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Mattingly ML, Ruple BA, Sexton CL, Godwin JS, McIntosh MC, Smith MA, Plotkin DL, Michel JM, Anglin DA, Kontos NJ, Fei S, Phillips SM, Mobley CB, Vechetti I, Vann CG, Roberts MD. Resistance training in humans and mechanical overload in rodents do not elevate muscle protein lactylation. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1281702. [PMID: 37841321 PMCID: PMC10569119 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1281702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several reports have hypothesized that exercise may increase skeletal muscle protein lactylation, empirical evidence in humans is lacking. Thus, we adopted a multi-faceted approach to examine if acute and subchronic resistance training (RT) altered skeletal muscle protein lactylation levels. In mice, we also sought to examine if surgical ablation-induced plantaris hypertrophy coincided with increases in muscle protein lactylation. To examine acute responses, participants' blood lactate concentrations were assessed before, during, and after eight sets of an exhaustive lower body RT bout (n = 10 trained college-aged men). Vastus lateralis biopsies were also taken before, 3-h post, and 6-h post-exercise to assess muscle protein lactylation. To identify training responses, another cohort of trained college-aged men (n = 14) partook in 6 weeks of lower-body RT (3x/week) and biopsies were obtained before and following the intervention. Five-month-old C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 10 days of plantaris overload (OV, n = 8) or served as age-matched sham surgery controls (Sham, n = 8). Although acute resistance training significantly increased blood lactate responses ∼7.2-fold (p < 0.001), cytoplasmic and nuclear protein lactylation levels were not significantly altered at the post-exercise time points, and no putative lactylation-dependent mRNA was altered following exercise. Six weeks of RT did not alter cytoplasmic protein lactylation (p = 0.800) despite significantly increasing VL muscle size (+3.5%, p = 0.037), and again, no putative lactylation-dependent mRNA was significantly affected by training. Plantaris muscles were larger in OV versus Sham mice (+43.7%, p < 0.001). However, cytoplasmic protein lactylation was similar between groups (p = 0.369), and nuclear protein lactylation was significantly lower in OV versus Sham mice (p < 0.001). The current null findings, along with other recent null findings in the literature, challenge the thesis that lactate has an appreciable role in promoting skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley A. Ruple
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Casey L. Sexton
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joshua S. Godwin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Morgan A. Smith
- Department of Genetics, Standford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - J. Max Michel
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Derick A. Anglin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Shengyi Fei
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | | | - C. Brooks Mobley
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ivan Vechetti
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Christopher G. Vann
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Hesketh SJ, Sexton CL, Wolff CA, Viggars MR, Esser KA. Early morning run-training results in enhanced endurance performance adaptations in mice. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.18.557933. [PMID: 37781623 PMCID: PMC10541096 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.18.557933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-day differences in acute exercise performance in mice are well established with late active phase (afternoon) runners exhibiting significantly greater endurance performance compared to early active phase (morning) runners. In this study, we asked if performance adaptations would be different when training for 6 weeks at two different times of day, and if this corresponds to steady state changes in the phase of peripheral tissue clocks. To address these questions, we endurance trained female PER2::Luciferase mice, at the same relative workload, either in the morning, at ZT13, or in the afternoon, at ZT22. Then, after training, we recorded luminescence from tissues of PER2::Luciferase mice to report timing of tissue clocks in several peripheral tissues. After 6 weeks, we found that both groups exhibited significant improvements in maximal endurance capacity (total treadmill work)(p < 0.0001), but the morning runners exhibited an enhanced rate of adaptation as there was no detectable difference in maximal endurance capacity (p = 0.2182) between the morning and afternoon runners. In addition, morning and afternoon runners exhibited divergent clock phase shifts with a significant 5-hour phase advance in the EDL (p < 0.0001) and soleus (p < 0.0001) of morning runners, but a phase delay in the EDL (p < 0.0001) and Soleus (p < 0.0001) of afternoon runners. Therefore, our data demonstrate that morning training enhances endurance adaptations compared to afternoon training in mice, and we suggest this is due to phase advancement of muscle clocks to better align metabolism with exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Hesketh
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 3260, USA
- School of Medicine,University of Central Lancashire, 11 Victoria St, Preston PR1 7QS, United Kingdom
| | - Casey L Sexton
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 3260, USA
| | - Christopher A Wolff
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 3260, USA
| | - Mark R Viggars
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 3260, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 3260, USA
