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Goldman JT, Donohoe B, Hatamiya N, Boland NF, Vail J, Holmes KE, Presby D, Kim J, Duffaut C. Baseline Sleep Characteristics in NCAA Division I Collegiate Athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2024; 34:370-375. [PMID: 38174994 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors report no conflicts of interest.To determine baseline sleep characteristics of male/female student-athletes across multiple sports using objective and subjective measures. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Division I college. PARTICIPANTS Eighty-two male and female Division I student-athletes. INTERVENTIONS Participants completed 2 validated sleep questionnaires (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS] and Single-Item Sleep Quality Scale [SISQS]) to assess subjective sleep. They also wore a validated sleep monitoring device (WHOOP 4.0 band) for at least 14 nights to collect objective data on total sleep time (TST) and sleep architecture. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Overnight sleep variables, including TST, time spent awake in bed after falling asleep, time spent in light sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and slow-wave sleep (SWS) cycles. Sleep quality and daytime sleepiness were also assessed. RESULTS There were no statistical differences between male and female student-athletes in average TST, sleep architecture, sleep consistency, SISQS, and ESS scores. The average TST was 409.2 ± 36.3 minutes. Sleep architecture consisted of 25.6% REM, 19.9% SWS, and 54.4% light sleep. The average sleep consistency was 61.6% ± 8.9%. The average SISQS score was 6.48 ± 1.71, and the average ESS score was 7.57 ± 3.82. A significant difference was found in average wake time between males and females (55.0 vs 43.7 min, P = 0.020), with an overall average of 50.2 ± 16.2 minutes. CONCLUSIONS College student-athletes do not typically obtain the recommended amount of sleep. Optimizing sleep can positively affect academic and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Goldman
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brian Donohoe
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nicolas Hatamiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Nelson F Boland
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeremy Vail
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kristen E Holmes
- Department of Performance Science and Thought Leadership, WHOOP, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - David Presby
- Department of Data Science and Research, WHOOP, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeongeun Kim
- Department of Performance Science and Thought Leadership, WHOOP, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Calvin Duffaut
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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McClean ZJ, Pasanen K, Lun V, Charest J, Herzog W, Werthner P, Black A, Vleuten RV, Lacoste E, Jordan MJ. A Biopsychosocial Model for Understanding Training Load, Fatigue, and Musculoskeletal Sport Injury in University Athletes: A Scoping Review. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1177-1188. [PMID: 38781473 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT McClean, ZJ, Pasanen, K, Lun, V, Charest, J, Herzog, W, Werthner, P, Black, A, Vleuten, RV, Lacoste, E, and Jordan, MJ. A biopsychosocial model for understanding training load, fatigue, and musculoskeletal sport injury in university athletes: A scoping review. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1177-1188, 2024-The impact of musculoskeletal (MSK) injury on athlete health and performance has been studied extensively in youth sport and elite sport. Current research examining the relationship between training load, injury, and fatigue in university athletes is sparse. Furthermore, a range of contextual factors that influence the training load-fatigue-injury relationship exist, necessitating an integrative biopsychosocial model to address primary and secondary injury prevention research. The objectives of this review were (a) to review the scientific literature examining the relationship between training load, fatigue, and MSK injury in university athletes and (b) to use this review in conjunction with a transdisciplinary research team to identify biopsychosocial factors that influence MSK injury and develop an updated, holistic biopsychosocial model to inform injury prevention research and practice in university sport. Ten articles were identified for inclusion in this review. Key findings were an absence of injury surveillance methodology and contextual factors that can influence the training load-fatigue-MSK injury relationship. We highlight the inclusion of academic load, social load, and mental health load as key variables contributing to a multifactorial, gendered environmental, scientific inquiry on sport injury and reinjury in university sport. An integrative biopsychosocial model for MSK injury in university sport is presented that can be used to study the biological, psychological, and social factors that modulate injury and reinjury risk in university athletes. Finally, we provide an example of how causal inference can be used to maximize the utility of longitudinally collected observational data that is characteristic of sport performance research in university sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J McClean
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Integrative Neuromuscular Sport Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kati Pasanen
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Integrative Neuromuscular Sport Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Victor Lun
- Sport Medicine Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan Charest
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; and
- Center for Sleep & Human Performance, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Walter Herzog
