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Warneke K, Keiner M, Behm DG, Wirth K, Kaufmann M, Sproll M, Konrad A, Wallot S, Hillebrecht M. Can isometric testing substitute for the one repetition maximum squat test? Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05554-8. [PMID: 39098977 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
When measuring maximum strength, a high accuracy and precision is required to monitor the training adaptations. Based on available reliability parameters, the literature suggests the replacement of the one repetition maximum (1RM) by isometric testing to save testing time. However, from a statistical point of view, correlation coefficients do not provide the required information when aiming to replace one test by another. Therefore, the literature suggests the inclusion of the mean absolute error (MAE), the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for agreement analysis. Consequently, to check the replaceability of 1RM testing methods, the current study examined the agreement of isometric and dynamic testing methods in the squat and the isometric mid-thigh pull. While in accordance with the literature, correlations were classified high r = 0.638-0.828 and ICC = 0.630-0.828, the agreement analysis provided MAEs of 175.75-444.17 N and MAPEs of 16.16-57.71% indicating an intolerable high measurement error between isometric and dynamic testing conditions in the squat and isometric mid-thigh pull. In contrast to previous studies, using MAE, MAPE supplemented by CCC and BA analysis highlights the poor agreement between the included strength tests. The recommendation to replace 1RM testing with isometric testing routines in the squat does not provide suitable concordance and is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Michael Keiner
- Institute of Exercise Science, German University of Sport and Health, Ismaning, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Institute of Exercise Science, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Martin Kaufmann
- University Sports Center, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Sproll
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schuller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sebastian Wallot
- Institute of Psychology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Martin Hillebrecht
- University Sports Center, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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2
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Stone MH, Hornsby G, Mizuguchi S, Sato K, Gahreman D, Duca M, Carroll K, Ramsey MW, Stone ME, Haff GG. The Use of Free Weight Squats in Sports: A Narrative Review-Squatting Movements, Adaptation, and Sports Performance: Physiological. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1494-1508. [PMID: 39072660 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Stone, MH, Hornsby, G, Mizuguchi, S, Sato, K, Gahreman, D, Duca, M, Carroll, K, Ramsey, MW, Stone, ME, and Haff, GG. The use of free weight squats in sports: a narrative review-squatting movements, adaptation, and sports performance: physiological. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): 1494-1508, 2024-The squat and its variants can provide numerous benefits including positively affecting sports performance and injury prevention, injury severity reduction, and rehabilitation. The positive benefits of squat are likely the result of training-induced neural alterations and mechanical and morphological adaptations in tendons, skeletal muscles, and bones, resulting in increased tissue stiffness and cross-sectional area (CSA). Although direct evidence is lacking, structural adaptations can also be expected to occur in ligaments. These adaptations are thought to beneficially increase force transmission and mechanical resistance (e.g., resistance to mechanical strain) and reduce the likelihood and severity of injuries. Adaptations such as these, also likely play an important role in rehabilitation, particularly for injuries that require restricted use or immobilization of body parts and thus lead to a consequential reduction in the CSA and alterations in the mechanical properties of tendons, skeletal muscles, and ligaments. Both volume and particularly intensity (e.g., levels of loading used) of training seem to be important for the mechanical and morphological adaptations for at least skeletal muscles, tendons, and bones. Therefore, the training intensity and volume used for the squat and its variations should progressively become greater while adhering to the concept of periodization and recognized training principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Guy Hornsby
- School of Sport Sciences, College of Applied Human Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Satoshi Mizuguchi
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | | | - Daniel Gahreman
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Marco Duca
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Kevin Carroll
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Michael W Ramsey
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Margaret E Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University. Joondalup, Western Australia
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3
