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Travel Across More Time Zones Results in Worse Perceived Fatigue and Sleep in National-Team Footballers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:268-275. [PMID: 36716744 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the association between (1) time zone difference and (2) travel direction (east vs west) with posttravel changes in perceptual responses of national-team footballers. METHODS Travel schedules from 355 national-team trips (50 elite soccer players) were verified using an online flight database. All players provided perceptual ratings of fatigue, sleep quality, soreness, and stress to calculate changes in scores up to 2 days after travel. Trips were categorized as <3, 3 to 6, 6 to 9, or 9+ time zone changes, along with travel direction (eastward or westward). The pretravel to posttravel changes in perceptual ratings at days 1 and 2 postarrival were compared between time zone change and travel direction with linear mixed models. RESULTS For every time zone crossed, poorer ratings of perceptual fatigue (β = 0.068, P < .001), sleep (β = 0.095, P < .001), soreness (β = 0.0049, P < .001), and total wellness (β = 0.214, P < .001) were observed. However, the models explained only small proportions of the variation in postflight perceptual responses (7%-18%). Regardless, travel across 9+ time zones resulted in significantly worse perceived fatigue, sleep, and total wellness for days 1 and 2 postarrival compared with travel with <6 time zones (P < .05). Additionally, fatigue, sleep, and total scores were worse on day 2 following trips of 9+ time zones. Eastward travel resulted in poorer sleep ratings (β = 0.52, P < .001) than westward travel within time zone groupings. CONCLUSIONS Perceptual ratings of fatigue and sleep become progressively worse as travel increases in national-team soccer players, especially after travel across 9+ time zones and eastward travel.
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Ullersperger E, Hills SP, Russell M, Waldron M, Shearer D, Lonergan B, Farrow T, Eager R, Kilduff LP. Assessing climatic, travel, and methodological influences on whole-match and worst-case scenario locomotor demands of international men's rugby sevens match-play. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35912815 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2109065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study assessed the influence of environmental factors, air travel, and epoch estimation method on locomotor demands of international men's rugby sevens match-play. Eighteen men's rugby sevens players wore 10 Hz Global Positioning Systems (STATsport) during 52 international matches over nine global tournaments (418 observations). Whole-match average speed was recorded, whilst average speed and relative high-speed distance (>5.0 m·s-1) were quantified using FIXED and ROLL methods over 60-420 s epochs (60 s increments) to establish worst-case scenario demands. Linear mixed models compared FIXED versus ROLL estimation methods and assessed whether temperature, humidity, travel duration, number of time-zones crossed, and travel direction were associated with locomotor responses. Temperature and humidity were positively associated with overall and worst-case scenario average speed (effect estimates; b: 0.18 to 0.54), whilst worst-case scenario high-speed distance at 300 s was also related to temperature (b: 0.19). Easterly air travel compromised overall and 180 and 300 s worst-case scenario average speed (b: -8.31 to-7.39), alongside high-speed distance over 300 s (b: -4.54). For worst-case scenario average speed and high-speed distance, FIXED underestimated ROLL at all epoch lengths (∼9.9 to 18.4%, p≤0.001). This study indicated that international rugby sevens match-play locomotor responses were greater as air temperature increased but reduced following eastward air travel. Underestimation of demands in FIXED vs ROLL over 60-420 s epochs was confirmed. Such climatic and travel influences warrant the adoption of strategies targeted at maximising performance and safety according to the tournament conditions. Knowing the most demanding periods of match-play facilitates training specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Ullersperger
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel P Hills
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Waldron
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.,Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - David Shearer
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Lonergan
- West Ham United Football Club, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Farrow
- Wolverhampton Football Club, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Eager
- Rugby Football Union, London, United Kingdom
| | - Liam P Kilduff