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Penny Werthner
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amanda Black
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Reid Vander Vleuten
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Integrative Neuromuscular Sport Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elise Lacoste
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew J Jordan
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Integrative Neuromuscular Sport Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sport Medicine Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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McKay BA, Delaney JA, Simpkin A, Larkin T, Murray A, Daniels D, Pedlar CR, Sampson JA. Objective Measures of Strain and Subjective Muscle Soreness Differ Between Positional Groups and Season Phases in American College Football. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:625-633. [PMID: 37059425 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess objective strain and subjective muscle soreness in "Bigs" (offensive and defensive line), "Combos" (tight ends, quarterbacks, line backers, and running backs), and "Skills" (wide receivers and defensive backs) in American college football players during off-season, fall camp, and in-season phases. METHODS Twenty-three male players were assessed once weekly (3-wk off-season, 4-wk fall camp, and 3-wk in-season) for hydroperoxides (free oxygen radical test [FORT]), antioxidant capacity (free oxygen radical defense test [FORD]), oxidative stress index (OSI), countermovement-jump flight time, Reactive Strength Index (RSI) modified, and subjective soreness. Linear mixed models analyzed the effect of a 2-within-subject-SD change between predictor and dependent variables. RESULTS Compared to fall camp and in-season phases, off-season FORT (P ≤ .001 and <.001), FORD (P ≤ .001 and <.001), OSI (P ≤ .001 and <.001), flight time (P ≤ .001 and <.001), RSI modified (P ≤ .001 and <.001), and soreness (P ≤ .001 and <.001) were higher for "Bigs," whereas FORT (P ≤ .001 and <.001) and OSI (P = .02 and <.001) were lower for "Combos." FORT was higher for "Bigs" compared to "Combos" in all phases (P ≤ .001, .02, and .01). FORD was higher for "Skills" compared with "Bigs" in off-season (P = .02) and "Combos" in-season (P = .01). OSI was higher for "Bigs" compared with "Combos" (P ≤ .001) and "Skills" (P = .01) during off-season and to "Combos" in-season (P ≤ .001). Flight time was higher for "Skills" in fall camp compared with "Bigs" (P = .04) and to "Combos" in-season (P = .01). RSI modified was higher for "Skills" during off-season compared with "Bigs" (P = .02) and "Combos" during fall camp (P = .03), and in-season (P = .03). CONCLUSION Off-season American college football training resulted in higher objective strain and subjective muscle soreness in "Bigs" compared with fall camp and during in-season compared with "Combos" and "Skills" players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A McKay
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW,Australia
- Athletics Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR,USA
| | | | - Andrew Simpkin
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway,Ireland
| | - Theresa Larkin
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW,Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW,Australia
| | - Andrew Murray
- Physical Education & Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh,United Kingdom
| | - Diarmuid Daniels
- Orreco Ltd, Business Innovation Unit, National University of Ireland, Galway,Ireland
| | - Charles R Pedlar
- Orreco Ltd, Business Innovation Unit, National University of Ireland, Galway,Ireland
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Sciences, St Mary's University, London,United Kingdom
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London,United Kingdom
| | - John A Sampson
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW,Australia
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Burghardt WP, Pfeiffer KA, Kuenze C. Assessing the Relationship Between External Workloads and Noncontact Injuries During Summer Conditioning and Preseason Practice in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 Football Players. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:816-822. [PMID: 35876439 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Burghardt, WP, Pfeiffer, KA, and Kuenze, C. Assessing the relationship between external workloads and noncontact injuries during summer conditioning and preseason practice in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 football players. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 816-822, 2023-The purpose of this study was to prospectively investigate the relationship between noncontact injuries and workload in collegiate football during summer conditioning and preseason training. Workload and noncontact injury data were collected over the summer conditioning and preseason practice periods for a Division 1 National Collegiate Athletic Association football team ( n = 34). Seven- and 21-day exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA) were calculated daily for each athlete. The acute:chronic ratio (A:C ratio) of these 2 measures was also calculated daily. Injury rates for noncontact injuries were calculated for both periods. Continuous variable modeling (panel logistic regression and restricted cubic spline) was used to assess the relationship of EWMA A:C ratio and noncontact injury using a 3-day lag period. Athletic exposures (AEs) were defined as individual sport training, practice, or competition sessions. Nine injuries were observed (6.97/1,000 AEs), with 4 injuries resulting in lost time (3.09/1,000 AEs). The mean EWMA A:C ratio was 0.92 ± 0.41 (95% confidence interval: 0.03-2.09). Both the panel logistic regression and the restricted cubic spline models showed a significant relationship between EWMA A:C ratio and noncontact injuries. However, the odds ratio (14.16) in the logistic regression had a very large standard error (14.51) and a wide 95% confidence interval (1.90-105.49). The restricted cubic spline model had a pseudo R2 of 0.136. Injury occurrence at given EWMA ratio values was lower than reported in previous research. Although both continuous models demonstrated a significant relationship between the EWMA A:C ratio and subsequent noncontact injuries over the next 3 days, neither model had sufficient goodness of fit to warrant adoption at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Burghardt