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Skratek J, Kadlubowski B, Keiner M. The Effect of Traditional Strength Training on Sprint and Jump Performance in 12- to 15-Year-Old Elite Soccer Players: A 12-Month Controlled Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00490. [PMID: 39074195 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Skratek, J, Kadlubowski, B, and Keiner, M. The effect of traditional strength training on sprint and jump performance in 12- to 15-year-old elite soccer players: a 12-month controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of traditional strength training on maximum strength (1 repetition maximum in front squat [FS] and back squat [BS]), jump (squat and countermovement jump), and linear sprint (LS) performance (5, 10, and 30 m) in elite young soccer players. A 12-month longitudinal design was chosen, and 48 elite male youth soccer players (age: 12-15 years) were included. The subjects were divided in 2 groups (a strength training group [STG] and a control group [CG]). The intervention group trained for 1 year over a competitive soccer season with additional sessions to their regular soccer practice (4 sessions per week), while the CG did not complete any additional sessions to the regular soccer training (4 sessions per week). The additional strength training (2 sessions per week [each approximately 30 minutes]) consisted of either parallel FS or BS. The squat variants switched in each session. Data were analyzed using a 2 × 3 (group × time) repeated-measures analysis of variance. The main findings of this study were that the STG resulted in significant pretest and post-test improvements in maximum strength (d = 3.75-5.58), jump (d = 0.84-1.14), and LS performance (d = -0.25 to 0.44), while for the CG, smaller increases or performance decreases were measured (maximum strength: d = 1.64-2.7; jump: d = 0.12-0.31; sprint: d = 0.00-025). A significant interaction effect in all variables indicated significant (p < 0.05) stronger performance improvements compared with the CG. Traditional strength training in elite youth soccer players is recommended to increase strength and speed-strength (jump and sprint performance) and should be considered in long-term athletic development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josua Skratek
- Department of Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Ismaning, Germany; and
- Department of Elite Youth Soccer, DSC Arminia Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Björn Kadlubowski
- Department of Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Ismaning, Germany; and
- Department of Elite Soccer, VfL Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Ismaning, Germany; and
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4
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Asimakidis ND, Mukandi IN, Beato M, Bishop C, Turner AN. Assessment of Strength and Power Capacities in Elite Male Soccer: A Systematic Review of Test Protocols Used in Practice and Research. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02071-8. [PMID: 39026085 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strength and power represent two crucial physical qualities for the attainment of a high level of performance considering the frequency and the importance of explosive actions occurring during elite soccer match-play. Evaluation of strength and power is a multifaceted concept involving a vast array of tests and outcome variables. Nevertheless, a comprehensive and systematic search of strength and power assessment procedures in elite soccer has yet to be undertaken. OBJECTIVES The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) identify the tests and outcome variables used to assess strength and power of elite male soccer players; (2) provide normative values for the most common tests of strength and power across different playing levels; and (3) report the reliability values of these strength and power tests. METHODS A systematic review of the academic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and OVID for studies published until August 2023 was conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they: (1) were original research studies, published in a peer-reviewed journal, and written in English language; (2) had the primary aim to assess strength and/or power; (3) players were male and older than 17 years of age (i.e., mean age of the group); and (4) their playing level was defined as "professional", "international" or "elite". RESULTS Regarding strength testing, 115 studies and 29 different tests were identified. The three most frequent strength tests were the knee extensor isokinetic strength test (58 studies), the knee flexor isokinetic strength test (55 studies) and the Nordic hamstring strength test (13 studies). In terms of power testing, 127 studies with 31 different tests were included. The three most frequent power tests were the countermovement jump with hands fixed on hips (99 studies), the squat jump (48 studies) and the vertical jump with arm swing (29 studies). CONCLUSIONS The wide range of different tests and outcome variables identified in this systematic review highlights the large diversity in the employed testing procedures. The establishment of a hybrid testing approach, combining standardised and widely accepted tests for establishing normative standards and enabling comparisons across different contexts, with flexible context-specific testing batteries, has the potential to maximise the impact of testing information for practitioners. In addition, the limited reporting of reliability data across studies highlights the need for practitioners to establish their own reliability measure within their specific contexts, informing the selection of certain tests and outcome variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos D Asimakidis
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK.
- Performance Department, Ipswich Town Football Club, Ipswich, UK.