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Mesquita PHC, Godwin JS, Ruple BA, Sexton CL, McIntosh MC, Mueller BJ, Osburn SC, Mobley CB, Libardi CA, Young KC, Gladden LB, Roberts MD, Kavazis AN. Resistance training diminishes mitochondrial adaptations to subsequent endurance training in healthy untrained men. J Physiol 2023; 601:3825-3846. [PMID: 37470322 PMCID: PMC11062412 DOI: 10.1113/jp284822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of performing a period of resistance training (RT) on the performance and molecular adaptations to a subsequent period of endurance training (ET). Twenty-five young adults were divided into an RT+ET group (n = 13), which underwent 7 weeks of RT followed by 7 weeks of ET, and an ET-only group (n = 12), which performed 7 weeks of ET. Body composition, endurance performance and muscle biopsies were collected before RT (T1, baseline for RT+ET), before ET (T2, after RT for RT+ET and baseline for ET) and after ET (T3). Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine fibre cross-sectional area (fCSA), myonuclear content, myonuclear domain size, satellite cell number and mitochondrial content. Western blots were used to quantify markers of mitochondrial remodelling. Citrate synthase activity and markers of ribosome content were also investigated. RT improved body composition and strength, increased vastus lateralis thickness, mixed and type II fCSA, myonuclear number, markers of ribosome content, and satellite cell content (P < 0.050). In response to ET, both groups similarly decreased body fat percentage (P < 0.0001) and improved endurance performance (e.g.V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_2}\max }}$ , and speed at which the onset of blood lactate accumulation occurred, P < 0.0001). Levels of mitochondrial complexes I-IV in the ET-only group increased 32-66%, while those in the RT+ET group increased 1-11% (time, P < 0.050). Additionally, mixed fibre relative mitochondrial content increased 15% in the ET-only group but decreased 13% in the RT+ET group (interaction, P = 0.043). In conclusion, RT performed prior to ET had no additional benefits to ET adaptations. Moreover, prior RT seemed to impair mitochondrial adaptations to ET. KEY POINTS: Resistance training is largely underappreciated as a method to improve endurance performance, despite reports showing it may improve mitochondrial function. Although several concurrent training studies are available, in this study we investigated the effects of performing a period of resistance training on the performance and molecular adaptations to subsequent endurance training. Prior resistance training did not improve endurance performance and impaired most mitochondrial adaptations to subsequent endurance training, but this effect may have been a result of detraining from resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cleiton A. Libardi
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Kaelin C. Young
- Biomedical Sciences, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA, USA
| | | | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
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Ruple BA, Plotkin DL, Smith MA, Godwin JS, Sexton CL, McIntosh MC, Kontos NJ, Beausejour JP, Pagan JI, Rodriguez JP, Sheldon D, Knowles KS, Libardi CA, Young KC, Stock MS, Roberts MD. The effects of resistance training to near failure on strength, hypertrophy, and motor unit adaptations in previously trained adults. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15679. [PMID: 37144554 PMCID: PMC10161210 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited research exists examining how resistance training to failure affects applied outcomes and single motor unit characteristics in previously trained individuals. Herein, resistance-trained adults (24 ± 3 years old, self-reported resistance training experience was 6 ± 4 years, 11 men and 8 women) were randomly assigned to either a low-repetitions-in-reserve (RIR; i.e., training near failure, n = 10) or high-RIR (i.e., not training near failure, n = 9) group. All participants implemented progressive overload during 5 weeks where low-RIR performed squat, bench press, and deadlift twice weekly and were instructed to end each training set with 0-1 RIR. high-RIR performed identical training except for being instructed to maintain 4-6 RIR after each set. During week 6, participants performed a reduced volume-load. The following were assessed prior to and following the intervention: (i) vastus lateralis (VL) muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) at multiple sites; (ii) squat, bench press, and deadlift one-repetition maximums (1RMs); and (iii) maximal isometric knee extensor torque and VL motor unit firing rates during an 80% maximal voluntary contraction. Although RIR was lower in the low- versus high-RIR group during the intervention (p < 0.001), total training volume did not significantly differ between groups (p = 0.222). There were main effects of time for squat, bench press, and deadlift 1RMs (all p-values < 0.05), but no significant condition × time interactions existed for these or proximal/middle/distal VL mCSA data. There were significant interactions for the slope and y-intercept of the motor unit mean firing rate versus recruitment threshold relationship. Post hoc analyses indicated low-RIR group slope values decreased and y-intercept values increased after training suggesting low-RIR training increased lower-threshold motor unit firing rates. This study provides insight into how resistance training in proximity to failure affects strength, hypertrophy, and single motor unit characteristics, and may inform those who aim to program for resistance-trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan P. Beausejour
