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Aquino-Jarquin G. CircRNA knockdown based on antisense strategies. Drug Discov Today 2024:104066. [PMID: 38908546 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a type of noncoding RNA that are formed by back-splicing from eukaryotic protein-coding genes. The most frequently reported and well-characterized function of circRNAs is their ability to act as molecular decoys, most often as miRNA and protein sponges. However, the functions of most circRNAs still need to be better understood. To more fully understand the biological relevance of validated circRNAs, knockdown functional analyses can be performed using antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference (RNAi) experiments (e.g., targeting back-splicing junction sites), the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated (Cas)-9 system (e.g., generating circRNA-specific knockouts), and CRISPR-Cas13 technology to effectively target circRNAs without affecting host genes. In this review, I summarize the feasibility and effectiveness of circRNA knockdown through antisense strategies for investigating the biological roles of circRNAs in cultured cells and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Aquino-Jarquin
- RNA Biology and Genome Editing Section. Genomics, Genetics, and Bioinformatics Research Laboratory. 'Federico Gómez' Children's Hospital of Mexico, Dr Márquez 162, Doctores, Cuauhtémoc, C.P. 06720, CDMX, Mexico.
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2
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Helmes E, Montgomery J, Alarcio G, Mendoza HG, Blea JA, Beal PA, Moeller BC. Non-Targeted Detection of Synthetic Oligonucleotides in Equine Serum Using Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5752. [PMID: 38891955 PMCID: PMC11172053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
There is great concern in equine sport over the potential use of pharmaceutical agents capable of editing the genome or modifying the expression of gene products. Synthetic oligonucleotides are short, single-stranded polynucleotides that represent a class of agents capable of modifying gene expression products with a high potential for abuse in horseracing. As these substances are not covered by most routine anti-doping analytical approaches, they represent an entire class of compounds that are not readily detectable. The nucleotide sequence for each oligonucleotide is highly specific, which makes targeted analysis for these agents problematic. Accordingly, we have developed a non-targeted approach to detect the presence of specific product ions that are not naturally present in ribonucleic acids. Briefly, serum samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction with a mixed-mode cartridge following the disruption of protein interactions to isolate the oligonucleotides. Following the elution and concentration steps, chromatographic separation was achieved utilizing reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Following an introduction to a Thermo Q Exactive HF mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization, analytes were detected utilizing a combination of full-scan, parallel reaction monitoring and all ion fragmentation scan modes. The limits of detection were determined along with the accuracy, precision, stability, recovery, and matrix effects using a representative 13mer oligonucleotide. Following method optimization using the 13mer oligonucleotide, the method was applied to successfully detect the presence of specific product ions in three unique oligonucleotide sequences targeting equine-specific transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Helmes
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA (J.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Jacob Montgomery
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA (J.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Gwendolyne Alarcio
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA (J.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Herra G. Mendoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.G.M.); (P.A.B.)
| | - Jeffrey A. Blea
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Peter A. Beal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.G.M.); (P.A.B.)
| | - Benjamin C. Moeller
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA (J.M.); (G.A.)
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3
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Huang W, Paul D, Calin GA, Bayraktar R. miR-142: A Master Regulator in Hematological Malignancies and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cells 2023; 13:84. [PMID: 38201290 PMCID: PMC10778542 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of non-coding RNA whose dysregulation is frequently associated with the onset and progression of human cancers. miR-142, an ultra-conserved miRNA with both active -3p and -5p mature strands and wide-ranging physiological targets, has been the subject of countless studies over the years. Due to its preferential expression in hematopoietic cells, miR-142 has been found to be associated with numerous types of lymphomas and leukemias. This review elucidates the multifaceted role of miR-142 in human physiology, its influence on hematopoiesis and hematopoietic cells, and its intriguing involvement in exosome-mediated miR-142 transport. Moreover, we offer a comprehensive exploration of the genetic and molecular landscape of the miR-142 genomic locus, highlighting its mutations and dysregulation within hematological malignancies. Finally, we discuss potential avenues for harnessing the therapeutic potential of miR-142 in the context of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Huang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (W.H.); (G.A.C.)
| | - Doru Paul
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - George A. Calin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (W.H.); (G.A.C.)
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Recep Bayraktar
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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4
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Spencer-Dene B, Mukherjee P, Alex A, Bera K, Tseng WJ, Shi J, Chaney EJ, Spillman DR, Marjanovic M, Miranda E, Boppart SA, Hood SR. Localization of unlabeled bepirovirsen antisense oligonucleotide in murine tissues using in situ hybridization and CARS imaging. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 29:1575-1590. [PMID: 37460153 PMCID: PMC10578491 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079699.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for detecting unlabeled antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) drugs rely on immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or conjugated molecules, which lack sufficient sensitivity, specificity, and resolution to fully investigate their biodistribution. Our aim was to demonstrate the qualitative and quantitative distribution of unlabeled bepirovirsen, a clinical stage ASO, in livers and kidneys of dosed mice using novel staining and imaging technologies at subcellular resolution. ASOs were detected in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and frozen tissues using an automated chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH) assay: miRNAscope. This was then combined with immunohistochemical detection of cell lineage markers. ASO distribution in hepatocytes versus nonparenchymal cell lineages was quantified using HALO AI image analysis. To complement this, hyperspectral coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (HS-CARS) imaging microscopy was used to specifically detect the unique cellular Raman spectral signatures following ASO treatment. Bepirovirsen was localized primarily in nonparenchymal liver cells and proximal renal tubules. Codetection of ASO with distinct cell lineage markers of liver and kidney populations aided target cell identity facilitating quantification. Positive liver signal was quantified using HALO AI, with 12.9% of the ASO localized to the hepatocytes and 87.1% in nonparenchymal cells. HS-CARS imaging specifically detected ASO fingerprints based on the unique vibrational signatures following unlabeled ASO treatment in a totally nonperturbative manner at subcellular resolution. Together, these novel detection and imaging modalities represent a significant increase in our ability to detect unlabeled ASOs in tissues, demonstrating improved levels of specificity and resolution. These methods help us understand their underlying mechanisms of action and ultimately improve the therapeutic potential of these important drugs for treating globally significant human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Spencer-Dene
- In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, BioImaging, GSK, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Prabuddha Mukherjee
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Aneesh Alex
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, BioImaging, GSK, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania 19426, USA
| | - Kajari Bera
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Wei-Ju Tseng
- In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, BioImaging, GSK, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania 19426, USA
| | - Jindou Shi
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Eric J Chaney
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Darold R Spillman
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Elena Miranda
- In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, BioImaging, GSK, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Steve R Hood
- In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, BioImaging, GSK, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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5
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Yamamoto Y, Sanwald Ducray P, Björnsson M, Smart K, Grimsey P, Vatakuti S, Portron A, Massonnet B, Norris DA, Silber Baumann HE. Development of a population pharmacokinetic model to characterize the pharmacokinetics of intrathecally administered tominersen in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:1213-1226. [PMID: 37221972 PMCID: PMC10508503 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tominersen is an intrathecally administered antisense oligonucleotide targeting huntingtin mRNA which leads to a dose-dependent, reversible lowering of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mutant huntingtin protein concentration in individuals with Huntington's disease. Nonlinear mixed-effect population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) modeling was conducted to characterize the CSF and plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) of tominersen, and to identify and quantify the covariates that affect tominersen PKs. A total of 750 participants from five clinical studies with a dose range from 10 to 120 mg contributed CSF (n = 6302) and plasma (n = 5454) PK samples. CSF PK was adequately described by a three-compartment model with first-order transfer from CSF to plasma. Plasma PK was adequately described by a three-compartment model with first-order elimination from plasma. Baseline total CSF protein, age, and antidrug antibodies (ADAs) were the significant covariates for CSF clearance. Body weight was a significant covariate for clearances and volumes in plasma. ADAs and sex were significant covariates for plasma clearance. The developed PopPK model was able to describe tominersen PK in plasma and CSF after intrathecal administration across a range of dose levels, and relevant covariate relationships were identified. This model has been applied to guide dose selection for future clinical trials of tominersen in patients with Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Yamamoto
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early DevelopmentRoche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Patricia Sanwald Ducray
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early DevelopmentRoche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Kevin Smart
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early DevelopmentRoche Innovation Center WelwynWelwyn Garden CityUK
| | - Paul Grimsey
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early DevelopmentRoche Innovation Center WelwynWelwyn Garden CityUK
| | - Suresh Vatakuti
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early DevelopmentRoche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Agnes Portron
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early DevelopmentRoche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Benoit Massonnet
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early DevelopmentRoche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Hanna E. Silber Baumann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early DevelopmentRoche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
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6
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Friedman L, Avitzur OB, Galai EO, Ferrari N, Choen A, Dahan S, Mordechai T, Hart G. The safety and toxicity profile of SPL84, an inhaled antisense oligonucleotide for treatment of cystic fibrosis patients with the 3849 +10kb C->T mutation, supports a Phase 1/2 clinical study. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2023; 19:709-720. [PMID: 37799089 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2023.2266361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SPL84 is an inhaled antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) in development for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients carrying the 3849 + 10kb C->T (3849) mutation. To support the initiation of the first clinical study, a full battery of safety and toxicology studies were performed. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS SPL84 was administered by inhalation to mice and monkeys to determine the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) and establish sufficient safety margins for the starting clinical dose. RESULTS There were no preclinical safety findings with SPL84; no related clinical signs, nor any effect on body weight, food consumption, or clinical pathology. The microscopic changes in the lungs were regarded as non-adverse and reflected a normal clearance process for inhaled compounds. Systemic exposure in both species was low. The NOAEL for mice and monkeys was the highest administered dose in both species, resulting in safety margins ~ 40X the proposed starting clinical dose. CONCLUSION These successful results supported the initiation of a phase 1/2 clinical study of SPL84 (ongoing), assessing the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a single ascending dose in healthy subjects to be followed by assessment of safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy of multiple ascending doses in CF patients carrying the 3849 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lital Friedman
- SpliSense, BiohouseLabs, Haddasah Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Asa Choen
- SpliSense, BiohouseLabs, Haddasah Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sara Dahan
- SpliSense, BiohouseLabs, Haddasah Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Mordechai
