1
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Xu A, Sun Y, Guo M. Monodisperse Polyaspartic Acid Derivative Microspheres for Potential Tumor Embolization Therapy. Macromol Biosci 2024:e2400047. [PMID: 38589022 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202400047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Polyaspartic acid derivatives are a well-known kind of polypeptide with good biocompatibility and biodegradability, and thus have been widely used as biomedical materials, including drug-loaded nano-scale micelles or macroscopic hydrogels. In this work, for the first time, monodisperse polyaspartic acid derivative microspheres with diameter ranging from 120 to 350 µm for potential tumor embolization therapy are successfully prepared by single emulsion droplet microfluidic technique. The obtained microsphere shows fast cationic anticancer drug doxorubicin hydrochloride loading kinetics with high loading capacity, which is much better than those of the commercial ones. Additionally, drug release behaviors of the drug-loaded microspheres with different diameters in different media are also studied and discussed in detail. These results provide some new insights for the preparation and potential application of polyaspartic acid derivative-based monodisperse microspheres, especially for their potential application as embolic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Xu
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymer Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuchen Sun
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymer Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Mingyu Guo
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymer Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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2
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Alrashdan M, Shraideh ZA, Abulateefeh SR. Optimizing formulation parameters for the development of carvedilol injectable in situ forming depots. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:865-876. [PMID: 37795865 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2267673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In situ forming depots (ISFDs) represent attractive alternatives to the conventional sustained drug delivery systems. Carvedilol, a short half-life drug used on a daily basis to manage chronic conditions, could benefit from this technology. The aim of this work was to develop, for the first time, a new injectable long-acting carvedilol-ISFD. Accordingly, 4 different grades of polyesters with varying properties as i) lactide-to glycolide ratio (polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) vs. polylactide (PLA)), and ii) end functionality (acid- vs. ester-capped) were utilized for the preparation of ISFD formulations. In addition, 4 different organic solvents with varying properties (i.e. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl acetate, and benzyl benzoate) were also investigated. It was found that NMP and DMSO were more suitable for the formation of depots. Furthermore, all ISFD formulations demonstrated excellent encapsulation efficiency (i.e. 96-98%). Interestingly, both PLGA-based ISFDs (acid-capped and ester-capped) exhibited similar release behaviors and were able to extend carvedilol release over 30 days. On the other hand, acid-capped and ester-capped PLA-based ISFDs exhibited slower release over the 30 days with an average release of only 36% and 60%, respectively. In conclusion, the developed carvedilol-ISFDs resulted in a tunable extended-release behavior, simply by choosing the appropriate grade of polymer. These results open the door toward a novel injectable carvedilol-ISFD formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majd Alrashdan
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ziad A Shraideh
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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3
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Liu L, Tang H, Wang Y. Polymeric biomaterials: Advanced drug delivery systems in osteoarthritis treatment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21544. [PMID: 38034809 PMCID: PMC10682535 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric biomaterials have emerged as a highly promising candidate for drug delivery systems (DDS), exhibiting significant potential to enhance the therapeutic landscape of osteoarthritis (OA) therapy. Their remarkable capacity to manifest desirable physicochemical attributes, coupled with their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, has greatly expanded their utility in pharmacotherapeutic applications. Nevertheless, an urgent necessity exists for a comprehensive synthesis of the most recent advances in polymeric DDS, providing valuable guidance for their implementation in the context of OA therapy. This review is dedicated to summarizing and examining recent developments in the utilization of polymeric DDS for OA therapy. Initially, we present an overview of the intricate pathophysiology characterizing OA and underscore the prevailing limitations inherent to current treatment modalities. Subsequently, we introduce diverse categories of polymeric DDS, including hydrogels, nanofibers, and microspheres, elucidating their inherent advantages and limitations. Moreover, we discuss and summarize the delivery of bioactive agents through polymeric biomaterials for OA therapy, emphasizing key findings and emerging trends. Finally, we highlight prospective directions for advancing polymeric DDS, offering a promising approach to enhance their translational potential for OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Emergency, Honghui Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Haifeng Tang
- Department of Emergency, Honghui Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Yanjun Wang
- Department of Emergency, Honghui Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
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4
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Sheikhi M, Sharifzadeh M, Hennink WE, Firoozpour L, Hajimahmoodi M, Khoshayand MR, Shirangi M. Design of experiments approach for the development of a validated method to determine the exenatide content in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 192:56-61. [PMID: 37783361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the lack of pharmacopeia guidelines for injectable microspheres based on poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), an internal method validation is a critical prerequisite for quality assurance. One of the essential issues of developing peptide-based drugs loaded PLGA microspheres is the precise determination of the amount of peptide drug entrapped in the microspheres. The aim of this study is the development and optimization of a method for measuring the drug content loading of PLGA microspheres using exenatide as a model peptide drug. Exenatide-loaded PLGA microspheres were prepared by a double emulsion solvent evaporation method. The extraction method to determine exenatide content in microspheres was optimized using Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. After the initial screening of six factors, using Fractional Factorial design (FFD), four of them, including type of organic solvent, buffer/organic solvent ratio (v/v), shaking time and pH, exhibited significant effects on the response, namely the exenatide loading, and a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was subsequently applied to obtain its optimum level. The optimum level for organic solvent volume, buffer/organic solvent ratio, shaking time, and pH were 4 ml, 1, 5.6 hrs, and pH 6, respectively. The exenatide content in microspheres under these conditions was 6.4 ± 0.0 (%w/w), whereas a value of 6.1% was predicted by the derived equation. This excellent agreement between the actual and the predicted value demonstrates that the fitted model can thus be used to determine the exenatide content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Sheikhi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Loghman Firoozpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mannan Hajimahmoodi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khoshayand
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrnoosh Shirangi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Montoya-Yepes DF, Jiménez-Rodríguez AA, Aldana-Porras AE, Velásquez-Holguin LF, Méndez-Arteaga JJ, Murillo-Arango W. Starches in the encapsulation of plant active ingredients: state of the art and research trends. Polym Bull (Berl) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-023-04724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAs a natural polymer, starches and their derivatives have received widespread attention in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, particularly for their use as a coating material. In this sense, as an encapsulating agent, starches stand out, considering the number of compounds that they can trap. Additionally, they provide a nutritional contribution and may improve acceptance by patients. As such, this type of material may serve as an alternative to overcome gaps such as loss of activity of the active principles, low assimilation, or deterioration under environmental and physiological conditions. In this paper, we aim to present the state of the art and research trends on the use of starch as a wall material for the encapsulation of active principles of plant origin. It was found that the most-encapsulated active principles are essential oils and polyphenols; native or modified starches are typically used, either as the sole wall material or in combination with other polymers; and the most widely used methodology is spray drying. The reviewed studies indicate the potential of starches for their use in active ingredient encapsulation processes, improving their viability and expanding their range of applications in different industries, as well as showing a clearly increasing publication trend over the last 10 years.