| | - Irvin N Mukandi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
- Performance Department, Ipswich Town Football Club, Ipswich, UK
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Anthony N Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
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Stutter LR, Huynh M, Driller MW, Davids CJ, James LP. Pairwise Comparison of Heavy Dynamic Strength and Fast Dynamic Strength Interventions on Sprint Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00464. [PMID: 38958937 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pairwise comparison of heavy dynamic strength and fast dynamic strength interventions on sprint performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): 1509-1520, 2024-Previous studies have shown that both heavy dynamic strength (HDS) and fast dynamic strength (FDS) training can be used to improve sprint performance; however, a review and meta-analysis investigating pairwise studies that compare these two training interventions have not been performed. The aims of the study were to systematically review and analyze HDS and FDS training methodologies and evaluate their effect size difference, in pairwise comparison studies to determine and compare their effects on sprint performance. Databases were systematically searched using Boolean phrasing to identify eligible articles, and meta-analyses were performed on the extracted data. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, which resulted in data from 138 subjects across 24 separate sprint assessments. Overall, there was a small effect in favor of FDS (standardized mean difference = 0.27, 95% confidence intervals [-0.07; 0.60], 95% prediction intervals [-1.01; 1.55]), but this was deemed not significant because of the wide-ranging prediction intervals. There is no distinguishable difference between HDS and FDS training on sprint performance. The wide-ranging prediction intervals suggest the variability is too great to determine whether one training type is more effective than the other. Practitioners should consider the individual needs of their athletes when deciding which training type to use for long-term sprint development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Stutter
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Sanchez-Sanchez J, Rodriguez-Fernandez A, Granacher U, Afonso J, Ramirez-Campillo R. Plyometric Jump Training Effects on Maximal Strength in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis of Randomized-Controlled Studies. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:52. [PMID: 38727944 PMCID: PMC11087442 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maximal strength may contribute to soccer players' performance. Several resistance training modalities offer the potential to improve maximal strength. During recent years, a large number of plyometric jump training (PJT) studies showed evidence for maximal strength improvements in soccer players. However, a comprehensive summary of the available data is lacking. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of PJT compared with active, passive or intervention controls on the maximal strength of soccer players, irrespective of age, sex or competitive level. METHODS To perform a systematic review with meta-analysis following PRISMA 2020. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS) were systematically searched. Studies published from inception until March 2023 were included. A PICOS approach was used to rate studies for eligibility. The PEDro scale was used to assess risk of bias. Meta-analyses were performed using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model if ≥ 3 studies were available. Moderator and sensitivity analyses were performed, and meta-regression was conducted when ≥ 10 studies were available for a given comparison. We rated the certainty of evidence using GRADE. RESULTS The search identified 13,029 documents, and from these 30 studies were eligible for the systematic review, and 27 for the meta-analyses. Overall, 1,274 soccer players aged 10.7-25.0 years participated in the included studies. Only one study recruited females. The PJT interventions lasted between 5 and 40 weeks (median = 8 weeks), with 1-3 weekly sessions. Compared to controls, PJT improved maximal dynamic strength (18 studies, 632 participants [7 females], aged 12.7-24.5 y; effect size [ES] = 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.08-0.78, p = 0.017, impact of statistical heterogeneity [I2] = 77.9%), isometric strength (7 studies; 245 participants, males, aged 11.1-22.5 y; ES = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.28-0.87, p < 0.001, I2 = 17.7%), and isokinetic peak torque (5 studies; 183 participants, males, aged 12.6-25.0 y; ES = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.22-0.80, p = 0.001, I2 = 0.0%). The PJT-induced maximal dynamic strength changes were independent of participants' age (median = 18.0 y), weeks of intervention (median = 8 weeks), and total number of training sessions (median = 16 sessions). The certainty of evidence was considered low to very low for the main analyses. CONCLUSIONS Interventions involving PJT are more effective to improve maximal strength in soccer players compared to control conditions involving traditional sport-specific training. Trial Registration The trial registration protocol was published on the Open Science Framework (OSF) platform in December 2022, with the following links to the project ( https://osf.io/rpxjk ) and to the registration ( https://osf.io/3ruyj ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alejandro Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, 79102, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - José Afonso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, 7591538, Santiago, Chile
