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Khalafi M, Aria B, Symonds ME, Rosenkranz SK. The effects of resistance training on myostatin and follistatin in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiol Behav 2023:114272. [PMID: 37328021 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Myostatin and follistatin are the main hormones for regulating muscle mass, and previous research suggests they are modulated by resistance training. We therefore performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impact of resistance training on circulating myostatin and follistatin in adults. METHODS A search was conducted in PubMed and Web of science from inception until October 2022 to identify original studies investigating the effects of resistance training compared with controls that did not exercise. Standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random effects models. RESULTS A total 26 randomized studies, including 36 interventions, and involving 768 participants (aged ∼18 to 82 years), were included in the meta-analysis. Resistance training effectively decreased myostatin [-1.31 (95% CI -1.74 to -0.88, p=0.001, 26 studies] and increased follistatin [2.04 (95% CI: 1.51 to 2.52), p=0.001, 14 studies]. Subgroup analyses revealed a significant decrease in myostatin and increase in follistatin regardless of age. CONCLUSION Resistance training in adults is effective for reducing myostatin and increasing follistatin which may contribute to the beneficial effects of resistance training on muscle mass and metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Khalafi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Behzad Aria
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Michael E Symonds
- Centre for Perinatal Research, Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG72UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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McIntosh MC, Sexton CL, Godwin JS, Ruple BA, Michel JM, Plotkin DL, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Smith R, Dwaraka VB, Sharples AP, Dalbo VJ, Mobley CB, Vann CG, Roberts MD. Different Resistance Exercise Loading Paradigms Similarly Affect Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression Patterns of Myostatin-Related Targets and mTORC1 Signaling Markers. Cells 2023; 12:898. [PMID: 36980239 PMCID: PMC10047349 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although transcriptome profiling has been used in several resistance training studies, the associated analytical approaches seldom provide in-depth information on individual genes linked to skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Therefore, a secondary analysis was performed herein on a muscle transcriptomic dataset we previously published involving trained college-aged men (n = 11) performing two resistance exercise bouts in a randomized and crossover fashion. The lower-load bout (30 Fail) consisted of 8 sets of lower body exercises to volitional fatigue using 30% one-repetition maximum (1 RM) loads, whereas the higher-load bout (80 Fail) consisted of the same exercises using 80% 1 RM loads. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected prior to (PRE), 3 h, and 6 h after each exercise bout, and 58 genes associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy were manually interrogated from our prior microarray data. Select targets were further interrogated for associated protein expression and phosphorylation induced-signaling events. Although none of the 58 gene targets demonstrated significant bout x time interactions, ~57% (32 genes) showed a significant main effect of time from PRE to 3 h (15↑ and 17↓, p < 0.01), and ~26% (17 genes) showed a significant main effect of time from PRE to 6 h (8↑ and 9↓, p < 0.01). Notably, genes associated with the myostatin (9 genes) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) (9 genes) signaling pathways were most represented. Compared to mTORC1 signaling mRNAs, more MSTN signaling-related mRNAs (7 of 9) were altered post-exercise, regardless of the bout, and RHEB was the only mTORC1-associated mRNA that was upregulated following exercise. Phosphorylated (phospho-) p70S6K (Thr389) (p = 0.001; PRE to 3 h) and follistatin protein levels (p = 0.021; PRE to 6 h) increased post-exercise, regardless of the bout, whereas phospho-AKT (Thr389), phospho-mTOR (Ser2448), and myostatin protein levels remained unaltered. These data continue to suggest that performing resistance exercise to volitional fatigue, regardless of load selection, elicits similar transient mRNA and signaling responses in skeletal muscle. Moreover, these data provide further evidence that the transcriptional regulation of myostatin signaling is an involved mechanism in response to resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Casey L. Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | | | - J. Max Michel
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam P. Sharples
- Institute for Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 0164 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vincent J. Dalbo
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton 4700, Australia
| | | | - Christopher G. Vann
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 03824, USA