Graphical abstract
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6
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Rydz J, Musioł M. Applications of Novel Biodegradable Polymeric Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8411. [PMID: 36499907 PMCID: PMC9740031 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Commonly used traditional polymeric materials have many advantages, although their resistance to biological agents causes a negative impact on the environment [...].
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7
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Wani SUD, Zargar MI, Masoodi MH, Alshehri S, Alam P, Ghoneim MM, Alshlowi A, Shivakumar HG, Ali M, Shakeel F. Silk Fibroin as an Efficient Biomaterial for Drug Delivery, Gene Therapy, and Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214421. [PMID: 36430901 PMCID: PMC9692988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF), an organic material obtained from the cocoons of a silkworm Bombyx mori, is used in several applications and has a proven track record in biomedicine owing to its superior compatibility with the human body, superb mechanical characteristics, and its controllable propensity to decay. Due to its robust biocompatibility, less immunogenic, non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, and biodegradable properties, it has been widely used in biological and biomedical fields, including wound healing. The key strategies for building diverse SF-based drug delivery systems are discussed in this review, as well as the most recent ways for developing functionalized SF for controlled or redirected medicines, gene therapy, and wound healing. Understanding the features of SF and the various ways to manipulate its physicochemical and mechanical properties enables the development of more effective drug delivery devices. Drugs are encapsulated in SF-based drug delivery systems to extend their shelf life and control their release, allowing them to travel further across the bloodstream and thus extend their range of operation. Furthermore, due to their tunable properties, SF-based drug delivery systems open up new possibilities for drug delivery, gene therapy, and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ud Din Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Mohammed Iqbal Zargar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Mubashir Hussain Masoodi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Prawez Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej Alshlowi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - H. G. Shivakumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida 201301, India
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, East Point College of Pharmacy, Bangalore 560049, India
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (F.S.)
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8
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Amphiphilic copolymeric stabilizer for the formation of polycaprolactone particles. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Bazybek N, Wei Y, Ma G. Advances in encapsulating gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for controlled release: a review. J Microencapsul 2022; 39:452-466. [PMID: 35876729 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2022.2100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are peptides consisting of nine or ten amino acid residues. GnRH agonists have been applied in the therapy of sexual hormone disorders like prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine myoma, central precious puberty, and in-vitro fertility. Treatment is achieved by continuous hormone intake and long-term agonists administration, which is usually associated with poor patient compliance. Because GnRH agonists that are administered with the parenteral route are broken down by peptidase, their half-life is short. As a result, developing sustained release for the drug delivery system is significant. Even though some drugs have been successfully delivered with long-acting release microspheres and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), some challenges remain. This review highlighted current approaches to encapsulate GnRH agonists into delivery systems and strategies encountered during the loading process. Moreover, the following sections provide strategies to improve the release profile, and animal and human studies were summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardana Bazybek
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Clark AG, Wang R, Qin Y, Wang Y, Zhu A, Lomeo J, Bao Q, Burgess DJ, Chen J, Qin B, Zou Y, Zhang S. Assessing microstructural critical quality attributes in PLGA microspheres by FIB-SEM analytics. J Control Release 2022; 349:580-591. [PMID: 35803326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) within polymer-based controlled release drug products is a critical quality attribute (CQA). It is crucial for the development of such products, to be able to accurately characterize phase distributions in these products to evaluate performance and microstructure (Q3) equivalence. In this study, polymer, API, and porosity distributions in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres were characterized using a combination of focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and quantitative artificial intelligence (AI) image analytics. Through in-depth investigations of nine different microsphere formulations, microstructural CQAs were identified including the abundance, domain size, and distribution of the API, the polymer, and the microporosity. 3D models, digitally transformed from the FIB-SEM images, were reconstructed to predict controlled drug release numerically. Agreement between the in vitro release experiments and the predictions validated the image-based release modelling method. Sensitivity analysis revealed the dependence of release on the distribution and size of the API particles and the porosity within the polymeric microspheres, as captured through FIB-SEM imaging. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that microstructural CQAs in PLGA microspheres derived from imaging can be quantitatively and predictively correlated with formulation and manufacturing parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Clark
- DigiM Solution LLC, 67 South Bedford Street, Suite 400 West, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Road U3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yuri Qin
- DigiM Solution LLC, 67 South Bedford Street, Suite 400 West, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, MD, USA
| | - Aiden Zhu
- DigiM Solution LLC, 67 South Bedford Street, Suite 400 West, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Lomeo
- DigiM Solution LLC, 67 South Bedford Street, Suite 400 West, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Quanying Bao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Road U3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Diane J Burgess
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Road U3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jacie Chen
- DigiM Solution LLC, 67 South Bedford Street, Suite 400 West, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, MD, USA
| | - Yuan Zou
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, MD, USA
| | - Shawn Zhang
- DigiM Solution LLC, 67 South Bedford Street, Suite 400 West, Burlington, MA, USA.
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11
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Wan B, Bao Q, Burgess DJ. In vitro-in vivo correlation of PLGA microspheres: Effect of polymer source variation and temperature. J Control Release 2022; 347:347-355. [PMID: 35569590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of Level A in vitro-in vivo correlations (IVIVCs) remains challenging for complex long-acting parenterals, such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) PLGA microspheres. The nature of the PLGA polymer excipient has a dominant influence on the performance of PLGA microspheres. These microsphere systems typically exhibit multiphasic in vitro/in vivo release/absorption characteristics and may also show interspecies differences (animal model versus human data). These issues contribute to the difficulties in the development of IVIVCs for PLGA microsphere systems. To gain a better understanding of how to achieve IVIVCs for PLGA microspheres, microsphere formulations with similar as well as different release characteristics were prepared using PLGAs from different sources. Efforts were then made to establish IVIVCs for these formulations using in vitro release profiles obtained at both 37°C (human body temperature) and 39°C (rabbit body temperature) with in vivo data obtained from an animal model (rabbit). Risperidone was selected as the model drug; microsphere formulations were prepared under the same processing methods using apparently similar PLGAs from different sources. Owning to the different physicochemical properties of the PLGAs (such as inherent viscosity, monomer ratio (L/G ratio) and blockiness), the formulations exhibited significant differences in critical quality attributes (such as particle size, particle size distribution, porosity and pore size) and consequently had different in vitro and in vivo performance. IVIVCs were developed and it was shown that model predictability improved when IVIVCs were established using those formulations with comparable release characteristics. In addition, IVIVCs were established with Tscaling factors close to 1 using in vitro release profiles acquired at 39°C, emphasizing the importance of considering the body temperature in understanding interspecies differences. The present work provides a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the PLGA source variation on IVIVC development and predictability for complex long-acting parenterals such as PLGA microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wan
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, United States of America
| | - Quanying Bao
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, United States of America
| | - Diane J Burgess
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, United States of America.