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Cao S, Liu J, Wang Z, Geok SK. The effects of functional training on physical fitness and skill-related performance among basketball players: a systematic review. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1391394. [PMID: 38784117 PMCID: PMC11112112 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1391394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Evidence suggests that functional training (FT) positively impacts physical fitness and sports performance. However, a systematic review addressing the effects of FT on basketball players remains absent. This systematic review aims to explore the influence of FT on physical fitness and skill-related performance in basketball players. Methods: We searched six databases: Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar. The search utilized a combination of keywords related to FT, physical fitness, and basketball. The Eligibility Criteria of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines were followed in this systematic review. Results: 11 studies were ultimately included in this review, collectively recruiting 333 basketball players. These studies demonstrated that FT significantly improved muscle strength, linear speed, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, balance, and muscular endurance. However, the effects of FT on power, change-of-direction speed, and basketball-related performance were inconsistent. Most studies showed FT significantly improves these three variables, but a small number of studies did not find positive effects of FT using specific tests including standing long jump, Sargent jump, touch high, lane agility, lateral shuffle, dribbling line drill, and free-throw tests. Conclusion: FT is an effective training method for enhancing physical fitness including muscle strength, linear speed, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, balance, and muscular endurance. However, the effects of FT on power, change-of-direction speed, and basketball-related performance were divergent. Some tests were not improved after FT potentially due to the short program lengths and training session durations, varied athletic levels of players examined, and different foci of the FT exercises administered. The collective evidence suggests FT programs, especially the specific exercises prescribed, should be tailored to the desired training objectives. More studies investigating the effects of FT on physical fitness and basketball-related performance with established tests are encouraged in the future to expand the current evidence base. Systematic Review Registration: https://inplasy.com/, Identifier INPLASY202360072.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudian Cao
- School of Physical Education, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, China
| | - Zhaoran Wang
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Soh Kim Geok
- Faculty of Educational Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Putra, China
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Warneke K, Freundorfer P, Plöschberger G, Behm DG, Konrad A, Schmidt T. Effects of chronic static stretching interventions on jumping and sprinting performance-a systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1372689. [PMID: 38595642 PMCID: PMC11002243 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1372689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
When improving athletic performance in sports with high-speed strength demands such as soccer, basketball, or track and field, the most common training method might be resistance training and plyometrics. Since a link between strength capacity and speed strength exists and recently published literature suggested chronic stretching routines may enhance maximum strength and hypertrophy, this review was performed to explore potential benefits on athletic performance. Based on current literature, a beneficial effect of static stretching on jumping and sprinting performance was hypothesized. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science and Google scholar. In general, 14 studies revealed 29 effect sizes (ES) (20 for jumping, nine for sprinting). Subgroup analyses for jump performance were conducted for short- long- and no stretch shortening cycle trials. Qualitative evaluation was supplemented by performing a multilevel meta-analysis via R (Package: metafor). Significant positive results were documented in six out of 20 jump tests and in six out of nine sprint tests, while two studies reported negative adaptations. Quantitative data analyses indicated a positive but trivial magnitude of change on jumping performance (ES:0.16, p = 0.04), while all subgroup analyses did not support a positive effect (p = 0.09-0.44). No significant influence of static stretching on sprint performance was obtained (p = 0.08). Stretching does not seem to induce a sufficient stimulus to meaningfully enhance jumping and sprinting performance, which could possibly attributed to small weekly training volumes or lack of intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - Patrik Freundorfer
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerit Plöschberger
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Tobias Schmidt
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Kadlubowski B, Keiner M, Wirth K, Csapo R. Association between Sprint and Jump Performance and Maximum Strength in Standing Calf Raise or Squat in Elite Youth Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:87. [PMID: 38668555 PMCID: PMC11054242 DOI: 10.3390/sports12040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Soccer is a complex sports discipline that requires players to engage in diverse high-intensity and multidirectional activities. The optimization of strength and conditioning programs requires a comprehensive understanding of the physical attributes influencing player performance. While previous research has demonstrated the influence of knee and hip extensor muscles on the performance in sprints and other explosive movements, this study aimed to establish the relationship between plantar flexor muscle strength and high-intensity actions. Back squat (BS) and calf raise (CR) one-repetition maxima as well as linear sprint (5-, 10-, 30 m) and drop jump performance from different heights (15, 30, 45 and 60 cm) were measured in 45 elite youth players (age: 16.62 ± 1.1 years). Results showed significant negative correlations between BS strength and sprint times (r = -0.60 to -0.61), confirming the importance of lower limb extensor muscle strength in short-distance sprints. While no significant correlations were found with sprint performances, CR strength was significantly associated with drop jump test results from 45 and 60 cm drop height (r = 0.36 to 0.46). These findings demonstrate that isolated CR strength positively influences the performance in actions involving rapid stretch-shortening cycles, which suggests that current strength and conditioning programs for youth soccer players should be extended to also include exercises specifically targeting the plantar flexor muscles. While this cross-sectional study provides novel insights into the complex interplay between muscle strength and soccer-specific performance, its findings need to be corroborated in longitudinal studies directly testing the impact of plantar flexor strength training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Kadlubowski
- Department of Sport and Human Movement Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, 1150 Vienna, Austria;