- SpliSense, BiohouseLabs, Haddasah Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gili Hart
- SpliSense, BiohouseLabs, Haddasah Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
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7
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Gupta R, Salave S, Rana D, Karunakaran B, Butreddy A, Benival D, Kommineni N. Versatility of Liposomes for Antisense Oligonucleotide Delivery: A Special Focus on Various Therapeutic Areas. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051435. [PMID: 37242677 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid therapeutics, specifically antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), can effectively modulate gene expression and protein function, leading to long-lasting curative effects. The hydrophilic nature and large size of oligonucleotides present translational challenges, which have led to the exploration of various chemical modifications and delivery systems. The present review provides insights into the potential role of liposomes as a drug delivery system for ASOs. The potential benefits of liposomes as an ASO carrier, along with their method of preparation, characterization, routes of administration, and stability aspects, have been thoroughly discussed. A novel perspective in terms of therapeutic applications of liposomal ASO delivery in several diseases such as cancer, respiratory disease, ophthalmic delivery, infectious diseases, gastrointestinal disease, neuronal disorders, hematological malignancies, myotonic dystrophy, and neuronal disorders remains the major highlights of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Gupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, India
| | - Sagar Salave
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, India
| | - Dhwani Rana
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, India
| | - Bharathi Karunakaran
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, India
| | - Arun Butreddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Derajram Benival
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, India
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8
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Shen L, Wong A, Oneda S, Curtis BR, Schroeder J, Zanardi T, Engelhardt JA, Henry SP, Narayanan P. Complement C3d/C4d Deposition on Platelets Correlates with 2'-O-Methoxyethyl Antisense Oligonucleotide-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Monkeys. Nucleic Acid Ther 2023. [PMID: 37093125 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2022.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
2'-O-Methoxyethyl antisense oligonucleotide (2'-MOE ASO)-induced severe thrombocytopenia (TCP) [platelet (PLT) count <50 K/μL] was observed in the Asian-sourced cynomolgus monkeys with low incidence (2%-4% at doses >5 mg/kg/week). The potential mechanisms for TCP were studied using the Mauritian-sourced cynomolgus monkeys, which were shown to be more susceptible to ASO-induced TCP, along with the Asian-sourced animals. ISIS 405879, a 2'-MOE ASO, induced severe TCP (PLT <50 K/μL) in seven of nine Mauritian-sourced monkeys but not in the Asian-sourced monkeys after 16 weeks of treatment at 40 mg/kg/week. Marked increases in PLT-bound C3d/C4d were detected in all thrombocytopenic Mauritian-sourced monkeys but not in the unaffected Mauritian- or Asian-sourced monkeys, suggesting increased PLT clearance due to complement deposition on the PLTs. However, this effect was independent of the ASO-mediated fluid-phase alternative complement activation. A correlation was also observed between serum antiglycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa immunoglobulin G (IgG) and PLT reduction. In addition, increases in total serum IgM, anti-PLT IgM, and anti-PLT factor 4 IgM levels were observed in monkeys from both sources but were more evident in the Mauritian-sourced monkeys. These data suggest an enhanced innate immune cell activation to ISIS 405879, leading to increased PLT destruction through complement fixation on the PLTs or PLT crossreacting polyclonal antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiang Shen
- Nonclinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Andrea Wong
- Altasciences Preclinical Seattle LLC, Everett, Washington, USA
| | - Satoru Oneda
- Altasciences Preclinical Seattle LLC, Everett, Washington, USA
| | - Brian R Curtis
- Versiti Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joe Schroeder
- Nonclinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Tom Zanardi
- Nonclinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | - Scott P Henry
- Nonclinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
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9
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Valenzuela A, Ayuso M, Buyssens L, Bars C, Van Ginneken C, Tessier Y, Van Cruchten S. Platelet Activation by Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs) in the Göttingen Minipig, including an Evaluation of Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and Platelet Factor 4 (PF4) Ontogeny. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041112. [PMID: 37111598 PMCID: PMC10143489 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) is a therapeutic modality that enables selective modulation of undruggable protein targets. However, dose- and sequence-dependent platelet count reductions have been reported in nonclinical studies and clinical trials. The adult Göttingen minipig is an acknowledged nonclinical model for ASO safety testing, and the juvenile Göttingen minipig has been recently proposed for the safety testing of pediatric medicines. This study assessed the effects of various ASO sequences and modifications on Göttingen minipig platelets using in vitro platelet activation and aggregometry assays. The underlying mechanism was investigated further to characterize this animal model for ASO safety testing. In addition, the protein abundance of glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) was investigated in the adult and juvenile minipigs. Our data on direct platelet activation and aggregation by ASOs in adult minipigs are remarkably comparable to human data. Additionally, PS ASOs bind to platelet collagen receptor GPVI and directly activate minipig platelets in vitro, mirroring the findings in human blood samples. This further corroborates the use of the Göttingen minipig for ASO safety testing. Moreover, the differential abundance of GPVI and PF4 in minipigs provides insight into the influence of ontogeny in potential ASO-induced thrombocytopenia in pediatric patients.
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10
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Takakusa H, Iwazaki N, Nishikawa M, Yoshida T, Obika S, Inoue T. Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Antisense Oligonucleotide Therapeutics: Typical Profiles, Evaluation Approaches, and Points to Consider Compared with Small Molecule Drugs. Nucleic Acid Ther 2023; 33:83-94. [PMID: 36735616 PMCID: PMC10066781 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2022.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide therapeutics are attracting attention as a new treatment modality for a range of diseases that have been difficult to target using conventional approaches. Technical advances in chemical modification and drug delivery systems have led to the generation of compounds with excellent profiles as pharmaceuticals, and 16 oligonucleotide therapeutics have been marketed to date. There is a growing need to develop optimal and efficient approaches to evaluate drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of oligonucleotide therapeutics. The DMPK/DDI profiles of small molecule drugs are highly diverse depending on their structural and physicochemical characteristics, whereas oligonucleotide therapeutics share similar DMPK profiles within each chemistry type. Most importantly, the mechanisms and molecules involved in the distribution and metabolism of oligonucleotides differ from those of small molecules. In addition, there are considerations regarding experimental approaches in the evaluation of oligonucleotides, such as bioanalytical challenges, the use of radiolabeled tracers, materials for in vitro metabolism/DDI studies, and methods to study biodistribution. In this review, we attempt to summarize the DMPK characteristics of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapeutics and discuss some of the issues regarding how to optimize the evaluation and prediction of the DMPK and DDI of ASOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Takakusa
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Iwazaki
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makiya Nishikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Tokuyuki Yoshida
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Obika
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takao Inoue
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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11
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Wang Y, Diep JK, Yu RZ, Hurh E, Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E, Schneider E, Henry S, Bhanot S, Geary RS. Assessment of the Effect of Organ Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics of 2'-MOE and Phosphorothioate Modified Antisense Oligonucleotides. J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 63:21-28. [PMID: 35801818 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics (PK) of 2'-O-methoxyethyl and phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), with or without N-acetyl galactosamine conjugation, have been well characterized following subcutaneous or intravenous drug administration. However, the effect of organ impairment on ASO PK, primarily hepatic or renal impairment, has not yet been reported. ASOs distribute extensively to the liver and kidneys, where they are metabolized slowly by endo- and exonucleases, with minimal renal excretion as parent drug (<1%-3%). This short review evaluated the effect of organ impairment on ASO PK using 3 case studies: (1) a phase 1 renal impairment study evaluating a N-acetyl galactosamine-conjugated ASO in healthy study participants and study participants with moderate renal impairment, (2) a phase 2 study evaluating an unconjugated ASO in patients with end-stage renal disease; and (3) a phase 3 study evaluating an unconjugated ASO, which included patients with mild hepatic or renal impairment. Results showed that patients with end-stage renal disease had a mild increase (≈34%) in total plasma exposure, whereas mild or moderate renal impairment showed no effect on plasma PK. The effect of hepatic impairment on ASO PK could not be fully evaluated due to lack of data in moderate and severe hepatic impairment study participants. Nonetheless, available data suggest that mild hepatic impairment had no effect on ASO exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wang
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - John K Diep
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Rosie Z Yu
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Eunju Hurh
- Akcea Therapeutics, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Henry
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Sanjay Bhanot
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
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12
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Lee SH, Ng CX, Wong SR, Chong PP. MiRNAs Overexpression and Their Role in Breast Cancer: Implications for Cancer Therapeutics. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:484-508. [PMID: 36999414 DOI: 10.2174/1389450124666230329123409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs have a plethora of roles in various biological processes in the cells and most human cancers have been shown to be associated with dysregulation of the expression of miRNA genes. MiRNA biogenesis involves two alternative pathways, the canonical pathway which requires the successful cooperation of various proteins forming the miRNA-inducing silencing complex (miRISC), and the non-canonical pathway, such as the mirtrons, simtrons, or agotrons pathway, which bypasses and deviates from specific steps in the canonical pathway. Mature miRNAs are secreted from cells and circulated in the body bound to argonaute 2 (AGO2) and miRISC or transported in vesicles. These miRNAs may regulate their downstream target genes via positive or negative regulation through different molecular mechanisms. This review focuses on the role and mechanisms of miRNAs in different stages of breast cancer progression, including breast cancer stem cell formation, breast cancer initiation, invasion, and metastasis as well as angiogenesis. The design, chemical modifications, and therapeutic applications of synthetic anti-sense miRNA oligonucleotides and RNA mimics are also discussed in detail. The strategies for systemic delivery and local targeted delivery of the antisense miRNAs encompass the use of polymeric and liposomal nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, extracellular vesicles, as well as viral vectors and viruslike particles (VLPs). Although several miRNAs have been identified as good candidates for the design of antisense and other synthetic modified oligonucleotides in targeting breast cancer, further efforts are still needed to study the most optimal delivery method in order to drive the research beyond preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sau Har Lee
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chu Xin Ng
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharon Rachel Wong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pei Pei Chong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Jo SJ, Chae SU, Lee CB, Bae SK. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Approved RNA Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010746. [PMID: 36614189 PMCID: PMC9821128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-mediated drugs are a rapidly growing class of therapeutics. Over the last five years, the list of FDA-approved RNA therapeutics has expanded owing to their unique targets and prolonged pharmacological effects. Their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) have important clinical im-plications, but their pharmacokinetic properties have not been fully understood. Most RNA therapeutics have structural modifications to prevent rapid elimination from the plasma and are administered intravenously or subcutaneously, with some exceptions, for effective distribution to target organs. Distribution of drugs into tissues depends on the addition of a moiety that can be transported to the target and RNA therapeutics show a low volume of distribution because of their molecular size and negatively-charged backbone. Nucleases metabolize RNA therapeutics to a shortened chain, but their metabolic ratio is relatively low. Therefore, most RNA therapeutics are excreted in their intact form. This review covers not only ADME features but also clinical pharmacology data of the RNA therapeutics such as drug-drug interaction or population pharmacokinetic analyses. As the market of RNA therapeutics is expected to rapidly expand, comprehensive knowledge will contribute to interpreting and evaluating the pharmacological properties.
