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Yi L, Habre R, Mason TB, Xu Y, Cabison J, Rosales M, Chu D, Chavez TA, Johnson M, Eckel SP, Bastain TM, Breton CV, Wilson JP, Dunton GF. Smartphone GPS-Based Exposure to Greenspace and Walkability and Accelerometer-Assessed Physical Activity During Pregnancy and Early Postpartum-Evidence from the MADRES Cohort. J Urban Health 2024:10.1007/s11524-024-00903-6. [PMID: 39145858 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-024-00903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
A growing number of studies have associated walkability and greenspace exposure with greater physical activity (PA) in women during pregnancy. However, most studies have focused on examining women's residential environments and neglected exposure in locations outside the home neighborhood. Using 350 person-days (N = 55 participants) of smartphone global positioning system (GPS) location and accelerometer data collected during the first and third trimesters and 4-6 months postpartum from 55 Hispanic pregnant women from the Maternal and Developmental Risks from Environmental and Social Stressors (MADRES) study, we examined the day-level effect of women's exposure to walkability and greenspace on their PA outcomes during pregnancy and in the early postpartum period. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA] minutes per day was assessed using accelerometers. Walkability and greenspace were measured using geographic information systems (GIS) within women's daily activity spaces (i.e., places visited and routes taken) recorded using a smartphone GPS and weighted by time spent. We used a generalized linear mixed-effects model to estimate the effects of daily GPS-derived environmental exposures on day-level MVPA minutes. Results showed that women engaged in 23% more MVPA minutes on days when they had some versus no exposure to parks and open spaces in activity spaces (b = 1.23; 95%CI: 1.02-1.48). In addition, protective effects of daily greenspace and walkability exposure on MVPA were stronger in the first and third trimesters, among first-time mothers, and among women who had high pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and lived in least-safe neighborhoods. Our results suggest that daily greenspace and walkability exposure are important for women's PA and associated health outcomes during pregnancy and early postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yi
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Rima Habre
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tyler B Mason
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jane Cabison
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marisela Rosales
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Chu
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Chavez
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theresa M Bastain
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carrie V Breton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John P Wilson
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Departments of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Computer Science, and Sociology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Umstattd Meyer MR, Houghtaling B, Wende ME, Kheshaifaty KH, Delgado H, Eze SA, Mecate C, Summerall Woodward R, Morgan RL, Krey KJ. A scoping review of policies to encourage breastfeeding, healthy eating, and physical activity among rural people and places in the United States. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2160. [PMID: 39123168 PMCID: PMC11313091 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rural U.S. residents experience a disproportionate burden of diet and physical activity (PA) related chronic disease compared to urban residents, due to resource and economic challenges. Diverse policy approaches for chronic disease prevention have been implemented to address barriers to breastfeeding, healthy eating, and PA. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to describe policy supports for breastfeeding, healthy eating, and/or PA occurring in rural U.S. areas. METHODS A scoping review was conducted March-June 2020 to identify policy, systems, and environment change approaches occurring in the rural U.S. for breastfeeding, healthy eating, and PA. Search procedures were guided by the PRISMA-ScR, Arksey and O'Malley's work (2007), and a science librarian. Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, and Agricola were used to identify peer-reviewed research. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses A&I were used to identify dissertation research. Grey literature searches included Google, Google Scholar, government pages, and public health, federal nutrition assistance program, Cooperative Extension Services, and related webpages. Policy results are reported and inclusion criteria were: (1) breastfeeding, healthy eating, and/or PA focus; (2) about policy factors; (3) specific to U.S. rural populations/places; and (4) English language. Outcomes (study/source design, objective(s), methods/measurement, setting, population characteristics, behavioral focus, policy-specific results) were extracted into a standardized Excel document. RESULTS Results include 122 total sources: original research, with some sources referencing multiple behaviors, (n = 74 sources: 8 breastfeeding, 41 healthy eating, 42 PA), grey literature (n = 45 sources: 16 breastfeeding, 15 healthy eating, 27 PA), and graduate research (n = 3 sources: 1 breastfeeding, 2 healthy eating, 1 PA). Breastfeeding policy initiatives included policies or programs at hospitals, increasing access to resources, and improving culture or norms at workplaces. Healthy eating policy initiatives included increasing access to healthy foods, reducing financial burden, implementing programs, food assistance programs, and healthy food prescriptions at healthcare facilities. PA policy initiatives focused on Complete Streets, joint or shared use efforts, Safe Routes to Schools, master plans for greenways, trails, and/or transportation, school health plans, and childcare/school standards. CONCLUSIONS Results from this scoping review compile and offer commentary on existing policy solutions to improve breastfeeding, healthy eating, and/or PA in the rural U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Renée Umstattd Meyer
- Department of Public Health, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
| | | | - Marilyn E Wende
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Khawlah H Kheshaifaty
- School of Nutrition and Food Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Haley Delgado
- Department of Public Health, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie A Eze
- Department of Public Health, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Cassady Mecate
- Department of Public Health, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Rebekah Summerall Woodward
- Department of Public Health, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | - Kathy J Krey
- School of Education, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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Yi L, Xu Y, O'Connor S, Cabison J, Rosales M, Chu D, Chavez TA, Johnson M, Mason TB, Eckel SP, Bastain TM, Breton CV, Wilson JP, Dunton GF, Habre R. GPS-derived environmental exposures during pregnancy and early postpartum - Evidence from the madres cohort. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170551. [PMID: 38336080 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The built and natural environment factors (e.g., greenspace, walkability) are associated with maternal and infant health during and after pregnancy. Most pregnancy studies assess exposures to environmental factors via static methods (i.e., residential location at a single point in time, usually 3rd trimester). These do not capture dynamic exposures encountered in activity spaces (e.g., locations one visits and paths one travels) and their changes over time. In this study, we aimed to compare daily environmental exposure estimates using residential and global positioning systems (GPS)-measured activity space approaches and evaluated potential for exposure measurement error in the former. To do this, we collected four days of continuous geolocation monitoring during the 1st and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy and at 4-6 months postpartum in sixty-two pregnant Hispanic women enrolled in the MADRES cohort. We applied residential and GPS-based methods to assess daily exposures to greenspace, access to parks and transit, and walkability, respectively. We assessed potential for exposure measurement error in residential vs GPS-based estimates using Pearson correlations for each measure overall and by study period. We found residential and GPS-based estimates of daily exposure to total areas of parks and open spaces were weakly positively correlated (r = 0.31, P < .001) across pregnancy and postpartum periods. Residential estimates of %greenspace (r = 0.52, P < .001) and tree cover (r = 0.55, P < .001) along walkable roads were moderately correlated with GPS-based estimates. Residential and GPS-based estimates of public transit proximity, pedestrian-oriented intersection density, and walkability index score were all highly positively correlated (r > 0.70, P < .001). We also found associations between residential and GPS-based estimates decreased among participants with greater daily mobility. Our findings suggest the popular approach that assessing the built and natural environment exposures using residential methods at one time point may introduce exposure measurement error in pregnancy studies. GPS-based methods, to the extent feasible, are recommended for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yi
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, United States of America.