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.,Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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The Travel Demands of an Elite Rugby Sevens Team: Effects on Objective and Subjective Sleep Parameters. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:688-694. [PMID: 33540379 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the effects of travel related to international rugby sevens competition on sleep patterns. METHODS A total of 17 international male rugby sevens players participated in this study. Actigraphic and subjective sleep assessments were performed daily during 2 separate Sevens World Series competition legs (Oceania and America). The duration of each competition leg was subdivided into key periods (pretour, precompetition, tournament 1, relocation, tournament 2, and posttour) lasting 2 to 7 nights. Linear mixed models in combination with magnitude-based decisions were used to assess (1) the difference between preseason and key periods and (2) the effect of travel direction (eastward or westward). RESULTS Shorter total sleep time (hours:minutes) was observed during tournament 2 (mean [SD], 06:16 [01:08]), relocation (06:09 [01:09]), and the pretour week (06:34 [01:24]) compared with the preseason (06:52 [01:00]). Worse sleep quality (arbitrary units) was observed during tournament 1 (6.1 [2.0]) and 2 (5.7 [1.2]), as well as during the relocation week (6.3 [1.5]) than during the preseason (6.5 [1.8]). When traveling eastward compared with westward, earlier fall-asleep time was observed during tournament 1 (ES - 0.57; 90% CI, -1.12 to -0.01), the relocation week (-0.70 [-1.11 to -0.28]), and the posttour (-0.57 [-0.95 to -0.18]). However, possibly trivial and unclear differences were observed during the precompetition week (0.15 [-0.15 to 0.45]) and tournament 2 (0.81 [-0.29 to 1.91]). CONCLUSION The sleep patterns of elite rugby sevens players are robust to the effects of long-haul travel and jet lag. However, the staff should consider promoting sleep during the tournament and relocation week.
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Esmaeili A, Clifton P, Aughey RJ. A League-Wide Evaluation of Factors Influencing Match Activity Profile in Elite Australian Football. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:579264. [PMID: 33345145 PMCID: PMC7739775 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.579264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Accurate interpretation of activity profile data requires an understanding of the variables influencing player movement during matches. Methods: Over 65,000 stints (player rotations) from all 207 matches of the 2018 Australian Football League (AFL) season were evaluated. The relative activity profile including total distance per minute (TD), high-speed running distance per minute (HSR) and Player LoadTM per minute (PL) was determined for each stint and analysed against a range of match-related, player-related and environment-related predictor variables using multivariate linear mixed modelling. Effect size statistics along with the uncertainty in the estimates (95% confidence interval) were used to interpret the findings. Results: The smallest important effects on TD, HSR, and PL were calculated as 1.5%, 5.5%, and 2.4%, respectively. Stint duration had small to moderate negative effects on TD (−6%), PL (−7.7%), and HSR (−13%), while recovery duration between stints had a small positive effect on HSR (+7%). There were moderate reductions in TD (−8%), HSR (−23%), and PL (−9.6%) in the last quarter compared to the first quarter of matches, while similar reductions existed in subsequent stints compared to the first stint in each quarter. Moderate to large differences of up to 9% in TD, 48% in HSR and 12% in PL existed between positions. The TD of less experienced players was slightly higher than their more experienced counterparts (2–3%). A 5% increase in body mass was associated with a small reduction in HSR (−5.5%). There were small reductions in TD (−2%), HSR (−10%), and PL (−3%) during the Finals Series compared to the Premiership Season. Moderate levels of rainfall during matches and higher apparent temperatures had small negative effects on TD (−2%) and HSR (−6 and −9%). The number of days break between matches, score margin, match outcome, ground hardness, ground size, and traveling for the current or the previous match had trivial effects on the activity profile. Conclusion: Player position and stage of the match (quarter) had the largest effects on match activity profile while stint duration, recovery duration, stint timing, professional experience, body mass, stage of the season, and weather conditions also had substantial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Esmaeili
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Football League (AFL), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Robert J Aughey