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Ait Benichou S, Jauvin D, De-Serres-Berard T, Bennett F, Rigo F, Gourdon G, Boutjdir M, Chahine M, Puymirat J. Enhanced Delivery of Ligand-Conjugated Antisense Oligonucleotides (C16-HA-ASO) Targeting DMPK Transcripts for the Treatment of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:810-820. [PMID: 35794764 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a neuromuscular disorder that affects many organs. It is caused by the expansion of a cytosine-thymine-guanine (CTG) triplet repeat in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the human myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (hDMPK) gene, which results in a toxic gain-of-function of mutant hDMPK RNA transcripts. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have emerged in recent years as a potential gene therapy to treat DM1. However, the clinical efficacy of the systemic administration of ASOs is limited by a combination of insufficient potency and poor tissue distribution. In the present study, we assessed the potential of a new ligand-conjugated ASO (IONIS-877864; C16-HA-ASO) to target mutant hDMPK mRNA transcripts in the DMSXL mouse model of DM1. DMSXL mice were treated subcutaneously for 9 weeks with either IONIS-877864 (12.5, or 25 mg/kg) or with IONIS-486178 (12.5 or 25 mg/kg), an unconjugated ASO with the same sequence. At 25 mg/kg, IONIS-877864 significantly enhanced ASO delivery into the striated muscles of DMSXL mice following systemic administration compared to the unconjugated control. IONIS-877864 was also more efficacious than IONIS-486178, reducing mutant hDMPK transcripts by up to 92% in the skeletal muscles and 78% in the hearts of DMSXL mice. The decrease in mutant hDMPK transcripts in the skeletal muscles caused by IONIS-877864 was associated with a significant improvement in skeletal muscle strength. IONIS-877864 was non-toxic in the DMSXL mouse model. The present study showed that the C16-HA-conjugated ASO is a powerful tool for the development of a gene therapy for DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Frank Bennett
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc, 448132, Carlsbad, California, United States;
| | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc, 448132, Carlsbad, California, United States;
| | - Geneiviève Gourdon
- Sorbonne Université Faculté de Médecine, 517733, Paris, Île-de-France, France;
| | - Mohamed Boutjdir
- State University of New York , VA New York Harbor Healthcare System , New York, United States;
| | - Mohamed Chahine
- Laval University, 4440, Medecine, 2325 Rue de l'Université,, Québec, QC, Quebec, Quebec, Canada, G1V 0A6;
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15
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Iyer VS, Boddul SV, Johnsson AK, Raposo B, Sharma RK, Shen Y, Kasza Z, Lim KW, Chemin K, Nilsson G, Malmström V, Phan AT, Wermeling F. Modulating T-cell activation with antisense oligonucleotides targeting lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2. J Autoimmun 2022; 131:102857. [PMID: 35780036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated T-cell activation is a hallmark of several autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS). The lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 (LCP2), also known as SLP-76, is essential for the development and activation of T cells. Despite the critical role of LCP2 in T-cell activation and the need for developing drugs that modify T-cell activation, no LCP2 inhibitors have been developed. This can be explained by the "undruggable" nature of LCP2, lacking a structure permissive to standard small molecule inhibitor modalities. Here, we explored an alternative drug modality, developing antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting LCP2 mRNAs, and evaluated its activity in modulating T-cell activation. We identified a set of 3' UTR targeting LCP2 ASOs, which knocked down LCP2 in a human T-cell line and primary human T cells and found that these suppressed T-cell receptor mediated activation. We also found that the ASOs suppressed FcεR1-mediated mast cell activation, in line with the role of LCP2 in mast cells. Taken together, our data provide examples of how immunomodulatory ASOs that interfere with undruggable targets can be developed and propose that such drug modalities can be used to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Srinivasan Iyer
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Sanjaykumar V Boddul
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Johnsson
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruno Raposo
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ravi K Sharma
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yunbing Shen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zsolt Kasza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kah Wai Lim
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Karine Chemin
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anh Tuân Phan
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Fredrik Wermeling
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lai Y, Chu X, Di L, Gao W, Guo Y, Liu X, Lu C, Mao J, Shen H, Tang H, Xia CQ, Zhang L, Ding X. Recent advances in the translation of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics science for drug discovery and development. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2751-2777. [PMID: 35755285 PMCID: PMC9214059 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) is an important branch of pharmaceutical sciences. The nature of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and PK (pharmacokinetics) inquiries during drug discovery and development has evolved in recent years from being largely descriptive to seeking a more quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the fate of drug candidates in biological systems. Tremendous progress has been made in the past decade, not only in the characterization of physiochemical properties of drugs that influence their ADME, target organ exposure, and toxicity, but also in the identification of design principles that can minimize drug-drug interaction (DDI) potentials and reduce the attritions. The importance of membrane transporters in drug disposition, efficacy, and safety, as well as the interplay with metabolic processes, has been increasingly recognized. Dramatic increases in investments on new modalities beyond traditional small and large molecule drugs, such as peptides, oligonucleotides, and antibody-drug conjugates, necessitated further innovations in bioanalytical and experimental tools for the characterization of their ADME properties. In this review, we highlight some of the most notable advances in the last decade, and provide future perspectives on potential major breakthroughs and innovations in the translation of DMPK science in various stages of drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yingying Guo
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46221, USA
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chuang Lu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Accent Therapeutics, Inc. Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Jialin Mao
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Huaping Tang
- Bioanalysis and Biomarkers, Glaxo Smith Kline, King of the Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Cindy Q. Xia
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Cholesterol Lowering Biotechnological Strategies: From Monoclonal Antibodies to Antisense Therapies. A Pre-Clinical Perspective Review. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2022; 37:585-598. [PMID: 35022949 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07293-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the increase in available genetic information and a better understanding of the genetic bases of dyslipidemias has led to the identification of potential new avenues for therapies. Additionally, the development of new technologies has presented the key for developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting not only proteins (e.g., the monoclonal antibodies and vaccines) but also the transcripts (from antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to small interfering RNAs) or the genomic sequence (gene therapies). These pharmacological advances have led to successful therapeutic improvements, particularly in the cardiovascular arena because we are now able to treat rare, genetically driven, and previously untreatable conditions (e.g, familial hypertriglyceridemia or hyperchylomicronemia). In this review, the pre-clinical pharmacological development of the major biotechnological cholesterol lowering advances were discussed, describing facts, gaps, potential future steps forward, and therapeutic opportunities.
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Yamada Y. Nucleic Acid Drugs-Current Status, Issues, and Expectations for Exosomes. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13195002. [PMID: 34638486 PMCID: PMC8508492 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13195002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nucleic acid drugs provide novel therapeutic modalities with characteristics that differ from those of small molecules and antibodies. In this review, I focus on the various mechanisms through which nucleic acid drugs act on, the status of their clinical development, and discuss several hurdles that need to be surmounted. In addition, by listing examples of how the progress in exosome biology can lead to the solution of problems in nucleic acid drug therapy, I hope that many more nucleic acid drugs including anticancer drugs will be developed in the future. Abstract Nucleic acid drugs are being developed as novel therapeutic modalities. They have great potential to treat human diseases such as cancers, viral infections, and genetic disorders due to unique characteristics that make it possible to approach undruggable targets using classical small molecule or protein/antibody-based biologics. In this review, I describe the advantages, classification, and clinical status of nucleic acid therapeutics. To date, more than 10 products have been launched, and many products have been tested in clinics. To promote the use of nucleic acid therapeutics such as antibodies, several hurdles need to be surmounted. The most important issue is the delivery of nucleic acids and several other challenges have been reported. Recent advanced delivery platforms are lipid nanoparticles and ligand conjugation approaches. With the progress of exosome biology, exosomes are expected to contribute to the solution of various problems associated with nucleic acid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Yamada
- Research Management Office, Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co. Ltd., 1-9-2, Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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19
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Valenzuela A, Tardiveau C, Ayuso M, Buyssens L, Bars C, Van Ginneken C, Fant P, Leconte I, Braendli-Baiocco A, Parrott N, Schmitt G, Tessier Y, Barrow P, Van Cruchten S. Safety Testing of an Antisense Oligonucleotide Intended for Pediatric Indications in the Juvenile Göttingen Minipig, including an Evaluation of the Ontogeny of Key Nucleases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1442. [PMID: 34575518 PMCID: PMC8470776 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult Göttingen Minipig is an acknowledged model for safety assessment of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) drugs developed for adult indications. To assess whether the juvenile Göttingen Minipig is also a suitable nonclinical model for pediatric safety assessment of ASOs, we performed an 8-week repeat-dose toxicity study in different age groups of minipigs ranging from 1 to 50 days of age. The animals received a weekly dose of a phosphorothioated locked-nucleic-acid-based ASO that was assessed previously for toxicity in adult minipigs. The endpoints included toxicokinetic parameters, in-life monitoring, clinical pathology, and histopathology. Additionally, the ontogeny of key nucleases involved in ASO metabolism and pharmacologic activity was investigated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and nuclease activity assays. Similar clinical chemistry and toxicity findings were observed; however, differences in plasma and tissue exposures as well as pharmacologic activity were seen in the juvenile minipigs when compared with the adult data. The ontogeny study revealed a differential nuclease expression and activity, which could affect the metabolic pathway and pharmacologic effect of ASOs in different tissues and age groups. These data indicate that the juvenile Göttingen Minipig is a promising nonclinical model for safety assessment of ASOs intended to treat disease in the human pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Valenzuela
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Claire Tardiveau
- Charles River Laboratories France Safety Assessment SAS, 69210 Saint-Germain-Nuelles, France; (C.T.); (P.F.); (I.L.)
