1
|
Ferreira ABDM, Ribeiro BLL, Medeiros da Silva I, Fontenele-Araújo J, Luis Mortatti A. Effect of Training Load Intensification on the Sleep Pattern of Young Soccer Players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38959982 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2024.2359608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine how intensifying training loads over a week affects the sleep patterns of young soccer players on the nights immediately following the intensified training sessions. Methods: Quasi-experimental study. Fifteen young athletes participants of a team engaged in national level competition, underwent two weeks of training with varying load magnitudes-Week 1: low accumulated training load and Week 2: intensified training loads [40% increase in external training load(ETL)]. To characterize the intensification of the workload, the methods PlayerLoad and RPE-Session were employed to measure ETL and internal training load(ITL), respectively. Total sleep time(TST), total time in bed(TTB), sleep efficiency(SE), sleep latency(SL), and wake after sleep onset(WASO) were obtained using actigraphy and daily sleep log. The variables were compared among the days of week (e.g. Monday of week 1 with Monday of week 2, and so forth). Results: Acute training intensification in week 2 led to significant increases in ETL and ITL on Monday and on Wednesday(p < .05), and ETL(p < .05) on Friday on the second week. Improvements in sleep were observed (Tuesday-TST:+80 min, WASO:-29.3 min, SL:-8 min, SE:+9%; Thursday-TST:+86 min, SL:-4 min, SE:+4%; Saturday-TST:+40 min, SL:+1 min) compared to the same day of the previous week. Correlations between ETL and ITL(r = 0.637), ITL and TST(r = 0.572), ITL and SE(r = 0.548) were found. Conclusion: Intensification of training loads results in alterations in sleep variables, notably an elevated TST and SE in the days subsequent to the acute load increment.
Collapse
|
2
|
Martinho DV, Rebelo A, Field A, Ribeiro AS, Pereira F, Bizarro B, Ribeiro J, Len SM, Gouveia ÉR, Sarmento H. The Quantification of Physical Performance and Internal Training Load in Youth Male Soccer Players During Preseason. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38437841 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The monitoring of training loads and quantification of physical performance are common practices in youth soccer academies to support coaches in prescribing and programming training for individuals. The interaction between training load and physical performance is unknown during a preseason period in youth soccer players. The current study assessed changes in training load and physical assessments across a 4-week preseason period. The relationship between physical performance and match playing time in youth male soccer players was also investigated. METHODS The training loads of 25 professional youth academy male soccer players were monitored throughout a 4-week preseason period. Assessments of power, agility, speed, and aerobic capacity were undertaken in the first training session. Session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) and well-being questionnaires were collected during all training sessions and preseason matches. Playing time during subsequent competitive matches was recorded. RESULTS T test and 30-m-sprint assessments, conducted on the first day of preseason, were predictors of sRPE throughout preseason (t test χ2/df = 2.895, poor adjustment; 30-m sprint χ2/df = 1.608, good adjustment). YoYo Test performance was related with changes in perceived fatigue (χ2/df = 0.534, very good adjustment). Faster players reported higher values of sRPE, and players with higher aerobic capacity reported higher levels of fatigue across preseason. Well-being, perceived fatigue and soreness, and sRPE decreased across preseason. Greater match durations were related to higher levels of fatigue during preseason (P < .05). CONCLUSION The current study highlights the relationship between training load, physical assessments, and playing time. Coaches and practitioners can use physical test data at the start of preseason as an indication of players that report higher sRPE, perceived fatigue, and reduced well-being across preseason, supporting decisions around individualized training prescriptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo V Martinho
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
| | - André Rebelo
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física e Exercício e Saude, Universidade Lusófona, Lisbon, Portugal
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adam Field
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alex S Ribeiro
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa Pereira
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Bizarro
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Ribeiro
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University Institute of Maia, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Performance Optimization, GOD, Sporting Clube de Braga SAD, Braga, Portugal
| | - Silvano M Len
- Universidad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física y el Deporte "Manuel Fajardo,"Havana, Cuba
| | - Élvio R Gouveia
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pillitteri G, Petrigna L, Ficarra S, Giustino V, Thomas E, Rossi A, Clemente FM, Paoli A, Petrucci M, Bellafiore M, Palma A, Battaglia G. Relationship between external and internal load indicators and injury using machine learning in professional soccer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Sports Med 2023:1-37. [PMID: 38146925 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2023.2297190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
