Å distance between mannoses was four- and two-fold higher than NCs with 39Å and 89Å distances, respectively. Confocal microscopy confirmed that the optimized (Man)2-PEG12kDa NC with the 56Å Man-Man distance was internalized via endocytosis consistent with temperature-dependent active uptake. In conclusion, the optimal NC structural parameters for targeting the MR on macrophage-like J774.E cells are (i) a small PEG polymer carrier, (ii) two mannose units per NC and (iii) a 56Å distance between adjacent mannose units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiming Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Lee Jia
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Robert K Prud'homme
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Zoltan Szekely
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Patrick J Sinko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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38
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Zhang J, Ma G, Lv Z, Zhou Y, Wen C, Wu Y, Xu R. Targeted thrombolysis strategies for neuroprotective effect. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1316-22. [PMID: 25221585 PMCID: PMC4160859 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.137580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is usually treated by systemic thrombolytic therapy if the patient presents within an appropriate time window. There is also widespread interest in the development of thrombolytic agents that can be used in cases of delayed presentation. Current agents that can be used in cases of delayed presentation of nerve damage by thrombus. Current systemic thrombolytic therapy is associated with adverse effects such as fibrinogenolysis and bleeding. In an attempt to increase the efficacy, safety, and specificity of thrombolytic therapy, a number of targeted thrombolytic agents have been studied in recent years. This review focuses on the concepts underlying targeted thrombolytic therapy and describes recent drug developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molicular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Guoxing Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molicular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhimin Lv
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molicular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molicular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chunguang Wen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molicular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yaqing Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molicular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ruian Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molicular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
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39
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Martorana A, Bellapadrona G, Feintuch A, Di Gregorio E, Aime S, Goldfarb D. Probing protein conformation in cells by EPR distance measurements using Gd3+ spin labeling. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13458-65. [PMID: 25163412 DOI: 10.1021/ja5079392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein structure investigations are usually carried out in vitro under conditions far from their native environment in the cell. Differences between in-cell and in vitro structures of proteins can be generated by crowding effects, local pH changes, specific and nonspecific protein and ligand binding events, and chemical modifications. Double electron-electron resonance (DEER), in conjunction with site-directed spin-labeling, has emerged in the past decade as a powerful technique for exploring protein conformations in frozen solutions. The major challenges facing the application of this methodology to in-cell measurements are the instabilities of the standard nitroxide spin labels in the cell environment and the limited sensitivity at conventional X-band frequencies. We present a new approach for in-cell DEER distance measurement in human cells, based on the use of: (i) reduction resistant Gd(3+) chelates as spin labels, (ii) high frequency (94.9 GHz) for sensitivity enhancement, and (iii) hypo-osmotic shock for efficient delivery of the labeled protein into the cell. The proof of concept is demonstrated on doubly labeled ubiquitin in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Martorana
- Department of Chemical Physics and ‡Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot, Israel 7610001
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40
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Di Gregorio E, Ferrauto G, Gianolio E, Aime S. Gd loading by hypotonic swelling: an efficient and safe route for cellular labeling. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 8:475-86. [PMID: 24375903 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells incubated in hypo-osmotic media swell and their membranes become leaky. The flow of water that enters the cells results in the net transport of molecules present in the incubation medium directly into the cell cytoplasm. This phenomenon has been exploited to label cells with MRI Gd-containing contrast agents. It has been found that, in the presence of 100 mM Gd-HPDO3A in an incubation medium characterized by an overall osmolarity of 160 mOsm l⁻¹, each cell is loaded with amounts of paramagnetic complex ranging from 2 × 10⁹ to 2 × 10¹⁰ depending on the cell type. To obtain more insight into the determinants of cellular labeling by the 'hypo-osmotic shock' methodology, a study on cell viability, proliferation rate and cell morphology was carried out on J774A.1 and K562 cells as representative of cells grown in adhesion and suspended ones, respectively. Moreover a comparison of the efficiency of the proposed method with established cell labeling procedures such as pinocytosis and electroporation was carried out. Finally, the effects of the residual electric charge, the size and some structural features of the metal complex were investigated. In summary, the 'hypotonic shock' methodology appears to be an efficient and promising tool to pursue cellular labeling with paramagnetic complexes. Its implementation is straightforward and one may foresee that it will be largely applied in in vitro cellular labeling of many cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Di Gregorio