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Everett KLA, Chapman DW, Mitchell JA, Ball N. Effects of Westbound Trans-meridian Travel on Countermovement Jump Performance in International-Level Rowers. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:1961-1965. [PMID: 32947574 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Everett, KLA, Chapman, DW, Mitchell, JA, and Ball, N. Effects of westbound trans-meridian travel on countermovement jump performance in international-level rowers. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-International long-haul air travel is a necessity for many athletes as part of their training or competition schedules. However, long-haul travel is also associated with impaired neuromuscular function. An athlete's lower body neuromuscular status is frequently assessed and monitored using countermovement jump (CMJ). This study assessed the impact of westbound trans-meridian travel on changes in CMJ performance in highly trained aerobic athletes. Highly trained male rowers (n = 21, 23.7 ± 1.4 years, 1.91 ± 0.07 m, 86.9 ± 9.9 kg) undertook a westbound flight incurring 22 hours of flight time with 30 hours of total travel time across 9 time zones. Athletes completed a single set of 6 loaded CMJ repetitions before and after travel with performance measured using a digital optical encoder attached to a 20 kg barbell. Each CMJ repetition was assessed for mean concentric velocity, jump height (JH), eccentric displacement, JH:dip ratio, mean power, and mean eccentric velocity, with comparisons made between mean set changes before and after travel. Changes were compared using a one tail paired t-test and characterized using Cohen's d (95% confidence interval) effect sizes. Significance was accepted at p ≤ 0.05. Small-to-moderate changes were observed in all variables following westbound travel. These changes may be because of retention of high training loads before travel resulting in the athletes being in a fatigued state, whereas travel time worked as a forced recovery period. Reductions in CMJ performance are likely following westbound travel, however, may be affected by training fatigue before travel that may confound CMJ performance as a monitoring metric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten L A Everett
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Dale W Chapman
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Nick Ball
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Orange ST, Metcalfe JW, Marshall P, Vince RV, Madden LA, Liefeith A. Test-Retest Reliability of a Commercial Linear Position Transducer (GymAware PowerTool) to Measure Velocity and Power in the Back Squat and Bench Press. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:728-737. [PMID: 29952868 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Orange, ST, Metcalfe, JW, Marshall, P, Vince, RV, Madden, LA, and Liefeith, A. Test-retest reliability of a commercial linear position transducer (GymAware PowerTool) to measure velocity and power in the back squat and bench press. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 728-737, 2020-This study examined the test-retest reliability of the GymAware PowerTool (GYM) to measure velocity and power in the free-weight back squat and bench press. Twenty-nine academy rugby league players (age: 17.6 ± 1.0 years; body mass: 87.3 ± 20.8 kg) completed 2 test-retest sessions for the back squat followed by 2 test-retest sessions for the bench press. GYM measured mean velocity (MV), peak velocity (PV), mean power (MP), and peak power at 20, 40, 60, 80, and 90% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). GYM showed good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] and standard error of measurement percentage, respectively) for the measurement of MV at loads of 40 (0.77, 3.9%), 60 (0.83, 4.8%), 80 (0.83, 5.8%), and 90% (0.79, 7.9%) of 1RM in the back squat. In the bench press, good reliability was evident for PV at 40 (0.82, 3.9%), 60 (0.81, 5.1%), and 80% (0.77, 8.4%) of 1RM, and for MV at 80 (0.78, 7.9%) and 90% (0.87, 9.9%) of 1RM. The measurement of MP showed good to excellent levels of reliability across all relative loads (ICC ≥0.75). In conclusion, GYM provides practitioners with reliable kinematic information in the back squat and bench press, at least with loads of 40-90% of 1RM. This suggests that strength and conditioning coaches can use the velocity data to regulate training load according to daily readiness and target specific components of the force-velocity curve. However, caution should be taken when measuring movement velocity at loads <40% of 1RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Orange
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, York St John University, York, United Kingdom; and
| | - James W Metcalfe
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, York St John University, York, United Kingdom; and
| | - Phil Marshall
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca V Vince