| | - Yan Xu
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, United States of America
| | - Sydney O'Connor
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, United States of America
| | - Jane Cabison
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, United States of America
| | - Marisela Rosales
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Chu
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, United States of America
| | - Thomas A Chavez
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, United States of America
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, United States of America
| | - Tyler B Mason
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, United States of America
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, United States of America
| | - Theresa M Bastain
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, United States of America
| | - Carrie V Breton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, United States of America
| | - John P Wilson
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, United States of America; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, United States of America; Departments of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Computer Science, and Sociology, University of Southern California, United States of America
| | - Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States of America
| | - Rima Habre
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, United States of America; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, United States of America
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Baxter SLK, Corbie G, Griffin SF. Contextualizing physical activity in rural adults: Do relationships between income inequality, neighborhood environments, and physical activity exist? Health Serv Res 2023; 58 Suppl 2:238-247. [PMID: 37208903 PMCID: PMC10339177 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.14183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine if income inequality, social cohesion, and neighborhood walkability are associated with physical activity among rural adults. DATA SOURCE Cross-sectional data came from a telephone survey (August 2020-March 2021) that examined food access, physical activity, and neighborhood environments across rural counties in a southeastern state. STUDY DESIGN Multinomial logistic regression models assessed the likelihood of being active versus inactive and insufficiently active versus inactive in this rural population. Coefficients are presented as relative risk ratios (RRRs). Statistical significance was determined using 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All analyses were performed in STATA 16.1. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS Trained university students administered the survey. Students verbally obtained consent, read survey items, and recorded responses into Qualtrics software. Upon survey completion, respondents were mailed a $10 incentive card and printed informed consent form. Eligible participants were ≥18 years old and current residents of included counties. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Respondents in neighborhoods with relatively high social cohesion versus low social cohesion were more likely to be active than inactive (RRR = 2.50, 95% CI: 1.27-4.90, p < 0.01), after accounting for all other variables in the model. Income inequality and neighborhood walkability were not associated with different levels of physical activity in the rural sample. CONCLUSIONS Study findings contribute to limited knowledge on the relationship between neighborhood environmental contexts and physical activity among rural populations. The health effects of neighborhood social cohesion warrant more attention in health equity research and consideration when developing multilevel interventions to improve the health of rural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giselle Corbie
- Center for Health Equity Research, School of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sarah F. Griffin
- Public Health SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
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Supporting a rural wellness intervention through assessing and mapping rural physical activity environments. Prev Med Rep 2021; 24:101567. [PMID: 34976633 PMCID: PMC8683888 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rural residents are more likely to be physically inactive than their urban counterparts and are therefore at higher risk for obesity and cardiovascular disease. Research has shown that these disparities are driven in part by the physical environment, policies, and programming in rural communities. The purpose of this study was to use the Rural Active Living Assessment (RALA) to assess the physical activity environment of four Midwestern towns and to develop physical activity maps to support Enhanced Win With Wellness, a community-based cardiovascular risk reduction program. The RALA Town Wide (TWA) and Program and Policy (PPA) assessments were conducted in all four towns and are scored from (0–100). The TWA scores ranged from 69 to 96 (mean = 82.25) and the PPA scores ranged from 47 to 70 (mean = 59.75), indicating the towns had more amenities that supported physical activity than policies and programming. Using data gathered from the RALA assessments, digital physical activity maps were created for each town using the Google Maps platform and accessible through QR codes. The maps were advertised through Facebook and flyers to program participants and were viewed 3,073 times during the study period. Our study illustrates how the results from the TWA and PPA can be transformed into an easily accessible map that can used to reach populations residing in rural communities to increase awareness of physical activity amenities and improve engagement. It is also useful in helping identify gaps in recreational opportunities and to assist in developing policies or programs supporting physical activity.
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Lee C, Lee C, Stewart OT, Carlos HA, Adachi-Mejia A, Berke EM, Doescher MP. Neighborhood Environments and Utilitarian Walking Among Older vs. Younger Rural Adults. Front Public Health 2021; 9:634751. [PMID: 34150697 PMCID: PMC8211879 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.634751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Walking has the potential to promote health across the life span, but age-specific features of the neighborhood environment (NE), especially in rural communities, linked with walking have not been adequately characterized. This study examines the relationships between NE and utilitarian walking among older vs. younger adults living in US rural towns. Methods: Data for this cross-sectional study came from telephone interviews in 2011–2012 with 2,140 randomly sampled younger (18–64 years, n = 1,398) and older (65+ years, n = 742) adults, collecting personal and NE perception variables. NE around each participant's home was also measured objectively using geographic information system techniques. Separate mixed-effects logistic regression models were estimated for the two age groups, predicting the odds of utilitarian walking at least once a week. Results: Perceived presence of crosswalks and pedestrian signals was significantly related to utilitarian walking in both age groups. Among older adults, unattended dogs, lighting at night, and religious institutions were positively while steep slope was negatively associated with their walking. For younger adults, traffic speed (negative, –), public transportation (positive, +), malls (–), cultural/recreational destinations (+), schools (+), and resource production land uses such as farms and mines (–) were significant correlates of utilitarian walking. Conclusion: Different characteristics of NE are associated with utilitarian walking among younger vs. older adults in US rural towns. Optimal modifications of NE to promote walking may need to reflect these age differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanam Lee