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12
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Assessment of suitability of saxagliptin hydrochloride for development of controlled release parenteral formulation by preformulation studies. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2022. [DOI: 10.53730/ijhs.v6ns3.6336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of pre-formulation study is to develop the stable, elegant, safe and effective drug delivery system by establishing drug kinetic profile, formulation compatibility with different excipients and physico-chemical parameters of new drug molecules. This could provide key evidence for implementing formulation design or requirement of the molecular alteration. So, in the present study preformulation studies were performed on Saxagliptin Hydrochloride (SXG) to assess its suitability for parenteral formulation. SXG is a potent and selective reversible inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 used to treat type –II diabetes mellitus. The authenticity of SXG was established by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) spectra. An ultraviolet–visible (UV) spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were employed for determination of SXG in bulk API (active pharmaceutical ingredient). The UV method was linear within the range of 1-40 μg/ml. The proposed methodology is robust which can be concluded from the lower percentage standard deviation percentage co efficient of variance (% CV) values of intraday and inter day variability. The retention time was observed 1.3 min of SXG in HPLC method. The higher regression coefficient value (0.999) indicates the methodology is robust.
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13
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Li W, Chen J, Zhao S, Huang T, Ying H, Trujillo C, Molinaro G, Zhou Z, Jiang T, Liu W, Li L, Bai Y, Quan P, Ding Y, Hirvonen J, Yin G, Santos HA, Fan J, Liu D. High drug-loaded microspheres enabled by controlled in-droplet precipitation promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1262. [PMID: 35273148 PMCID: PMC8913677 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems with high content of drug can minimize excipients administration, reduce side effects, improve therapeutic efficacy and/or promote patient compliance. However, engineering such systems is extremely challenging, as their loading capacity is inherently limited by the compatibility between drug molecules and carrier materials. To mitigate the drug-carrier compatibility limitation towards therapeutics encapsulation, we developed a sequential solidification strategy. In this strategy, the precisely controlled diffusion of solvents from droplets ensures the fast in-droplet precipitation of drug molecules prior to the solidification of polymer materials. After polymer solidification, a mass of drug nanoparticles is embedded in the polymer matrix, forming a nano-in-micro structured microsphere. All the obtained microspheres exhibit long-term storage stability, controlled release of drug molecules, and most importantly, high mass fraction of therapeutics (21.8–63.1 wt%). Benefiting from their high drug loading degree, the nano-in-micro structured acetalated dextran microspheres deliver a high dose of methylprednisolone (400 μg) within the limited administration volume (10 μL) by one single intrathecal injection. The amount of acetalated dextran used was 1/433 of that of low drug-loaded microspheres. Moreover, the controlled release of methylprednisolone from high drug-loaded microspheres contributes to improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects than low drug-loaded microspheres and free drug in spinal cord injury therapy. High drug loading improves therapeutic efficacy and reduces side effects in drug delivery. Here, the authors use controlled diffusion of solvents to precipitate drug nanoparticles in polymer particles while the polymer is solidifying and demonstrate the particles for drug delivery in a spinal cord injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Shujie Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Tianhe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Huiyan Ying
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Claudia Trujillo
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Giuseppina Molinaro
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Linwei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yuancheng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Peng Quan
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yaping Ding
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Jouni Hirvonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Guoyong Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland. .,Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering and W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center Groningen/University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Dongfei Liu
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.
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14
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Jia G, Van Valkenburgh J, Chen AZ, Chen Q, Li J, Zuo C, Chen K. Recent advances and applications of microspheres and nanoparticles in transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1749. [PMID: 34405552 PMCID: PMC8850537 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a recommended treatment for patients suffering from intermediate and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As compared to the conventional TACE, drug-eluting bead TACE demonstrates several advantages in terms of survival, treatment response, and adverse effects. The selection of embolic agents is critical to the success of TACE. Many studies have been performed on the modification of the structure, size, homogeneity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of embolic agents. Continuing efforts are focused on efficient loading of versatile chemotherapeutics, controlled sizes for sufficient occlusion, real-time detection intra- and post-procedure, and multimodality imaging-guided precise treatment. Here, we summarize recent advances and applications of microspheres and nanoparticles in TACE for HCC. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Jia
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Juno Van Valkenburgh
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Austin Z. Chen
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Quan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jindian Li
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Changjing Zuo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China,Corresponding authors ,(Changjing Zuo); , (Kai Chen)
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Corresponding authors ,(Changjing Zuo); , (Kai Chen)
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15
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Coaxial electrospray of uniform polylactide core-shell microparticles for long-acting contraceptive. J Control Release 2021; 341:634-645. [PMID: 34921972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite its high efficacy and good patient compliance, the only long-acting injectable (LAI) contraceptive currently available in the US, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), is limited by significant side effects and a delayed return to fertility for up to 10 months after its intended duration of action. To overcome these limitations, we sought to develop an injectable poly(D,l-lactide) (PLA) microparticle for sustained release of contraceptive hormone, etonogestrel (ENG). A one-step technique, coaxial electrospray method was applied to prepare uniform ENG loaded core-shell structured and slow-degrading PLA microparticles (ENG-cs-MPs) to provide release control while minimizing polymer content. By adjusting voltage, polymer concentration and flow rate of the coaxial jetting solution, the prepared ENG-cs-MPs exhibited uniformly small particle size with volume mean diameter of 14.7 ± 0.5 μm and a shell thickness of 2.5 ± 0.1 μm, high drug loading of ~54%, high encapsulation efficiency of ~99%, and initial 1-day burst release of just ~10%. Long-term in vitro release of ENG was continuous for more than 3 months without change of the shell structure in 6 months. In PK studies, ENG-cs-MPs achieved a steady and continuous drug release for approximately 3 months and then quickly tapered off within 3 weeks. Hence, ENG-cs-MPs prepared by the coaxial electrospray method may be useful as a LAI contraceptive with an improved PK profile relative to DMPA.