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126-, Torino, Italy
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Wang C, Sun X, Cheng L, Yin S, Yang G, Li Y, Liu Z. Multifunctional theranostic red blood cells for magnetic-field-enhanced in vivo combination therapy of cancer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:4794-4802. [PMID: 24838472 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201400158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells are attached to iron oxide nanoparticles pre-coated with chlorine e6, a photosensitizer, and then loaded with a chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin, to enable imaging-guided combined photodynamic and chemotherapy of cancer, achieving excellent synergistic therapeutic effects in an animal tumor model. This work highlights the great promise of integrating cell-based drug-delivery systems with nanotechnology as a biocompatible multifunctional platform for applications in cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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Bhateria M, Rachumallu R, Singh R, Bhatta RS. Erythrocytes-based synthetic delivery systems: transition from conventional to novel engineering strategies. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1219-36. [PMID: 24912015 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.927436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBCs]) and artificial or synthetic delivery systems such as liposomes, nanoparticles (NPs) are the most investigated carrier systems. Herein, progress made from conventional approach of using RBC as delivery systems to novel approach of using synthetic delivery systems based on RBC properties will be reviewed. AREAS COVERED We aim to highlight both conventional and novel approaches of using RBCs as potential carrier system. Conventional approaches which include two main strategies are: i) directly loading therapeutic moieties in RBCs; and ii) coupling them with RBCs whereas novel approaches exploit structural, mechanical and biological properties of RBCs to design synthetic delivery systems through various engineering strategies. Initial attempts included coupling of antibodies to liposomes to specifically target RBCs. Knowledge obtained from several studies led to the development of RBC membrane derived liposomes (nanoerythrosomes), inspiring future application of RBC or its structural features in other attractive delivery systems (hydrogels, filomicelles, microcapsules, micro- and NPs) for even greater potential. EXPERT OPINION In conclusion, this review dwells upon comparative analysis of various conventional and novel engineering strategies in developing RBC based drug delivery systems, diversifying their applications in arena of drug delivery. Regardless of the challenges in front of us, RBC based delivery systems offer an exciting approach of exploiting biological entities in a multitude of medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Bhateria
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow - 226031 , India +91 522 2771940 Ext-4853 ; +91 522 2771941 ; ,
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TAKEUCHI Y, SUZUKI H, SASAHARA H, UEDA J, YABATA I, ITAGAKI K, SAITO S, MURASE K. Encapsulation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles into Red Blood Cells as a Potential Contrast Agent for Magnetic Particle Imaging. ADVANCED BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.14326/abe.3.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki TAKEUCHI
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Medical Technology and Science, Faculty of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Hiroya SUZUKI
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Medical Technology and Science, Faculty of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Hisato SASAHARA
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Medical Technology and Science, Faculty of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Junpei UEDA
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Medical Technology and Science, Faculty of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Isamu YABATA
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Medical Technology and Science, Faculty of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Kouji ITAGAKI
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Medical Technology and Science, Faculty of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Shigeyoshi SAITO
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Medical Technology and Science, Faculty of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Kenya MURASE
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Medical Technology and Science, Faculty of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
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Ferrauto G, Delli Castelli D, Di Gregorio E, Langereis S, Burdinski D, Grüll H, Terreno E, Aime S. Lanthanide-loaded erythrocytes as highly sensitive chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI contrast agents. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 136:638-41. [PMID: 24359116 DOI: 10.1021/ja411793u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) agents are a new class of frequency-encoding MRI contrast agents with a great potential for molecular and cellular imaging. As for other established MRI contrast agents, the main drawback deals with their low sensitivity. The sensitivity issue may be tackled by increasing the number of exchanging protons involved in the transfer of saturated magnetization to the "bulk" water signal. Herein we show that the water molecules in the cytoplasm of red blood cells can be exploited as source of exchangeable protons provided that their chemical shift is properly shifted by the intracellular entrapment of a paramagnetic shift reagent. The sensitivity of this system is the highest displayed so far among CEST agents (less than 1 pM of cells), and the natural origin of this system makes it suitable for in vivo applications. The proposed Ln-loaded RBCs may be proposed as reporters of the blood volume in the tumor region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ferrauto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging and Preclinical Centers, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