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh A Madden
- Center of Biomedical Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Liefeith
- School of Sport, York St John University, York, United Kingdom; and
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Harper DJ, Carling C, Kiely J. High-Intensity Acceleration and Deceleration Demands in Elite Team Sports Competitive Match Play: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Sports Med 2019; 49:1923-1947. [PMID: 31506901 PMCID: PMC6851047 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The external movement loads imposed on players during competitive team sports are commonly measured using global positioning system devices. Information gleaned from analyses is employed to calibrate physical conditioning and injury prevention strategies with the external loads imposed during match play. Intense accelerations and decelerations are considered particularly important indicators of external load. However, to date, no prior meta-analysis has compared high and very high intensity acceleration and deceleration demands in elite team sports during competitive match play. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to quantify and compare high and very high intensity acceleration vs. deceleration demands occurring during competitive match play in elite team sport contexts. METHODS A systematic review of four electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science) was conducted to identify peer-reviewed articles published between January 2010 and April 2018 that had reported higher intensity (> 2.5 m·s-2) accelerations and decelerations concurrently in elite team sports competitive match play. A Boolean search phrase was developed using key words synonymous to team sports (population), acceleration and deceleration (comparators) and match play (outcome). Articles only eligible for meta-analysis were those that reported either or both high (> 2.5 m·s-2) and very high (> 3.5 m·s-2) intensity accelerations and decelerations concurrently using global positioning system devices (sampling rate: ≥ 5 Hz) during elite able-bodied (mean age: ≥ 18 years) team sports competitive match play (match time: ≥ 75%). Separate inverse random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to compare: (1) standardised mean differences (SMDs) in the frequency of high and very high intensity accelerations and decelerations occurring during match play, and (2) SMDs of temporal changes in high and very high intensity accelerations and decelerations across first and second half periods of match play. Using recent guidelines recommended for the collection, processing and reporting of global positioning system data, a checklist was produced to help inform a judgement about the methodological limitations (risk of detection bias) aligned to 'data collection', 'data processing' and 'normative profile' for each eligible study. For each study, each outcome was rated as either 'low', 'unclear' or 'high' risk of bias. RESULTS A total of 19 studies met the eligibility criteria, comprising seven team sports including American Football (n = 1), Australian Football (n = 2), hockey (n = 1), rugby league (n = 4), rugby sevens (n = 3), rugby union (n = 2) and soccer (n = 6) with a total of 469 male participants (mean age: 18-29 years). Analysis showed only American Football reported a greater frequency of high (SMD = 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.43) and very high (SMD = 0.19; 95% CI - 0.42 to 0.80) intensity accelerations compared to decelerations. All other sports had a greater frequency of high and very high intensity decelerations compared to accelerations, with soccer demonstrating the greatest difference for both the high (SMD = - 1.74; 95% CI - 1.28 to - 2.21) and very high (SMD = - 3.19; 95% CI - 2.05 to - 4.33) intensity categories. When examining the temporal changes from the first to the second half periods of match play, there was a small decrease in both the frequency of high and very high intensity accelerations (SMD = 0.50 and 0.49, respectively) and decelerations (SMD = 0.42 and 0.46, respectively). The greatest risk of bias (40% 'high' risk of bias) observed across studies was in the 'data collection' procedures. The lowest risk of bias (35% 'low' risk of bias) was found in the development of a 'normative profile'. CONCLUSIONS To ensure that elite players are optimally prepared for the high-intensity accelerations and decelerations imposed during competitive match play, it is imperative that players are exposed to comparable demands under controlled training conditions. The results of this meta-analysis, accordingly, can inform practical training designs. Finally, guidelines and recommendations for conducting future research, using global positioning system devices, are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J Harper
- School of Sport, York St John University, Lord Mayors Walk, York, YO31 7EX, UK.
