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Panascì M, Ferrando V, Pileri A, Pierantozzi E, LA Torre A, Franchini E, Ruggeri P, Bonato M, Faelli E. Short intermittent taekwondo test to assess athlete's physiological and metabolic profile. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:255-264. [PMID: 37987711 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.14972-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a new Short Intermittent Taekwondo Test (SITT) in 17 black belt athletes. METHODS Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), carbon dioxide production (V̇CO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR), and blood lactate concentration [La]+ during treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and SITT were compared. SITT started with 10 sec of all-out kicks, alternating legs, and progressively increasing 5 s on each stage until the 4th stage. After the 4th stage the participants performed 25 s of turning kicks (Dolleo chagi), on each stage until the last (10th stage). The passive recovery phase after the 4th and the 7th stage lasted 30 s. RESULTS V̇O2max and maximal HRmax were not significantly different (P=0.85 vs. P=0.76) between tests, while RER and [La]+ were significantly higher in SITT than in CPET (P=0.002 vs. P=0.001). No difference in RPE (P=0.84) was found. A significant positive correlation between two tests for V̇O2max and HRmax was found. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that SITT induces physiological responses like CPET suggesting that it can be used to assess aerobic power in national taekwondo athletes, thus helping coaches to select correctly training intensities and monitor athletes' aerobic performance along the training phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Panascì
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vittoria Ferrando
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pileri
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Lecco, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pierantozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio LA Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Emerson Franchini
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Piero Ruggeri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy -
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Boutios S, di Cagno A, Buonsenso A, Centorbi M, Iuliano E, Calcagno G, Fiorilli G. Does the Type of Anaerobic Test Matter? A Comparison between the Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test and Wingate Anaerobic Test in Taekwondo Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10100154. [PMID: 36287767 PMCID: PMC9610096 DOI: 10.3390/sports10100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The specificity of training as well as the specificity of monitoring the training process are believed to be fundamental principles to efficiently plan and carry out the preparation and performance development of athletes. The Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test (TAIKT) is a sport-specific field test used to specifically evaluate the anaerobic profile of Taekwondo athletes. The aim of this study was to verify whether TAIKT and the 'gold standard' Wingate Anaerobic test (WAnT) were both efficient means to optimally determine the anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity of Greek Taekwondo athletes at a middle-high technical level. Fifteen athletes, 10 females and 5 males (mean age 23.4 ± 4.14 years), underwent the two anaerobic tests (TAIKT and WAnT). The peak of power, the anaerobic capacity, and the peak of blood lactate (BL) were recorded. The two tests showed a moderate correlation with the r value ranging between 0.353 and 0.428, if applied to a sample of middle-high technical level athletes. Regarding the peak of BL, data indicated 40% concordance between the two tests with a coefficient of variation of 12%. Consequently, the two tests were correlated even if not interchangeable due to the different type of exercise required in these assessments. In conclusion, to assess the anaerobic performances and physiological characteristics of Taekwondo athletes, independently of their technical level, the WAnT resulted suitable, while to better assess the functional performance and specific demands of Taekwondo, the TAIKT is more indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Boutios
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Alessandra di Cagno
- Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Lauro de Bosis Square 15, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Buonsenso
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Marco Centorbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Enzo Iuliano
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-340-3652054
| | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fiorilli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
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Bartel C, Coswig VS, Protzen GV, Del Vecchio FB. Energy demands in high-intensity intermittent taekwondo specific exercises. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13654. [PMID: 36039367 PMCID: PMC9419715 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Taekwondo is an intermittent Olympic combat sport, which shows an aerobic predominance in matches and high participation of alactic metabolism for actions that determine competitive success. However, there is no information on energetic contribution systems in different high-intensity intermittent exercises for metabolic conditioning with specific movements. The study aimed to measure the physiological demands, mainly the energy expenditure, in taekwondo-specific high-intensity intermittent exercises (HIIE). Methods This study recruited ten male black belt athletes with a mean age of 20.2 ± 4 years, body mass of 62.8 ± 10.5 kg and height of 170.6 ± 7.8 cm, and total practice time of 11.8 ± 5.4 years. Subjects performed an incremental specific test and three different HIIE protocols on nonconsecutive days, and all comprised three 2-min rounds and 1 min of recovery between rounds. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, and blood lactate were measured. Energetic expenditure of aerobic, alactic, and lactic metabolisms was estimated through oxygen consumption, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, and peak blood lactate after each round. Results For the mean of the three rounds, the TKDtest100 resulted in higher absolute and relative contribution from the aerobic metabolism (52.4 ± 4%; p = 0.01) and lower than the 35:5 relative alactic contribution (48.7 ± 5.4%; p = 0.03). Conclusion The mean of the three rounds for 35:5 and 15:10:5 presented similar absolute and relative contributions of aerobic and alactic metabolisms, whereas the TKDtest100 was a predominantly aerobic activity. We emphasize that aerobic metabolism was predominant from the second round in the 15:10:5 and 100%TKDtest protocols and in the last round of the 35:5 protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bartel
- Superior School of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Victor S. Coswig
- Physical Education and Sports Institute, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil,Post Graduation Program in Human Movement Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Gabriel V. Protzen
- Superior School of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,Health Sciences Department, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabricio B. Del Vecchio
- Superior School of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Silva Junior J, Penteado dos Santos R, Kons R, Gillis J, Caputo F, Detanico D. Relationship between a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu specific test performance and physical capacities in experience athletes. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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A new taekwondo-specific field test for estimating aerobic power, anaerobic fitness, and agility performance. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264910. [PMID: 35294451 PMCID: PMC8926267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to propose a new multidimensional taekwondo-specific test to estimate aerobic power, anaerobic fitness, and agility. Out of sixty-five male volunteers, forty-six, forty-eight, and fifty athletes (18–35 years; black- and red-belt level) were included in the final analysis for aerobic, anaerobic, and agility assessments, respectively. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max, using a graded exercise test on a treadmill), anaerobic power (using the 30-s Wingate anaerobic test, WAnT), and agility performance (using the agility T-Test) were measured via non-specific laboratory and field tests across a two-week period. The taekwondo-specific aerobic-anaerobic-agility (TAAA) test comprised six 20-s intervals of shuttle sprints over a 4-m distance, and the execution of roundhouse kicks alternating the legs at the end of each distance, with 10-s rest intervals between the sets. The multiple linear regression revealed that the difference between heart rate (HR) after and 1 minute after the TAAA test (p < 0.001), and body mass index (BMI; p = 0.006) were significant to estimate VO2max. Likewise, there was a very large (R = 0.79) and large (R = 0.55) correlation between the average and maximum number of kicks performed in the TAAA test and the WAnT mean and peak power, respectively (p < 0.001). Moreover, a linear relationship was found between the T-Test and agility performance acquired in the TAAA test (R = 0.74; p < 0.001). The TAAA test can be considered a valid simple tool for monitoring VO2max, anaerobic fitness, and agility in male taekwondo athletes.
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Araujo MP, Soares PP, Hausen MR, Julio HS, Porto F, Gurgel JL. Validity of an Interval Taekwondo-Specific Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1956-1963. [PMID: 30676393 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Araujo, MP, Soares, PP, Hausen, MR, Julio, HS, Porto, F, and Gurgel, JL. Validity of an interval taekwondo-specific cardiopulmonary exercise test. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1956-1963, 2021-The objective of this study is to propose and validate an interval taekwondo-specific cardiopulmonary exercise test (ITKDtest) and compare it with running cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and a continuous taekwondo-specific cardiopulmonary exercise test (CTKDtest). Fifteen athletes (age 22 ± 4 years; body mass 71.1 ± 10.2 kg; height 178.14 ± 8.3 cm; and body mass index 22.4 ± 2.4 kg·m-2) performed CPET, CTKDtest, and ITKDtest on a counterbalanced order. Oxygen uptake (V̇o2), heart rate (HR), and ventilatory thresholds (VTs 1 and 2) were measured during the 3 tests. ITKDtest started at 30 kicks per minute and increased 10 kicks each 2 minutes, with a period of passive recovery, lasting 1 minute. Interval protocol design simulated the temporal structure of an official taekwondo fight. Significant difference between specific tests was found for V̇o2 VT1 (p = 0.03), V̇o2 VT1 (%V̇o2peak) (p = 0.009), V̇o2 VT2 (p = 0.005), and V̇o2 VT2 (%V̇o2peak) (p = 0.013). Reliability was considered "excellent" for V̇o2peak (α = 0.902; SEM = 0.179), "good" for V̇o2 VT1 (α = 0.708; SEM = 3.823) and HRpeak (α = 0.803; SEM = 2.987), and "fair" for V̇o2 VT2 (α = 0.659; SEM = 4.498) and HR VT2 (α = 0.580; SEM = 8.868). Bland-Altman analyses reported a mean difference of 2.9 ± 6.6 ml·kg-1·min-1 (CPET-ITKDtest) and 1.4 ± 6.1 ml·kg-1·min-1 (CTKDtest-ITKDtest). ITKDtest may be used for measurement of cardiorespiratory variables commonly used in exercise prescription, whereas CTKDtest seems to be a more appropriate method to assess V̇o2 and HR at VTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus P Araujo
- Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Biomechanics Research Group (GPBIO), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Physical Education Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro P Soares
- Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matheus R Hausen
- Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Biomechanics Research Group (GPBIO), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Physical Education Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hilbert S Julio
- Biomechanics Research Group (GPBIO), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Physical Education Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Health Care Sciences, Aurora Afonso de Costa Nursing School, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; and
| | - Flávia Porto
- Sports and Physical Education Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonas L Gurgel
- Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Biomechanics Research Group (GPBIO), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Physical Education Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Health Care Sciences, Aurora Afonso de Costa Nursing School, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; and
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Hausen M, Freire R, Machado AB, Pereira GR, Millet GP, Itaborahy A. Maximal and Submaximal Cardiorespiratory Responses to a Novel Graded Karate Test. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:310-316. [PMID: 34211324 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to propose and assess the physiological responses of a novel graded karate test. Ten male national-level karate athletes (age 26 ± 5 yrs; body mass 69.5 ± 11.6 kg; height 1.70 ± 0.09 m) performed two exercise tests (separated by 2-7 days): 1) a running-based cardiopulmonary exercise test; 2) a graded karate test. The cardiopulmonary exercise test was comprised of an individualized ramp protocol for treadmill running, and the graded karate test was comprised of a sequence of 'kisami-gyaku-zuki" punching at a fixed frequency of a stationary target that becomes progressively distant. Cardiorespiratory responses, blood lactate concentration, and perceived exertion were measured. A verification phase was also performed in both tests to confirm the maximal physiological outcomes. The graded karate test evoked similar maximal responses to the running protocol: V̇O2 (57.4 ± 5.1 vs 58.3 ± 3.5 mL·kg-1·min-1; p = 0.53), heart rate (192 ± 6 vs 193 ± 10]beats.min-1; p = 0.62) and blood lactate (14.6 ± 3.4 vs 13.1 ± 3.0 mmol·L-1; p = 0.14) with a shorter duration (351 ± 71 vs 640 ± 9 s; p < 0.001). Additionally, the graded karate test evoked higher V̇O2 (72.6 ± 6.5 vs 64.4 ± 4.3 %V̇O2MAX; p = 0.005) and heart rate (89.4 ± 4.6 vs 77.3 ± 7.2 %HRMAX p < 0.001) at the ventilatory threshold and a higher heart rate (97.0 ± 2.4 vs 92.9 ± 2.2 %HRMAX; p = 0.02) at the respiratory compensation point. Incremental and verification phases evoked similar responses in V̇O2 and minute-ventilation during both tests. This novel displacement-based sport-specific test evoked similar maximal and higher submaximal responses, indicating a superior pathway to assess karate athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Hausen
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raul Freire
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andréa B Machado
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glauber R Pereira
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alex Itaborahy
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Physical Fitness and Cardiovascular Endurance Status of Iranian Elite Female Taekwondo Athletes. Asian J Sports Med 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.94796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test: Discriminant Validity and an Update with the Gold-Standard Wingate Test. J Hum Kinet 2020; 71:229-242. [PMID: 32148587 PMCID: PMC7052711 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to update the validity of the Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test compared with the 30-s Wingate anaerobic test as the "Gold-Standard", squat jump and countermovement jump tests. The second objective was to examine whether this new specific test would be able to effectively discriminate between elite taekwondo athletes of different competitive levels. Twenty taekwondo athletes (15 males and 5 females) participated in the validation component, whereas 18 (14 males and 4 females) and 16 (13 males and 3 females) athletes participated in the reliability analysis of the Wingate anaerobic test and jumping tests, respectively. They performed these tests on two separate occasions (i.e., test-retest), in addition to the Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test. To establish test’s discriminatory capability (i.e., construct validity), two subgroups were identified based on their international and national taekwondo performance: 10 elite (8 males and 2 females) and 9 sub-elite (7 males and 2 females) athletes. Wingate anaerobic test and jumping tests performances showed excellent reliability (ICC > 0.90, SEM < 5% for most variables). Significant correlations between Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test, Wingate anaerobic test, and jumping tests’ variables were mostly "large". Elite taekwondo athletes showed greater taekwondo test performances compared with their sub-elite counterparts (p < 0.001). Receiving operating characteristic analysis indicated that the taekwondo specific test was able to effectively discriminate between elite and sub-elite taekwondo athletes. Overall, the findings of the current study support the concurrent validity of the Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test. In particular, the Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test showed good ability to effectively discriminate between taekwondo athletes of different competitive levels.