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Laura Buyssens
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Chloe Bars
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Pierluigi Fant
- Charles River Laboratories France Safety Assessment SAS, 69210 Saint-Germain-Nuelles, France; (C.T.); (P.F.); (I.L.)
| | - Isabelle Leconte
- Charles River Laboratories France Safety Assessment SAS, 69210 Saint-Germain-Nuelles, France; (C.T.); (P.F.); (I.L.)
| | - Annamaria Braendli-Baiocco
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.B.-B.); (N.P.); (G.S.); (Y.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Neil Parrott
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.B.-B.); (N.P.); (G.S.); (Y.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Georg Schmitt
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.B.-B.); (N.P.); (G.S.); (Y.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Yann Tessier
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.B.-B.); (N.P.); (G.S.); (Y.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Paul Barrow
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.B.-B.); (N.P.); (G.S.); (Y.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv) is a rare autosomal dominant, life-threatening disease. Until recently only early stages of ATTRv-PN (polyneuropathy) had access to disease-modifying therapy (DMT), whereas there was no specific treatment for ATTRv-CM (cardiomyopathy). This review updates our knowledge about results of three phase 3 clinical trials, expert's consensus for early diagnosis and emerging biomarkers. RECENT FINDINGS Two phase 3 studies using RNAi and antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) were successful. Primary endpoints were progression of neuropathic score mNIS +7 and quality of Life (QOL) in a population of ATTRv-PN at different levels of severity. They knock downed circulating amyloidogenic mutant and wild-type TTR. Safety concerned ASO with a risk of thrombocytopenia. RNAi showed possible reversibility of the disease. Phase 3 ATTRACT trial-tested tafamidis versus placebo in patients with ATTRv-CM and ATTRwt-CM and showed a significant reduction of all-cause mortality and rates of cardiovascular-related hospitalizations. All three drugs obtained marketing authorization by European Medicines Agency (EMA) and Food and drug administration (FDA). Early diagnosis criteria for ATTRv-PN and ATTRv-CM are available. Ongoing clinical trials for ATTRv are presented. New biomarkers are plasma neurofilament light chain, intraepidermal nerve fiber density. SUMMARY The majority of patients with ATTRv may have now access to a DMT. Criteria for early diagnosis are available.
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Nanavati C, McMullen G, Yu R, Geary RS, Henry SP, Wang Y. Interspecies Scaling of Human Clearance and Plasma Trough Exposure for Antisense Oligonucleotides: A Retrospective Analysis of GalNAc3-Conjugated and Unconjugated-Antisense Oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acid Ther 2021; 31:298-308. [PMID: 33891483 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2020.0911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented and generally accepted that human clearance (CL) of unconjugated single-strand antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) can be directly predicted from monkeys by body weight (BW) on a mg/kg dose basis. However, the scaling for triantennary N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc3)-conjugated ASOs has not been fully established. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed pharmacokinetic data from 9 GalNAc3-conjugated and 12 unconjugated single-stranded ASOs (ten 2'-methoxyethyl and two 2', 4'-constrained ethyl ASOs) to identify an appropriate allometric scaling factor between the two species. In addition, we compared the trough plasma concentrations (Ctrough, a surrogate for tissue exposure) between monkeys and humans at comparable dose levels, aiming at predicting tissue distribution in humans from monkeys. Overall, the median plasma CL ratios (monkey CL/human CL) were 1.05 and 0.94 when CL was normalized by BW, as compared with 0.33 and 0.29 when CL was normalized by body surface area (BSA) for the 12 unconjugated and 9 GalNAc3-conjugated ASOs, respectively. Similarly, the median Ctrough ratios (Ctrough in monkeys/Ctrough in humans) were 0.96 and 1.71, respectively, when Ctrough was normalized by mg/kg dose as compared with 3.10 and 5.50 when Ctrough was normalized by mg/m2 dose for the same unconjugated and conjugated ASOs, respectively. Equivalent CL and dose-normalized plasma Ctrough between monkeys and humans suggest similar pharmacokinetic profiles and tissue distribution between the two species on a per kilogram BW basis. In conclusion, human CL and plasma Ctrough (a surrogate of tissue distribution) can be directly predicted (1:1 or within twofold) from monkeys by BW on a mg/kg dose basis but these parameters can be under- or over-predicted by BSA on a mg/m2 dose basis. These results provide evidence for single species scaling from monkeys to humans directly and, thus, they can facilitate early human dose prediction in ASO drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gina McMullen
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Rosie Yu
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | - Scott P Henry
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
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22
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Distribution and biotransformation of therapeutic antisense oligonucleotides and conjugates. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2244-2258. [PMID: 33862193 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug properties of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) differ significantly from those of traditional small-molecule therapeutics. In this review, we focus on ASO disposition, mainly as characterized by distribution and biotransformation, of nonconjugated and conjugated ASOs. We introduce ASO chemistry to allow the following in-depth discussion on bioanalytical methods and determination of distribution and elimination kinetics at low concentrations over extended periods of time. The resulting quantitative data on the parent oligonucleotide, and the identification and quantification of formed metabolites define the disposition. Proper quantitative understanding of disposition is pivotal for nonclinical to clinical predictions, supports communication with health agencies, and increases the probability of delivering optimal ASO therapy to patients.
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23
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Watanabe A, Katsube T. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling for hepatic delivery and efficacy of antisense oligonucleotides with lipophilic ligands in mice. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:178-187. [PMID: 33724506 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation with lipophilic ligands such as cholesterol and α-tocopherol dramatically improves the delivery and efficacy of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in the liver. To estimate the hepatic ASO concentration and the efficacy of ASOs conjugated with lipophilic ligands in mice, we constructed a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model that consisted of a two-linear compartment model for the plasma and the hepatic ASO concentration, and two indirect response models for the hepatic apolipoprotein B (Apo-B) mRNA and plasma total cholesterol. The model provided a good fit of the hepatic ASO concentration although it showed an overprediction of Apo-B mRNA and an underprediction of the plasma total cholesterol within 2-fold at a later time after single intravenous administration of ASOs conjugated with lipophilic ligands. In addition, the model simulations indicated that the efficacy at a dose regimen of ASOs conjugated with lipophilic ligands (0.2 mg/kg, once a week) in mice was comparable to that at an effective dose of unchanged ASO (2.5 mg/kg, once a week). Although further studies are required to refine the parameters of the PK-PD model, this approach could be used to guide dose-ranging pharmacological studies for ASOs conjugated with lipophilic ligands in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayahisa Watanabe
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Biologics 1, Laboratory for Advanced Medicine Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Katsube
- Project Management Department, Clinical Pharmacology & Pharmacokinetics, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Japan
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Mahfouz M, Maruyama R, Yokota T. Inotersen for the Treatment of Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2176:87-98. [PMID: 32865784 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0771-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (hATTR) is a rare autosomal dominant condition in which mutations in the transthyretin gene cause amyloid fibrils to develop and deposit into tissues, affecting primarily the nerves and heart causing polyneuropathy and cardiomyopathy respectively. Standard treatment has been liver transplants to try and eliminate the mutated transthyretin products as the liver is the main source of transthyretin production. A new drug named inotersen (brand name Tagsedi), also known as IONIS-TTRRX, has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Agency, Health Canada, and European Commission in 2018, and introduced to the market for patients in stage 1 and stage 2 hATTR polyneuropathy. Inotersen is a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide with 2'-O-methoxyethyl modification designed to bind to the 3' untranslated region of the transthyretin mRNA in the nucleus of the liver cells. By doing so, it prevents the production of the mutant and wild-type forms of transthyretin, impeding the progression of the disease. In this article, the mechanism of action and safety profile of inotersen will be discussed along with some future directions following its approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mahfouz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rika Maruyama
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Toshifumi Yokota
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- The Friends of Garrett Cumming Research & Muscular Dystrophy Canada HM Toupin Neurological Science Research Chair, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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25
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Slingsby MHL, Vijey P, Tsai IT, Roweth H, Couldwell G, Wilkie AR, Gaus H, Goolsby JM, Okazaki R, Terkovich BE, Semple JW, Thon JN, Henry SP, Narayanan P, Italiano JE. Sequence-specific 2'-O-methoxyethyl antisense oligonucleotides activate human platelets through glycoprotein VI, triggering formation of platelet-leukocyte aggregates. Haematologica 2021; 107:519-531. [PMID: 33567808 PMCID: PMC8804562 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.260059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) are DNA-based, disease-modifying drugs. Clinical trials with 2'-O-methoxyethyl (2’MOE) ASO have shown dose- and sequence-specific lowering of platelet counts according to two phenotypes. Phenotype 1 is a moderate (but not clinically severe) drop in platelet count. Phenotype 2 is rare, severe thrombocytopenia. This article focuses on the underlying cause of the more common phenotype 1, investigating the effects of ASO on platelet production and platelet function. Five phosphorothioate ASO were studied: three 2’MOE sequences; 487660 (no effects on platelet count), 104838 (associated with phenotype 1), and 501861 (effects unknown) and two CpG sequences; 120704 and ODN 2395 (known to activate platelets). Human cord bloodderived megakaryocytes were treated with these ASO to study their effects on proplatelet production. Platelet activation (determined by surface P-selectin) and platelet-leukocyte aggregates were analyzed in ASO-treated blood from healthy human volunteers. None of the ASO inhibited proplatelet production by human megakaryocytes. All the ASO were shown to bind to the platelet receptor glycoprotein VI (KD ~0.2-1.5 μM). CpG ASO had the highest affinity to glycoprotein VI, the most potent platelet-activating effects and led to the greatest formation of platelet-leukocyte aggregates. 2’MOE ASO 487660 had no detectable platelet effects, while 2’MOE ASOs 104838 and 501861 triggered moderate platelet activation and SYKdependent formation of platelet-leukocyte aggregates. Donors with higher platelet glycoprotein VI levels had greater ASO-induced platelet activation. Sequence-dependent ASO-induced platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte aggregates may explain phenotype 1 (moderate drops in platelet count). Platelet glycoprotein VI levels could be useful as a screening tool to identify patients at higher risk of ASO-induced platelet side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina H Lundberg Slingsby
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Prakrith Vijey
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - I-Ting Tsai
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Harvey Roweth
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Genevieve Couldwell
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adrian R Wilkie
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hans Gaus
- Nonclinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA
| | - Jazana M Goolsby
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ross Okazaki
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Brooke E Terkovich
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - John W Semple
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University, Lund
| | - Jonathan N Thon
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Scott P Henry
- Nonclinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA
| | | | - Joseph E Italiano
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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26