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - Christopher Carling
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
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Taylor L, Stevens CJ, Thornton HR, Poulos N, Chrismas BCR. Limiting the Rise in Core Temperature During a Rugby Sevens Warm-Up With an Ice Vest. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1212-1218. [PMID: 30840530 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine how a cooling vest worn during a warm-up could influence selected performance (countermovement jump [CMJ]), physical (global positioning system [GPS] metrics), and psychophysiological (body temperature and perceptual) variables. METHODS In a randomized, crossover design, 12 elite male World Rugby Sevens Series athletes completed an outdoor (wet bulb globe temperature 23-27°C) match-specific externally valid 30-min warm-up wearing a phase-change cooling vest (VEST) and without (CONTROL), on separate occasions 7 d apart. CMJ was assessed before and after the warm-up, with GPS indices and heart rate monitored during the warm-ups, while core temperature (Tc; ingestible telemetric pill; n = 6) was recorded throughout the experimental period. Measures of thermal sensation (TS) and thermal comfort (TC) was obtained pre-warm-up and post-warm-up, with rating of perceived exertion (RPE) taken post-warm-ups. RESULTS Athletes in VEST had a lower ΔTc (mean [SD]: VEST = 1.3°C [0.1°C]; CONTROL = 2.0°C [0.2°C]) from pre-warm-up to post-warm-up (effect size; ±90% confidence limit: -1.54; ±0.62) and Tc peak (mean [SD]: VEST = 37.8°C [0.3°C]; CONTROL = 38.5°C [0.3°C]) at the end of the warm-up (-1.59; ±0.64) compared with CONTROL. Athletes in VEST demonstrated a decrease in ΔTS (-1.59; ±0.72) and ΔTC (-1.63; ±0.73) pre-warm-up to post-warm-up, with a lower RPE post-warm-up (-1.01; ±0.46) than CONTROL. Changes in CMJ and GPS indices were trivial between conditions (effect size < 0.2). CONCLUSIONS Wearing the vest prior to and during a warm-up can elicit favorable alterations in physiological (Tc) and perceptual (TS, TC, and RPE) warm-up responses, without compromising the utilized warm-up characteristics or physical-performance measures.
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Fowler PM, Murray A, Farooq A, Lumley N, Taylor L. Subjective and Objective Responses to Two Rugby Sevens World Series Competitions. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1043-1055. [PMID: 29016478 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fowler, PM, Murray, A, Farooq, A, Lumley, N, and Taylor, L. Subjective and objective responses to two rugby sevens world series competitions. J Strength Cond Res 33(4): 1043-1055, 2019-The purpose was to examine the utility of subjective and objective measures of player preparedness, interpreted at both group level and individual level, during 2 consecutive competitions of the World Rugby Sevens Series (WRSS). Subjective (sleep, energy, and muscle soreness ratings) and objective (heart rate [HR] at rest [HRREST] and in response to submaximal exercise [HREX]) measures were obtained from 16 male rugby 7s players from 1 team for 3 consecutive days (D1-3) at home (HOME) and on arrival at 4 tournament (T1-4) locations (T1-New Zealand; T2-USA; T3-Hong Kong; and T4-Tokyo) across 2 WRSS competitions (2 tournaments per competition) separated by 1 month. At a group level, energy ratings were significantly lower in T2 and T4 compared with HOME, and on D1 T2 compared with D1 T1 (p ≤ 0.05). Greatest variability in subjective ratings was observed during T1 and T3 at an individual level, particularly for sleep quality. Although at a group level HRREST and HREX significantly decreased in T1-4 compared with HOME (p ≤ 0.05), there was only a ∼50% agreement between the direction of change in HR indices at an individual level. Results from this study suggest that relocation between tournaments within WRSS competitions disrupts player preparedness measures to the largest degree. Hence, this period could be targeted by practitioners with appropriate recovery and/or sleep-promoting interventions or modulation of match-/training-load. Moreover, subjective rather than objective measures seem to be of greater use to inform player preparedness decision making, particularly at an individual level compared with a group level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Fowler
- ASPETAR-Orthopaedic and Sports, Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Andrew Murray
- Athletics Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Abdulaziz Farooq
- ASPETAR-Orthopaedic and Sports, Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nick Lumley
- Scottish Rugby Union, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Taylor