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Ziyaiyan A, Kordi M, Hofmeister M, Chamari K, Moalla W, Gaeini AA. High-intensity circuit training change serum myostatin but not myogenin in adolescents' soccer players: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:15. [PMID: 36747295 PMCID: PMC9901002 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle contractions due to exercise lead to the secretion of many proteins and proteoglycan peptides called myokines. Myostatin (MSTN) and Myogenin (MyoG) are two of the most important skeletal muscle growth regulatory factors related to myoblast differentiation and muscle hypertrophy. The present study aims at investigating the effects over eight weeks of high-intensity circuit training (HICT) on serum MyoG and MSTN in male soccer players. METHOD The present study is a quasi-experimental study on 21 male soccer players (Experimental group: n = 11, Control group: n = 10) (ages 15.0 ± 3.4 years, body mass 55.7 ± 7.8 kg, height 173.3 ± 8.0 cm, Body mass index 18.4 ± 1.9 kg m-2, maximum oxygen uptake 61.89 ± 3.01 ml kg-1 and the peak height velocity 14.5 ± 0.3 years). Participants were randomly divided into two groups: training group and a control group. The first resting blood samples were obtained in the morning-fasting state, and the second blood samples were obtained after the maximum aerobic test at pre- and post-HICT. RESULTS There were non-significant differences in resting serum values of MyoG (p = 0.309, p > 0.05) but significant differences in resting serum values of MSTN between the training and control groups after eight weeks of HICT (p = 0.003, p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between groups in the acute response of serum values of MyoG (p = 0.413, p < 0.05) and MSTN (p = 0.465, p < 0.05) to the maximum aerobic test after eight weeks of HICT. CONCLUSION These results suggest that eight weeks of HICT can decrease the resting serum values of MSTN but not change the resting serum values of MyoG in male adolescent soccer players. Also, eight weeks of HICT does not affect the acute response of MSTN and MyoG after a maximum aerobic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhosein Ziyaiyan
- Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Kordi
- grid.46072.370000 0004 0612 7950Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Martin Hofmeister
- Department Food and Nutrition, Consumer Centre of the German Federal State of Bavaria, Munich, Germany
| | - Karim Chamari
- grid.415515.10000 0004 0368 4372Aspetar, Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wassim Moalla
- grid.412124.00000 0001 2323 5644Laboratory EM2S LR19JS01: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Abbas Ali Gaeini
- grid.46072.370000 0004 0612 7950Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Karimi Majd S, Gholami M, Bazgir B. PAX7 and MyoD Proteins Expression in Response to Eccentric and Concentric Resistance Exercise in Active Young Men. CELL JOURNAL 2023; 25:135-142. [PMID: 36840460 PMCID: PMC9968375 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2022.557440.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Satellite cells play an important role in muscle regeneration, which this process can be affected by different genes including PAX7 and MyoD. Exercise training known as an important strategy for mediating the satellite cell's function. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to investigate the changes in PAX7 and MyoD protein expression in response to eccentric and concentric resistance exercise in healthy young men. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this semi-experimental and cross-sectional study, 10 healthy men (age range 18-30 years old) participated. They were randomly divided into two equal groups (n=5) to perform one of two high-intensity eccentric or concentric knee extensions muscle contraction protocols. The contractions included a maximum of 12 sets of 10 repetitions, with a 30 second rest time interval between sets. PAX7 and MyoD protein expression was assessed using Immunohistochemistry analysis from the Vastus Lateralis muscle needle biopsy samples that have been taken 24 hours before and 3 to 4 hours after the end of the exercise protocol. RESULTS We observed that the PAX7 protein expression level increased significantly after eccentric (47.75%) and concentric (39.21%) (P=0.01) intervention. While, the MyoD protein expression level reduced (38.14%) significantly following acute eccentric resistance exercise (P=0.01). CONCLUSION It seems that eccentric or concentric muscular contraction modulates the expression of PAX7 and MyoD protein expression in the skeletal muscle, with further effects observed in eccentric resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Karimi Majd
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandana Gholami
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran,P.O.Box: 14515-775Department of Physical
Education and Sport SciencesScience and Research BranchIslamic Azad
UniversityTehranIran
| | - Behzad Bazgir
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Farzanegi P, Zamani M, Khalili A, Dehghani H, Fotohi R, Ghanbarpour M, Hosseini S, Peeri M, Rahmati-Ahmadabad S, Azarbayjani M. Effects of upper- and lower-extremity resistance training on serum vascular endothelial growth factor, myostatin, endostatin and follistatin levels in sedentary male students. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Effect of different muscle contraction mode on the expression of Myostatin, IGF-1, and PGC-1 alpha family members in human Vastus Lateralis muscle. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9251-9258. [PMID: 33222041 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Muscle contraction stimulates a transient change of myogenic factors, partly related to the mode of contractions. Here, we assessed the response of IGF-1Ea, IGF-1Eb, IGF-1Ec, PGC1α-1, PGC1α-4, and myostatin to the eccentric Vs. the concentric contraction in human skeletal muscle. Ten healthy males were performed an acute eccentric and concentric exercise bout (n = 5 per group). For each contraction type, participants performed 12 sets of 10 repetitions knee extension by the dominant leg. Baseline and post-exercise muscle biopsy were taken 4 weeks before and immediately after experimental sessions from Vastus Lateralis muscle. Genes expression was measured by real-time PCR technique. There was a significant increase in PGC1α-1, PGC1α-4, IGF-1Ea and, IGF-1Eb mRNA after concentric contraction (p ≤ 0.05), while the PGC1α-4 and IGF-1Ec significantly increased after eccentric contraction (p ≤ 0.05). It is intriguing to highlight that; no significant differences between groups were evident for changes in any variables following exercise bouts (p ≥ 0.05). Our results found that concentric and eccentric contractions presented different responses in PGC1α-1, IGF-1Ea, IGF-1Eb, and IGF-1Ec mRNA. However, a similar significant increase in mRNA content was observed in PGC1α-4. Further, no apparent differences could be found between the response of genes to eccentric and concentric contraction.