This study verified the relationship between internal load (IL) and external load (EL) and their association on injury risk (IR) prediction considering machine learning (ML) approaches. Studies were included if: (1) participants were male professional soccer players; (2) carried out for at least 2 sessions, exercises, or competitions; (3) correlated training load (TL) with non-contact injuries; (4) applied ML approaches to predict TL and non-contact injuries. TL included: IL indicators (Rating of Perceived Exertion, RPE; Session-RPE, Heart Rate, HR) and EL indicators (Global Positioning System, GPS variables); the relationship between EL and IL through index, ratio, formula; ML indicators included performance measures, predictive performance of ML methods, measure of feature importance, relevant predictors, outcome variable, predictor variable, data pre-processing, features selection, ML methods. Twenty-five studies were included. Eleven addressed the relationship between EL and IL. Five used EL/IL indexes. Five studies predicted IL indicators. Three studies investigated the association between EL and IL with IR. One study predicted IR using ML. Significant positive correlations were found between S-RPE and total distance (TD) (r = 0.73; 95% CI (0.64 to 0.82)) as well as between S-RPE and player load (PL) (r = 0.76; 95% CI (0.68 to 0.84)). Association between IL and EL and their relationship with injuries were found. RPE, S-RPE, and HR were associated with different EL indicators. A positive relationship between EL and IL indicators and IR was also observed. Moreover, new indexes or ratios (integrating EL and IL) to improve knowledge regarding TL and fitness status were also applied. ML can predict IL indicators (HR and RPE), and IR. The present systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021245312).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Pillitteri
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Petrigna
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ficarra
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valerio Giustino
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Regional Sports School of CONI Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Regional Sports School of CONI Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Marynowicz J, Lango M, Horna D, Kikut K, Konefał M, Chmura P, Andrzejewski M. Within-Subject Principal Component Analysis of External Training Load and Intensity Measures in Youth Soccer Training. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2411-2416. [PMID: 38015730 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Marynowicz, J, Lango, M, Horna, D, Kikut, K, Konefał, M, Chmura, P, and Andrzejewski, M. Within-participant principal component analysis of external training load and intensity measures in youth soccer training. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2411-2416, 2023-The aim of this study was to identify which combination of external training load (EL) and external intensity (EI) metrics during youth soccer training sessions captured similar or unique information. Data were collected from 18 youth soccer players during an 18-week in-season competition period using a 10-Hz global positioning system, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and session-RPE (sRPE). External training load measures included total distance (TD, in meters), PlayerLoad (PL, in arbitrary units), high-speed running distance (HSR, in meters), and number of accelerations (ACC, n). All EL metrics were also divided by session duration (minutes) to obtain EI values. A total of 804 training observations were undertaken (43 ± 17 sessions per player). The analysis was performed by use of the principal component analysis technique. The first principal component (PC) captured 49-70% and 68-89% of the total variance in EI and EL, respectively. The findings show that from the 5 EI metrics, most of the information can be explained by either TD per minute or PL per minute, with a loading from 0.87 to 0.98 and from 0.76 to 0.95, respectively. The majority of EL information can be explained by PL (loading: 0.93-0.98), TD (loading: 0.95-0.99), ACC (loading: 0.71-0.91), or sRPE (loading: 0.70-0.93). The second PC for EL metrics is most strongly correlated with HSR, with loadings from 0.53 to 0.84. The results suggest that the majority of the information contained in the EL variables can be captured in 1 PC without losing much information. The findings suggest that stakeholders who intend to provide a fast and holistic view of EL information in a daily training environment should report TD, PL, ACC, or sRPE plus HSR to coaching staff as a metrics that provides additional unique information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Marynowicz
- Department of Theory and Methodology of Team Sport Games, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
- KKS Lech Poznań S.A.-Football Club, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Lango
- Institute of Computer Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Damian Horna
- Institute of Computer Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karol Kikut
- KKS Lech Poznań S.A.-Football Club, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland; and
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ashcroft K, Robinson T, Condell J, Penpraze V, White A, Bird SP. An Investigation of Surface EMG Shorts-Derived Training Load during Treadmill Running. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6998. [PMID: 37571780 PMCID: PMC10422274 DOI: 10.3390/s23156998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to determine the sensitivity of the sEMG shorts-derived training load (sEMG-TL) during different running speeds; and (2) to investigate the relationship between the oxygen consumption, heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), accelerometry-based PlayerLoadTM (PL), and sEMG-TL during a running maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) test. The study investigated ten healthy participants. On day one, participants performed a three-speed treadmill test at 8, 10, and 12 km·h-1 for 2 min at each speed. On day two, participants performed a V˙O2max test. Analysis of variance found significant differences in sEMG-TL at all three speeds (p < 0.05). A significantly weak positive relationship between sEMG-TL and %V˙O2max (r = 0.31, p < 0.05) was established, while significantly strong relationships for 8 out of 10 participants at the individual level (r = 0.72-0.97, p < 0.05) were found. Meanwhile, the accelerometry PL was not significantly related to %V˙O2max (p > 0.05) and only demonstrated significant correlations in 3 out of 10 participants at the individual level. Therefore, the sEMG shorts-derived training load was sensitive in detecting a work rate difference of at least 2 km·h-1. sEMG-TL may be an acceptable metric for the measurement of internal loads and could potentially be used as a surrogate for oxygen consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis Ashcroft
- Faculty of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Derry BT48 7JL, UK; (T.R.); (J.C.)