- ASPETAR-Orthopaedic and Sports, Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Doha, Qatar.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Toohey LA, Drew MK, Finch CF, Cook JL, Fortington LV. A 2-Year Prospective Study of Injury Epidemiology in Elite Australian Rugby Sevens: Exploration of Incidence Rates, Severity, Injury Type, and Subsequent Injury in Men and Women. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:1302-1311. [PMID: 30779880 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518825380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injuries are common in rugby sevens, but studies to date have been limited to short, noncontinuous periods and reporting of match injuries only. PURPOSE To report the injury incidence rate (IIR), severity, and burden of injuries sustained by men and women in the Australian rugby sevens program and to provide the first longitudinal investigation of subsequent injury occurrence in rugby sevens looking beyond tournament injuries only. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS Ninety international rugby sevens players (55 men and 35 women) were prospectively followed over 2 consecutive seasons (2015-2016 and 2016-2017). All medical attention injuries were reported irrespective of time loss. Individual exposure in terms of minutes, distance, and high-speed distance was captured for each player for matches and on-field training, with the use of global positioning system devices. The IIR and injury burden (IIR × days lost to injury) were calculated per 1000 player-hours, and descriptive analyses were performed. RESULTS Seventy-three players (81.1%) sustained 365 injuries at an IIR of 43.2 per 1000 player-hours (95% CI, 43.0-43.3). As compared with male players, female players experienced a lower IIR (incidence rate ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.90-0.91). Female players also sustained a higher proportion of injuries to the trunk region (relative risk, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.28-2.40) but a lower number to the head/neck region (relative risk, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.37-0.93; P = .011). The majority (80.7%) of subsequent injuries were of a different site and nature than previous injuries. A trend toward a reduced number of days, participation time, distance, and high-speed distance completed before the next injury was observed after successive injury occurrence. CONCLUSION Female players have a lower IIR than male players, with variation of injury profiles observed between sexes. With a surveillance period of 2 years, subsequent injuries account for the majority of injuries sustained in rugby sevens, and they are typically different from previous types of sustained injuries. After each successive injury, the risk profile for future injury occurrence appears to be altered, which warrants further investigation to inform injury prevention strategies in rugby sevens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam A Toohey
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.,Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia
| | - Michael K Drew
- Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia
| | - Caroline F Finch
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Jill L Cook
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Lauren V Fortington
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
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Taylor L, Thornton HR, Lumley N, Stevens CJ. Alterations in core temperature during World Rugby Sevens Series tournaments in temperate and warm environments †. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:432-441. [PMID: 30305001 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1527949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize player core temperature (Tc) across two separate World Rugby Sevens Series (WRSS) tournaments in temperate and warm environments. METHODS Tc was collected in seventeen playing members of one men's team competing at the Singapore (n = 12) and London (n = 11) WRSS tournaments. Exertional heat illness (EHI) symptoms, cooling strategy use, playing minutes and wet blub globe temperature (WBGT) were also collected. Linear mixed models and magnitude-based inferences assessed differences in Tc between all periods within-and between tournaments and were also used to assess the effect of WBGT and playing minutes on Tc. RESULTS Several players experienced Tc in excess of 38°C during warm-ups and 39°C during games. The highest mean Tc values were observed in the final game on all days and in Singapore Day Two, there were substantial game-on-game increases in mean Tc. These Tc responses were associated with playing minutes (effect size; ±90% CL = 0.38; ±0.20), although the effect of WBGT was trivial and unclear. Further, there were no differences in Tc between the two tournaments in the different environments. Despite high individual peak Tc values (Singapore 39.9°C; London 39.6°C); no signs/symptoms of EHI were reported, voluntary post-game cooling usage was minimal, and pre- and mid-cooling strategies were not implemented. CONCLUSIONS During WRSS matches, peak Tc values approached thresholds associated with EHI (>40°C) and exceeded those demonstrated to reduce repeated sprint performance (>39°C). Practitioners may consider the use of compatible cooling and heat acclimation strategies to minimize Tc increase and maximize player preparedness and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Taylor
- a Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre , ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital , Doha , Qatar.,b School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Heidi R Thornton
- c Newcastle Knights Rugby League Club , Newcastle , Australia.,d La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
| | | | - Christopher J Stevens
- f School of Health and Human Sciences , Southern Cross University , Coffs Harbour , Australia