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Chunkeun Lee
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Orion T Stewart
- California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA, United States.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Heather A Carlos
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | | | - Ethan M Berke
- Optum (United States), Eden Prairie, MN, United States.,The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Mark P Doescher
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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Gustat J, Anderson CE, Chukwurah QC, Wallace ME, Broyles ST, Bazzano LA. Cross-sectional associations between the neighborhood built environment and physical activity in a rural setting: the Bogalusa Heart Study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1426. [PMID: 32948175 PMCID: PMC7501650 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insufficient physical activity (PA) is a common health risk and more prevalent in rural populations. Few studies have assessed relationships between the built environment and PA in rural settings, and community policy guidance to promote PA through built environment interventions is primarily based on evidence from urban studies. METHODS Participants in the Bogalusa Heart Study, a longitudinal study in rural Louisiana, with International Physical Activity Questionnaire data from 2012 to 2013 and a valid residential address (N = 1245) were included. PA was summarized as the number of weekly metabolic equivalent (MET)-minutes of total, transportation, and leisure time PA. The Rural Active Living Assessment street segment audit tool and Google Street View were used to assess features of the built environment overall and in six categories (path features, pedestrian safety features, aesthetics, physical security, destinations and land use) that influence PA. Scores for street segment built environment (overall and in categories) were calculated, for segments and buffers of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 miles. Associations between built environment scores and PA were assessed with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Participants reported little weekly total, leisure time, and transportation PA (mean 470, 230 and 43 MET-minutes per week, respectively). A 1-point increase in the overall built environment score was associated with 10.30 additional weekly leisure time MET-minutes within a 1.50 mile buffer (p-value 0.05), with a similar magnitude observed for a 1.00-mile buffer. A 1-point increase in the aesthetic score was associated with significantly higher leisure time PA for all geographic units (from 22.21 to 38.75 MET-minutes weekly) when adjusted for individual covariates, but was attenuated and only significant for the segment of the residence after accounting for other neighborhood characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Significant associations between features of the environment (overall and aesthetic scores) with leisure time PA were observed among adults in this rural population. Built environment interventions in rural settings face additional barriers of lower population density and greater distances for infrastructure projects, and it is important to identify approaches that are both feasible for rural communities and can promote PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Gustat
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2001, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Christopher E. Anderson
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2001, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | | | - Maeve E. Wallace
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Stephanie T. Broyles
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA
| | - Lydia A. Bazzano
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2001, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
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Thomson JL, Goodman MH, Landry AS. Assessment of Town and Park Characteristics Related to Physical Activity in the Lower Mississippi Delta. Prev Chronic Dis 2019; 16:E35. [PMID: 30925143 PMCID: PMC6464037 DOI: 10.5888/pcd16.180410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our objective was to determine aspects of the built environment that may have contributed to the low levels of physical activity reported in both the gestational and postnatal periods by women participating in a diet and physical activity intervention in the rural Lower Mississippi Delta. METHODS The built environments of 12 towns were measured by using the Rural Active Living Assessment tools and the Community Park Audit Tool. Correlations between town assessment scores and town size variables were computed by using Kendall τ coefficient. The street distance from a participant's home address to the nearest park was computed by using network analysis in ArcGIS. RESULTS Rural Active Living Assessment scores were low with mean values between 0% (town policy) and 68% (parks and playgrounds) of the highest possible scores. The mean (standard deviation) number of parks per town was 2.6 (3.2), and 55% of the 31 parks were in the 2 largest towns. Most parks (87%) had a single amenity while 1 park had more than 4 amenities. Distance from a participant's home to the nearest park ranged from less than 0.1 to 8.8 miles (mean [standard deviation], 1.2 [1.8]). CONCLUSION These 12 Lower Mississippi Delta towns scored low on assessments of physical environment features and amenities, town characteristics, and programs and policies associated with physical activity in rural communities. To increase the physical activity levels of rural residents, it may be necessary to first improve the built environment in which they live.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Thomson
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, Mississippi
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776.
| | - Melissa H Goodman
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, Mississippi
| | - Alicia S Landry
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas
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