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16
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PLGA/PLA-Based Long-Acting Injectable Depot Microspheres in Clinical Use: Production and Characterization Overview for Protein/Peptide Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168884. [PMID: 34445587 PMCID: PMC8396256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, long acting injectable (LAI) depots of polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) or polylactic acid (PLA) based microspheres have been developed for controlled drug delivery to reduce dosing frequency and to improve the therapeutic effects. Biopharmaceuticals such as proteins and peptides are encapsulated in the microspheres to increase their bioavailability and provide a long release period (days or months) with constant drug plasma concentration. The biodegradable and biocompatible properties of PLGA/PLA polymers, including but not limited to molecular weight, end group, lactide to glycolide ratio, and minor manufacturing changes, could greatly affect the quality attributes of microsphere formulations such as release profile, size, encapsulation efficiency, and bioactivity of biopharmaceuticals. Besides, the encapsulated proteins/peptides are susceptible to harsh processing conditions associated with microsphere fabrication methods, including exposure to organic solvent, shear stress, and temperature fluctuations. The protein/peptide containing LAI microspheres in clinical use is typically prepared by double emulsion, coacervation, and spray drying techniques. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the formulation attributes and conventional manufacturing techniques of LAI microspheres that are currently in clinical use for protein/peptides. Furthermore, the physicochemical characteristics of the microsphere formulations are deliberated.
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17
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Icart LP, Souza FG, Lima LMTR. Polymeric microparticle systems for modified release of glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists. J Microencapsul 2021; 38:249-261. [PMID: 33586588 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2021.1889059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a fast-growing worldwide epidemic. Despite the multiple therapies available to treat type 2 diabetes, the disease is not correctly managed in over half of patients, mainly due to non-compliance with prescribed treatment regimes. The development of analogues to the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has resulted in the extension of its half-life and associated benefits. Further benefits in the use of peptide-based GLP-1 receptor agonists have been achieved by the use of controlled-release systems based on polymeric microparticles. In this review, we focus on commercially available formulations and others that remain in development, discussing the preparation methods and the relationship between in vitro and in vivo kinetic release behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Peña Icart
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory (pbiotech), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biopolymers and Sensors (LaBioS), Institute of Macromolecules, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gomes Souza
- Laboratory of Biopolymers and Sensors (LaBioS), Institute of Macromolecules, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luís Maurício T R Lima
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory (pbiotech), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biopolymers and Sensors (LaBioS), Institute of Macromolecules, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory for Macromolecules (LAMAC-DIMAV), Brazilian National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
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18
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Pham DT, Tiyaboonchai W. Fibroin nanoparticles: a promising drug delivery system. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:431-448. [PMID: 32157919 PMCID: PMC7144220 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1736208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroin is a dominant silk protein that possesses ideal properties as a biomaterial for drug delivery. Recently, the development of fibroin nanoparticles (FNPs) for various biomedical applications has been extensively studied. Due to their versatility and chemical modifiability, FNPs can encapsulate different types of therapeutic compounds, including small and big molecules, proteins, enzymes, vaccines, and genetic materials. Moreover, FNPs are able to be administered both parenterally and non-parenterally. This review summaries basic information on the silk and fibroin origin and characteristics, followed by the up-to-date data on the FNPs preparation and characterization methods. In addition, their medical applications as a drug delivery system are in-depth explored based on several administrative routes of parenteral, oral, transdermal, ocular, orthopedic, and respiratory. Finally, the challenges and suggested solutions, as well as the future outlooks of these systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Toan Pham
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Waree Tiyaboonchai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
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19
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Ammar HO, Ibrahim M, Mahmoud AA, Shamma RN, El Hoffy NM. Polymer-Free Injectable In Situ Forming Nanovesicles as a New Platform for Controlled Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems. J Pharm Innov 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-020-09510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Doped with Carbon Nanotube with Aid of Metal-Organic Gel for Drug Delivery Systems. Pharm Res 2020; 37:193. [PMID: 32914377 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The incidence of breast cancer worldwide has been on the rise since the late 1970s, and it has become a common tumor that threatens women's health. Aminoglutethimide (AG) is a common treatment of breast cancer. However, current treatments require frequent dosing that results in unstable plasma concentration and low bioavailability, risking serious adverse reactions. Our goal was to develop a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based delivery system to control the release of AG and demonstrate the availability of this drug delivery system (DDS), which was doped with carbon nanotube with aid of metal-organic gel. METHODS Preparation of MIP was optimized by key factors including composition of formula, ratio of monomers and drug loading concentration. RESULTS By using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and metal-organic gels (MOGs), MIP doubled the specific surface area, pore volume tripled and the IF was 1.6 times than the reference. Compared with commercial tablets, the relative bioavailability was 143.3% and a more stable release appeared. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the influence of MWCNT and MOGs on MIP, which has great potential as a DDS.
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21
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Ferreira AM, Vikulina AS, Volodkin D. CaCO 3 crystals as versatile carriers for controlled delivery of antimicrobials. J Control Release 2020; 328:470-489. [PMID: 32896611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CaCO3 crystals have been known for a long time as naturally derived and simply fabricated nano(micro)-sized materials able to effectively host and release various molecules. This review summarises the use of CaCO3 crystals as versatile carriers to host, protect and release antimicrobials, offering a strong tool to tackle antimicrobial resistance, a serious global health problem. The main methods for the synthesis of CaCO3 crystals with different properties, as well as the approaches for the loading and release of antimicrobials are presented. Finally, prospects to utilize the crystals in order to improve the therapeutic outcome and combat antimicrobial resistance are highlighted. Ultimately, this review intends to provide an in-depth overview of the application of CaCO3 crystals for the smart and controlled delivery of antimicrobial agents and aims at identifying the advantages and drawbacks as well as guiding future works, research directions and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Ferreira
- School of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Forensics, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Anna S Vikulina
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses, Am Muhlenberg 13, Potsdam, Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Dmitry Volodkin
- School of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Forensics, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK.
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22
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Opálková Šišková A, Kozma E, Opálek A, Kroneková Z, Kleinová A, Nagy Š, Kronek J, Rydz J, Eckstein Andicsová A. Diclofenac Embedded in Silk Fibroin Fibers as a Drug Delivery System. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3580. [PMID: 32823655 PMCID: PMC7475829 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibroin is a biocompatible, non-toxic, mechanically robust protein, and it is commonly used and studied as a material for biomedical applications. Silk fibroin also gained particular interest as a drug carrier vehicle, and numerous silk formats have been investigated for this purpose. Herein, we have prepared electrospun nanofibers from pure silk fibroin and blended silk fibroin/casein, followed by the incorporation of an anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac. Casein serves as an excipient in pharmaceutical products and has a positive effect on the gradual release of drugs. The characteristics of the investigated composites were estimated by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, and a lifetime of diclofenac by electron paramagnetic resonance analysis. The cumulative release in vitro of diclofenac sodium salt, together with the antiproliferative effect of diclofenac sodium salt-loaded silk nanofibers against the growth of two cancer cell lines, are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Opálková Šišková
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.O.Š.); (Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Erika Kozma
- Institute for Chemical Sciences and Technologies ‘Giulio Natta’ (SCITEC-CNR), Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Andrej Opálek
- Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.O.); (Š.N.)
| | - Zuzana Kroneková
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.O.Š.); (Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Angela Kleinová
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.O.Š.); (Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Štefan Nagy
- Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.O.); (Š.N.)
| | - Juraj Kronek
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.O.Š.); (Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Joanna Rydz
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Anita Eckstein Andicsová
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.O.Š.); (Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.K.)