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Shirvani H, Rahmati-Ahmadabad S, Kowsari E, Fry H, Kazemi M, Kaviani M. Effects of 2-week HMB-FA supplementation with or without eccentric resistance exercise on expression of some genes related to muscle protein turnover and serum irisin and IGF-1 concentrations. Gene 2020; 760:145018. [PMID: 32758580 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein turnover is a process that is regulated by several factors and can lead to muscle hypertrophy or atrophy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB-FA) and eccentric resistance exercise on variables related to protein turnover in rats. Thirty-two male rats were randomly assigned into four groups of eight, including control, control-HMB, exercise, and exercise-HMB. Animals in HMB groups received 340 mg/kg/day for two weeks. Animals in the exercise groups performed one session of eccentric resistance exercise consisting of eight repetitions descending from a ladder with a slope of 80 degree, with an extra load of two times body weight (100% 1RM). Twenty-four hours after the exercise session, triceps brachii muscle and serum were collected for further analysis. Exercise and HMB-FA induced lower muscle myostatin and higher muscle Fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5), P70-S6 kinase 1 gene expression, as well as higher serum irisin and IGF-1 concentrations. Exercise alone induced higher caspase-3 and caspase-8 gene expression while HMB-FA alone induced lower caspase 3 gene expression. HMB-FA supplement increased the effect of exercise on muscle FNDC5, myostatin, and P70-S6 kinase 1 gene expression. The interaction of exercise and HMBFA resulted in an additive effect, increasing serum irisin and IGF-1 concentrations. In conclusion, a 2-week HMB-FA supplementation paired with acute eccentric resistance exercise can positively affect some genes related to muscle protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Shirvani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Elias Kowsari
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hillary Fry
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Human Metabolic Research Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Maryam Kazemi
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Human Metabolic Research Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mojtaba Kaviani
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Arazi H, Salek L, Nikfal E, Izadi M, Tufano JJ, Elliott BT, Brughelli M. Comparable endocrine and neuromuscular adaptations to variable vs. constant gravity-dependent resistance training among young women. J Transl Med 2020; 18:239. [PMID: 32539753 PMCID: PMC7296723 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Variable resistance has been shown to induce greater total work and muscle activation when compared to constant resistance. However, little is known regarding the effects of chronic exposure to variable resistance training in comparison with constant resistance training. The aim of the present study was therefore to examine the effects of chain-loaded variable and constant gravity-dependent resistance training on resting hormonal and neuromuscular adaptations. Methods Young women were randomly assigned to variable resistance training (VRT; n = 12; age, 23.75 ± 3.64 years; and BMI, 26.80 ± 4.21 kg m−2), constant resistance training (CRT; n = 12; age, 23.58 ± 3.84 years; BMI, 25.25 ± 3.84 kg m−2), or control (Con; n = 12; age, 23.50 ± 2.93 years; BMI, 27.12 ± 12 kg m−2) groups. CRT performed 8-week total-body free-weight training three times per week with moderate-to-high intensity (65–80% 1RM; periodized). VRT was the same as CRT but included variable resistance via chains (15% of total load). Resting serum samples were taken before and after the 8-week intervention for GH, IGF-1, cortisol, myostatin, and follistatin analyses. Results Both VRT and CRT groups displayed moderate-to-large significant increases in GH (197.1%; ES = 0.78 vs. 229.9%; ES = 1.55), IGF-1 (82.3%; ES = 1.87 vs. 66%; ES = 1.66), and follistatin (58.8%; ES = 0.80 vs. 49.15%; ES = 0.80) and decreases in cortisol (− 19.9%; ES = − 1.34 vs. − 17.1%; ES = − 1.05) and myostatin (− 26.9%; ES = − 0.78 vs. − 23.2%; ES = − 0.82). Also, VRT and CRT resulted in large significant increases in bench press (30.54%; ES = 1.45 vs. 25.08%; ES = 1.12) and squat (30.63%; ES = 1.28 vs. 24.81%; ES = 1.21) strength, with no differences between groups. Conclusions Implementing chain-loaded VRT into a periodized resistance training program can be an effective alternative to constant loading during free-weight RT among untrained young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, 10 th km of Tehran Road- Khalij-e-Fars Highway, Zip Code: 4199843653, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Lida Salek
- Department of Physical Education, Bandar-e-Anzali Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar-e-Anzali, Iran
| | - Elham Nikfal
- Department of Physical Education, Bandar-e-Anzali Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar-e-Anzali, Iran
| | - Mani Izadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, 10 th km of Tehran Road- Khalij-e-Fars Highway, Zip Code: 4199843653, Rasht, Iran
| | - James J Tufano
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bradley T Elliott
- Translational Physiology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Matt Brughelli