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Nocera A, Sbrollini A, Romagnoli S, Morettini M, Gambi E, Burattini L. Physiological and Biomechanical Monitoring in American Football Players: A Scoping Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3538. [PMID: 37050597 PMCID: PMC10098592 DOI: 10.3390/s23073538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
American football is the sport with the highest rates of concussion injuries. Biomedical engineering applications may support athletes in monitoring their injuries, evaluating the effectiveness of their equipment, and leading industrial research in this sport. This literature review aims to report on the applications of biomedical engineering research in American football, highlighting the main trends and gaps. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines and gathered a total of 1629 records from PubMed (n = 368), Web of Science (n = 665), and Scopus (n = 596). The records were analyzed, tabulated, and clustered in topics. In total, 112 studies were selected and divided by topic in the biomechanics of concussion (n = 55), biomechanics of footwear (n = 6), biomechanics of sport-related movements (n = 6), the aerodynamics of football and catch (n = 3), injury prediction (n = 8), heat monitoring of physiological parameters (n = 8), and monitoring of the training load (n = 25). The safety of players has fueled most of the research that has led to innovations in helmet and footwear design, as well as improvements in the understanding and prevention of injuries and heat monitoring. The other important motivator for research is the improvement of performance, which has led to the monitoring of training loads and catches, and studies on the aerodynamics of football. The main gaps found in the literature were regarding the monitoring of internal loads and the innovation of shoulder pads.
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Miranda-Comas G, Zaman N, Ramin J, Gluck A. The Role of Workload Management in Injury Prevention, Athletic, and Academic Performance in the Student-Athlete. Curr Sports Med Rep 2022; 21:186-191. [PMID: 35703744 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Workload plays important roles in sports-related injury and athletic performance by influencing exposure to external injury risk factors and potential events, promoting changes in fitness level, which involves positive adaptations to training that may lead to improved performance, and/or stimulating fatigue which leads to negative effects in the body that may increase the risk of injury and negatively affect performance. In addition to the physical stress and significant time required for practice and training, student athletes also face subjective stressors. The total workload affects injury risk, but acute changes or spikes in external and/or internal loads seem to affect injury risk the most. These also may lead to poor recovery practices that may affect physical and academic performance. It is important for the medical team, coaches, parents, and the student athlete to understand the vulnerability of this population to increased amounts of workload and its positive and negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Miranda-Comas
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Nadia Zaman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Jonathan Ramin
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ariana Gluck
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Preatoni E, Bergamini E, Fantozzi S, Giraud LI, Orejel Bustos AS, Vannozzi G, Camomilla V. The Use of Wearable Sensors for Preventing, Assessing, and Informing Recovery from Sport-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries: A Systematic Scoping Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3225. [PMID: 35590914 PMCID: PMC9105988 DOI: 10.3390/s22093225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wearable technologies are often indicated as tools that can enable the in-field collection of quantitative biomechanical data, unobtrusively, for extended periods of time, and with few spatial limitations. Despite many claims about their potential for impact in the area of injury prevention and management, there seems to be little attention to grounding this potential in biomechanical research linking quantities from wearables to musculoskeletal injuries, and to assessing the readiness of these biomechanical approaches for being implemented in real practice. We performed a systematic scoping review to characterise and critically analyse the state of the art of research using wearable technologies to study musculoskeletal injuries in sport from a biomechanical perspective. A total of 4952 articles were retrieved from the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases; 165 were included. Multiple study features-such as research design, scope, experimental settings, and applied context-were summarised and assessed. We also proposed an injury-research readiness classification tool to gauge the maturity of biomechanical approaches using wearables. Five main conclusions emerged from this review, which we used as a springboard to propose guidelines and good practices for future research and dissemination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Preatoni
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (E.P.); (L.I.G.)
- Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Elena Bergamini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Fantozzi
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- Health Sciences and Technologies—Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucie I. Giraud
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (E.P.); (L.I.G.)
| | - Amaranta S. Orejel Bustos
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
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Caulfield JL, Lee FK, Baird CA. Navigating the Ethically Complex and Controversial World of College Athletics: A Humanistic Leadership Approach to Student Athlete Well-Being. JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS : JBE 2022; 183:603-617. [PMID: 35125565 PMCID: PMC8799424 DOI: 10.1007/s10551-021-05027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The college athletics environment within the USA is ethically complex and often controversial. From an academic standpoint, athletes are often viewed as a privileged class receiving undue benefit. Yet closer inspection reveals that student athletes are at risk psychologically, physically, and intellectually in ways that undermine development and flourishing. This reality stands in troubling contrast to the prosocial, virtue-based goals expressed by university mission statements. Given the role of sport in many university business models, college athletics invites scrutiny from a business ethics standpoint. Using a humanistic leadership perspective (Pirson in: Humanistic management: protecting dignity and promoting well-being, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017), we organize our analysis around three challenges facing the college athletics system: (1) navigating the tension between claiming college athletes are amateurs rather than professionals; (2) defining the ethical edge between winning and winning fairly; and (3) moderating the insatiable drive to win while protecting student athlete well-being. We then articulate three strategies for successfully addressing these challenges: leadership role modeling, putting structural supports in place and holding people accountable. We argue that humanistic leadership and a 'balanced motivational drive mindset' (Lawrence and Nohria in: J Bus Ethics 128:383-394, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2090-2; Pirson 2017) could help move college athletics from an economistic model toward a more humanistic model that prioritizes the dignity and well-being of its participants, particularly student athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay L. Caulfield
- College of Business Administration, Department of Management, Marquette University, Straz Hall, 219, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881 USA
| | - Felissa K. Lee
- College of Business Administration, Department of Management, Marquette University, Straz Hall, 220, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881 USA
| | - Catharyn A. Baird
- EthicsGame, 6 Inverness Court East, Suite 220, Engelwood, CO 80112 USA
- Regis University, Denver, CO USA
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Gnacinski SL, Meyer BB, Wahl CA. Psychometric Properties of the RESTQ-Sport-36 in a Collegiate Student-Athlete Population. Front Psychol 2021; 12:671919. [PMID: 34122264 PMCID: PMC8187868 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to examine the reliability and validity of the RESTQ-Sport-36 for use in the collegiate student-athlete population. A total of 494 collegiate student-athletes competing in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, II, or III sanctioned sport completed the RESTQ-Sport-36 and Brief Profile of Mood States (POMS). Structural equation modeling (SEM) procedures were used to compare first order to hierarchical model structures. Results of a confirmatory factor analysis (χ2[528] = 1129.941, p < 0.001; SRMR = 0.050; CFI = 0.929) and exploratory structural equation modeling analysis (χ2[264] = 575.424, p < 0.001; SRMR = 0.013; CFI = 0.963) indicated that the first order 12-factor structure demonstrated the best fit of all models tested. Support was not observed for the fit of any hierarchical model. Moderate to strong correlations were observed between stress and recovery subscales and mood states, thus supporting the construct validity of the abbreviated RESTQ measurement model. The current findings provide support for the measure's use in this population and give pause as it relates to the scoring and interpretation of hierarchical factors such as Total Stress and Total Recovery. Overall, the current results indicate that the RESTQ-Sport-36 may be a useful tool for collegiate student-athlete training load and competition monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Gnacinski
- Department of Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, United States