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, 10587 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Department of Training and Sport, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria;
| | - Robert Csapo
- Department of Sport and Human Movement Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, 1150 Vienna, Austria;
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10
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Oliver JL, Ramachandran AK, Singh U, Ramirez-Campillo R, Lloyd RS. The Effects of Strength, Plyometric and Combined Training on Strength, Power and Speed Characteristics in High-Level, Highly Trained Male Youth Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:623-643. [PMID: 37897637 PMCID: PMC10978689 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male youth soccer players competing at a high level will typically engage in large volumes of soccer training from a young age. However, it is not known whether the high levels of habitual training that these high-performing players are exposed to limit their ability to respond to strength, plyometric or combined training interventions. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the specific effects of strength, plyometric and combined training with active controls (standard soccer training) on the strength, power and speed characteristics of high-level, highly trained young male soccer players. METHODS We performed a literature search across PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus to identify controlled studies that implemented strength, plyometric or combined training in high-level male youth soccer players. Participants were defined as high level or highly trained based on established guidelines related to either competition level or age-related weekly hours spent in soccer training. Studies needed to report at least one outcome of lower body strength, squat jump, countermovement jump, horizontal power, acceleration (0-10 m), speed (15-40 m) or change of direction speed. A meta-analysis was then performed using a random-effects model to determine the magnitude (Hedge's g) of training responses and whether effects differed across modes of training. RESULTS From an initial return of 5464 papers, n = 34 studies met the inclusion criteria and provided a total sample of n = 1396 high-level male youth soccer players. Strength, plyometric and combined training resulted in improvements in strength, squat and countermovement jump, horizontal power, acceleration, change of direction speed (all p < 0.05; g = 0.73-1.08, moderate) and speed (p < 0.05; g = 0.40-0.59, small). Lower body strength was the only outcome where training mode had a significant effect (p < 0.05), with plyometric training producing small effects (g = 0.27, p < 0.05) compared with moderate effects for strength (g = 1.07, p < 0.05) and combined (g = 0.75, p < 0.05) training. Prediction intervals for overall effects (all training modes combined) showed that the greatest confidence that future training will lead to positive effects was in the squat and countermovement jump, horizontal power and acceleration (prediction intervals = 0.03-1.81). CONCLUSIONS High-level, highly trained male youth soccer players can experience positive gains in indices of strength, power and speed from strength, plyometric and combined training, and the magnitude of gains are mostly similar across modes of training. Based on prediction intervals, there is a good level of certainty that future strength, plyometric and combined training in this population would lead to positive improvements in vertical and horizontal power and sprint acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK.
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Ramachandran
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Utkarsh Singh
- Sports and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Universidad Andres Bello, 7591538, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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11
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Behm DG, Granacher U, Warneke K, Aragão-Santos JC, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME, Konrad A. Minimalist Training: Is Lower Dosage or Intensity Resistance Training Effective to Improve Physical Fitness? A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2024; 54:289-302. [PMID: 37924459 PMCID: PMC10933173 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings from original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses have demonstrated the effectiveness of resistance training (RT) on markers of performance and health. However, the literature is inconsistent with regards to the dosage effects (frequency, intensity, time, type) of RT to maximize training-induced improvements. This is most likely due to moderating factors such as age, sex, and training status. Moreover, individuals with limited time to exercise or who lack motivation to perform RT are interested in the least amount of RT to improve physical fitness. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to investigate and identify lower than typically recommended RT dosages (i.e., shorter durations, lower volumes, and intensity activities) that can improve fitness components such as muscle strength and endurance for sedentary individuals or beginners not meeting the minimal recommendation of exercise. METHODS Due to the broad research question involving different RT types, cohorts, and outcome measures (i.e., high heterogeneity), a narrative review was selected instead of a systematic meta-analysis approach. RESULTS It seems that one weekly RT session is sufficient to induce strength gains in RT beginners with < 3 sets and loads below 50% of one-repetition maximum (1RM). With regards to the number of repetitions, the literature is controversial and some authors report that repetition to failure is key to achieve optimal adaptations, while other authors report similar adaptations with fewer repetitions. Additionally, higher intensity or heavier loads tend to provide superior results. With regards to the RT type, multi-joint exercises induce similar or even larger effects than single-joint exercises. CONCLUSION The least amount of RT that can be performed to improve physical fitness for beginners for at least the first 12 weeks is one weekly session at intensities below 50% 1RM, with < 3 sets per multi-joint exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Warneke
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Jose Carlos Aragão-Santos
- Department of Physical Education, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto
- Department of Physical Education, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada.
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria.