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (V.P.); (A.W.)
| | - Tony Robinson
- Faculty of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Derry BT48 7JL, UK; (T.R.); (J.C.)
| | - Joan Condell
- Faculty of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Derry BT48 7JL, UK; (T.R.); (J.C.)
| | - Victoria Penpraze
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (V.P.); (A.W.)
| | - Andrew White
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (V.P.); (A.W.)
| | - Stephen P. Bird
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Castilla-López C, Romero-Franco N. Blood Flow Restriction Is Not Useful as Soccer Competition Recovery in Youth Male National-Level Soccer Players: A Crossover Randomised Controlled Trial. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11050099. [PMID: 37234055 DOI: 10.3390/sports11050099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In soccer, blood flow restriction (BFR) is used to optimise between-match recovery. However, the benefits are unclear. This study evaluated the effects of BFR as a recovery strategy after a competition on countermovement jump (CMJ) height, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and the wellness of soccer players. Forty national-level soccer players were allocated into two conditions: BFR (an active recovery session wearing a BFR device, 24 h after a competition) or NoBFR (the same recovery without BFR). CMJ, RPE and wellness were evaluated the day (CMJ and RPE) or the morning (wellness) before the competition; just after the competition (CMJ and RPE); and 24, 48 (wellness) and 72 h later. After 4 weeks, the players changed conditions. All players showed impaired CMJ (p = 0.013), RPE (p < 0.001) and wellness (p < 0.001) after the match compared with the baseline. The CMJ returned to the baseline 24 h later and wellness returned 48 h later. Only in the BFR condition did the RPE remain impaired 24 h after the match, which was also the moment after finishing the BFR recovery session (p < 0.001). BFR during active recovery does not provide any additional benefits compared with traditional exercise modalities to recover CMJ, RPE and wellness in youth national-level soccer players. BFR could even induce an immediate higher RPE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Romero-Franco
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kryściak J, Podgórski T, Chmura P, Konefał M, Chmura J, Brazaitis M, Modric T, Andrzejewski M. Effects of short bout small-sided game training on acid-based balance markers in youth male soccer players. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3510. [PMID: 36864165 PMCID: PMC9981584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of 1 × 1 small-sided games (SSGs) with different bout durations on external (ETL) and internal training loads (ITL) in youth soccer players. Twenty U18 players were divided into two groups performing six 1 × 1 SSGs with 30 and 45 s bout durations on a playing field of 10 by 15 m. ITL indices, including the percentage of maximum heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BLa) level, pH, bicarbonate (HCO3-) level, and base excess (BE) level, were measured at rest, after each SSG bout, and 15 and 30 min after the entire exercise protocol. ETL (Global Positioning System metrics) was recorded during all six SSG bouts. The analysis showed that the 45 s SSGs had a greater volume (large effect) but a lower training intensity (small to large effect) than the 30 s SSGs. A significant time effect (p < 0.05) was observed in all ITL indices and a significant group effect (F1, 18 = 8.84, p = 0.0082, ƞ2 = 0.33) in the HCO3- level only. Finally, the changes in the HR and HCO3- level were smaller in the 45 s SSGs than in the 30 s SSGs. In conclusion, 30-s games, characterized by a higher intensity of training effort, are more physiologically demanding than 45-s games. Secondly during short-bout SSG training the HR and BLa level have limited diagnostic value for ITL. Extending ITL monitoring using other indicators, such as the HCO3- and BE levels, appears reasonable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kryściak
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- grid.419313.d0000 0000 9487 602XInstitute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Toni Modric