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23
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Zhang X, Zhou J, Xu Y. Optimized parameters for the preparation of silk fibroin drug-loaded microspheres based on the response surface method and a genetic algorithm-backpropagation neural network model. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 109:6-18. [PMID: 32748484 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Using silk fibroin as the base material, the drug-loaded microspheres are prepared by an emulsification method. In order to determine the drug-loading and drug-release performance parameters of the microspheres, the central composite design method is used to design and investigate the effects of the parameters of the microsphere preparation process, such as the oil-water ratio, stirring temperature, and stirring rate, on the microsphere particle size, drug-loading rate, and drug release rate. The "overall desirability" is taken as a comprehensive evaluation index, and the response surface method (RSM) and genetic algorithm-backpropagation (GA-BP) neural network GA-BP model are used to predict and evaluate the parameters of the drug-loaded microsphere preparation process. The root-mean-square error values obtained from the RSM and BP-GA model experiments are 0.000325 and 0.00022, respectively. The results show that the BP-GA model has better prediction accuracy and optimization ability than the RSM. The optimal microsphere preparation process conditions were determined to be as follows: a water-oil ratio of 10:1, at a temperature of 45°C with stirring at a speed of 400 rpm, the particle size of the microspheres is 1.392 μm, the drug-loading rate is 3.218%, and the drug release rate is 51.991%. The results of this study indicate that this approach is an effective method for the optimization of the parameters of the drug-loaded microsphere preparation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujing Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang, China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang, China
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24
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Zhang C, Yang L, Wan F, Bera H, Cun D, Rantanen J, Yang M. Quality by design thinking in the development of long-acting injectable PLGA/PLA-based microspheres for peptide and protein drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119441. [PMID: 32442645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adopting the Quality by Design (QbD) approach in the drug development process has transformed from "nice-to-do" into a crucial and required part of the development, ensuring the quality of pharmaceutical products throughout their whole life cycles. This review is discussing the implementation of the QbD thinking into the production of long-acting injectable (LAI) PLGA/PLA-based microspheres for the therapeutic peptide and protein drug delivery. Various key elements of the QbD approaches are initially elaborated using Bydureon®, a commercial product of LAI PLGA/PLA-based microspheres, as a classical example. Subsequently, the factors influencing the release patterns and the stability of the peptide and protein drugs are discussed. This is followed by a summary of the state-of-the-art of manufacturing LAI PLGA/PLA-based microspheres and the related critical process parameters (CPPs). Finally, a landscape of generic product development of LAI PLGA/PLA-based microspheres is reviewed including some major challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqian Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Liang Yang
- CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology (Shijiazhuang) Company, Ltd, Huanghe Road 226, 050035 Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hriday Bera
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Dongmei Cun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mingshi Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, 110016 Shenyang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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25
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Molavi F, Barzegar-Jalali M, Hamishehkar H. Polyester based polymeric nano and microparticles for pharmaceutical purposes: A review on formulation approaches. J Control Release 2020; 320:265-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Li J, Beck-Broichsitter M, Muenster U, Wang X, Zhao J, Mao S. Optimization of budesonide-loaded large-porous microparticles for inhalation using quality by design approach. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Tomeh MA, Hadianamrei R, Zhao X. Silk Fibroin as a Functional Biomaterial for Drug and Gene Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E494. [PMID: 31561578 PMCID: PMC6835371 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Silk is a natural polymer with unique physicochemical and mechanical properties which makes it a desirable biomaterial for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Silk fibroin (SF) has been widely used for preparation of drug delivery systems due to its biocompatibility, controllable degradability and tunable drug release properties. SF-based drug delivery systems can encapsulate and stabilize various small molecule drugs as well as large biological drugs such as proteins and DNA to enhance their shelf lives and control the release to enhance their circulation time in the blood and thus the duration of action. Understanding the properties of SF and the potential ways of manipulating its structure to modify its physicochemical and mechanical properties allows for preparation of modulated drug delivery systems with desirable efficacies. This review will discuss the properties of SF material and summarize the recent advances of SF-based drug and gene delivery systems. Furthermore, conjugation of the SF to other biomolecules or polymers for tissue-specific drug delivery will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhd Anas Tomeh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Roja Hadianamrei
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Xiubo Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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28
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Wu C, Luo X, Baldursdottir SG, Yang M, Sun X, Mu H. In vivo evaluation of solid lipid microparticles and hybrid polymer-lipid microparticles for sustained delivery of leuprolide. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:315-321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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29
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Effect of minor manufacturing changes on stability of compositionally equivalent PLGA microspheres. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:532-540. [PMID: 31181309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties and drug release characteristics of Q1/Q2 equivalent microspheres are sensitive to minor manufacturing changes, which may alter their stability under different storage-conditions. This may be undesirable due to the presence of a substantial amount of drug in microsphere products. Hence, the objective of the present work was to investigate the impact of minor manufacturing changes on the stability of Q1/Q2 equivalent microspheres under various storage conditions. Two Q1/Q2 equivalent risperidone microsphere formulations prepared with minor manufacturing changes (solvent system etc.) showed differences in their physicochemical properties (size, morphology, porosity etc.), drug release characteristics and hence, storage stability. Overall, both formulations were stable under long-term storage conditions (4 °C/ambient humidity). However, under the intermediate storage conditions (25 °C/ambient humidity), only formulation 1 was stable while formulation 2 showed significant polymer degradation, particle aggregation and alteration in the drug release characteristics. Lastly, under accelerated storage conditions (40 °C/ambient humidity vs 75% RH), the extent of polymer degradation, morphological changes and alteration of drug release characteristics of formulation 2 was significantly higher compared to that of formulation 1. Thus, minor manufacturing changes have the potential to significantly alter the storage stability and, hence, the quality and performance of complex drug products such as microspheres.