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12
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Jiménez-Rubio S, Raya-González J, Lobo-Triviño D, García-Calvo T. The impact of a multicomponent training program on physical fitness and joint injuries in Spanish male professional soccer players. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1934-1943. [PMID: 38258651 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2307780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of a multicomponent training program (ProSAS) on selected measures of physical fitness and joint injuries in Spanish male professional soccer players. Twenty-six professional soccer players (age: 25.2 ± 3.1 years) were randomly assigned to either the experimental (EG; n = 16) or control group (CG; n = 10). Y-balance test (YBT), Single leg countermovement jump (SLCMJ), Single leg hop for distance test (SLH), Side-hop test (SH), Speedy jump test (SpJ), Agility T-test (TT) and Lower extremity functional test (LEFT) were performed before and after an 8-weeks training period. Additionally, any joint injury occurring during the intervention period were recorded. Significant improvements in the EG in all tests (p = 0.001 to p = 0.014), except for SLCMJ (p = 0.632) with the dominant leg were observed. CG displayed decreases in SLCMJ with the non-dominant leg (p = 0.014), SH for both legs (p = 0.001 to p = 0.050), TT (p = 0.005), and LEFT (p = 0.001). Inter-groups differences revealed better results for the EG in all variables (p = 0.001 to p = 0.008) except from SLCMJd (p = 0.555). Moreover, the EG exhibited lower joint injury incidence and burden compared to the CG (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the ProSAS is an effective multicomponent program to improve variables related to risk of joint injuries, and consequently, to reduce the incidence and burden of these injuries in professional soccer players.
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13
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Xiao W, Bai X, Geok SK, Yu D, Zhang Y. Effects of a 12-Week Functional Training Program on the Strength and Power of Chinese Adolescent Tennis Players. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10040635. [PMID: 37189884 DOI: 10.3390/children10040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional training is any type of training designed to improve a specific movement or activity for fitness or high performance sports. This study examined the effect of functional training on the strength and power of young tennis players. METHODS 40 male tennis players were assigned to the functional training group (n = 20; age, 16.7 ± 0.4 years) or the conventional training group (n = 20; age, 16.5 ± 0.6 years). The functional training group received three 60 min sessions per week for 12 weeks, while the conventional training group participated in three sessions per week of mono-strength exercise for 12 weeks. Strength and power were measured according to the International Tennis Federation protocol at baseline, 6 weeks after the intervention, and 12 weeks after the intervention. RESULTS Both forms of training increased (p < 0.05) push-ups, wall squat test, over medicine ball throw, and standing long jump after 6 weeks of training, and the effect improved further as the 12-week mark approached. Except for the wall squat test (left) at 6 weeks, functional training showed no advantage over conventional training. After an additional 6 weeks of training, all measures of strength and power were better (p < 0.05) in the functional training group. CONCLUSIONS Improvements in strength and power could occur after as little as 6 weeks of functional training, and 12-week functional training could outperform conventional training in male adolescent tennis players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Xiao
- School of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Xiaorong Bai
- School of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Soh Kim Geok
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Dawei Yu
- School of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Independent Researcher, Orlando, FL 34786, USA
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14
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Wu C, Cheong M, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhang Q, Li M, Lei S. Impact of Functional Training on Functional Movement and Athletic Performance in College Dragon Boat Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3897. [PMID: 36900907 PMCID: PMC10002020 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Functional training has become a popular training method in different sports, yet limited studies have focused on paddle sports. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of functional training on functional movement and athletic performance in college dragon boat athletes. A total of 42 male athletes were divided into 2 groups: a functional training (FT) group (n = 21, 21 ± 1.47 years) and a regular training (RT) group (n = 21, 22 ± 1.50 years). The FT group participated in an 8-week (16-session) functional-training program, while the RT group trained with strength-training sessions. Functional movement screen (FMS), Y-balance test (YBT) and athletic performance evaluations were conducted before and after the intervention. Repeated measure ANOVA and t-test evaluations were employed to examine differences for both groups. The FT group was significantly improved in FMS scores (F = 0.191, p < 0.001) and YBT scores (F = 2.59, p = 0.027), and it also showed significantly improved muscular fitness (pull-ups: F = 0.127, p < 0.001; push-ups: F = 1.43, p < 0.001) and rowing speed (F = 4.37, p = 0.004). It is recommended to include functional training as a part of training and routine exercise, as it appears to be an effective way of improving FMS and athletic performance in paddle sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chichong Wu