| | - Barbara B Meyer
- Laboratory for Sport Psychology & Performance Excellence, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences & Technology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Carly A Wahl
- Laboratory for Sport Psychology & Performance Excellence, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences & Technology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Davis JK, Wolfe AS, Basham SA, Freese EC, De Chavez PJD. Neuromuscular, Endocrine, and Perceptual Recovery After a Youth American Football Game. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1317-1325. [PMID: 33900264 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Davis, JK, Wolfe, AS, Basham, SA, Freese, EC, and De Chavez, PJD. Neuromuscular, endocrine, and perceptual recovery after a youth American football game. J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1317-1325, 2021-American football is a high-intensity intermittent sport consisting of various movements and repeated collisions which highlights the importance of adequate recovery from a game to prepare for the next competition. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the time course of recovery markers after a youth American football game. Thirteen male American football youth players were monitored for 7 days after a single football game. Baseline measures were taken 28 hours pregame for lower-body neuromuscular function by countermovement jumps (CMJs) to determine peak power (PP), jump height (JH), flight time (FT), and takeoff velocity (TOV). Saliva was analyzed for cortisol, testosterone, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Perceptual recovery was assessed by the modified profile of mood states (POMS), perceived recovery status (PRS), and a daily wellness questionnaire. These measures were repeated immediately postgame (30 minutes) and at 20, 44, 68, 92, 116, and 140 hours postgame. Compared with baseline values, there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in CMJ PP, JH, and TOV up to 68 hours postgame and FT 44 hours postgame. No significant difference existed among time points for salivary testosterone and CRP. Cortisol levels significantly increased postgame compared with baseline (p < 0.05). Total mood disturbance, assessed by POMS, and daily wellness markers for energy were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas daily wellness markers for soreness were significantly increased (p < 0.05) immediately after the game. Players exhibited a significant decrease in PRS up to 44 hours postgame (p < 0.05), similar to the decrease in neuromuscular function. Neuromuscular function and PRS are impaired for up to 44-68 h postgame.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric C Freese
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Frisco, Texas; and
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A Cherry, Ripe for Picking: The Relationship Between the Acute-Chronic Workload Ratio and Health Problems. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2021; 51:162-173. [PMID: 33472501 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2021.9893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the relationship between the acute-chronic workload ratio (ACWR) and health problems varies when different methodological approaches are used to quantify it. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS An online questionnaire was used to collect daily health and training information from 86 elite youth footballers for 105 days. The relationship between players' training load and health was analyzed using a range of different definitions of ACWR and health problems. We used 21-day and 28-day chronic periods, coupled and uncoupled calculations, and the exponentially weighted moving average and rolling average. Acute-chronic workload ratio data were categorized as low, medium, or high, using predefined categories and z scores. We compared medium to high, medium to low, and low to high categories. The outcome was defined in 3 ways: "all health problems," "all injuries," and "new noncontact injuries." We performed random-effects logistic regression analyses of all combinations, for a total of 108 analyses. RESULTS We recorded 6250 athlete-days and 196 health problems. Of the 108 analyses performed, 23 (21%) identified a statistically significant (P<.05) association between the ACWR and health problems. A greater proportion of significant associations were identified when using an exponentially weighted moving average (44% of analyses), when comparing low to high categories (33%), and when using the "all health problems" definition (33%). CONCLUSION The relationship between the ACWR and health problems was dependent on methodological approach. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2021;51(4):162-173. Epub 20 Jan 2021. doi:10.2519/jospt.2021.9893.