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Hausen M, Soares PP, Araujo MP, Esteves D, Julio H, Tauil R, Junca M, Porto F, Franchini E, Bridge CA, Gurgel J. Eliciting Higher Maximal and Submaximal Cardiorespiratory Responses During a New Taekwondo-Specific Aerobic Test. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:1357-1364. [PMID: 29745772 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To propose and validate new taekwondo-specific cardiopulmonary exercise tests. METHODS Twelve male national-level taekwondo athletes (age 20 [2] y, body mass 67.5 [5.7] kg, height 175 [8] cm, and training experience 7 [3] y) performed 3 separate exercise tests in a randomized counterbalanced order: (1) a treadmill running cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and (2) continuous and (3) interval taekwondo-specific cardiopulmonary exercise tests (cTKDet and iTKDet, respectively). The CPET was administered using an individualized ramp protocol. Taekwondo tests comprised sequences of turning kicks performed on a stationary target. The impacts were recorded via an electronic scoring sensor used in official competition. Stages on the cTKDet and iTKDet lasted 1 min and progressively reduced the kick interval duration. These were guided by a sound signal, starting with 4.6 s between kicks and reducing by 0.4 s every minute until the test ended. Oxygen uptake (V˙O2), heart rate (HR), capillary blood lactate, and ratings of perceived exertion were measured. RESULTS Modest differences were identified in V˙O2max between the tests (F2,22 = 3.54; P = .046; effect size [ES] = 0.16). Maximal HR (HRmax) was higher during both taekwondo tests (F2,22 = 14.3; P = .001; ES = 1.14) compared with CPET. Specific tests also yielded higher responses in the first ventilatory threshold V˙O2 (F2,22 = 6.5; P = .04; ES = 0.27) and HR (F2,22 = 12.3; P < .001; ES = 1.06), and HR at the second ventilatory threshold (F2,22 = 5.7; P = .02; ES = 0.72). CONCLUSIONS Taekwondo-specific cardiopulmonary tests enhance the validity of some cardiopulmonary responses and might therefore be considered to optimize routine diagnostic testing and training prescription for this athletic group.
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Santos JFDS, Franchini E. Frequency Speed of Kick Test Performance Comparison Between Female Taekwondo Athletes of Different Competitive Levels. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2934-2938. [PMID: 29489711 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Santos, JFS and Franchini, E. Frequency speed of kick test performance comparison between female taekwondo athletes of different competitive levels. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2934-2938, 2018-Construct validity is a desirable characteristic in any performance test to differentiate athletes. However, no taekwondo-specific test was investigated with this purpose. The purpose of this study was to compare female taekwondo athletes grouped in different competitive levels. Forty-two female taekwondo athletes divided into International/National (median [interquartile range]; n = 21, age: 20 [18-25] years; body mass: 60 [53-72] kg; height: 164 [161-170] cm; and practice time: 8 [5-13] years) and State/Regional group (median [interquartile range]; n = 21; age: 18 [17-25] years; body mass: 57 [52-63] kg; height: 165 [160-172] cm; and practice time: 5 [2-8] years) volunteered to participate in this study. The female taekwondo athletes performed frequency speed of kick test (FSKT) with 10 seconds (FSKT10s) and intermittent 90 seconds (FSKTmult) during the competitive period. Differences between international/national and state/regional group were observed, with superiority to international/national group, for FSKT10s (U = 114.5, p = 0.007, ESr (effect size) = -0.42 [small]), FSKT1 (U = 127.0, p = 0.016, ESr = -0.37 [small]), FSKT2 (U = 108.5, p = 0.004, ESr = -0.45 [small]), FSKT3 (U = 127.0, p = 0.015, ESr = -0.37 [small]), and FSKTtotal (U = 124.0, p = 0.015, ESr = -0.38 [small]). Based on the results of this study, the FSKT seems to be a good tool to discriminate performance of female taekwondo athletes and could be used by coaches and athletes in their evaluation routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatas Ferreira da Silva Santos
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Kozina Z, Kot V, Ogar G. Індивідуальний підхід у підготовці спортсменів у єдиноборствах. HEALTH, SPORT, REHABILITATION 2018. [DOI: 10.34142/hsr.2018.04.02.