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30
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Wu Z, Zhao M, Zhang W, Yang Z, Xu S, Shang Q. Influence of drying processes on the structures, morphology and in vitro release profiles of risperidone-loaded PLGA microspheres. J Microencapsul 2019; 36:21-31. [PMID: 30757946 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2019.1582723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of drying methods on the risperidone (RIS) release profiles of RIS-loaded PLGA microspheres. These microspheres were fabricated with an O/W emulsion solvent evaporation method. The wet microspheres were dried with freeze drying and vacuum drying methods. The microspheres were mono-dispersed spheres with an average diameter of 100 μm. Studies found that drying methods had great influence on the porosity, morphology, and release profiles of RIS-loaded PLGA microspheres. Specifically, the freeze-dried microspheres had higher porosity (78.46 ± 1.64%) than those vacuum-dried ones (52.45 ± 2.68%), and they showed higher RIS release rates (p < 0.05). In the accelerated release tests (45 °C), these microspheres dried under the pressures of 700 mmHg and 200 mmHg gave faster release rates than those ones dried under the pressure of 450 mmHg. Importantly, the accelerated release test (45 °C) had a high correlation with the real-time test (37 °C) (R2 > 0.99). These studies exhibited a significance in the precise preparation of RIS-loaded PLGA microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoying Wu
- a Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute , Hebei University of Science and Technology , Hebei , China
| | - Mengqing Zhao
- a Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute , Hebei University of Science and Technology , Hebei , China
| | - Wei Zhang
- a Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute , Hebei University of Science and Technology , Hebei , China
| | - Zhao Yang
- a Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute , Hebei University of Science and Technology , Hebei , China
| | - Shuxin Xu
- b Tianjin Branch of Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, CAS , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Qing Shang
- a Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute , Hebei University of Science and Technology , Hebei , China
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Ye M, Duan H, Yao L, Fang Y, Zhang X, Dong L, Yang F, Yang X, Pan W. A method of elevated temperatures coupled with magnetic stirring to predict real time release from long acting progesterone PLGA microspheres. Asian J Pharm Sci 2019; 14:222-232. [PMID: 32104454 PMCID: PMC7032230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The object of the study was to develop a quick and reproducible accelerated in vitro release method to predict and deduce the function of the real time (37 °C) release for long acting PLGA microspheres. The method could be described in several steps. First, the release of the microspheres were studied using the sample and separate method at 37 °C with normal orbital shaking and elevated temperatures with magnetic stirring to further accelerate the release. Second, the most similar profile at elevated temperatures with the real time release was chosen with the help of the n value in the fitted Korsmeyer-Peppas Function. Third, the Weibull function and conversion ratio were used to deduce the function of real time release according to the chosen profile at elevated temperatures. The key point in this study was to provide a quick and precise method to predict the real time release for long acting progesterone PLGA microspheres. So the elevated temperatures coupled with magnetic stirring were used to accelerate the release further, and when there have many similar release profiles with the real time release at elevated temperatures, releasing time at elevated temperatures and the R2 of the final deduced function will be used to help choosing the most similar release profile with the real time release. Four different types of progesterone PLGA microspheres were used to verify the method, and all the deduced function correlated well with the real time releases, for R 2 = 0.9912, 0.9781, 0.9918 and 0.9972, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Ye
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hongliang Duan
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lixia Yao
- Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yicheng Fang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ling Dong
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Feifei Yang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xinggang Yang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Weisan Pan
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
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Entecavir-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres for long-term therapy of chronic hepatitis-B: Preparation and in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2019; 560:27-34. [PMID: 30711615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To avoid severe exacerbations in the load of hepatitis B virus (HBV) as a consequence of discontinuous use of anti-HBV drugs, entecavir (ETV), the first-line anti-HBV drug, was primally formulated as extended-release poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres in the present study. Because ETV is slightly soluble in water and in some other organic solvents used for microsphere preparation, methods for solid-microencapsulation were employed to fabricate the ETV microspheres. The optimized microspheres were evaluated for their morphology, particle size, drug loading, in vitro drug release, and in vivo pharmacokinetics in rats. The optimized formulation was found to have a mean particle size of 86 µm and drug loading of 13%. Differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction indicated that ETV existed in crystal, amorphous, and molecular states in the microspheres. In vitro and in vivo release revealed that the dissolution of ETV dominated the release process. The morphology of the microspheres and changes in the morphology during in vitro release were assessed by scanning electron microscopy. The novel ETV-MS described in this study should have great potential for clinical use as an alternative treatment against HBV.
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Gooneh-Farahani S, Naimi-Jamal MR, Naghib SM. Stimuli-responsive graphene-incorporated multifunctional chitosan for drug delivery applications: a review. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 16:79-99. [PMID: 30514124 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1556257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, the use of chitosan (CS) in the drug delivery has reached an acceptable maturity. Graphene-based drug delivery is also increasing rapidly due to its unique physical, mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties. Therefore, the combination of CS and graphene can provide a promising carrier for the loading and controlled release of therapeutic agents. AREAS COVERED In this review, we will outline the advantages of this new drug delivery system (DDS) in association with CS and graphene alone and will list the various forms of these carriers, which have been studied in recent years as DDSs. Finally, we will discuss the application of this hybrid composite in other fields. EXPERT OPINION The introducing the GO amends the mechanical characteristics of CS, which is a major problem in the use of CS-based carriers in drug delivery due to burst release in a CS-based controlled release system through the poor mechanical strength of CS. Many related research on this area are still not fully unstated and occasionally they seem inconsistent in spite of the intent to be complementary. Therefore, a sensitive review may be needed to understand the role of graphene in CS/graphene carriers for future drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Gooneh-Farahani
- a Research Laboratory of Green Organic Synthesis and Polymers, Chemistry Department , Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) , Tehran , Iran
| | - M Reza Naimi-Jamal
- a Research Laboratory of Green Organic Synthesis and Polymers, Chemistry Department , Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Seyed Morteza Naghib
- b Nanotechnology Department, School of New Technologies , Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) , Tehran , Iran
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Min Q, Liu J, Li J, Wan Y, Wu J. Chitosan-Polylactide/Hyaluronic Acid Complex Microspheres as Carriers for Controlled Release of Bioactive Transforming Growth Factor-β1. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040239. [PMID: 30453642 PMCID: PMC6321178 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan(CH)-polylactide(PLA) copolymers containing varied PLA percentages were synthesized using a group-protection method and one of them with solubility in water-based solvents was used to prepare CH-PLA/hyaluronic acid (HA) complex microspheres for the delivery of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). An emulsification processing method was developed for producing TGF-β1-loaded CH-PLA/HA microspheres using sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as ionic crosslinker and the size of the microspheres was devised to the micron level in order to achieve high encapsulating efficiency. The encapsulating efficiency, swelling property and release administration of the microspheres could be synergistically regulated by PLA component, the applied TPP dose and the incorporated HA amount. In comparison to CH/HA microspheres, the CH-PLA/HA microspheres had greatly reduced TGF-β1 release rates and were able to administrate the TGF-β1 release at controlled rates over a significant longer period of time. The released TGF-β1 was detected to be bioactive when compared to the free TGF-β1. These results suggest that the presently developed CH-PLA/HA complex microspheres have promising potential in delivering TGF-β1 for cartilage repair applications where the applied TGF-β1 amount in the early stage needs to be low whilst the sustained TGF-β1 release at an appropriate dose in the later stage has to be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Min
- School of pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China.
| | - Jiaoyan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China.
| | - Ying Wan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jiliang Wu
- School of pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China.