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Duignan C, Doherty C, Caulfield B, Blake C. Single-Item Self-Report Measures of Team-Sport Athlete Wellbeing and Their Relationship With Training Load: A Systematic Review. J Athl Train 2021; 55:944-953. [PMID: 32991706 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0528.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-item athlete self-report measures consist of a single question to assess a dimension of wellbeing. These methods are recommended and frequently used for athlete monitoring, yet their uniformity has not been well assessed, and we have a limited understanding of their relationship with measures of training load. OBJECTIVE To investigate the applications and designs of single-item self-report measures used in monitoring team-sport athletes and present the relationship between these measures and measures of training load. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus were searched between inception and March 2019. STUDY SELECTION Articles were included if they concerned adult athletes from field- or court-sport domains, if athlete well-being was measured using a single-item self-report, and if the relationship with a measure of modifiable training load was investigated over at least 7 days. DATA EXTRACTION Data related to participant characteristics, self-report measures, training load measures, and statistical analysis and outcomes were extracted by 2 authors (C.D. and C.D.). DATA SYNTHESIS A total of 21 studies were included in the analysis. A narrative synthesis was conducted. The measures used most frequently were muscle soreness, fatigue, sleep quality, stress, and mood. All measures presented various relationships with metrics of training load from no association to a very large association, and the associations were predominantly trivial to moderate in the studies with the largest numbers of observations. Relationships were largely negative associations. CONCLUSIONS The implications of this review should be considered by users in the application and clinical utility of single-item self-report measures in athlete monitoring. Great emphasis has been placed on examining the relationship between subjective and objective measures of training load. Although the relationship is still unclear, such an association may not be expected or useful. Researchers should consider the measurement properties of single-item self-report measures and seek to establish their relationship with clinically meaningful outcomes. As such, further study is required to inform practitioners on the appropriate objective application of data from single-item self-report measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Duignan
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Ireland.,School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cailbhe Doherty
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Ireland.,School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian Caulfield
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Ireland.,School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Blake
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
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Dobrosielski DA, Sweeney L, Lisman PJ. The Association Between Poor Sleep and the Incidence of Sport and Physical Training-Related Injuries in Adult Athletic Populations: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:777-793. [PMID: 33560506 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of achieving an adequate amount of sleep to optimize health and athletic performance is well recognized. Yet, a systematic evidence compilation of the risk for sport-related injury in adult athletic populations due to poor sleep does not exist. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between poor sleep and sport and physical training-related injuries in adult athletic populations. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases were searched using keywords relevant to sleep quantity and quality, and musculoskeletal injury and sport-related concussion (SRC). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Studies were included in this systematic review if they were comprised of adult athletic populations, reported measures of sleep quantity or quality, followed participants prospectively for injury, and reported an association between sleep and incidence of sport or physical training-related injury. STUDY APPRAISAL The methodological quality of each study was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Cohort Studies. RESULTS From our review of 12 prospective cohort studies, we found limited evidence supporting an association between poor sleep and injury in adult athletic populations. Specifically, there is (a) insufficient evidence supporting the associations between poor sleep and increased risk of injury in specific groups of athletic adults, including professional or elite athletes, collegiate athletes, elite or collegiate dancers, and endurance sport athletes; and (b) limited evidence of an association between poor sleep and increased risk of SRC in collegiate athletes. CONCLUSIONS The current evidence does not support poor sleep as an independent risk factor for increased risk of sport or physical training-related injuries in adult athletic populations. Given the methodological heterogeneity and limitations across previous studies, more prospective studies are required to determine the association between sleep and injury in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon A Dobrosielski
- Department of Kinesiology, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD, 21252, USA. .,Towson Research Academy of Collaborative Sport Science (TRACS), Towson University, Towson, MD, USA.