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Мета роботи – проаналізувати літературні дані та визначити методологічні основи з проблеми індивідуалізації техніко-тактичних манер ведення поєдинку кваліфікованих таеквондистів з урахуванням типологічних характеристик. Матервал і методи. У дослідженні взяли участь 42 спортсмена-таеквондиста середніх вагових категорій 60-81 кг (14 майстрів спорту, 28 – кандидатів у майстри спорту), з них – 22 спортсмена експериментальної групи і 20 спортсменів контрольної групи. Методи і організація дослідження. Для аналізу вегетативної регуляції серцевої діяльності використовували один з методів математичного аналізу варіабельності серцевого ритму - вариационную пульсометра. Запис сигналу здійснювалася на портативному кардіографічних приладі «Кардіолаб +». Застосовували також монітор безперервної реєстрації серцевого ритму моделі «Polar» з відповідним програмним забезпеченням. Запис здійснювали протягом 5 хвилин в положенні лежачи після 5-хвилинного відпочинку. Результати. Систематизовано дані літератури відносно індивідуальної техніко-тактичної підготовки кваліфікованих таеквондистів та розроблено систему індивідуалізації техніко-тактичної підготовки в таеквондо. Виділено основні положення індивідуалізації техніко-тактичної підготовки кваліфікованих таеквондистів. Система індивідуалізації процесу підготовки таеквондистів, аналогічно трьох аспектів системного підходу, а також аналогічно системі індивідуалізації в спортивних іграх, складається з трьох напрямків: визначення індивідуальної факторної структури підготовленості спортсменів, визначення закономірностей індивідуальної динаміки функціонального стану; розробка інтерактивних технологій для вдосконалення індивідуалізації тренувального процесу. Висновок. Отримані результати свідчать про ефективність розробленої методики підготовки таеквондистів високого класу згідно їх індивідуальним тактичним манерам ведення бою, виявленим із застосуванням методів математичного моделювання, факторного та кластерного аналізу.
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Yang WH, Heine O, Grau M. Rapid weight reduction does not impair athletic performance of Taekwondo athletes - A pilot study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196568. [PMID: 29698457 PMCID: PMC5919539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In combat sports such as taekwondo (TKD), athletes rapidly reduce body weight to achieve a desired weight category. Competition takes place 16-24 h after weigh-in and thus, the recovery time is an important factor for competition performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of rapid weight reduction (RWR) on athletic performance and associated hemorheological properties considering relevant recovery time. Five male TKD athletes reduced body weight by 5% within 3½ days. A simulated competition day (SCD) was carried out after a 16 h recovery period. Parameters were measured before RWR, at weigh-in and before and after three TKD simulation matches (SMs) at SCD. Same set-up was conducted but without RWR as control. Basal blood parameters, red blood cells (RBC) deformability and aggregation, serum glucose and fibrinogen were determined. During SMs, heart rate (HRpeak, HRmean), oxygen uptake (VO2peak, VO2mean), peak lactate (Peak La-), difference of lactate (ΔLa) and energy systems (anaerobic-alactic, -lactic and aerobic) were analyzed. Basal blood parameters remained unaltered during the interventions. RBC deformability was reduced and aggregation was increased after RWR but values returned to baseline after recovery and were not affected by the SMs. Glucose level was not affected by the interventions. Kick frequency in SMs was higher after RWR which might be responsible for higher HRpeak, VO2peak, VO2mean, Peak La-, ΔLa- and aerobic demand. The 16 h recovery is sufficient to regenerate measured physiological and hemorheological parameters. TKD-specific performance was not negatively affected during SMs after RWR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Hwi Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Olympic Training Centre Rhineland, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Heine
- Olympic Training Centre Rhineland, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marijke Grau
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Chaabene H, Negra Y, Bouguezzi R, Capranica L, Franchini E, Prieske O, Hbacha H, Granacher U. Tests for the Assessment of Sport-Specific Performance in Olympic Combat Sports: A Systematic Review With Practical Recommendations. Front Physiol 2018; 9:386. [PMID: 29692739 PMCID: PMC5902544 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regular monitoring of physical fitness and sport-specific performance is important in elite sports to increase the likelihood of success in competition. This study aimed to systematically review and to critically appraise the methodological quality, validation data, and feasibility of the sport-specific performance assessment in Olympic combat sports like amateur boxing, fencing, judo, karate, taekwondo, and wrestling. A systematic search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Google-Scholar, and Science-Direct up to October 2017. Studies in combat sports were included that reported validation data (e.g., reliability, validity, sensitivity) of sport-specific tests. Overall, 39 studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. The majority of studies (74%) contained sample sizes <30 subjects. Nearly, 1/3 of the reviewed studies lacked a sufficient description (e.g., anthropometrics, age, expertise level) of the included participants. Seventy-two percent of studies did not sufficiently report inclusion/exclusion criteria of their participants. In 