- grid.38603.3e0000 0004 0644 1675Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martínez-Serrano A, Freitas TT, Franquesa X, Enrich E, Mallol M, Alcaraz PE. Does External Load Reflect Acute Neuromuscular Fatigue and Rating of Perceived Exertion in Elite Young Soccer Players? J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e1-e7. [PMID: 35836311 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Martínez-Serrano, A, Freitas, TT, Franquesa, X, Enrich, E, Mallol, M, and Alcaraz, PE. Does external load reflect acute neuromuscular fatigue and rating of perceived exertion in elite young soccer players? J Strength Cond Res 37(3): e1-e7, 2023-This study aimed to analyze the acute and residual effects of increased high-speed running (HSR) demands during an in-season training microcycle in young elite soccer players on localized neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) of the knee extensors (KE), posterior chain muscles, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Thirty-four elite young soccer players (age = 17.1 ± 0.8 years) were assessed in 2 consecutive days at different time points (baseline, POST-activation gym-based session, POST-small-sided game [SSG], POST-training 1 [TR1], POST-6H, POST-24H, POST-preventive gym-based session, and POST-training 2 [TR2]). Neuromuscular fatigue of the KE and posterior chain muscles was measured with a maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). External (total distance, number of accelerations or decelerations, and HSR distance) and internal (RPE) load was assessed during the SSG, TR1, and TR2 sessions. Players were divided through a median split, into "HIGH" or "LOW" group according to the training demands. The alpha level was set at p ≤ 0.05. A 2-way mixed effects model ANOVA showed a significant decreased in 90:20 MVIC after TR1 in the "HIGH" HSR group ( p = 0.037; effect size [ES] = 0.45). No significant differences in RPE were found after TR1 ( p = 0.637; ES = 0.58) and TR2 ( p = 0.109; ES = 0.62) when comparing the "HIGH" HSR group with the "LOW" HSR group. Assessing player's force production capabilities can be an effective strategy to detect NMF when HSR demands are acutely increased. Special caution should be taken when prescribing the training load of the training session based solely on RPE, as NMF might be present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martínez-Serrano
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Xavi Franquesa
- Strength and Conditioning Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
- Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edgar Enrich
- Strength and Conditioning Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
- Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Milos Mallol
- Strength and Conditioning Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
- Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
External load profile during different sport-specific activities in semi-professional soccer players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:22. [PMID: 36814322 PMCID: PMC9945412 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global Positioning System (GPS) devices are widely used in soccer for monitoring external load (EL) indicators with the aim of maximizing sports performance.The aim of this study was to investigate the EL indicators differences in players of different playing positions (i.e., central backs, external strikers, fullbacks, midfielders, strikers, wide midfielder) between and within different sport-specific tasks and official matches. METHODS 1932 observations from 28 semi-professional soccer players (age: 25 ± 6 years, height: 183 ± 6 cm, weight: 75.2 ± 7 kg) were collected through GPS devices (Qstarz BT-Q1000EX, 10 Hz) during the season 2019-2020. Participants were monitored during Official Match (OM), Friendly Matches (FM), Small Sided Games (SSG), and Match-Based Exercises (MBE). Metabolic (i.e., metabolic power, percentage of metabolic power > 35w, number of intense actions per minute, distance per minute, passive recovery time per minute) and neuromuscular indicators (i.e., percentage of intense accelerations, percentage of intense decelerations, change of direction per min > 30°) were recorded during each task. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were detected in EL indicators between playing positions within each task and between tasks. In particular, results from the two-way ANOVA tests showed significant interaction, but with small effect size, in all the EL indicators between playing positions for each task and within tasks. Moreover, statistical differences, but with small effect size, between playing positions were detected in each task and for each EL indicator. Finally, the strongest statistical differences (with large effect size) were detected between tasks for each EL indicator. Details of the Tukey post-hoc analysis reporting the pairwise comparisons within and between tasks with playing positions are also provided. CONCLUSION In semi-professional soccer players, different metabolic and neuromuscular performance were detected in different playing position between and within different tasks and official matches. Coaches should consider the different physical responses related to different physical tasks and playing position to design the most appropriate training program.