- Choi Kai Yau College, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Manwai Cheong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xiuqiang Wang
- Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Exercise Translational Medicine Centre, Shanghai Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siman Lei
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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15
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Warneke K, Wagner CM, Keiner M, Hillebrecht M, Schiemann S, Behm DG, Wallot S, Wirth K. Maximal strength measurement: A critical evaluation of common methods-a narrative review. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1105201. [PMID: 36873661 PMCID: PMC9981657 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1105201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring maximal strength (MSt) is a very common performance diagnoses, especially in elite and competitive sports. The most popular procedure in test batteries is to test the one repetition maximum (1RM). Since testing maximum dynamic strength is very time consuming, it often suggested to use isometric testing conditions instead. This suggestion is based on the assumption that the high Pearson correlation coefficients of r ≥ 0.7 between isometric and dynamic conditions indicate that both tests would provide similar measures of MSt. However, calculating r provides information about the relationship between two parameters, but does not provide any statement about the agreement or concordance of two testing procedures. Hence, to assess replaceability, the concordance correlation coefficient (ρ c) and the Bland-Altman analysis including the mean absolute error (MAE) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) seem to be more appropriate. Therefore, an exemplary model based on r = 0.55 showed ρ c = 0.53, A MAE of 413.58 N and a MAPE = 23.6% with a range of -1,000-800 N within 95% Confidence interval (95%CI), while r = 0.7 and 0.92 showed ρ c = 0.68 with a MAE = 304.51N/MAPE = 17.4% with a range of -750 N-600 N within a 95% CI and ρ c = 0.9 with a MAE = 139.99/MAPE = 7.1% with a range of -200-450 N within a 95% CI, respectively. This model illustrates the limited validity of correlation coefficients to evaluate the replaceability of two testing procedures. Interpretation and classification of ρ c, MAE and MAPE seem to depend on expected changes of the measured parameter. A MAPE of about 17% between two testing procedures can be assumed to be intolerably high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Department for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
| | - Carl-Maximilian Wagner
- Department of Training Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Training Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hillebrecht
- University Sports Center, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Schiemann
- Department for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
| | | | - Klaus Wirth
- Faculty of Training and Sports Science, University of Applied Science Wiener Neustadt, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Influence of maximal strength performance in front squat and deadlift on linear sprint and jump performance in male youth elite basketball players. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-022-00863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Strength and speed are two major factors that determine performance in basketball players especially sprinting, jumping and change of direction. This study examined relationships of maximal strength in the front squat and the deadlift with basketball-specific sprint and jump performance tests that are commonly used in test batteries of athletic diagnostics.
Materials and methods
In all, 42 youth male elite basketball players (age: 14.7 ± 2.4 years, age range: 13–18 years, height: 179.1 ± 15.3 cm, weight: 69.8 ± 19.2 kg) volunteered to take part in the present study. The one repetition maximum (1 RM) in the front squat and deadlift were used to determine maximum strength. Countermovement jump (CMJ) and standing long jump were evaluated to determine jump performance and 5, 10, and 20 m linear sprint as well as agility T‑test were performed to determine sprint performance. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationships between strength and jump and sprint performance.
Results
Strong positive correlations were found between maximal strength and jump heights (r = 0.85–0.91, p < 0.001) and strong negative correlations were determined between maximal strength and measured sprint times r = (−0.71 to −0.85, p < 0.001).
Conclusion
The measured maximal strength in the front squat and deadlift seem to be good predictors for basketball-specific jump and sprint performance. From this, it seems to be beneficial to include training of maximal strength via front squat and deadlift into training routines as well as performance diagnostics.