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Calleja-González J, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Sampaio J, Delextrat A, Ostojic SM, Marques-Jiménez D, Arratibel I, Sánchez-Ureña B, Dupont G, Schelling X, Terrados N. Brief ideas about evidence-based recovery in team sports. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:545-550. [PMID: 30276172 PMCID: PMC6165975 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836244.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Performance in team sports is the expression of complex, dynamic, interactive, and multidimensional processes. It is now well-established that optimum recovery after practice or match is a key factor of team sport performance. During season and tournaments, improving recovery could offer an advantage for following performance. As a consequence of the professionalization of different roles in staffs, new particular roles have been developed within the team sports physician core in order to improve recovery protocols. Presently, scientific literature presents a big amount of methods used to enhance recovery based on the type of practice, time between session or competitions and equipment and/or staff accessible. These practices, usually used by teams are related to: ergonutritional, water therapy, massages techniques, stretching compression garments, sleep strategies and psychological implements. Besides, travel fatigue has been recognized by athletes and coaches as a challenging problem that could benefit from practical solutions. Nowadays, players have to play a lot of matches without enough time to recover among them, therefore the use of well-managed recovery can lead to a competitive advantage. Although the main purpose of applied sport sciences investigation is to categorize the protocols as well as providing approaches for individual recovery, the stages to recognize the most appropriate recovery plans in the field of team sports come from the analysis of the individual parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | | | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Anne Delextrat
- Sport and Health Sciences Department, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Diego Marques-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Iñaki Arratibel
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Braulio Sánchez-Ureña
- Human Movement and Quality Life School, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Gregory Dupont
- Université de Lille, EA 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaires Sport Santé Société, Research Department, Lille Olympique Sporting Club (LOSC), Lille, France
| | - Xavi Schelling
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group SGR, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Nicolás Terrados
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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13
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Physical-Preparation Recommendations for Elite Rugby Sevens Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:255-267. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Thornton HR, Miller J, Taylor L, Sargent C, Lastella M, Fowler PM. Impact of short- compared to long-haul international travel on the sleep and wellbeing of national wheelchair basketball athletes. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1476-1484. [PMID: 29099652 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1398883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, very little is known about the impact of short- or long-haul air travel on the sleep and wellbeing of wheelchair basketball athletes. Eleven national wheelchair basketball athletes wore actigraphy monitors prior, during, and after air travel to the United Kingdom. Upon arrival, participants rated their subjective jet-lag, fatigue, and vigor. Individuals traveled to the United Kingdom from different locations in Australia, the United States, and Europe and were categorised according to travel length [LONG (up to 30.2 h) or SHORT (up to 6.5 h)]. Linear mixed models determined effects of travel length on sleep and subjective ratings of jet-lag, fatigue, and vigor. During competition, subjective fatigue and jet-lag were substantially higher (ES = 0.73; ±0.77) and (ES = 0.57; ±0.60), subjective vigor was lower (ES = 1.94; ±0.72), and get-up time was earlier (ES = 0.57; ±0.60) for LONG when compared to SHORT. Travelling greater distances by airplane had a larger effect on subjective ratings of jet-lag, fatigue and vigor, rather than sleep. Irrespective of travel group, sleep and subjective responses were compromised, reflecting the travel requirements, competition-mediated influences, and/or due to a change in environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi R Thornton
- a La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre , La Trobe University Bundoora Campus , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Joanna Miller
- b Australian Institute of Sport, Physiology, Bruce, Canberra, ACT , Australia
| | - Lee Taylor
- c ASPETAR, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre , Doha , Qatar.,d School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Charli Sargent
- e Central Queensland University , Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science , Wayville , SA , Australia
| | - Michele Lastella
- e Central Queensland University , Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science , Wayville , SA , Australia
| | - Peter M Fowler
- c ASPETAR, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre , Doha , Qatar
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