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Hassan Qomi M, Arshadi S, Banayifar A, Kazemzadeh Y. Effects of Eight Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Myostatin Gene Expression and Insulin Resistance in Male Wistar Rats with Type 2 Diabetes. NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/nfsr.6.4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Luk HY, Levitt DE, Boyett JC, Rojas S, Flader SM, McFarlin BK, Vingren JL. Resistance exercise-induced hormonal response promotes satellite cell proliferation in untrained men but not in women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E421-E432. [PMID: 31237450 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00473.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of resistance exercise (RE)-induced hormonal changes on the satellite cell (SC) myogenic state in response to muscle damage. Untrained men (n = 10, 22 ± 3 yr) and women (n = 9, 21 ± 4 yr) completed 2 sessions of 80 unilateral maximal eccentric knee extensions followed by either an upper body RE protocol (EX) or a 20-min rest (CON). Muscle samples were collected and analyzed for protein content of Pax7, MyoD, myogenin, cyclin D1, and p21 before (PRE), 12 h, and 24 h after the session was completed. Serum testosterone, growth hormone, cortisol, and myoglobin concentrations were analyzed at PRE, post-damage, immediately after (IP), and 15, 30, and 60 min after the session was completed. Testosterone was significantly (P < 0.05) higher immediately after the session in EX vs. CON for men. A significant time × sex × condition interaction was found for MyoD with an increase in EX (men) and CON (women) at 12 h. A significant time × condition interaction was found for Pax7, with a decrease in EX and increase in CON at 24 h. A significant time effect was found for myogenin, p21, and cyclin D1. Myogenin and p21 were increased at 12 and 24 h, and cyclin D1 was increased at 12 h. These results suggest that the acute RE-induced hormonal response can be important for men to promote SC proliferation after muscle damage but had no effect in women. Markers of SC differentiation appeared unaffected by the hormonal response but increased in response to muscle damage.
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He Z, Tian Y, Valenzuela PL, Huang C, Zhao J, Hong P, He Z, Yin S, Lucia A. Myokine Response to High-Intensity Interval vs. Resistance Exercise: An Individual Approach. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1735. [PMID: 30559681 PMCID: PMC6286984 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to compare the response to acute exercise of several myokines/hormones involved in metabolic function between two types of training sessions that are growing in popularity for their purported cardiometabolic benefits, high-intensity interval (HIIT) and resistance training (RT). Methods: Seventeen healthy, non-athletic men (23 ± 3 years) participated in this cross-over study. They randomly performed a HIIT [with short (HIIT1) or long (HIIT2) intervals] or a RT session. The concentration of fibroblast-growth factor (FGF) 21, follistatin, ghrelin, interleukin-15, irisin, myostatin, and peptide YY was measured at baseline and 0, 1, 3, 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise. An individual approach was adopted to determine the rate of responsiveness to each specific cytokine and training mode. Results: A significant condition (session type) by time interaction (p = 0.004) effect was observed for FGF21, with RT eliciting a greater area under the curve (AUC) concentration than HIIT1 (p = 0.02). The AUC for follistatin was significantly greater after HIIT2 compared with RT (p = 0.02). Individual responsiveness to all session types ranged between 19 and 93% depending on the cytokine. However, most subjects (71-100%) responded positively for all cytokines (except for irisin, with only 53% of responders) after 1+ session type. Conclusion: Except for FGF21, our results show no overall differences in the myokine response to HIIT or RT. A considerable individual variability was observed, with some subjects responding to some but not other training session types. Notwithstanding, most responded to at least one training session. Thus, it is mostly the individual response of each subject rather than general recommendations on type of training session (i.e., RT vs. HIIT or HIIT subtypes) that must be taken into consideration for maximizing cardiometabolic benefits in the context of personalized exercise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihong He
- Biology Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Culture Development Center, General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing, China
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physiology Unit, Systems Biology Department, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Chuanye Huang
- Graduate School, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- Biology Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Hong
- Winter Sports Administrative Center, General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zilin He
- Cardiovascular Department, Beijing Jian Gong Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhui Yin
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Gastrointestinal Disease, The Rocket Force General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Córdoba, Spain