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Nanaki S, Barmpalexis P, Iatrou A, Christodoulou E, Kostoglou M, Bikiaris DN. Risperidone Controlled Release Microspheres Based on Poly(Lactic Acid)-Poly(Propylene Adipate) Novel Polymer Blends Appropriate for Long Acting Injectable Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E130. [PMID: 30104505 PMCID: PMC6161267 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluates the preparation of risperidone controlled release microspheres as appropriate long-acting injectable formulations based on a series of novel biodegradable and biocompatible poly(lactic acid)⁻poly(propylene adipate) (PLA/PPAd) polymer blends. Initially, PPAd was synthesized using a two-stage melt polycondensation method (esterification and polycondensation) and characterized by 1H-NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. DSC and XRD results for PLA/PPAd blends (prepared by the solvent evaporation method) showed that these are immiscible, while enzymatic hydrolysis studies performed at 37 °C showed increased mass loss for PPAd compared to PLA. Risperidone-polyester microparticles prepared by the oil⁻water emulsification/solvent evaporation method showed smooth spherical surface with particle sizes from 1 to 15 μm. DSC, XRD, and Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) analyses showed that the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was dispersed in the amorphous phase within the polymer matrices, whereas in vitro drug release studies showed risperidone controlled release rates in all PLA/PPAd blend formulations. Finally, statistical moment analysis showed that polyester hydrolysis had a major impact on API release kinetics, while in PLA/PPAd blends with high PLA content, drug release was mainly controlled by diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Nanaki
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Barmpalexis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Alexandros Iatrou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Evi Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Margaritis Kostoglou
- Laboratory of General and Inorganic Chemical Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Sandker MJ, Duque LF, Redout EM, Klijnstra EC, Steendam R, Kops N, Waarsing JH, van Weeren R, Hennink WE, Weinans H. Degradation, Intra-Articular Biocompatibility, Drug Release, and Bioactivity of Tacrolimus-Loaded Poly(d-l-lactide-PEG)-b-poly(l-lactide) Multiblock Copolymer-Based Monospheres. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:2390-2403. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Sandker
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedics, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luisa F. Duque
- InnoCore Pharmaceuticals, L.J. Zielstraweg 1, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Everaldo M. Redout
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien C. Klijnstra
- InnoCore Pharmaceuticals, L.J. Zielstraweg 1, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Steendam
- InnoCore Pharmaceuticals, L.J. Zielstraweg 1, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Kops
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. Waarsing
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rene van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harrie Weinans
- Department of Orthopaedics and Department of Rheumatology, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, TUDelft, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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Pharmacokinetics of a sustained release formulation of PDGFβ-receptor directed carrier proteins to target the fibrotic liver. J Control Release 2018; 269:258-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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38
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Wu J, Xie X, Zheng Z, Li G, Wang X, Wang Y. Effect of pH on polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced silk microsphere formation for drug delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 80:549-557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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39
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Shang Q, Zhang A, Wu Z, Huang S, Tian R. In vitro evaluation of sustained release of risperidone-loaded microspheres fabricated from different viscosity of PLGA polymers. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shang
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute; Hebei University of Science and Technology; Shijiazhuang Hebei 050000 China
| | - Aixin Zhang
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute; Hebei University of Science and Technology; Shijiazhuang Hebei 050000 China
| | - Zhaoying Wu
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute; Hebei University of Science and Technology; Shijiazhuang Hebei 050000 China
| | - Sijin Huang
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute; Hebei University of Science and Technology; Shijiazhuang Hebei 050000 China
| | - Ruiqiong Tian
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute; Hebei University of Science and Technology; Shijiazhuang Hebei 050000 China
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Andhariya JV, Shen J, Choi S, Wang Y, Zou Y, Burgess DJ. Development of in vitro-in vivo correlation of parenteral naltrexone loaded polymeric microspheres. J Control Release 2017; 255:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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41
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Chaurasia S, Mounika K, Bakshi V, Prasad V. 3-month parenteral PLGA microsphere formulations of risperidone: Fabrication, characterization and neuropharmacological assessments. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 75:1496-1505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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42
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Functionalized silk fibroin dressing with topical bioactive insulin release for accelerated chronic wound healing. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 72:394-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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43
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Accelerated in vitro release testing method for naltrexone loaded PLGA microspheres. Int J Pharm 2017; 520:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Sandker MJ, Duque LF, Redout EM, Chan A, Que I, Löwik CWGM, Klijnstra EC, Kops N, Steendam R, van Weeren R, Hennink WE, Weinans H. Degradation, intra-articular retention and biocompatibility of monospheres composed of [PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA]-b-PLLA multi-block copolymers. Acta Biomater 2017; 48:401-414. [PMID: 27816621 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the use of microspheres with a narrow particle size distribution ('monospheres') composed of biodegradable poly(DL-lactide)-PEG-poly(DL-lactide)-b-poly(L-lactide) multiblock copolymers that are potentially suitable for local sustained drug release in articular joints. Monospheres with sizes of 5, 15 and 30μm and a narrow particle size distribution were prepared by a micro-sieve membrane emulsification process. During in vitro degradation, less crystallinity, higher swelling and accelerated mass loss during was observed with increasing the PEG content of the polymer. The monospheres were tested in both a small (mice/rat) and large animal model (horse). In vivo imaging after injection with fluorescent dye loaded microspheres in mice knees showed that monospheres of all sizes retained within the joint for at least 90days, while the same dose of free dye redistributed to the whole body within the first day after intra-articular injection. Administration of monospheres in equine carpal joints caused a mild transient inflammatory response without any clinical signs and without degradation of the cartilage, as evidenced by the absence of degradation products of sulfated glycosaminoglycans or collagen type 2 in the synovial fluid. The excellent intra-articular biocompatibility was confirmed in rat knees, where μCT-imaging and histology showed neither changes in cartilage quality nor quantity. Given the good intra-articular retention and the excellent biocompatibility, these novel poly(DL-lactide)-PEG-poly(DL-lactide)-b-poly(L-lactide)-based monospheres can be considered a suitable platform for intra-articular drug delivery. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This paper demonstrates the great potential in intra-articular drug delivery of monodisperse biodegradable microspheres which were prepared using a new class of biodegradable multi-block copolymers and a unique membrane emulsification process allowing the preparation of microspheres with a narrow particle size distribution (monospheres) leading to multiple advantages like better injectability, enhanced reproducibility and predictability of the in vivo release kinetics. We report not only on the synthesis and preparation, but also in vitro characterization, followed by in vivo testing of intra-articular biocompatibility of the monospheres in both a small and a large animal model. The favourable intra-articular biocompatibility combined with the prolonged intra-articular retention (>90days) makes these monospheres an interesting drug delivery platform. What should also be highlighted is the use of horses; a very accurate translational model for the human situation, making the results not only relevant for equine healthcare, but also for the development of novel human OA therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Sandker