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ferreira ABDM, Ribeiro BLL, Batista EDS, Dantas MP, Mortatti AL. The Influence of Different Training Load Magnitudes on Sleep Pattern, Perceived Recovery, and Stress Tolerance in Young Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:351-357. [PMID: 36354748 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ferreira, ABdM, Ribeiro, BLL, Batista, EdS, Dantas, MP, and Mortatti, AL. The influence of different training load magnitudes on sleep pattern, perceived recovery, and stress tolerance in young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 351-357, 2023-The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of 3 weeks on sleep parameters, perceived recovery, and stress tolerance in young soccer players using different training load magnitudes. A total of 13 young male soccer athletes (15.9 ± 0.5 years; 68.7 ± 6.1 kg; 170 ± 7 cm) who performed 3 typical training weeks with different workloads were analyzed. The external training load (ETL) was verified by the PlayerLoad method, and the internal training load (ITL) was determined using the session rating of perceived exertion method. Sleep was monitored using a wrist-actigraphy monitor. Sleep variables, including total time in bed (TTB), total sleep time (TST), sleep latency (SL), wake after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep efficiency (SE), were evaluated across all nights of sleep. The recovery status was assessed with the perceived recovery status (PRS) scale, and the stress tolerance was monitored using the "daily analysis of life demands of athletes" questionnaire. There was an increase in sleep time during the week with the highest training load (week 2) (TTB: +35 minutes, TST: +46 minutes, SL: -5 minutes, SE: +3%). There was no difference in the PRS or in the stress tolerance during the evaluation weeks. A very large within-individual correlation was observed between ITL and ETL ( r = 0.78) and moderate within-individual correlation between ETL and TST ( r = 0.34), between ITL and TST ( r = 0.45), and between ITL and SE ( r = 0.359). These results showed that there was an increase in TST during a microcycle with intensified loads, without impairing bedtime and resulting in maintenance of the perceived recovery or stress tolerance values.
Collapse
|
11
|
de Dios-Álvarez V, Suárez-Iglesias D, Bouzas-Rico S, Alkain P, González-Conde A, Ayán-Pérez C. Relationships between RPE-derived internal training load parameters and GPS-based external training load variables in elite young soccer players. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:58-73. [PMID: 34121539 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1937165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the GPS-based external training load variables that influence the internal training loads (RPE-derived parameters: RPE and session RPE - sRPE), and generate a model to predict GPS-based external load variables from RPE and perceived wellness values. Training load data for 21 elite young players were collected over 72 training sessions and 23 matches from the same competitive season, and 564 observations (training sessions, 462; matches, 102) were analysed. Considering all observations (training sessions and matches), significant moderate and large correlations (p < 0.01) were detected between RPE values and EL measures. The correlation between the GPS outcomes with both the RPE and sRPE values was higher during training sessions than during matches. Moreover, increased RPE and perceived wellness measures had a significant positive effect on external load variables (p < 0.001). The present work provides preliminary evidence of the utility of the RPE and sRPE method to quantify the training loads in young soccer players since most of the GPS-based EL indicators were moderate to highly correlated with the RPE-derived parameters. Additionally, EL variables may be estimated when combining perceived IL and subjective wellness indicators in young soccer players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente de Dios-Álvarez
- Sport science department, Real Club Celta De Vigo & Fundación Celta, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.,Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - Sara Bouzas-Rico
- Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos Ayán-Pérez
- Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.,WellMove Research Group, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Silva RM, Clemente FM, González-Fernández FT, Nobari H, Oliveira R, Silva AF, Cancela-Carral JM. Relationships between Internal Training Intensity and Well-Being Changes in Youth Football Players. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10101814. [PMID: 36292261 PMCID: PMC9601937 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10101814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to analyze the variations of training intensity and well-being measures of youth football player over a 38 week period; and (ii) to test the relationships between training intensity and well-being variations throughout a youth football season. This study followed a longitudinal design, lasting 38 weeks. Twenty-five players (age: 15.0 ± 0.4 years) participated in this study. Participants were monitored daily to quantify the training intensity (TI) using the session-rate of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and its related indices: training monotony (TM), weekly training intensity (wTI), mean training intensity (mTI), and 5-day average (5d-AVG). A four-item questionnaire was collected daily to quantify the well-being status of each player. Fatigue, stress, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), sleep quality, and the Hooper Index (HI) measures were analyzed. Kruskal-Wallis H test revealed significant differences for TM, mTI, wTI and 5d-AVG (H = 359.53, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.35; H = 414.97, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.41, H = 258.42, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.24 and H = 282.18, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.26). A positive large correlation was found between TM and sleep quality (r = 0.65, p = 0.05) and a negative large correlation between mTI and sleep quality (r = −0.69, p = 0.04). In conclusion, both TI and well-being measures present significant between-week differences at different periods of the season. Also, the variations of sleep quality seem to depend on TM and mTI variations across a youth football season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Miguel Silva
- Faculty of Educational Sciences and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology-SPRINT, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology-SPRINT, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Tomás González-Fernández
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Campus Melilla, University of Granada, 52006 Melilla, Spain
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran
- Sepahan Football Club, 81887-78473 Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Braşov, Romania
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology-SPRINT, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Analysis of the Association between Internal and External Training Load Indicators in Elite Soccer; Multiple Regression Study. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10090135. [PMID: 36136390 PMCID: PMC9501017 DOI: 10.3390/sports10090135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the external training load (ETL) variables that are most influential on the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) during elite soccer training. The participants (n = 29) were adult male soccer players from a single team that competed in Croatia’s highest national soccer competition in the 2021/2022 season. Data were collected using the 10 Hz Global Positioning System from 66 training sessions, and a total of 1061 training observations were undertaken. The univariate and multivariate relationships among the predictors (ETL variables) and the criterion (sRPE) were assessed using forward stepwise multiple regressions and Pearson’s correlations, respectively. ETL variables explained 63% of the variance in the sRPE (Multiple R = 0.79; p < 0.01), and the model was successfully cross-validated. The significant partial regressors were total distance (β = 0.66), metres per minute (β = −0.47), high-intensity accelerations (β = 0.22) and decelerations (β = 0.18), and sprint distance (β = 0.14). All ETL variables were significantly correlated with the sRPE (all p < 0.01), with the highest correlations found for total distance covered (r = 0.70) and high-intensity accelerations and decelerations (r = 0.62 and 0.65, respectively). Such results show that (i) the total distance and acceleration rates during the training sessions are the most important predictors of the sRPE, and (ii) a combination of different ETL variables predicts the sRPE better than any individual parameter alone. This study shows that both the volume and intensity of training are related to players’ internal responses. The findings ultimately provide further evidence to support the use of sRPE as a global measure of training load in soccer players.
Collapse
|
14
|
Andrzejewski M, Konefał M, Podgórski T, Pluta B, Chmura P, Chmura J, Marynowicz J, Melka K, Brazaitis M, Kryściak J. How training loads in the preparation and competitive period affect the biochemical indicators of training stress in youth soccer players? PeerJ 2022; 10:e13367. [PMID: 35539014 PMCID: PMC9080429 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Physical fitness optimization and injury risk-reducing require extensive monitoring of training loads and athletes' fatigue status. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 6-month training program on the training-related stress indicators (creatine kinase - CK; cortisol - COR; serotonin - SER; brain-derived neurotrophic factor - BDNF) in youth soccer players. Methods Eighteen players (17.8 ± 0.9 years old, body height 181.6 ± 6.9 cm, training experience 9.7 ± 1.7 years) were blood-tested four times: at the start of the preparation period (T0), immediately following the preparation period (T1), mid-competitive period (T2), and at the end of the competitive period (T3). CK activity as well as concentrations of serum COR, SER and BDNF were determined. Training loads were recorded using a session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Results Statistical analyzes revealed significant effects for all biochemical parameters in relation to their time measurements (T0, T1, T2, T3). The statistical analyzes of sRPE and differences of biochemical parameters in their subsequent measurements (T0-T1, T1-T2, T2-T3) also demonstrated significant effects observed for all variables: sRPE (HKW = 13.189 (df = 2); p = 0.00), COR (HKW = 9.261 (df = 2); p = 0.01), CK (HKW = 12.492 (df = 2); p = 0.00), SER (HKW = 7.781 (df = 2); p = 0.02) and BDNF (HKW = 15.160 (df = 2); p < 0.001). Discussion In conclusion, it should be stated that the most demanding training loads applied in the preparation period (highest sRPE values) resulted in a significant increase in all analyzed biochemical training stress indicators. The reduction in the training loads during a competitive period and the addition of recovery training sessions resulted in a systematic decrease in the values of the measured biochemical indicators. The results of the study showed that both subjective and objective markers, including training loads, are useful in monitoring training stress in youth soccer players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Beata Pluta
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Marynowicz
- Department of Theory and Methodology of Team Sport Games, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Kamil Melka
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jakub Kryściak
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Askow AT, Lobato AL, Arndts DJ, Jennings W, Kreutzer A, Erickson JL, Esposito PE, Oliver JM, Foster C, Jagim AR. Session Rating of Perceived Exertion (sRPE) Load and Training Impulse Are Strongly Correlated to GPS-Derived Measures of External Load in NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Athletes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6040090. [PMID: 34842757 PMCID: PMC8628997 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether session rating of perceived exertion-derived training load (sRPE-TL) correlates with GPS-derived measures of external load in National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) Division I female soccer athletes. METHODS Twenty-one NCAA Division 1 collegiate women's soccer athletes (11 starters, 10 non-starters; 65.1 ± 7.2 kg, 168.4 ± 7.9 cm, 20.3 ± 1.5 yrs) volunteered to take part in this study. Data for this study were collected over the course of 16 weeks during the 2018 NCAA women's soccer season. External load and heart rate (HR) data were collected during each training session and match during the season. At least 30 min after the end of an activity (e.g., match or practice), athletes were prompted to complete a questionnaire reporting their perceived exertion for the session. sRPE-TL was calculated at the end of the season by multiplying perceived exertion by the respective session duration. RESULTS sRPE-TL was very strongly correlated with total distance, distance covered in velocity zones 1-3, the number of accelerations in zones 4 and 5, total PlayerLoad™, and PlayerLoad™. For internal load, sRPE-TL correlated very strongly (0.70 ≤ |r| < 0.90) with Edward's and Bannister's TRIMP and strongly (0.50 ≤ |r| < 0.70) with duration spent in in heart rate zones 5 and 6 (80-90% and 90-100% max HR, respectively) while correlations with maximum HR (bpm), mean HR (bpm), and mean HR (%) and sRPE-TL were moderate (0.30 ≤ |r| < 0.50). CONCLUSIONS In NCAA Division I women soccer, sRPE-TL is strongly associated with external measures of workload. These relationships were stronger during match play, with acceleration load and total distance exhibiting the strongest relationship with sRPE-TL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Alexa L. Lobato
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA; (A.L.L.); (D.J.A.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (P.E.E.)
| | - Daniel J. Arndts
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA; (A.L.L.); (D.J.A.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (P.E.E.)
| | - Will Jennings
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA; (A.L.L.); (D.J.A.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (P.E.E.)
| | - Andreas Kreutzer
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA; (A.L.L.); (D.J.A.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (P.E.E.)
| | - Jacob L. Erickson
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI 54601, USA;
| | - Phil E. Esposito
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA; (A.L.L.); (D.J.A.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (P.E.E.)