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Viney NJ, Guo S, Tai L, Baker BF, Aghajan M, Jung SW, Yu RZ, Booten S, Murray H, Machemer T, Burel S, Murray S, Buchele G, Tsimikas S, Schneider E, Geary RS, Benson MD, Monia BP. Ligand conjugated antisense oligonucleotide for the treatment of transthyretin amyloidosis: preclinical and phase 1 data. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 8:652-661. [PMID: 33283485 PMCID: PMC7835591 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Amyloidogenic transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis is a fatal disease characterized by progressive cardiomyopathy and/or polyneuropathy. AKCEA-TTR-LRx (ION-682884) is a ligand-conjugated antisense drug designed for receptor-mediated uptake by hepatocytes, the primary source of circulating transthyretin (TTR). Enhanced delivery of the antisense pharmacophore is expected to increase drug potency and support lower, less frequent dosing in treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS AKCEA-TTR-LRx demonstrated an approximate 50-fold and 30-fold increase in potency compared with the unconjugated antisense drug, inotersen, in human hepatocyte cell culture and mice expressing a mutated human genomic TTR sequence, respectively. This increase in potency was supported by a preferential distribution of AKCEA-TTR-LRx to liver hepatocytes in the transgenic hTTR mouse model. A randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 1 study was conducted to evaluate AKCEA-TTR-LRx in healthy volunteers (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03728634). Eligible participants were assigned to one of three multiple-dose cohorts (45, 60, and 90 mg) or a single-dose cohort (120 mg), and then randomized 10:2 (active : placebo) to receive a total of 4 SC doses (Day 1, 29, 57, and 85) in the multiple-dose cohorts or 1 SC dose in the single-dose cohort. The primary endpoint was safety and tolerability; pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were secondary endpoints. All randomized participants completed treatment. No serious adverse events were reported. In the multiple-dose cohorts, AKCEA-TTR-LRx reduced TTR levels from baseline to 2 weeks after the last dose of 45, 60, or 90 mg by a mean (SD) of -85.7% (8.0), -90.5% (7.4), and -93.8% (3.4), compared with -5.9% (14.0) for pooled placebo (P < 0.001). A maximum mean (SD) reduction in TTR levels of -86.3% (6.5) from baseline was achieved after a single dose of 120 mg AKCEA-TTR-LRx . CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest an improved safety and tolerability profile with the increase in potency achieved by productive receptor-mediated uptake of AKCEA-TTR-LRx by hepatocytes and supports further development of AKCEA-TTR-LRx for the treatment of ATTR polyneuropathy and cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuling Guo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2855 Gazelle CourtCarlsbadCA92010USA
| | - Li‐Jung Tai
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2855 Gazelle CourtCarlsbadCA92010USA
| | - Brenda F. Baker
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2855 Gazelle CourtCarlsbadCA92010USA
| | - Mariam Aghajan
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2855 Gazelle CourtCarlsbadCA92010USA
| | | | - Rosie Z. Yu
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2855 Gazelle CourtCarlsbadCA92010USA
| | - Sheri Booten
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2855 Gazelle CourtCarlsbadCA92010USA
| | - Heather Murray
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2855 Gazelle CourtCarlsbadCA92010USA
| | - Todd Machemer
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2855 Gazelle CourtCarlsbadCA92010USA
| | - Sebastien Burel
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2855 Gazelle CourtCarlsbadCA92010USA
| | - Sue Murray
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2855 Gazelle CourtCarlsbadCA92010USA
| | - Gustavo Buchele
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2855 Gazelle CourtCarlsbadCA92010USA
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2855 Gazelle CourtCarlsbadCA92010USA
- University of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | | | | | | | - Brett P. Monia
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2855 Gazelle CourtCarlsbadCA92010USA
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Kilanowska A, Studzińska S. In vivo and in vitro studies of antisense oligonucleotides - a review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34501-34516. [PMID: 35514414 PMCID: PMC9056844 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04978f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of antisense oligonucleotides in gene silencing was discovered over 40 years ago, which resulted in the growing interest in their chemistry, mechanism of action, and metabolic pathways. This review summarizes the selected mechanisms of antisense drug action, as well as therapeutics which are to date approved by the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. Moreover, bioanalytical methods used for ASO pharmacokinetics and metabolism studies are briefly summarized. Special attention is paid to the primary pharmacokinetic properties of the different chemistry classes of antisense oligonucleotides. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro metabolic pathways of these compounds are widely described with the emphasis on the different animal models as well as in vitro models, including tissues homogenates, enzyme solutions, and human liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kilanowska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń 7 Gagarin Str. PL-87-100 Toruń Poland +48 56 6114837 +48 56 6114308
| | - Sylwia Studzińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń 7 Gagarin Str. PL-87-100 Toruń Poland +48 56 6114837 +48 56 6114308
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28
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Xue K, MacLaren RE. Antisense oligonucleotide therapeutics in clinical trials for the treatment of inherited retinal diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:1163-1170. [PMID: 32741234 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1804853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) represent a class of drugs which can be rationally designed to complement the coding or non-coding regions of target RNA transcripts. They could modulate pre-messenger RNA splicing, induce mRNA knockdown, or block translation of disease-causing genes, thereby slowing disease progression. The pharmacokinetics of intravitreal delivery may enable ASOs to be effective in the treatment of inherited retinal diseases. AREAS COVERED We review the current status of clinical trials of ASO therapies for inherited retinal diseases, which have demonstrated safety, viable durability, and early efficacy. Future applications are discussed in the context of alternative genetic approaches, including gene augmentation and gene editing. EXPERT OPINION Early efficacy data suggest that the splicing-modulating ASO, sepofarsen, is a promising treatment for Leber congenital amaurosis associated with the common c.2991+1655A>G mutation in CEP290. However, potential variability in clinical response to ASO-mediated correction of splicing defect on one allele in patients who are compound heterozygotes needs to be assessed. ASOs hold great therapeutic potential for numerous other inherited retinal diseases with common deep-intronic and dominant gain-of-function mutations. These would complement viral vector-mediated gene augmentation which is generally limited by the size of the transgene and to the treatment of recessive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanmin Xue
- Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Career Development Fellow, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford & Honorary Consultant Vitreoretinal Surgeon, Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford, UK
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- Professor of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford & Honorary Consultant Vitreoretinal Surgeon, Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford, UK
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Kilanowska A, Nuckowski Ł, Studzińska S. Studying in vitro metabolism of the first and second generation of antisense oligonucleotides with the use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7453-7467. [PMID: 32856108 PMCID: PMC7533254 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02878-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was the analysis and identification of antisense oligonucleotide metabolism products after incubation with human liver microsomes regarding four different oligonucleotide modifications. Separation and detection methods based on the use of liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were developed for this purpose. Firstly, the optimization of mass spectrometer parameters was done to select those which ensure the highest possible sensitivity of oligonucleotide analysis. This step was conducted for two chromatographic modes-ion pair chromatography and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-due to their common application in oligonucleotide analysis. Based on sensitivity results, ion pair chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was selected for the separation of model oligonucleotide mixtures in order to verify its selectivity for N-deleted metabolite separation. Next, the developed method was applied in the examination of oligonucleotides in vitro metabolism. First, wide optimization of incubation parameters was conducted including the concentration of the reaction buffer components. Obtained results indicated that both 3'-exonucleases and 5'-exonucleases contributed to the biotransformation of oligonucleotides. Moreover, it may be concluded that the number of metabolites depends on oligonucleotide modification and consequently its resistance to enzymatic attack. Thus, the number of the oligonucleotide metabolites decreased with the decrease of the resultant polarity of oligonucleotide caused by chemical modification. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kilanowska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin Str., PL-87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Łukasz Nuckowski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin Str., PL-87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Sylwia Studzińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin Str., PL-87-100, Toruń, Poland.
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30
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Mumtaz PT, Taban Q, Dar MA, Mir S, Haq ZU, Zargar SM, Shah RA, Ahmad SM. Deep Insights in Circular RNAs: from biogenesis to therapeutics. Biol Proced Online 2020; 22:10. [PMID: 32467674 PMCID: PMC7227217 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-020-00122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as a universal novel class of eukaryotic non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules and are becoming a new research hotspot in RNA biology. They form a covalent loop without 5′ cap and 3′ tail, unlike their linear counterparts. Endogenous circRNAs in mammalian cells are abundantly conserved and discovered so far. In the biogenesis of circRNAs exonic, intronic, reverse complementary sequences or RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a very important role. Interestingly, the majority of them are highly conserved, stable, resistant to RNase R and show developmental-stage/tissue-specific expression. CircRNAs play multifunctional roles as microRNA (miRNA) sponges, regulators of transcription and post-transcription, parental gene expression and translation of proteins in various diseased conditions. Growing evidence shows that circRNAs play an important role in neurological disorders, atherosclerotic vascular disease, and cancer and potentially serve as diagnostic or predictive biomarkers due to its abundance in various biological samples. Here, we review the biogenesis, properties, functions, and impact of circRNAs on various diseases. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Peerzada Tajamul Mumtaz
- 1Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry Shuhama, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, 19006 India.,2Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India
| | - Qamar Taban
- 1Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry Shuhama, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, 19006 India.,3Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Mashooq Ahmad Dar
- 1Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry Shuhama, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, 19006 India
| | - Shabir Mir
- Division of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | - Zulfkar Ul Haq
- Division of Livestock Production and Management, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | - Sajad Majeed Zargar
- 1Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry Shuhama, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, 19006 India.,6Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, J&K 190025 India
| | - Riaz Ahmad Shah
- 1Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry Shuhama, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, 19006 India
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- 1Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry Shuhama, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, 19006 India
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Catani M, De Luca C, Medeiros Garcia Alcântara J, Manfredini N, Perrone D, Marchesi E, Weldon R, Müller-Späth T, Cavazzini A, Morbidelli M, Sponchioni M. Oligonucleotides: Current Trends and Innovative Applications in the Synthesis, Characterization, and Purification. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900226. [PMID: 32298041 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides (ONs) are gaining increasing importance as a promising novel class of biopharmaceuticals. Thanks to their fundamental role in gene regulation, they can be used to develop custom-made drugs (also called N-to-1) able to act on the gene expression at pre-translational level. With recent approvals of ON-based therapeutics by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a growing demand for high-quality chemically modified ONs is emerging and their market is expected to impressively prosper in the near future. To satisfy this growing market demand, a scalable and economically sustainable ON production is needed. In this paper, the state of the art of the whole ON production process is illustrated with the aim of highlighting the most promising routes toward the auspicated market-size production. In particular, the most recent advancements in both the upstream stage, mainly based on solid-phase synthesis and recombinant technology, and the downstream one, focusing on chromatographic techniques, are reviewed. Since ON production is projected to expand to the large scale, automatized multicolumn countercurrent technologies will reasonably be required soon to replace the current ones based on batch single-column operations. This consideration is supported by a recent cutting-edge application of continuous chromatography for the ON purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Catani
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - João Medeiros Garcia Alcântara
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta,", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Nicolò Manfredini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta,", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Daniela Perrone
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Elena Marchesi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Richard Weldon
- ChromaCon AG, Technoparkstrasse 1, Zürich, 8005, Switzerland
| | | | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta,", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Mattia Sponchioni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta,", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
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Studying the Biotransformation of Phosphorothioate-Containing Oligonucleotide Drugs by LC-MS. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2036:307-315. [PMID: 31410805 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9670-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Across the pharmaceutical industry, there is increasing interest and need to investigate the biotransformation of oligonucleotide drugs. The method of choice is high-resolution mass spectrometry due to its unmet sensitivity and specificity.Here, we describe a method developed and applied in our laboratory studying the biotransformation of phosphorothioate-containing oligonucleotide drugs. This method is based on capillary flow liquid chromatography with column switching coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry.