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He H, Ye J, Wang Y, Liu Q, Chung HS, Kwon YM, Shin MC, Lee K, Yang VC. Cell-penetrating peptides meditated encapsulation of protein therapeutics into intact red blood cells and its application. J Control Release 2013; 176:123-132. [PMID: 24374002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) based drug carrier appears to be the most appealing for protein drugs due to their unmatched biocompatability, biodegradability, and long lifespan in the circulation. Numerous methods for encapsulating protein drugs into RBCs were developed, however, most of them induce partial disruption of the cell membrane, resulting in irreversible alterations in both physical and chemical properties of RBCs. Herein, we introduce a novel method for encapsulating proteins into intact RBCs, which was meditated by a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) developed in our lab-low molecular weight protamine (LMWP). l-asparaginase, one of the primary drugs used in treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), was chosen as a model protein to illustrate the encapsulation into erythrocytes mediated by CPPs. In addition current treatment of ALL using different l-asparaginase delivery and encapsulation methods as well as their associated problems were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huining He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education (Fudan University), Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Junxiao Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yinsong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hee Sun Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida 33328, USA
| | - Meong Cheol Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
| | - Kyuri Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
| | - Victor C Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine & College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, South Korea
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Ngoepe M, Choonara YE, Tyagi C, Tomar LK, du Toit LC, Kumar P, Ndesendo VMK, Pillay V. Integration of biosensors and drug delivery technologies for early detection and chronic management of illness. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 13:7680-713. [PMID: 23771157 PMCID: PMC3715220 DOI: 10.3390/s130607680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in biosensor design and sensing efficacy need to be amalgamated with research in responsive drug delivery systems for building superior health or illness regimes and ensuring good patient compliance. A variety of illnesses require continuous monitoring in order to have efficient illness intervention. Physicochemical changes in the body can signify the occurrence of an illness before it manifests. Even with the usage of sensors that allow diagnosis and prognosis of the illness, medical intervention still has its downfalls. Late detection of illness can reduce the efficacy of therapeutics. Furthermore, the conventional modes of treatment can cause side-effects such as tissue damage (chemotherapy and rhabdomyolysis) and induce other forms of illness (hepatotoxicity). The use of drug delivery systems enables the lowering of side-effects with subsequent improvement in patient compliance. Chronic illnesses require continuous monitoring and medical intervention for efficient treatment to be achieved. Therefore, designing a responsive system that will reciprocate to the physicochemical changes may offer superior therapeutic activity. In this respect, integration of biosensors and drug delivery is a proficient approach and requires designing an implantable system that has a closed loop system. This offers regulation of the changes by means of releasing a therapeutic agent whenever illness biomarkers prevail. Proper selection of biomarkers is vital as this is key for diagnosis and a stimulation factor for responsive drug delivery. By detecting an illness before it manifests by means of biomarkers levels, therapeutic dosing would relate to the severity of such changes. In this review various biosensors and drug delivery systems are discussed in order to assess the challenges and future perspectives of integrating biosensors and drug delivery systems for detection and management of chronic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpho Ngoepe
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; E-Mails: (M.N.); (Y.E.C.); (L.C.D.); (P.K.); (C.T.) (L.K.T.)
| | - Yahya E. Choonara
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; E-Mails: (M.N.); (Y.E.C.); (L.C.D.); (P.K.); (C.T.) (L.K.T.)
| | - Charu Tyagi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; E-Mails: (M.N.); (Y.E.C.); (L.C.D.); (P.K.); (C.T.) (L.K.T.)
| | - Lomas Kumar Tomar
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; E-Mails: (M.N.); (Y.E.C.); (L.C.D.); (P.K.); (C.T.) (L.K.T.)
| | - Lisa C. du Toit
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; E-Mails: (M.N.); (Y.E.C.); (L.C.D.); (P.K.); (C.T.) (L.K.T.)
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; E-Mails: (M.N.); (Y.E.C.); (L.C.D.); (P.K.); (C.T.) (L.K.T.)
| | - Valence M. K. Ndesendo
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University of Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania; E-Mail:
| | - Viness Pillay
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; E-Mails: (M.N.); (Y.E.C.); (L.C.D.); (P.K.); (C.T.) (L.K.T.)