62% of the included studies, the description and/or inclusion of a familiarization session (s) was either incomplete or not existent. Sixty-percent of studies did not report any details about the stability of testing conditions. Approximately half of the studies examined reliability measures of the included sport-specific tests (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.43–1.00). Content validity was addressed in all included studies, criterion validity (only the concurrent aspect of it) in approximately half of the studies with correlation coefficients ranging from r = −0.41 to 0.90. Construct validity was reported in 31% of the included studies and predictive validity in only one. Test sensitivity was addressed in 13% of the included studies. The majority of studies (64%) ignored and/or provided incomplete information on test feasibility and methodological limitations of the sport-specific test. In 28% of the included studies, insufficient information or a complete lack of information was provided in the respective field of the test application. Several methodological gaps exist in studies that used sport-specific performance tests in Olympic combat sports. Additional research should adopt more rigorous validation procedures in the application and description of sport-specific performance tests in Olympic combat sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) "Sport Performance & Health" Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Raja Bouguezzi
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) "Sport Performance & Health" Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Laura Capranica
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hamdi Hbacha
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8242, Paris, France.,Cesam, EA 4260, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UNICAEN, Paris, France
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Tayech A, Mejri MA, Chaabene H, Chaouachi M, Behm DG, Chaouachi A. Test-retest reliability and criterion validity of a new Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:230-237. [PMID: 29308848 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the relative and absolute test-retest reliability and criterion validity of a new Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test (TAIKT). METHODS Twenty Tunisian elite Taekwondo athletes participated in this study (15 males and 5 females). Participants performed the TAIKT and the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST), twice (test and retest), on separate occasions three-week apart. Peak heart rate (HRpeak), blood lactate concentration [La־], and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during each session. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the test and retest of TAIKT and RAST for all performances and physiological variables, except for the absolute mean power (Pmean) of RAST. Test-retest results showed that the TAIKT and RAST were reliable. All TAIKT and RAST parameters had an ICC>0.90, SEM<5%, with the smallest worthwhile change slightly higher than SEM, with very small limits of concordance. Strong significant correlations were found between TAIKT and RAST parameters (Ppeak (r=0.81; r=0.70), Pmean (r=0.72; r=0.60) in (W and W·Kg-67 respectively), fatigue index (r=0.81), [La־] (r=0.89) and RPE (r=0.78) at P<0.01, and HRpeak (r=0.55, at P<0.05)). CONCLUSIONS The findings showed that the TAIKT can be considered as a valid and reliable specific test for assessing anaerobic power of Taekwondo athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Tayech
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization, " National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed A Mejri
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization, " National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization, " National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization, " National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,Movement Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Rennes, France
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization, " National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia - .,AUT University, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
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Hausen M, Soares PP, Araújo MP, Porto F, Franchini E, Bridge CA, Gurgel J. Physiological responses and external validity of a new setting for taekwondo combat simulation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171553. [PMID: 28158252 PMCID: PMC5291476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Combat simulations have served as an alternative framework to study the cardiorespiratory demands of the activity in combat sports, but this setting imposes rule-restrictions that may compromise the competitiveness of the bouts. The aim of this study was to assess the cardiorespiratory responses to a full-contact taekwondo combat simulation using a safe and externally valid competitive setting. Twelve male national level taekwondo athletes visited the laboratory on two separate occasions. On the first visit, anthropometric and running cardiopulmonary exercise assessments were performed. In the following two to seven days, participants performed a full-contact combat simulation, using a specifically designed gas analyser protector. Oxygen uptake ( V˙O2), heart rate (HR) and capillary blood lactate measurements ([La-]) were obtained. Time-motion analysis was performed to compare activity profile. The simulation yielded broadly comparable activity profiles to those performed in competition, a mean V˙O2 of 36.6 ± 3.