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Bagheri R, Rashidlamir A, Attarzadeh Hosseini SR. Effect of Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction on Follistatin to Myostatin Ratio, Body Composition and Anaerobic Power of Trained-Volleyball Players. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.12.6.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Perakakis N, Mougios V, Fatouros I, Siopi A, Draganidis D, Peradze N, Ghaly W, Mantzoros CS. Physiology of Activins/Follistatins: Associations With Metabolic and Anthropometric Variables and Response to Exercise. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:3890-3899. [PMID: 30085147 PMCID: PMC6179167 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Clinical trials are evaluating the efficacy of inhibitors of the myostatin pathway in neuromuscular and metabolic diseases. Activins and follistatins are major regulators of the myostatin pathway, but their physiology in relation to metabolic and anthropometric variables and in response to exercise remains to be fully elucidated in humans. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether concentrations of circulating activin A, activin B, follistatin, and follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3) are associated with anthropometric and metabolic variables and whether they are affected by exercise. DESIGN Activin A, activin B, follistatin, and FSTL3 were measured in (1) 80 subjects divided according to age (young vs old) and fitness status (active vs sedentary) before and after exercise at 70% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), followed by 90% of VO2max until exhaustion; and (2) 23 subjects [9 healthy and 14 with metabolic syndrome (MetS)] who completed four sessions: no exercise, high-intensity interval exercise, continuous moderate-intensity exercise, and resistance exercise for up to 45 minutes. RESULTS At baseline, follistatin and FSTL3 concentrations were positively associated with age, fat percentage, and body mass index (P < 0.001). Follistatin was positively associated with serum cholesterol (P = 0.005), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.01), triglycerides (P = 0.033), and blood pressure (P = 0.019), whereas activin A and activin B were higher in physically active participants (P = 0.056 and 0.029, respectively). All exercise types increased the levels of all hormones ∼10% to 21% (P = 0.034 for activin B, P < 0.001 for the others) independent of the presence of MetS. CONCLUSION Concentrations of circulating activins and follistatins are associated with metabolic parameters and increase after 45 minutes of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Perakakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vassilis Mougios
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Fatouros
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences,University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece
| | - Aikaterina Siopi
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Draganidis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences,University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece
| | - Natia Peradze
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wael Ghaly
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Physiology, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Christos S. Mantzoros, MD, 330 Brookline Avenue, East Campus, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Stoneman Building, ST-820, Boston, Massachussetts 02215. E-mail:
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Cole CL, Kleckner IR, Jatoi A, Schwarz E, Dunne RF. The Role of Systemic Inflammation in Cancer-Associated Muscle Wasting and Rationale for Exercise as a Therapeutic Intervention. JCSM CLINICAL REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.17987/jcsm-cr.v3i2.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive skeletal muscle wasting in cancer cachexia involves a process of dysregulated protein synthesis and breakdown. This catabolism may be the result of mal-nutrition, and an upregulation of both pro-inflammatory cytokines and the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP), which can subsequently increase myostatin and activin A release. The skeletal muscle wasting associated with cancer cachexia is clinically significant, it can contribute to treatment toxicity or the premature discontinuation of treatments resulting in increases in morbidity and mortality. Thus, there is a need for further investigation into the pathophysiology of muscle wasting in cancer cachexia to develop effective prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Several studies have identified a central role for chronic-systemic inflammation in initiating and perpetuating muscle wasting in patients with cancer. Interestingly, while exercise has shown efficacy in improving muscle quality, only recently have investigators begun to assess the impact that exercise has on chronic-systemic inflammation. To put this new information into context with established paradigms, here we review several biological pathways (e.g. dysfunctional inflammatory response, hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis, and increased myostatin/activin A activity) that may be responsible for the muscle wasting in patients with cancer. Additionally, we discuss the potential impact that exercise has on these pathways in the treatment of cancer cachexia. Exercise is an attractive intervention for muscle wasting in this population, partially because it disrupts chronic-systemic inflammation mediated catabolism. Most importantly, exercise is a potent stimulator of muscle synthesis, and therefore this therapy may reverse muscle damage caused by cancer cachexia.