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Batista-Duharte A, Sendra L, Herrero MJ, Téllez-Martínez D, Carlos IZ, Aliño SF. Progress in the Use of Antisense Oligonucleotides for Vaccine Improvement. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E316. [PMID: 32079263 PMCID: PMC7072586 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
: Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are synthetically prepared short single-stranded deoxynucleotide sequences that have been validated as therapeutic agents and as a valuable tool in molecular driving biology. ASOs can block the expression of specific target genes via complementary hybridization to mRNA. Due to their high specificity and well-known mechanism of action, there has been a growing interest in using them for improving vaccine efficacy. Several studies have shown that ASOs can improve the efficacy of vaccines either by inducing antigen modification such as enhanced expression of immunogenic molecules or by targeting certain components of the host immune system to achieve the desired immune response. However, despite their extended use, some problems such as insufficient stability and low cellular delivery have not been sufficiently resolved to achieve effective and safe ASO-based vaccines. In this review, we analyze the molecular bases and the research that has been conducted to demonstrate the potential use of ASOs in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Batista-Duharte
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1, 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil; (D.T.-M.); (I.Z.C.)
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.S.); (S.F.A.)
| | - Luis Sendra
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.S.); (S.F.A.)
| | - Maria José Herrero
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.S.); (S.F.A.)
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1, 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil; (D.T.-M.); (I.Z.C.)
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1, 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil; (D.T.-M.); (I.Z.C.)
| | - Salvador Francisco Aliño
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.S.); (S.F.A.)
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Narayanan P, Curtis BR, Shen L, Schneider E, Tami JA, Paz S, Burel SA, Tai LJ, Machemer T, Kwoh TJ, Xia S, Shattil SJ, Witztum JL, Engelhardt JA, Henry SP, Monia BP, Hughes SG. Underlying Immune Disorder May Predispose Some Transthyretin Amyloidosis Subjects to Inotersen-Mediated Thrombocytopenia. Nucleic Acid Ther 2020; 30:94-103. [PMID: 32043907 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2019.0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inotersen, a 2'-O-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE) phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide, reduced disease progression and improved quality of life in patients with hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis with polyneuropathy (hATTR-PN) in the NEURO-TTR and NEURO-TTR open-label extension (OLE) trials. However, 300 mg/week inotersen treatment was associated with platelet count reductions in several patients. Mean platelet counts in patients in the NEURO-TTR-inotersen group remained ≥140 × 109/L in 50% and ≥100 × 109/L in 80% of the subjects. However, grade 4 thrombocytopenia (<25 × 109/L) occurred in three subjects in NEURO-TTR trial, and one of these suffered a fatal intracranial hemorrhage. The two others were treated successfully with corticosteroids and discontinuation of inotersen. Investigations in a subset of subjects in NEURO-TTR (n = 17 placebo; n = 31 inotersen) and OLE (n = 33) trials ruled out direct myelotoxicity, consumptive coagulopathy, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Antiplatelet immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were detected at baseline in 5 of 31 (16%) inotersen-treated subjects in NEURO-TTR, 4 of whom eventually developed grade 1 or 2 thrombocytopenia while on the drug. In addition, 24 subjects in the same group developed treatment-emergent antiplatelet IgG antibodies, of which 2 developed grade 2, and 3 developed grade 4 thrombocytopenia. Antiplatelet IgG antibodies in two of the three grade 4 thrombocytopenia subjects targeted GPIIb/IIIa. Plasma cytokines previously implicated in immune dysregulation, such as interleukin (IL)-23 and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) were often above the normal range at baseline. Collectively, these findings suggest an underlying immunologic dysregulation predisposing some individuals to immune-mediated thrombocytopenia during inotersen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian R Curtis
- Platelet and Neutrophil Immunology Laboratory, Versiti Wisconsin, Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | | | | | - Suzanne Paz
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California.,aTyr Pharma, San Diego California
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sanford J Shattil
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Di Martino MT, Arbitrio M, Caracciolo D, Scionti F, Tagliaferri P, Tassone P. Dose-Finding Study and Pharmacokinetics Profile of the Novel 13-Mer Antisense miR-221 Inhibitor in Sprague-Dawley Rats. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 20:73-85. [PMID: 32146420 PMCID: PMC7058714 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
miR-221 is overexpressed in several malignancies where it promotes tumor growth and survival by interfering with gene transcripts, including p27Kip1, PUMA, PTEN, and p57Kip2. We previously demonstrated that a novel 13-mer miR-221 inhibitor (locked nucleic acid [LNA]-i-miR-221) exerts antitumor activity against human cancer with a pilot-favorable pharmacokinetics and safety profile in mice and non-naive monkeys. In this study, we report a non-good laboratory practice (GLP)/GLP dose-finding investigation of LNA-i-miR-221 in Sprague-Dawley rats. The safety of the intravenous dose (125 mg/kg/day) for 4 consecutive days, two treatment cycles, was investigated by a first non-GLP study. The toxicokinetics profile of LNA-i-miR-221 was next explored in a GLP study at three different doses (5, 12.5, and 125 mg/kg/day). Slight changes in blood parameters and histological findings in kidney were observed at the highest dose. These effects were reversible and consistent with an in vivo antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) class effect. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was established at 5 mg/kg/day. The plasma exposure of LNA-i-miR-221, based on C0 (estimated concentration at time 0 after bolus intravenous administration) and area under the curve (AUC), suggested no differential sex effect. Slight accumulation occurred between cycles 1 and 2 but was not observed after four consecutive administrations. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a safety profile of LNA-i-miR-221 in Sprague-Dawley rats and provide a reference translational framework and path for the development of other LNA miR inhibitors in phase I clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Di Martino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | | | - Daniele Caracciolo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Scionti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Di Martino MT, Arbitrio M, Fonsi M, Erratico CA, Scionti F, Caracciolo D, Tagliaferri P, Tassone P. Allometric Scaling Approaches for Predicting Human Pharmacokinetic of a Locked Nucleic Acid Oligonucleotide Targeting Cancer-Associated miR-221. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010027. [PMID: 31861748 PMCID: PMC7017297 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
: LNA-i-miR-221 is a novel phosphorothioate backbone 13-mer locked nucleic acid oligonucleotide-targeting microRNA-221 designed for the treatment of human malignancies. To understand the pharmacokinetic properties of this new agent, including unbound/total clearance, we investigated the LNA-i-miR-221 protein binding in three different species, including rat (Sprague-Dawley), monkey (Cynomolgus), and human. To this end, we generated a suitable ultrafiltration method to study the binding of LNA-i-miR-221 to plasma proteins. We identified that the fraction of LNA-i-miR-221 (at concentration of 1 and 10 µM) bound to rat, monkey, and human plasma proteins was high and ranged from 98.2 to 99.05%. This high protein binding of LNA-i-miR-221 to plasma proteins in all the species tested translates into a pharmacokinetic advantage by preventing rapid renal clearance. The integration of these results into multiple allometric interspecies scaling methods was then used to draw inferences about LNA-i-miR-221 pharmacokinetics in humans, thereby providing a framework for definition of safe starting and escalation doses and moving towards a first human clinical trial of LNA-i-miR-221.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Di Martino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (D.C.); (P.T.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Mariamena Arbitrio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)–Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB)–Section of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Massimiliano Fonsi
- Citoxlab France, a Charles River Company, 27005 Evreux, CEDEX, France; (M.F.); (C.A.E.)
| | | | - Francesca Scionti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (D.C.); (P.T.)
| | - Daniele Caracciolo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (D.C.); (P.T.)
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (D.C.); (P.T.)
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.S.); (D.C.); (P.T.)
- College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence: (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.)
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Yadav Y, Sharma D, Kaushik K, Kumar V, Jha A, Prasad AK, Len C, Malhotra SV, Wengel J, Parmar VS. Synthetic, Structural, and Anticancer Activity Evaluation Studies on Novel Pyrazolylnucleosides. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213922. [PMID: 31671703 PMCID: PMC6864788 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of novel pyrazolylnucleosides 3a–e, 4a–e, 5a–e, and 6a–e are described. The structures of the regioisomers were elucidated by using extensive NMR studies. The pyrazolylnucleosides 5a–e and 6a–e were screened for anticancer activities on sixty human tumor cell lines. The compound 6e showed good activity against 39 cancer cell lines. In particular, it showed significant inhibition against the lung cancer cell line Hop-92 (GI50 9.3 µM) and breast cancer cell line HS 578T (GI50 3.0 µM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Yadav
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada.
- SUN Pharmaceuticals R&D, Gurgaon, Sarhaul, Sector-18, Haryana-122 015, India.
| | - Deepti Sharma
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
- Sri Venkateswara College, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 021, India.
| | - Kumar Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College, The City University of New York, 1638 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA.