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 (73 ± 6% V˙O2PEAK) and mean HR of 177 ± 10 beats.min-1 (93 ± 5% HRPEAK). A peak V˙O2 of 44.8 ± 5.0 ml.kg-1.min-1 (89 ± 5% V˙O2PEAK), a peak heart rate of 190 ± 13 beats.min-1 (98 ± 3% HRmax) and peak [La-] of 12.3 ± 2.9 mmol.L–1 was elicited by the bouts. Regarding time-motion analysis, combat simulation presented a similar exchange time, a shorter preparation time and a longer exchange-preparation ratio. Taekwondo combats capturing the full-contact competitive elements of a bout elicit moderate to high cardiorespiratory demands on the competitors. These data are valuable to assist preparatory strategies within the sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Hausen
- Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Biomechanics Research Group, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo Soares
- Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Biomechanics Research Group, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Marcus Paulo Araújo
- Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Biomechanics Research Group, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Flávia Porto
- Biomechanics Research Group, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Physical Education and Sports Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Craig Alan Bridge
- Sport and Exercise Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Gurgel
- Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Biomechanics Research Group, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Liao YH, Sung YC, Chou CC, Chen CY. Eight-Week Training Cessation Suppresses Physiological Stress but Rapidly Impairs Health Metabolic Profiles and Aerobic Capacity in Elite Taekwondo Athletes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160167. [PMID: 27463519 PMCID: PMC4963096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in an athlete’s physiological and health metabolic profiles after detraining have not been studied in elite Taekwondo (TKD) athletes. To enable a better understanding of these physiological changes to training cessation, this study examined the effects of 8-weeks detraining on the aerobic capacity, body composition, inflammatory status and health metabolic profile in elite TKD athletes. Sixteen elite TKD athletes (age: 21.0 ± 0.8 yrs, BMI: 22.4 ± 3.9 kg/m2; Mean ± SD; 11 males and 5 females) participated in this study. Physical activity level assessment using computerized physical activity logs was performed during the competitive preparation season (i.e. one-week before national competition) and at two week intervals throughout the detraining period. Participant aerobic capacity, body fat, and blood biomarkers were measured before and after detraining, and the blood biomarker analyses included leukocyte subpopulations, blood glucose, insulin, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), and cortisol. Eight-week detraining increased DHEA-S/cortisol ratio (+57.3%, p = 0.004), increased insulin/cortisol ratio (+59.9%, p = 0.004), reduced aerobic power (–2.43%, p = 0.043), increased body fat accumulation (body fat%: +21.3%, p < 0.001), decreased muscle mass (muscle mass%: –4.04%, p < 0.001), and elevated HOMA-IR (the biomarker of systemic insulin resistance; +34.2%, p = 0.006). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a systemic inflammatory index, increased by 48.2% (p = 0.005). The change in aerobic capacity was correlated with the increased fat mass (r = –0.429, p = 0.049) but not with muscle loss. An increase in the NLR was correlated to the changes in HOMA-IR (r = 0.44, p = 0.044) and aerobic capacity (r = –0.439, p = 0.045). We demonstrate that 8-week detraining suppresses physiological stress but rapidly results in declines in athletic performance and health metabolic profiles, including reduced aerobic capacity, increased body fat, muscle loss, insulin resistance development and elevated systemic inflammatory status in these young elite TKD athletes. The inflammation state was positively associated with insulin resistance development, fat mass, WHR (the index for central fat accumulation), and the decline in VO2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hung Liao
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yu-Chi Sung
- Department of Chinese Martial Arts, Chinese Culture University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chung Chou
- Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Chen
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan
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