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17
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Warneke K, Konrad A, Keiner M, Zech A, Nakamura M, Hillebrecht M, Behm DG. Using Daily Stretching to Counteract Performance Decreases as a Result of Reduced Physical Activity-A Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15571. [PMID: 36497646 PMCID: PMC9741422 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There are many reasons for reduced physical activity leading to reduced maximal strength and sport-specific performance, such as jumping performance. These include pandemic lockdowns, serious injury, or prolonged sitting in daily work life. Consequently, such circumstances can contribute to increased morbidity and reduced physical performance. Therefore, a demand for space-saving and home-based training routines to counteract decreases in physical performance is suggested in the literature. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of using daily static stretching using a stretching board to counteract inactivity-related decreases in performance. Thirty-five (35) participants were either allocated to an intervention group (IG), performing a daily ten-minute stretch training combined with reduced physical activity or a reduced physical activity-only group (rPA). The effects on maximal voluntary contraction, range of motion using the knee-to-wall test, countermovement jump height (CMJheight), squat jump height (SJheight), drop jump height (DJheight), contact time (DJct) and the reactive strength index (DJRSI) were evaluated using a pre-test-post-test design. The rPA group reported reduced physical activity because of lockdown. Results showed significant decreases in flexibility and jump performance (d = -0.11--0.36, p = 0.004-0.046) within the six weeks intervention period with the rPA group. In contrast, the IG showed significant increases in MVC90 (d = 0.3, p < 0.001) and ROM (d = 0.44, p < 0.001) with significant improvements in SJheight (d = 0.14, p = 0.002), while no change was measured for CMJheight and DJ performance. Hence, 10 min of daily stretching seems to be sufficient to counteract inactivity-related performance decreases in young and healthy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Sport Science, German University of Health & Sport, 10587 Ismaning, Germany
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga 842-8585, Japan
| | - Martin Hillebrecht
- University Sports Centre, University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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18
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Zuo C, Bo S, Wang T, Zhang W. Functional and Traditional Resistance Training Are Equally Effective in Increasing Upper and Lower Limb Muscular Endurance and Performance Variables in Untrained Young Men. Front Physiol 2022; 13:868195. [PMID: 36117686 PMCID: PMC9471151 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.868195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Functional resistance training (FRT) has been proposed as a safe alternative to traditional resistance training (TRT) for developing neuromuscular adaptation capacity and improving muscular strength and competitive performance. This study sought to compare the effects of 6 weeks of FRT and TRT on upper and lower limb muscular endurance and performance variables in untrained young men.Methods: Twenty-nine untrained healthy young males aged 18–29 years were randomly given 6 weeks of FRT [40% of 1repetition maximum (RM), 4,5 sets of 20 repetitions, 3 times/week] or TRT (70% of 1RM, 4,5 sets of 12 repetitions, 3 times/week). All participants underwent numerous tests before and after the 6-week training, such as muscular endurance (reps of bench press and leg flexion) and physical performance tests (sprint performance, pull-ups, throwing ability, and jumping ability).Results: After the 6 weeks of training, the TRT and FRT groups showed an equally significant increase in muscular endurance (p < 0.01), while the throwing and jumping abilities, 30-m sprint, and pull-ups performances in both the groups (p < 0.01) also improved significantly. However, no differences were observed between the groups (p > 0.05).Conclusion: These findings indicate that both functional resistance training and traditional resistance training are effective training methods for improving the upper and lower limb muscular endurance and performance in untrained young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwen Zuo
- Graduate Department of Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chongwen Zuo,
| | - Shumin Bo
- School of Kinesiology and Health of Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Graduate Department of Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Education, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Graduate Department of Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
- College of Basic Medical, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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19
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Xiao W, Soh KG, Wazir MRWN, Talib O, Bai X, Bu T, Sun H, Popovic S, Masanovic B, Gardasevic J. Effect of Functional Training on Physical Fitness Among Athletes: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:738878. [PMID: 34552511 PMCID: PMC8450457 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.738878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that functional training is beneficial for the overall physical fitness of athletes. However, there is a lack of a systematic review focused on the effects of functional training on athletes' physical fitness. Thus, the aimed of the present review is to clarify the effects of functional training on physical fitness among athletes. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) Statement guidelines, the systematic search of PubMed, SCOPUS, EBSCOhost (SPORTDiscus), and CINAHL Plus databases was undertaken on the 2nd November 2020 to identify the reported studies, using a combination of keywords related to functional training, physical fitness, and athletes. From the 145 studies, only nine articles met all eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. The assessment was performed on the Pedro scale, and the quality of the study included in the nine studies was fair (ranging from 3 to 4). The results showed that speed (n = 6) was the aspect of physical fitness studied in functional training interventions, followed by muscular strength (n = 5), power (n = 4), balance (n = 3), body composition (n = 3), agility (n = 3), flexibility (n = 1) and muscular endurance (n = 1). Existing evidence concludes that functional training significantly impacts speed, muscular strength, power, balance, and agility. Furthermore, there are still limit numbers of evidence showing effect of functional training on flexibility and muscular endurance. In contrast, no significant improvement was found in body composition where functional training was conducted. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier: CRD4202123092.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Xiao
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Kim Geok Soh
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | | | - Othman Talib
- Department of Science and Technical Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Xiaorong Bai
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Te Bu
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - He Sun
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Stevo Popovic
- Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
- Montenegrin Sports Academy (MSA), Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Bojan Masanovic
- Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
- Montenegrin Sports Academy (MSA), Podgorica, Montenegro
- Montenegrosport, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Jovan Gardasevic
- Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
- Montenegrin Sports Academy (MSA), Podgorica, Montenegro
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