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Luisa F Duque
- InnoCore Pharmaceuticals, L.J. Zielstraweg 1, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Everaldo M Redout
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80163, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Alan Chan
- Percuros B.V., P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivo Que
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Clemens W G M Löwik
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Evelien C Klijnstra
- InnoCore Pharmaceuticals, L.J. Zielstraweg 1, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicole Kops
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob Steendam
- InnoCore Pharmaceuticals, L.J. Zielstraweg 1, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rene van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80163, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Postbus 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Harrie Weinans
- Department of Orthopaedics and Department of Rheumatology, UMC Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Biomechanical Engineering TUDelft, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
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Wu H, Liu J, Wu J, Wan Y, Chen Y. Controlled delivery of platelet-derived growth factor-BB from injectable microsphere/hydrogel composites. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 148:308-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Park S, Kim DH, Kim Y, Park JH, Lee M, Song IS, Shim CK. Comparative in vitro release and clinical pharmacokinetics of leuprolide from Luphere 3M Depot, a 3-month release formulation of leuprolide acetate. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 43:441-447. [PMID: 27824264 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1258409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A 3-month depot formulation of leuprolide acetate (Luphere 3M Depot) with a mean microsphere diameter of 22.3 μm was prepared aseptically by spray-drying glacial acetic acid solution of the drug and polylactic acid, and lyophilization in a d-mannitol solution. The encapsulation efficiency and loading content of the drug in the Luphere 3M Depot were 94.7% and 9.92% (w/w), respectively. The in vitro release of leuprolide from the depot was substantially delayed and the release profile was similar to that of Lucrin Depot (Abbott Korea, Korea). The safety and pharmacokinetics of leuprolide were investigated over a period of 42 days in 20 prostate cancer patients following a subcutaneous injection of Luphere 3M or Lucrin Depot suspensions (leuprolide acetate dose of 11.25 mg) in a multi-center, randomized, single dose, parallel study. Both formulations were well tolerated by the patients and no serious adverse effects were observed during and after the study. No significant differences were observed in the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUClast) of leuprolide between the two formulations. The results suggest comparable safety and efficacy profiles of Luphere 3M Depot and Lucrin Depot in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghoon Park
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea
| | - Yoon Kim
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea
| | - Jeong Hwa Park
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea
| | - MinSeok Lee
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea
| | - Im-Sook Song
- b College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Chang-Koo Shim
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea.,c College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea
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47
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Preparation and drug release properties of norisoboldine-loaded chitosan microspheres. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:1101-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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48
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Shen J, Lee K, Choi S, Qu W, Wang Y, Burgess DJ. A reproducible accelerated in vitro release testing method for PLGA microspheres. Int J Pharm 2015; 498:274-82. [PMID: 26705156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to develop a discriminatory and reproducible accelerated in vitro release method for long-acting PLGA microspheres with inner structure/porosity differences. Risperidone was chosen as a model drug. Qualitatively and quantitatively equivalent PLGA microspheres with different inner structure/porosity were obtained using different manufacturing processes. Physicochemical properties as well as degradation profiles of the prepared microspheres were investigated. Furthermore, in vitro release testing of the prepared risperidone microspheres was performed using the most common in vitro release methods (i.e., sample-and-separate and flow through) for this type of product. The obtained compositionally equivalent risperidone microspheres had similar drug loading but different inner structure/porosity. When microsphere particle size appeared similar, porous risperidone microspheres showed faster microsphere degradation and drug release compared with less porous microspheres. Both in vitro release methods investigated were able to differentiate risperidone microsphere formulations with differences in porosity under real-time (37 °C) and accelerated (45 °C) testing conditions. Notably, only the accelerated USP apparatus 4 method showed good reproducibility for highly porous risperidone microspheres. These results indicated that the accelerated USP apparatus 4 method is an appropriate fast quality control tool for long-acting PLGA microspheres (even with porous structures).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kyulim Lee
- School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Stephanie Choi
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Wen Qu
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Diane J Burgess
- School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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49
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Thakur V, Kush P, Pandey RS, Jain UK, Chandra R, Madan J. Vincristine sulfate loaded dextran microspheres amalgamated with thermosensitive gel offered sustained release and enhanced cytotoxicity in THP-1, human leukemia cells: In vitro and in vivo study. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 61:113-22. [PMID: 26838831 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vincristine sulfate (VCS) is a drug of choice for the treatment of childhood and adult acute lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as well as solid tumors including sarcomas. However, poor biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic traits of VCS like short serum half-life (12 min), high dosing frequency (1.4 mg/m(2) per week for 4 weeks) and extensive protein binding (75%) limit the clinical potential of VCS in cancer therapy. In present investigation, injectable vincristine sulfate loaded dextran microspheres (VCS-Dextran-MSs) were prepared and amalgamated with chitosan-β-glycerophosphate gel (VCS-Dextran-MSs-Gel) to surmount the biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic limitations of VCS that consequently induced synergistic sustained release pattern of the drug. Particle size and zeta-potential of VCS-Dextran-MSs were measured to be 6.8 ± 2.4 μm and -18.3 ± 0.11 mV along with the encapsulation efficiency of about 60.4 ± 4.5%. Furthermore, VCS-Dextran-MSs and VCS-Dextran-MSs-Gel exhibited slow release pattern and 94.7% and 95.8% of the drug was released in 72 h and 720 h, respectively. Results from cell viability assay and pharmacokinetic as well as histopathological analysis in mice indicated that VCS-Dextran-MSs-Gel offers superior therapeutic potential and higher AUClast than VCS-Dextran-MSs and drug solution. In conclusion, VCS-Dextran-MSs-Gel warrants further preclinical tumor growth study to scale up the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Preeti Kush
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Ravi Shankar Pandey
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur, India
| | - Upendra Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Punjab, India.
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50
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Liu Q, Liu H, Fan Y. Preparation of silk fibroin carriers for controlled release. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 80:312-320. [PMID: 26638113 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Silk fibroin provides a new option for controlled release systems as a result of its excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties. As the core material, silk fibroin can be designed and widely used in drug/gene delivery, regenerative medicine, and other biomedical fields. This review focuses on the preparation methods, loading molecules, and applications of silk fibroin-based controlled release systems including microspheres, microcapsules, films, microparticles, microneedles, liposomes, and hydrogels. These systems provide numerous advantages such as high encapsulation efficiency, avoiding loss of bioactivity and maintaining desirable range without peaks and valleys in comparison to the traditional administration approaches. Microsc. Res. Tech. 80:312-320, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
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