| | - Lisa Sweeney
- Department of Library Services, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Lisman
- Department of Kinesiology, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD, 21252, USA.,Towson Research Academy of Collaborative Sport Science (TRACS), Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
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14
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Stern BD, Hegedus EJ, Lai YC. State dependence: Does a prior injury predict a future injury? Phys Ther Sport 2021; 49:8-14. [PMID: 33550203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The sports medicine literature is filled with associations between injury and causal factors. However, those results have been inconsistent. We're left wondering which of our athletes might need more attention and where our efforts might be best spent. Resistance to injury is the result of interaction between many variables. These variables are interdependent with dynamic relationships which can be sometimes correlated, at times anti-correlated and from time to time show no relationship with injury risk. Relationships we may have seen yesterday do not necessarily hold true for today and we should not use those to infer what will happen. This perspective piece builds on prior works and describes how the complex interaction between injury determinants presents in other systems, why determinants are not stable and instead vary over time due to internal and external forcing and why our prediction ability remains limited even when determinants are identified. Patterns built from frequent time series data in conjunction with nonlinear dynamical methods can offer us a new approach to thinking about injury prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Stern
- Department of Outpatient Rehabilitation, HonorHealth, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
| | - Eric J Hegedus
- Physical Therapy Program, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying-Cheng Lai
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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15
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Wilkes JR, Walter AE, Chang AM, Miller SJ, Sebastianelli WJ, Seidenberg PH, Slobounov S. Effects of sleep disturbance on functional and physiological outcomes in collegiate athletes: A scoping review. Sleep Med 2021; 81:8-19. [PMID: 33621790 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate sleep disturbances and circadian timing changes on functional and physiological correlates specifically in collegiate athletes. DESIGN Scoping Review. DATA SOURCES PubMed MEDLINE, SPORT-Discus, CINAHL, ERIC ProQuest, Web of Science. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Articles in English, studying college athletes 18-24 years old, employing a sleep measurement, and a comparison measure of cognitive, academic performance, athletic performance, injury rate, biomarkers and physiological measures, or imaging. RESULTS Thirty articles met inclusion criteria. There was wide range of study design, sport studied, modality used to measure sleep, frequency of sleep measurements, and functional and physiological outcomes across studies. Sleep measurements varied greatly in frequency of data collection and type of measurement tool, with the majority using a sleep questionnaire. While all variables of interest were represented within the review, most had a focus on cognitive performance, athletic performance, or injury rate as a function of sleep. Studies using biomarkers and physiological measures or imaging were largely underrepresented. Few studies used biomarkers and physiological measures, and one study used imaging measures. Most studies in this review reported negative cognitive and academic outcomes with worse sleep quality and quantity. CONCLUSIONS Sleep is critical to maintaining optimal health and collegiate athletes represent a unique population given their unique time constraints, stresses, and sleep behaviors. Findings on athletic performance and injury rate as a function of sleep were mixed. Employing standardized objective methodologies in future work will allow for better understanding of the influence of sleep on the overall well-being and performance of college athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Wilkes
- Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Alexa E Walter
- Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Chang
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; College of Nursing, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sayers John Miller
- Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Wayne J Sebastianelli
- Department of Orthopaedics, Penn State Health, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Peter H Seidenberg
- Department of Family Medicine and Comprehensive Care, Louisiana State Health School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Semyon Slobounov
- Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Accelerometry-Workload Indices Concerning Different Levels of Participation during Congested Fixture Periods in Professional Soccer: A Pilot Study Conducted over a Full Season. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031137. [PMID: 33525533 PMCID: PMC7908349 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the variations of acute load (AL), acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony (TM), and training strain (TS) of accelerometry-based GPS measures in players who started in three matches (S3M), two matches (S2M), and one match (S1M) during congested weeks. Nineteen elite professional male players from a Portuguese team (age: 26.5 ± 4.3 years) were monitored daily using global positioning systems (GPSs) over a full season (45 weeks). Accelerometry-derived measures of high metabolic load distance (HMLD), high accelerations (HA), and high decelerations (HD) were collected during each training session and match. Seven congested weeks were classified throughout the season, and the participation of each player in matches played during these weeks was codified. The workload indices of AL (classified as ACWR, TM, and TS) were calculated weekly for each player. The AL of HMLD was significantly greater for S2M than S1M (difference = 42%; p = 0.002; d = 0.977) and for S3M than S1M (difference = 44%; p = 0.001; d = 1.231). Similarly, the AL of HA was significantly greater for S2M than S1M (difference = 25%; p = 0.023; d = 0.735). The TM of HD was significantly greater for S2M than S3M (difference = 25%; p = 0.002; d = 0.774). Accelerometry-based measures were dependent on congested fixtures. S2M had the greatest TS values, while S3M had the greatest TM.