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15
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Cole CL, Kleckner IR, Jatoi A, Schwarz EM, Dunne RF. The Role of Systemic Inflammation in Cancer-Associated Muscle Wasting and Rationale for Exercise as a Therapeutic Intervention. JCSM CLINICAL REPORTS 2018; 3:e00065. [PMID: 31134216 PMCID: PMC6534125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive skeletal muscle wasting in cancer cachexia involves a process of dysregulated protein synthesis and breakdown. This catabolism may be the result of mal-nutrition, and an upregulation of both pro-inflammatory cytokines and the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP), which can subsequently increase myostatin and activin A release. The skeletal muscle wasting associated with cancer cachexia is clinically significant, it can contribute to treatment toxicity or the premature discontinuation of treatments resulting in increases in morbidity and mortality. Thus, there is a need for further investigation into the pathophysiology of muscle wasting in cancer cachexia to develop effective prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Several studies have identified a central role for chronic-systemic inflammation in initiating and perpetuating muscle wasting in patients with cancer. Interestingly, while exercise has shown efficacy in improving muscle quality, only recently have investigators begun to assess the impact that exercise has on chronic-systemic inflammation. To put this new information into context with established paradigms, here we review several biological pathways (e.g. dysfunctional inflammatory response, hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis, and increased myostatin/activin A activity) that may be responsible for the muscle wasting in patients with cancer. Additionally, we discuss the potential impact that exercise has on these pathways in the treatment of cancer-related muscle wasting. Exercise is an attractive intervention for muscle wasting in this population, partially because it disrupts chronic-systemic inflammation mediated catabolism. Most importantly, exercise is a potent stimulator of muscle synthesis, and therefore this therapy may reverse muscle damage caused by cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin L. Cole
- Department of Orthopaedics, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Ian R. Kleckner
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Control, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Aminah Jatoi
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Edward M. Schwarz
- Department of Orthopaedics, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Richard F. Dunne
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Control, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, 14642,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, 14642
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16
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Effect of eccentric action velocity on expression of genes related to myostatin signaling pathway in human skeletal muscle. Biol Sport 2017; 35:111-119. [PMID: 30455539 PMCID: PMC6234307 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.71600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an acute bout of eccentric actions, performed at fast velocity (210º.s-1) and at slow velocity (20º.s-1), on the gene expression of regulatory components of the myostatin (MSTN) signalling pathway. Participants performed an acute bout of eccentric actions at either a slow or a fast velocity. Muscle biopsy samples were taken before, immediately after, and 2 h after the exercise bout. The gene expression of the components of the MSTN pathway was assessed by real-time PCR. No change was observed in MSTN, ACTRIIB, GASP-1 or FOXO-3a gene expression after either slow or fast eccentric actions (p > 0.05). However, the MSTN inhibitors follistatin (FST), FST-like-3 (FSTL3) and SMAD-7 were significantly increased 2 h after both eccentric actions (p < 0.05). No significant difference between bouts was found before, immediately after, or 2 h after the eccentric actions (slow and fast velocities, p > 0.05). The current findings indicate that a bout of eccentric actions activates the expression of MSTN inhibitors. However, no difference was observed in MSTN inhibitors’ gene expression when comparing slow and fast eccentric actions. It is possible that the greater time under tension induced by slow eccentric (SE) actions might compensate the effect of the greater velocity of fast eccentric (FE) actions. Additional studies are required to address the effect of eccentric action (EA) velocities on the pathways related to muscle hypertrophy.
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17
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The effect of two intensities resistance training on muscle growth regulatory myokines in sedentary young women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Dieli-Conwright CM, Kiwata JL, Tuzon CT, Spektor TM, Sattler FR, Rice JC, Schroeder ET. Acute Response of PGC-1α and IGF-1 Isoforms to Maximal Eccentric Exercise in Skeletal Muscle of Postmenopausal Women. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1161-70. [PMID: 26340467 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PGC-1α4, a novel isoform of the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α, was recently postulated to modulate the expression of anabolic and catabolic genes and therefore regulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Resting levels of PGC-1α4 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression were found to increase in healthy adults after resistance training. However, the acute effect of resistance exercise (RE) on PGC-1α4 expression in populations prone to progressive muscle loss, such as postmenopausal women, has not been evaluated. Here, we investigated alterations in mRNA expression of PGC-1α4 and PGC-1α1, a regulator of muscle oxidative changes, in postmenopausal women after high-intensity eccentric RE and analyzed these findings with respect to changes in insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and catabolic gene expression. Nine postmenopausal women (age, 57.9 ± 3.2 years) performed 10 sets of 10 maximal eccentric repetitions of single-leg extension with 20-second rest periods between sets. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis of the exercised leg before and 4 hours after the RE bout with mRNA expression determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. No significant changes in the mRNA expression of either PGC-1α isoform were observed after acute eccentric RE (p > 0.05). IGF-1Ea mRNA expression significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05), whereas IGF-1Eb and mechano-growth factor (MGF) did not significantly change (p > 0.05). PGC-1α4 mRNA expression was associated with reduced mRNA expression of the catabolic gene myostatin (R = -0.88, p < 0.01), whereas MGF mRNA expression was associated with reduced mRNA expression of the catabolic gene FOXO3A (R = -0.81, p ≤ 0.05). These data demonstrate an attenuated response of PGC-1α isoforms to an acute bout of maximal eccentric exercise with short rest periods in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Dieli-Conwright
- 1Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; 2Clinical Exercise Research Center, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; 3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; 4Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and 5Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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19
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Anastasilakis AD, Polyzos SA, Skouvaklidou EC, Kynigopoulos G, Saridakis ZG, Apostolou A, Triantafyllou GA, Karagiozoglou-Lampoudi T, Mantzoros CS. Circulating follistatin displays a day-night rhythm and is associated with muscle mass and circulating leptin levels in healthy, young humans. Metabolism 2016; 65:1459-65. [PMID: 27621181 PMCID: PMC5022793 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Follistatin may affect lean and fat mass and be implicated in metabolic diseases. We aimed to elucidate physiological predictors of circulating follistatin variation in healthy young humans. PROCEDURES This was an observational, cross-sectional study with two additional prospective observational arms (circadian, seasonal sub-studies) and one prospective interventional arm (mixed meal sub-study). Healthy, young individuals of both sexes (n=122) were subjected to anthropometric and body composition measurements and their eating and exercise behavior profiles were assessed by validated questionnaires. Sub-groups were subjected to standardized meal ingestion (n=36), day-night rhythm (n=20) and seasonal variation (n=20) studies. Main outcome of the study were circulating follistatin levels. RESULTS At baseline follistatin levels were correlated with creatinine (r=0.24; p=0.01), creatine phosphokinase (rs=0.22; p=0.02), and with lean body mass (rs=0.19; p=0.04) and were higher in males than females (p=0.004) after adjustment for leptin, which was its major predictor. Follistatin levels showed a circadian (p<0.001), but not a seasonal, variation, and were also affected by the phase of menstrual cycle in females (p=0.034). Follistatin levels were not affected by dietary or exercise habits but levels increased after a standardized meal ingestion (250kcal) (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS In healthy young individuals circulating follistatin levels are correlated with muscle mass. Follistatin levels are associated with circulating leptin levels and display a day-night rhythm and a menstrual cycle, but not a seasonal, variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stergios A Polyzos
- Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Aggeliki Apostolou
- Nutrition-Dietetics Department, Alexander Technological Education Institute of Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
| | - Georgios A Triantafyllou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomai Karagiozoglou-Lampoudi
- Nutrition-Dietetics Department, Alexander Technological Education Institute of Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Effects of elastic band resistance training and nutritional supplementation on muscle quality and circulating muscle growth and degradation factors of institutionalized elderly women: the Vienna Active Ageing Study (VAAS). Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:885-97. [PMID: 26931422 PMCID: PMC4834098 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Regular resistance exercise training and a balanced diet may counteract the age-related muscular decline on a molecular level. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of elastic band resistance training and nutritional supplementation on circulating muscle growth and degradation factors, physical performance and muscle quality (MQ) of institutionalized elderly. METHODS Within the Vienna Active Ageing Study, 91 women aged 83.6 (65.0-92.2) years were randomly assigned to one of the three intervention groups (RT, resistance training; RTS, resistance training plus nutritional supplementation; CT, cognitive training). Circulating levels of myostatin, activin A, follistatin, IGF-1 and GDF-15, as well as MQ and functional parameters were tested at baseline as well as after 3 and 6 months of intervention. RESULTS MQ of lower extremities significantly increased in the RT group (+14 %) and RTS group (+12 %) after 6 months. Performance improved in the RT and RTS groups for chair stand test (RT: +18 %; RTS: +15 %). Follistatin increased only in the RT group (+18 %) in the latter phase of the intervention, accompanied by a decrease in the activin A-to-follistatin ratio (-7 %). IGF-1, myostatin and GDF-15 levels were not affected by the intervention. CONCLUSION Our data confirm that strength training improves physical performance and MQ even in very old institutionalized women. This amelioration appears to be mediated by blocking muscle degradation pathways via follistatin rather than inducing muscle growth through the IGF-1 pathway. As plasma levels of biomarkers reflect an overall status of various organ systems, future studies of tissue levels are suggested.