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
- Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 2170, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 1050A Arastradero Road, A252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Amitabh Jha
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada.
| | - Ashok K Prasad
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
| | - Christophe Len
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences-i-CLeHS, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Sanjay V Malhotra
- Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 2170, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 1050A Arastradero Road, A252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Jesper Wengel
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark.
| | - Virinder S Parmar
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College, The City University of New York, 1638 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA.
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark.
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38
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Bioanalysis considerations on the pharmacokinetic evaluation of antisense therapeutics. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:1909-1912. [PMID: 31648523 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Qiao K, Ning S, Wan L, Wu H, Wang Q, Zhang X, Xu S, Pang D. LINC00673 is activated by YY1 and promotes the proliferation of breast cancer cells via the miR-515-5p/MARK4/Hippo signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:418. [PMID: 31623640 PMCID: PMC6796384 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background An increasing number of studies have shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play essential roles in tumor initiation and progression. LncRNAs act as tumor promoters or suppressors by targeting specific genes via epigenetic modifications and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanisms. In this study, we explored the function and detailed mechanisms of long intergenic nonprotein coding RNA 673 (LINC00673) in breast cancer progression. Methods Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to examine the expression of LINC00673 in breast cancer tissues and in adjacent normal tissues. Gain-of-function and loss-of function experiments were conducted to investigate the biological functions of LINC00673 in vitro and in vivo. We also explored the potential role of LINC00673 as a therapeutic target using antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) in vivo. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), dual-luciferase reporter assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, and rescue experiments were performed to uncover the detailed mechanism of LINC00673 in promoting breast cancer progression. Results In the present study, LINC00673 displayed a trend of remarkably increased expression in breast cancer tissues and was associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Importantly, LINC00673 depletion inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the cell cycle and increasing apoptosis. Furthermore, ASO therapy targeting LINC00673 substantially suppressed breast cancer cell proliferation in vivo. Mechanistically, LINC00673 was found to act as a ceRNA by sponging miR-515-5p to regulate MARK4 expression, thus inhibiting the Hippo signaling pathway. Finally, ChIP assay showed that the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) could bind to the LINC00673 promoter and increase its transcription in cis. Conclusions YY1-activated LINC00673 may exert an oncogenic function by acting as a sponge for miR-515-5p to upregulate the MARK4 and then inhibit Hippo signaling pathway, and may serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Shipeng Ning
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Lin Wan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Xingda Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Shouping Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150086, China.
| | - Da Pang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150086, China. .,Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China.
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40
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Janssen MJ, Nieskens TTG, Steevels TAM, Caetano-Pinto P, den Braanker D, Mulder M, Ponstein Y, Jones S, Masereeuw R, den Besten C, Wilmer MJ. Therapy with 2'-O-Me Phosphorothioate Antisense Oligonucleotides Causes Reversible Proteinuria by Inhibiting Renal Protein Reabsorption. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 18:298-307. [PMID: 31610379 PMCID: PMC6796739 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotide therapy has been reported to be associated with renal injury. Here, the mechanism of reversible proteinuria was investigated by combining clinical, pre-clinical, and in vitro data. Urine samples were obtained from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients treated with drisapersen, a modified 2′O-methyl phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide (6 mg/kg). Urine and kidney tissue samples were collected from cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) dosed with drisapersen (39 weeks). Cell viability and protein uptake were evaluated in vitro using human conditionally immortalized proximal tubule epithelial cells (ciPTECs). Oligonucleotide treatment in DMD patients was associated with an increase in urinary alpha-1-microglobulin (A1M), which returned to baseline following treatment interruptions. In monkeys, increased urinary A1M correlated with dose-dependent accumulation of oligonucleotide in kidney tissue without evidence of tubular damage. Furthermore, oligonucleotides accumulated in the lysosomes of ciPTECs and reduced the absorption of A1M, albumin, and receptor-associated protein, but did not affect cell viability when incubated for up to 7 days. In conclusion, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides appear to directly compete for receptor-mediated endocytosis in proximal tubules. We postulate that oligonucleotide-induced low molecular weight proteinuria in patients is therefore a transient functional change and not indicative of tubular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoe J Janssen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Tom T G Nieskens
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Pedro Caetano-Pinto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk den Braanker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Martijn J Wilmer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Yamakawa K, Nakano-Narusawa Y, Hashimoto N, Yokohira M, Matsuda Y. Development and Clinical Trials of Nucleic Acid Medicines for Pancreatic Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174224. [PMID: 31470511 PMCID: PMC6747711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 30% of pancreatic cancer patients harbor targetable mutations. However, there has been no therapy targeting these molecules clinically. Nucleic acid medicines show high specificity and can target RNAs. Nucleic acid medicine is expected to be the next-generation treatment next to small molecules and antibodies. There are several kinds of nucleic acid drugs, including antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNAs, microRNAs, aptamers, decoys, and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. In this review, we provide an update on current research of nucleic acid-based therapies. Despite the challenging obstacles, we hope that nucleic acid drugs will have a significant impact on the treatment of pancreatic cancer. The combination of genetic diagnosis using next generation sequencing and targeted therapy may provide effective precision medicine for pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Yamakawa
- Oncology Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakano-Narusawa
- Oncology Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hashimoto
- Oncology Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Masanao Yokohira
- Oncology Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuda
- Oncology Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
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Kim BS, Kim HJ, Osawa S, Hayashi K, Toh K, Naito M, Min HS, Yi Y, Kwon IC, Kataoka K, Miyata K. Dually Stabilized Triblock Copolymer Micelles with Hydrophilic Shell and Hydrophobic Interlayer for Systemic Antisense Oligonucleotide Delivery to Solid Tumor. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:5770-5780. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beob Soo Kim
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Shigehito Osawa
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hayashi
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kazuko Toh
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | | | - Hyun Su Min
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yu Yi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Post N, Yu R, Greenlee S, Gaus H, Hurh E, Matson J, Wang Y. Metabolism and Disposition of Volanesorsen, a 2'- O-(2 methoxyethyl) Antisense Oligonucleotide, Across Species. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1164-1173. [PMID: 31350288 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Volanesorsen (previously known as ISIS 304801) is a 20-nucleotide partially 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) (2'-MOE)-modified antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) gapmer, which was recently approved in the European Union as a novel, first-in-class treatment in the reduction of triglyceride levels in patients with familial chylomicronemia syndrome. We characterized the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion characteristics of volanesorsen in mice, rats, monkeys, and humans, in either radiolabeled or nonradiolabeled studies. This also included the characterization of all of the observed ASO metabolite species excreted in urine. Volanesorsen is highly bound to plasma proteins that are similar in mice, monkeys, and humans. In all species, plasma concentrations declined in a multiphasic fashion, characterized by a relatively fast initial distribution phase and then a much slower terminal elimination phase following subcutaneous bolus administration. The plasma metabolite profiles of volanesorsen are similar across species, with volanesorsen as the major component. Various shortened oligonucleotide metabolites (5-19 nucleotides long) were identified in tissues in the multiple-dose mouse and monkey studies, but fewer in the [3H]-volanesorsen rat study, likely due to a lower accumulation of metabolites following a single dose in rats. In urine, all metabolites identified in tissues were observed, consistent with both endo- and exonuclease-mediated metabolism and urinary excretion being the major elimination pathway for volanesorsen and its metabolites. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We characterized the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of volanesorsen, a partially 2'-MOE-modified antisense oligonucleotide, from mouse to man utilizing novel extraction and quantitation techniques in samples collected from preclinical toxicology studies, a 3H rat ADME study, and a phase 1 clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Post
- PK and Clinical Pharmacology (N.P., R.Y., S.G., J.M., Y.W.) and Medicinal Chemistry (H.G.), Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California; and PK and Clinical Pharmacology, Akcea Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts (E.H.)
| | - Rosie Yu
- PK and Clinical Pharmacology (N.P., R.Y., S.G., J.M., Y.W.) and Medicinal Chemistry (H.G.), Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California; and PK and Clinical Pharmacology, Akcea Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts (E.H.)
| | - Sarah Greenlee
- PK and Clinical Pharmacology (N.P., R.Y., S.G., J.M., Y.W.) and Medicinal Chemistry (H.G.), Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California; and PK and Clinical Pharmacology, Akcea Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts (E.H.)
| | - Hans Gaus
- PK and Clinical Pharmacology (N.P., R.Y., S.G., J.M., Y.W.) and Medicinal Chemistry (H.G.), Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California; and PK and Clinical Pharmacology, Akcea Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts (E.H.)
| | - Eunju Hurh
- PK and Clinical Pharmacology (N.P., R.Y., S.G., J.M., Y.W.) and Medicinal Chemistry (H.G.), Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California; and PK and Clinical Pharmacology, Akcea Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts (E.H.)
| | - John Matson
- PK and Clinical Pharmacology (N.P., R.Y., S.G., J.M., Y.W.) and Medicinal Chemistry (H.G.), Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California; and PK and Clinical Pharmacology, Akcea Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts (E.H.)
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- PK and Clinical Pharmacology (N.P., R.Y., S.G., J.M., Y.W.) and Medicinal Chemistry (H.G.), Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California; and PK and Clinical Pharmacology, Akcea Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts (E.H.)