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The Development and Evaluation of a Training Monitoring System for Amateur Rugby Union. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10217816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A training monitoring system (TMS) should be both attainable and scientifically grounded; however, the optimal method of monitoring training is not yet fully understood. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an online TMS for amateur rugby union. The experimental approach to the problem consisted of five phases: (1) establishing the current training and training load (TL) monitoring practices of amateur rugby union teams, (2) designing and developing the TMS, (3) recruiting teams and subsequently introducing the TMS, (4) supporting the strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches using the TMS, and (5) evaluating the TMS. The findings of this study support the use of an online TMS as a useful and effective method of facilitating training prescription and design in an effort to reduce injury risk and enhance performance. The main barriers impeding player compliance are the lack of feedback on their data and evidence of its use in training design, coaching, and prescription. The effectiveness of the system is dependent on the extent to which the associated challenges are mitigated to ensure quality and consistent data. However, this study offers a method of monitoring training that can be effective while also establishing pitfalls to avoid for both practitioners and researchers alike.
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Workload a-WEAR-ness: Monitoring Workload in Team Sports With Wearable Technology. A Scoping Review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020; 50:549-563. [PMID: 32998615 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2020.9753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To (1) identify the wearable devices and associated metrics used to monitor workload and assess injury risk, (2) describe the situations in which workload was monitored using wearable technology (including sports, purpose of the analysis, location and duration of monitoring, and athlete characteristics), and (3) evaluate the quality of evidence that workload monitoring can inform injury prevention. DESIGN Scoping review. LITERATURE SEARCH We searched the CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, HealthSTAR, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA We included all studies that used wearable devices (eg, heart rate monitor, inertial measurement units, global positioning system) to monitor athlete workload in a team sport setting. DATA SYNTHESIS We provided visualizations that represented the workload metrics reported, sensors used, sports investigated, athlete characteristics, and the duration of monitoring. RESULTS The 407 included studies focused on team ball sports (67% soccer, rugby, or Australian football), male athletes (81% of studies), elite or professional level of competition (74% of studies), and young adults (69% of studies included athletes aged between 20 and 28 years). Thirty-six studies of 7 sports investigated the association between workload measured with wearable devices and injury. CONCLUSION Distance-based metrics derived from global positioning system units were common for monitoring workload and are frequently used to assess injury risk. Workload monitoring studies have focused on specific populations (eg, elite male soccer players in Europe and elite male rugby and Australian football players in Oceania). Different injury definitions and reported workload metrics and poor study quality impeded conclusions regarding the relationship between workload and injury. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(10):549-563. doi:10.2519/jospt.2020.9753.
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How Has Workload Been Defined and How Many Workload-Related Exposures to Injury Are Included in Published Sports Injury Articles? A Scoping Review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020; 50:538-548. [PMID: 32998614 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2020.9766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe how workload-related exposure variables have been defined in sports injury articles, and to identify the number of workload-related exposure variables included in comparative analyses. DESIGN Scoping review. LITERATURE SEARCH PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus were systematically searched on March 13, 2020. Two reviewers independently screened the retrieved literature and selected articles for inclusion. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA Prospective cohort studies using workload-related variables as the primary exposure to sports injury were eligible for inclusion. DATA SYNTHESIS The type (eg, distance, balls bowled) and construct of workload-related exposure variables (eg, acute-chronic workload ratio) were extracted and summarized in frequency tables. RESULTS A total of 648 articles were identified, and 45 were eligible for inclusion. Workload definition differed greatly, as sports- and workload-related exposure variables could be, but were not limited to, distance, balls bowled, session rating of perceived exertion, accelerations, soreness, and sleep. Within and across articles, authors used different constructs for workload-related exposure variables. For example, distance was represented as total distance, distance per week, distance per 2 weeks, and acute-chronic workload ratio. The number of workload-related exposure variables included in comparative analyses ranged from 1 to 336. CONCLUSION Studies used different definitions of workload-related exposure variables. The number of workload-related exposure variables in a single study ranged from 1 to 336. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(10):538-548. doi:10.2519/jospt.2020.9766.
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RUDDY JOSHUAD, CORMACK STUART, TIMMINS RYANG, SAKADJIAN ALEX, PIETSCH SAMUEL, CAREY DAVIDL, WILLIAMS MORGAND, OPAR DAVIDA. Factors that Impact Self-reported Wellness Scores in Elite Australian Footballers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:1427-1435. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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