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Dieli-Conwright CM, Spektor TM, Rice JC, Sattler FR, Schroeder ET. Hormone Therapy and Maximal Eccentric Exercise Alters Myostatin-Related Gene Expression in Postmenopausal Women. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:1374-82. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318251083f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Price ER, Bauchinger U, Zajac DM, Cerasale DJ, McFarlan JT, Gerson AR, McWilliams SR, Guglielmo CG. Migration- and exercise-induced changes to flight muscle size in migratory birds and association with IGF1 and myostatin mRNA expression. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:2823-31. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.057620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Seasonal adjustments to muscle size in migratory birds may result from preparatory physiological changes or responses to changed workloads. The mechanisms controlling these changes in size are poorly understood. We investigated some potential mediators of flight muscle size (myostatin and insulin-like growth factor, IGF1) in pectoralis muscles of wild wintering or migrating white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis), captive white-throated sparrows that were photoperiod manipulated to be in a `wintering' or `migratory' (Zugunruhe) state, and captive European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) that were either exercised for 2 weeks in a wind tunnel or untrained. Flight muscle size increased in photo-stimulated `migrants' and in exercised starlings. Acute exercise but not long-term training caused increased expression of IGF1, but neither caused a change in expression of myostatin or its metalloprotease activator TLL1. Photo-stimulated `migrant' sparrows demonstrated increased expression of both myostatin and IGF1, but wild sparrows exhibited no significant seasonal changes in expression of either myostatin or IGF1. Additionally, in both study species we describe several splice variants of myostatin that are shared with distantly related bird species. We demonstrate that their expression patterns are not different from those of the typical myostatin, suggesting that they have no functional importance and may be mistakes of the splicing machinery. We conclude that IGF1 is likely to be an important mediator of muscle phenotypic flexibility during acute exercise and during endogenous, seasonal preparation for migration. The role of myostatin is less clear, but its paradoxical increase in photo-stimulated `migrants' may indicate a role in seasonal adjustments of protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R. Price
- Advanced Facility for Avian Research, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Ulf Bauchinger
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Daria M. Zajac
- Advanced Facility for Avian Research, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - David J. Cerasale
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jay T. McFarlan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Alexander R. Gerson
- Advanced Facility for Avian Research, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Scott R. McWilliams
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Christopher G. Guglielmo
- Advanced Facility for Avian Research, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
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Mosler S, Pankratz C, Seyfried A, Piechotta M, Diel P. The anabolic steroid methandienone targets the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis and myostatin signaling in a rat training model. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:109-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Contreras B, Schoenfeld B. To Crunch or Not to Crunch: An Evidence-Based Examination of Spinal Flexion Exercises, Their Potential Risks, and Their Applicability to Program Design. Strength Cond J 2011. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0b013e3182259d05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Schoenfeld BJ. The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 24:2857-72. [PMID: 20847704 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e840f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The quest to increase lean body mass is widely pursued by those who lift weights. Research is lacking, however, as to the best approach for maximizing exercise-induced muscle growth. Bodybuilders generally train with moderate loads and fairly short rest intervals that induce high amounts of metabolic stress. Powerlifters, on the other hand, routinely train with high-intensity loads and lengthy rest periods between sets. Although both groups are known to display impressive muscularity, it is not clear which method is superior for hypertrophic gains. It has been shown that many factors mediate the hypertrophic process and that mechanical tension, muscle damage, and metabolic stress all can play a role in exercise-induced muscle growth. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is twofold: (a) to extensively review the literature as to the mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to exercise training and (b) to draw conclusions from the research as to the optimal protocol for maximizing muscle growth.
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Hansen J, Brandt C, Nielsen AR, Hojman P, Whitham M, Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK, Plomgaard P. Exercise induces a marked increase in plasma follistatin: evidence that follistatin is a contraction-induced hepatokine. Endocrinology 2011; 152:164-71. [PMID: 21068158 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Follistatin is a member of the TGF-β super family and inhibits the action of myostatin to regulate skeletal muscle growth. The regulation of follistatin during physical exercise is unclear but may be important because physical activity is a major intervention to prevent age-related sarcopenia. First, healthy subjects performed either bicycle or one-legged knee extensor exercise. Arterial-venous differences were assessed during the one-legged knee extensor experiment. Next, mice performed 1 h of swimming, and the expression of follistatin was examined in various tissues using quantitative PCR. Western blotting assessed follistatin protein content in the liver. IL-6 and epinephrine were investigated as drivers of follistatin secretion. After 3 h of bicycle exercise, plasma follistatin increased 3 h into recovery with a peak of 7-fold. No net release of follistatin could be detected from the exercising limb. In mice performing a bout of swimming exercise, increases in plasma follistatin as well as follistatin mRNA and protein expression in the liver were observed. IL-6 infusion to healthy young men did not affect the follistatin concentration in the circulation. When mice were stimulated with epinephrine, no increase in the hepatic mRNA of follistatin was observed. This is the first study to demonstrate that plasma follistatin is increased during exercise and most likely originates from the liver. These data introduce new perspectives regarding muscle-liver cross talk during exercise and during recovery from exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Hansen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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