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Favretto ME, Cluitmans JCA, Bosman GJCGM, Brock R. Human erythrocytes as drug carriers: loading efficiency and side effects of hypotonic dialysis, chlorpromazine treatment and fusion with liposomes. J Control Release 2013; 170:343-51. [PMID: 23747798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human red blood cells (RBCs) are emerging as a highly biocompatible microparticulate drug delivery system. So far, drugs have commonly been loaded into freshly isolated RBCs using rather disruptive methods based on hypotonic shock, and assessment of damage was restricted to hemolysis. Here, we investigated loading of RBCs from blood bank units with enzymes of various molecular weights using hypotonic dialysis (HD), pretreatment with chlorpromazine (CPZ) and fusion with liposomes. The latter two techniques have received little attention in RBC loading so far. Along with loading efficiency, all methods were tested for the induction of side effects. Very importantly, next to hemolysis, we also addressed morphological changes and phosphatidyl serine (PS) exposure, which has been recognized as a critical parameter associated with premature RBC removal and induction of transfusion-related pathologies. The efficiency of loading using hypotonic dialysis decreased with the molecular weight of the enzyme. For liposomes and chlorpromazine, loading efficiencies were higher and independent of enzyme molecular weights. While hypotonic dialysis always induced a high degree of hemolysis, irreversible modifications in the morphology of the cells and PS exposure, the side effects that were induced by loading using CPZ and liposomes were limited. In particular, PS exposure, although high immediately after treatment, returned to physiological levels after recovery. Retention and deformability studies using a spleen-mimicking device showed that RBCs treated with CPZ and liposomes behave like physiological RBCs, while HD led to very fragile and poorly deformable RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Favretto
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Harisa GI, Ibrahim MF, Alanazi F, Shazly GA. Engineering erythrocytes as a novel carrier for the targeted delivery of the anticancer drug paclitaxel. Saudi Pharm J 2013; 22:223-30. [PMID: 25061408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is formulated in a mixture of Cremophor EL and dehydrated alcohol. The intravenous administration of this formula is associated with a risk of infection and hypersensitivity reactions. The presence of Cremophor EL as a pharmaceutical vehicle contributes to these effects. Therefore, in this study, we used human erythrocytes, instead of Cremophor, as a pharmaceutical vehicle. PTX was loaded into erythrocytes using the preswelling method. Analysis of the obtained data indicates that 148.8 μg of PTX was loaded/mL erythrocytes, with an entrapment efficiency of 46.36% and a cell recovery of 75.94%. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase in the mean cell volume values of the erythrocytes, whereas both the mean cell hemoglobin and the mean cell hemoglobin concentration decreased following the loading of PTX. The turbulence fragility index values for unloaded, sham-loaded and PTX-loaded erythrocytes were 3, 2, and 1 h, respectively. Additionally, the erythrocyte glutathione level decreased after PTX loading, whereas lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation increased. The release of PTX from loaded erythrocytes followed first-order kinetics, and about 81% of the loaded drug was released into the plasma after 48 h. The results of the present study revealed that PTX was loaded successfully into human erythrocytes with acceptable loading parameters and with some oxidative modification to the erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamaleldin I Harisa
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University (Boys), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Ibrahim
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fars Alanazi
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A Shazly
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Chapanian R, Constantinescu I, Brooks DE, Scott MD, Kizhakkedathu J. Antigens protected functional red blood cells by the membrane grafting of compact hyperbranched polyglycerols. J Vis Exp 2013:50075. [PMID: 23328980 DOI: 10.3791/50075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is vital for the treatment of a number of acute and chronic medical problems such as thalassemia major and sickle cell anemia. Due to the presence of multitude of antigens on the RBC surface (~308 known antigens), patients in the chronic blood transfusion therapy develop alloantibodies due to the miss match of minor antigens on transfused RBCs. Grafting of hydrophilic polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) forms an exclusion layer on RBC membrane that prevents the interaction of antibodies with surface antigens without affecting the passage of small molecules such as oxygen, glucose, and ions. At present no method is available for the generation of universal red blood donor cells in part because of the daunting challenge presented by the presence of large number of antigens (protein and carbohydrate based) on the RBC surface and the development of such methods will significantly improve transfusion safety, and dramatically improve the availability and use of RBCs. In this report, the experiments that are used to develop antigen protected functional RBCs by the membrane grafting of HPG and their characterization are presented. HPGs are highly biocompatible compact polymers, and are expected to be located within the cell glycocalyx that surrounds the lipid membrane and mask RBC surface antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafi Chapanian
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia
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