| | - Jonathan M. Oliver
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Carl Foster
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA;
| | - Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI 54601, USA;
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-392-5280
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Maughan PC, MacFarlane NG, Swinton PA. The influence of season phase on multivariate load relationships in professional youth soccer. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:345-350. [PMID: 34706634 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1993642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to assess relationships between subjective and external measures of training load in professional youth footballers, whilst accounting for the effect of the stage of the season. Data for ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and seven global positioning systems (GPS) derived measures were collected from 20 players (age = 17.4 ± 1.3 yrs, height = 178.0 ± 8.1 cm, mass = 71.8 ± 7.2 kg) across a 47-week season. The season was categorised by a pre-season phase, and two competitive phases (Comp1, Comp2). The structure of the data were investigated using principal component analysis. An extraction criterion of component with eigenvalues ≥1.0 was used. Two components were retained for the pre-season period explaining a cumulative variance of 77.1%. Single components were retained for both Comp1 and Comp2 explaining 73.3% and 74.3% of variance, respectively. Identification of single components may suggest that measures are related and can be used interchangeably, however these interpretations should be considered with caution. The identification of multiple components in the pre-season phase suggests that univariate measures may not be sufficient when considering load experienced. These results suggest that factoring load based on measures of volume and intensity should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Maughan
- Aberdeen Football Club, Cormack Park Kingswells, Aberdeen, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Robert Gordon University School of Health Sciences Ishbel Gordon Building Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Paul A Swinton
- Robert Gordon University School of Health Sciences Ishbel Gordon Building Aberdeen, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Quantifying Sub-Elite Youth Football Weekly Training Load and Recovery Variation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the training load in football is an important strategy to improve athletic performance and an effective training periodization. The aim of this study was two-fold: (1) to quantify the weekly training load and recovery status variations performed by under-15, under-17 and under-19 sub-elite young football players; and (2) to analyze the influence of age, training day, weekly microcycle, training and playing position on the training load and recovery status. Twenty under-15, twenty under-17 and twenty under-19 players were monitored over a 2-week period during the first month of the 2019–2020 competitive season. Global positioning system technology (GPS) was used to collect external training loads: total distance covered, average speed, maximal running speed, relative high-speed running distance, high metabolic load distance, sprinting distance, dynamic stress load, accelerations and decelerations. Internal training load was monitored using ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Recovery status was obtained using the total quality recovery (TQR) scale. The results show an age-related influence for external training load (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.29–0.86; moderate to strong effect), internal training load (p ≤ 0.001, d = 0.12–0.69; minimum to strong effect) and recovery status (p ≤ 0.001, d = 0.59; strong effect). The external training load presented differences between training days (p < 0.05, d = 0.26–0.95; moderate to strong effect). The playing position had a minimum effect on the weekly training load (p < 0.05; d = 0.06–0.18). The weekly microcycle had a moderate effect in the TD (p < 0.05, d = 0.39), RPE (p < 0.05; d = 0.35) and sRPE (p < 0.05, d = 0.35). Interaction effects were found between the four factors analyzed for deceleration (F = 2.819, p = 0.017) and between inter-day, inter-week and age for total covered distance (F = 8.342, p = 0.008). This study provided specific insights about sub-elite youth football training load and recovery status to monitor training environments and load variations. Future research should include a longer monitoring period to assess training load and recovery variations across different season phases.
Collapse
|
18
|
Teixeira JE, Forte P, Ferraz R, Leal M, Ribeiro J, Silva AJ, Barbosa TM, Monteiro AM. Monitoring Accumulated Training and Match Load in Football: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3906. [PMID: 33917802 PMCID: PMC8068156 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Training load monitoring has become a relevant research-practice gap to control training and match demands in team sports. However, there are no systematic reviews about accumulated training and match load in football. (2) Methods: Following the preferred reporting item for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), a systematic search of relevant English-language articles was performed from earliest record to March 2020. The search included descriptors relevant to football, training load, and periodization. (3) Results: The literature search returned 7972 articles (WoS = 1204; Pub-Med = 869, SCOPUS = 5083, and SportDiscus = 816). After screening, 36 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Eleven of the included articles analyzed weekly training load distribution; fourteen, the weekly training load and match load distribution; and eleven were about internal and external load relationships during training. The reviewed articles were based on short-telemetry systems (n = 12), global positioning tracking systems (n = 25), local position measurement systems (n = 3), and multiple-camera systems (n = 3). External load measures were quantified with distance and covered distance in different speed zones (n = 27), acceleration and deceleration (n = 13) thresholds, accelerometer metrics (n = 11), metabolic power output (n = 4), and ratios/scores (n = 6). Additionally, the internal load measures were reported with perceived exertion (n = 16); heart-rate-based measures were reported in twelve studies (n = 12). (4) Conclusions: The weekly microcycle presented a high loading variation and a limited variation across a competitive season. The magnitude of loading variation seems to be influenced by the type of week, player's starting status, playing positions, age group, training mode and contextual variables. The literature has focused mainly on professional men; future research should be on the youth and female accumulated training/match load monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José E. Teixeira
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Miguel Leal
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Joana Ribeiro
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - António J. Silva
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - António M. Monteiro
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|