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Narayanan P, Shen L, Curtis BR, Bourdon MA, Nolan JP, Gupta S, Hoffmaster C, Zhou F, Christian B, Schaubhut JL, Greenlee S, Burel SA, Witztum JL, Engelhardt JA, Henry SP. Investigation into the Mechanism(s) That Leads to Platelet Decreases in Cynomolgus Monkeys During Administration of ISIS 104838, a 2'-MOE-Modified Antisense Oligonucleotide. Toxicol Sci 2019; 164:613-626. [PMID: 29846725 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ISIS 104838, a 2'-O-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE)-modified antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), causes a moderate, reproducible, dose-dependent, but selflimiting decrease in platelet (PLT) counts in monkeys and humans. To determine the etiology of PLT decrease in cynomolgus monkeys, a 12-week repeat dose toxicology study in 5 cynomolgus monkeys given subcutaneous injections of ISIS 104838 (30-60 mg/kg/week). Monkeys were also injected intravenously with 111Indium(In)-oxine-labeled PLTs to investigate PLT sequestration. In response to continued dosing, PLT counts were decreased by 50%-90% by day 30 in all monkeys. PLT decreases were accompanied by 2- to 4.5-fold increases in immunoglobulin M(IgM), which were typified by a 2- to 5-fold increase in antiplatelet factor 4 (antiPF4) IgM and antiPLT IgM, respectively. Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 increased upon dosing of ISIS 104838, concomitant with a 2- to 6-fold increase in monocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), indicating monocyte activation but not PLT activation. Despite a 2- to 3-fold increase in von Willebrand factor antigen in all monkeys following ASO administration, only 2 monkeys showed a 2- to 4-fold increase in endothelial EVs. Additionally, a ∼60 - 80%% increase in PLT sequestration in liver and spleen was also observed. Collectively, these results suggest the overall increase in total IgM, antiPLT IgM and/or antiPF4 IgM, in concert with monocyte activation contributed to increased PLT sequestration in spleen and liver, leading to decreased PLTs in peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lijiang Shen
- Nonclinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, California, 92010
| | - Brian R Curtis
- Blood Research Institute Blood Center Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53236
| | | | - John P Nolan
- Cellarcus Technologies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Shipra Gupta
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories (SNBL), Everett, Washington
| | | | - Fangli Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | | | | | - Sarah Greenlee
- Nonclinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, California, 92010
| | - Sebastien A Burel
- Nonclinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, California, 92010
| | - Joe L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | | | - Scott P Henry
- Nonclinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, California, 92010
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45
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Wang S, Allen N, Vickers TA, Revenko AS, Sun H, Liang XH, Crooke ST. Cellular uptake mediated by epidermal growth factor receptor facilitates the intracellular activity of phosphorothioate-modified antisense oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 2019. [PMID: 29514240 PMCID: PMC5909429 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically modified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) with phosphorothioate (PS) linkages have been extensively studied as research and therapeutic agents. PS-ASOs can enter the cell and trigger cleavage of complementary RNA by RNase H1 even in the absence of transfection reagent. A number of cell surface proteins have been identified that bind PS-ASOs and mediate their cellular uptake; however, the mechanisms that lead to productive internalization of PS-ASOs are not well understood. Here, we characterized the interaction between PS-ASOs and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We found that PS-ASOs trafficked together with EGF and EGFR into clathrin-coated pit structures. Their co-localization was also observed at early endosomes and inside enlarged late endosomes. Reduction of EGFR decreased PS-ASO activity without affecting EGF-mediated signaling pathways and overexpression of EGFR increased PS-ASO activity in cells. Furthermore, reduction of EGFR delays PS-ASO trafficking from early to late endosomes. Thus, EGFR binds to PS-ASOs at the cell surface and mediates essential steps for active (productive) cellular uptake of PS-ASOs through its cargo-dependent trafficking processes which migrate PS-ASOs from early to late endosomes. This EGFR-mediated process can also serve as an additional model to better understand the mechanism of intracellular uptake and endosomal release of PS-ASOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Wang
- Department of Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Nickolas Allen
- Department of Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Timothy A Vickers
- Department of Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Alexey S Revenko
- Department of Antisense Drug, Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Xue-Hai Liang
- Department of Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Stanley T Crooke
- Department of Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
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Santer L, Bär C, Thum T. Circular RNAs: A Novel Class of Functional RNA Molecules with a Therapeutic Perspective. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1350-1363. [PMID: 31324392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a subclass of non-coding RNAs that lack free 3' and 5' ends and, thus, exist as continuous loop RNAs. Such circular transcripts have been identified for thousands of genes, are regulated in developmental stages and pathophysiological conditions, and are often expressed in a tissue- or cell-type-specific manner. For a long time, circular transcripts were considered as aberrant splicing by-products. However, high-throughput transcriptome sequencing and focused molecular characterization of individual circRNAs uncovered their ubiquity. Evidence emerges suggesting circRNAs are functional molecules. In this review, we illustrate the current knowledge of circRNA formation and circRNA detection methods. We summarize different molecular mechanisms of action and highlight circRNAs with specific roles in cardiovascular disease. Finally, we describe a number of tools for circRNA manipulation, which may be exploited for circRNA-based therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Santer
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Bär
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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47
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Wang Y, Yu RZ, Henry S, Geary RS. Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacology Considerations of GalNAc 3-Conjugated Antisense Oligonucleotides. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:475-485. [PMID: 31144994 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1621838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Triantennary N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc3) - conjugated antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have demonstrated improved hepatocyte uptake and pharmacologic activity over their parent unconjugated ASOs in animals and humans. Areas covered: In this review, the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) characteristics of GalNAc3-conjugated ASOs in animals and in humans are summarized, and their clinical relevance is evaluated from the clinical pharmacology perspectives. Expert opinion: ASOs distribute to tissues via receptor-mediated processes, and conjugation to a ligand specific to certain cell types can improve target tissue delivery. GalNAc3-conjugation represents a good example on this regard and has demonstrated ideal characteristics of a prodrug to target delivery of ASOs to hepatocytes via the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). The improved potency and safety margin permit more flexible dosing (e.g. monthly or less frequently if needed) taking full advantage of the long half-life of the parent ASO in humans. However, while still speculative, it should be noted that ASGPR-mediated uptake could become nonlinear with dose and factors that impact ASGPR expression or compete with ASGPR-mediated uptake could potentially affect the uptake of GalNAc3-conjugated ASOs, further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wang
- a Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Carlsbad , CA , USA
| | - Rosie Z Yu
- a Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Carlsbad , CA , USA
| | - Scott Henry
- a Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Carlsbad , CA , USA
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48
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Morgan ES, Tai LJ, Pham NC, Overman JK, Watts LM, Smith A, Jung SW, Gajdošík M, Krššák M, Krebs M, Geary RS, Baker BF, Bhanot S. Antisense Inhibition of Glucagon Receptor by IONIS-GCGR Rx Improves Type 2 Diabetes Without Increase in Hepatic Glycogen Content in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes on Stable Metformin Therapy. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:585-593. [PMID: 30765435 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of IONIS-GCGRRx, a 2'-O-methoxyethyl antisense oligonucleotide targeting the glucagon receptor (GCGR), and the underlying mechanism of liver transaminase increases in patients with type 2 diabetes on stable metformin therapy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In three phase 2, randomized, double-blind studies, patients with type 2 diabetes on metformin received weekly subcutaneous injections of IONIS-GCGRRx (50-200 mg) or placebo for 13 or 26 weeks. RESULTS Significant reductions in HbA1c were observed after IONIS-GCGRRx treatment versus placebo at week 14 (-2.0% 200 mg, -1.4% 100 mg, -0.3% placebo; P < 0.001) or week 27 (-1.6% 75 mg, -0.9% 50 mg, -0.2% placebo; P < 0.001). Dose-dependent increases in transaminases were observed with IONIS-GCGRRx, which were attenuated at lower doses and remained mostly within the normal reference range at the 50-mg dose. There were no other significant safety observations and no symptomatic hypoglycemia or clinically relevant changes in blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, or other vital signs. At week 14, IONIS-GCGRRx 100 mg did not significantly affect mean hepatic glycogen content compared with placebo (15.1 vs. -20.2 mmol/L, respectively; P = 0.093) but significantly increased hepatic lipid content (4.2 vs. -2.7%, respectively; P = 0.005) in the presence of transaminase increases. CONCLUSIONS IONIS-GCGRRx is a potent inhibitor of hepatic glucagon receptor expression with a potential to improve glycemic control at low weekly doses in combination with metformin. Significant reductions in HbA1c occurred across the full-dose range tested, with minimal transaminase elevations at lower doses. Furthermore, novel results suggest that despite inhibition of glycogenolysis after GCGR antagonism, IONIS-GCGRRx did not increase hepatic glycogen content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne Smith
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA
| | | | - Martin Gajdošík
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Krššák
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Krebs
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have shown potential as therapeutic molecules for the treatment of inner ear dysfunction. The peripheral sensory organs responsible for both hearing and equilibrium are housed within the inner ear. Hearing loss and vestibular balance problems affect a large portion of the population and limited treatment options exist. Targeting ASOs to the inner ear as a therapeutic strategy has unique pharmacokinetic and drug delivery opportunities and challenges. Here, we review ASO technology, delivery, disease targets, and other key considerations for development of this therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Hastings
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Science and Medicine, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Timothy A Jones
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 304 Barkley Memorial Center, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
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50
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Jin X, Xu XE, Jiang YZ, Liu YR, Sun W, Guo YJ, Ren YX, Zuo WJ, Hu X, Huang SL, Shen HJ, Lan F, He YF, Hu GH, Di GH, He XH, Li DQ, Liu S, Yu KD, Shao ZM. The endogenous retrovirus-derived long noncoding RNA TROJAN promotes triple-negative breast cancer progression via ZMYND8 degradation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaat9820. [PMID: 30854423 PMCID: PMC6402854 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat9820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) play pivotal roles in the development of breast cancer. However, the detailed mechanisms of noncoding HERVs remain elusive. Here, our genome-wide transcriptome analysis of HERVs revealed that a primate long noncoding RNA, which we dubbed TROJAN, was highly expressed in human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). TROJAN promoted TNBC proliferation and invasion and indicated poor patient outcomes. We further confirmed that TROJAN could bind to ZMYND8, a metastasis-repressing factor, and increase its degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by repelling ZNF592. TROJAN also epigenetically up-regulated metastasis-related genes in multiple cell lines. Correlations between TROJAN and ZMYND8 were subsequently confirmed in clinical samples. Furthermore, our study verified that antisense oligonucleotide therapy targeting TROJAN substantially suppressed TNBC progression in vivo. In conclusion, the long noncoding RNA TROJAN promotes TNBC progression and serves as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-En Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Precision Cancer Medicine Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Corresponding author. (Z.-M.S.); (X.-E.X.); (K.-D.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Yi-Zhou Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Precision Cancer Medicine Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Rong Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Jie Guo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Xing Ren
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jia Zuo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Precision Cancer Medicine Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Precision Cancer Medicine Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Lin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Precision Cancer Medicine Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Jie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Epigenetics, Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Fei Lan
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Epigenetics, Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Fei He
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Hong Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Gen-Hong Di
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Precision Cancer Medicine Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Huo He
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Precision Cancer Medicine Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Da-Qiang Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Precision Cancer Medicine Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Suling Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Corresponding author. (Z.-M.S.); (X.-E.X.); (K.-D.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Ke-Da Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Precision Cancer Medicine Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Corresponding author. (Z.-M.S.); (X.-E.X.); (K.-D.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Zhi-Ming Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Precision Cancer Medicine Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Corresponding author. (Z.-M.S.); (X.-E.X.); (K.-D.Y.); (S.L.)
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