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Jason I. Pagan
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Juan P. Rodriguez
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Daniel Sheldon
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Kevan S. Knowles
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Cleiton A. Libardi
- Department of Physical EducationFederal University of São CarlosSão CarlosBrazil
| | - Kaelin C. Young
- Biomedical SciencesPacific Northwest University of Health SciencesYakimaWashingtonUSA
| | - Matt S. Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of KinesiologyAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
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Mesquita PHC, Godwin JS, Ruple BA, Sexton CL, McIntosh MC, Mueller BJ, Osburn SC, Mobley CB, Libardi CA, Young KC, Gladden LB, Roberts MD, Kavazis AN. Resistance Training Diminishes Mitochondrial Adaptations to Subsequent Endurance Training. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.06.535919. [PMID: 37066356 PMCID: PMC10104141 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.06.535919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of performing a period of resistance training (RT) on the performance and molecular adaptations to a subsequent period of endurance training (ET). Twenty-five young adults were divided into RT+ET (n=13), which underwent seven weeks of RT followed by seven weeks of ET, and ET-only (n=12), which performed seven weeks of ET. Body composition, endurance performance, and muscle biopsies were collected before RT (T1, baseline for RT+ET), before ET (T2, post RT for RT+ET and baseline for ET), and after ET (T3). Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA), myonuclear content, myonuclear domain size, satellite cell number, and mitochondrial content. Western blots were used to quantify markers of mitochondrial remodeling. Citrate synthase activity and markers of ribosome content were also investigated. Resistance training improved body composition and strength, increased vastus lateralis thickness, mixed and type II fCSA, myonuclear number, markers of ribosome content, and satellite cell content (p<0.050). In response to ET, both groups similarly decreased body fat percentage and improved endurance performance (e.g., VO 2 max, and speed at which the onset of blood lactate accumulation occurred during the VO 2 max test). Levels of mitochondrial complexes I-IV in the ET-only group increased 32-66%, while the RT+ET group increased 1-11%. Additionally, mixed fiber relative mitochondrial content increased 15% in the ET-only group but decreased 13% in the RT+ET group. In conclusion, RT performed prior to ET had no additional benefits to ET adaptations. Moreover, prior RT seemed to impair mitochondrial adaptations to ET. KEY POINTS SUMMARY Resistance training is largely underappreciated as a method to improve endurance performance, despite reports showing it may improve mitochondrial function.Although several concurrent training studies are available, in this study we investigated the effects of performing a period resistance training on the performance and molecular adaptations to subsequent endurance training.Prior resistance training did not improve endurance performance and impaired most mitochondrial adaptations to subsequent endurance training, but that seemed to be a result of detraining from resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cleiton A. Libardi
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Kaelin C. Young
- Biomedical Sciences, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA, USA
| | | | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
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6
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McIntosh MC, Sexton CL, Godwin JS, Ruple BA, Michel JM, Plotkin DL, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Smith R, Dwaraka VB, Sharples AP, Dalbo VJ, Mobley CB, Vann CG, Roberts MD. Different Resistance Exercise Loading Paradigms Similarly Affect Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression Patterns of Myostatin-Related Targets and mTORC1 Signaling Markers. Cells 2023; 12:898. [PMID: 36980239 PMCID: PMC10047349 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although transcriptome profiling has been used in several resistance training studies, the associated analytical approaches seldom provide in-depth information on individual genes linked to skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Therefore, a secondary analysis was performed herein on a muscle transcriptomic dataset we previously published involving trained college-aged men (n = 11) performing two resistance exercise bouts in a randomized and crossover fashion. The lower-load bout (30 Fail) consisted of 8 sets of lower body exercises to volitional fatigue using 30% one-repetition maximum (1 RM) loads, whereas the higher-load bout (80 Fail) consisted of the same exercises using 80% 1 RM loads. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected prior to (PRE), 3 h, and 6 h after each exercise bout, and 58 genes associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy were manually interrogated from our prior microarray data. Select targets were further interrogated for associated protein expression and phosphorylation induced-signaling events. Although none of the 58 gene targets demonstrated significant bout x time interactions, ~57% (32 genes) showed a significant main effect of time from PRE to 3 h (15↑ and 17↓, p < 0.01), and ~26% (17 genes) showed a significant main effect of time from PRE to 6 h (8↑ and 9↓, p < 0.01). Notably, genes associated with the myostatin (9 genes) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) (9 genes) signaling pathways were most represented. Compared to mTORC1 signaling mRNAs, more MSTN signaling-related mRNAs (7 of 9) were altered post-exercise, regardless of the bout, and RHEB was the only mTORC1-associated mRNA that was upregulated following exercise. Phosphorylated (phospho-) p70S6K (Thr389) (p = 0.001; PRE to 3 h) and follistatin protein levels (p = 0.021; PRE to 6 h) increased post-exercise, regardless of the bout, whereas phospho-AKT (Thr389), phospho-mTOR (Ser2448), and myostatin protein levels remained unaltered. These data continue to suggest that performing resistance exercise to volitional fatigue, regardless of load selection, elicits similar transient mRNA and signaling responses in skeletal muscle. Moreover, these data provide further evidence that the transcriptional regulation of myostatin signaling is an involved mechanism in response to resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Casey L. Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | | | - J. Max Michel
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam P. Sharples
- Institute for Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 0164 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vincent J. Dalbo
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton 4700, Australia
| | | | - Christopher G. Vann
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 03824, USA
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Smith MA, Sexton CL, Smith KA, Osburn SC, Godwin JS, Beausejour JP, Ruple BA, Goodlett MD, Edison JL, Fruge AD, Robinson AT, Gladden LB, Young KC, Roberts MD. Molecular predictors of resistance training outcomes in young untrained female adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:491-507. [PMID: 36633866 PMCID: PMC10190845 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00605.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine if the myofibrillar protein synthetic (MyoPS) response to a naïve resistance exercise (RE) bout, or chronic changes in satellite cell number and muscle ribosome content, were associated with hypertrophic outcomes in females or differed in those who classified as higher (HR) or lower (LR) responders to resistance training (RT). Thirty-four untrained college-aged females (23.4 ± 3.4 kg/m2) completed a 10-wk RT protocol (twice weekly). Body composition and leg imaging assessments, a right leg vastus lateralis biopsy, and strength testing occurred before and following the intervention. A composite score, which included changes in whole body lean/soft tissue mass (LSTM), vastus lateralis (VL) muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA), midthigh mCSA, and deadlift strength, was used to delineate upper and lower HR (n = 8) and LR (n = 8) quartiles. In all participants, training significantly (P < 0.05) increased LSTM, VL mCSA, midthigh mCSA, deadlift strength, mean muscle fiber cross-sectional area, satellite cell abundance, and myonuclear number. Increases in LSTM (P < 0.001), VL mCSA (P < 0.001), midthigh mCSA (P < 0.001), and deadlift strength (P = 0.001) were greater in HR vs. LR. The first-bout 24-hour MyoPS response was similar between HR and LR (P = 0.367). While no significant responder × time interaction existed for muscle total RNA concentrations (i.e., ribosome content) (P = 0.888), satellite cell abundance increased in HR (P = 0.026) but not LR (P = 0.628). Pretraining LSTM (P = 0.010), VL mCSA (P = 0.028), and midthigh mCSA (P < 0.001) were also greater in HR vs. LR. Female participants with an enhanced satellite cell response to RT, and more muscle mass before RT, exhibited favorable resistance training adaptations.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study continues to delineate muscle biology differences between lower and higher responders to resistance training and is unique in that a female population was interrogated. As has been reported in prior studies, increases in satellite cell numbers are related to positive responses to resistance training. Satellite cell responsivity, rather than changes in muscle ribosome content per milligrams of tissue, may be a more important factor in delineating resistance-training responses in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A Smith
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Casey L Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Kristen A Smith
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael D Goodlett
- Athletics Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Joseph L Edison
- Athletics Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Andrew D Fruge
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- College of Nursing, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | | | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
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Godwin JS, Sexton CL, Kontos NJ, Ruple BA, Willoughby DS, Young KC, Mobley CB, Roberts MD. Extracellular matrix content and remodeling markers do not differ in college-aged men classified as higher and lower responders to resistance training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:731-741. [PMID: 36759158 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00596.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined if skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) content and remodeling markers adapted with resistance training or were associated with hypertrophic outcomes. Thirty-eight untrained males (21 ± 3 yr) participated in whole body resistance training (10 wk, 2 × weekly). Participants completed testing [ultrasound, peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT)] and donated a vastus lateralis (VL) biopsy 1 wk before training and 72 h following the last training bout. Higher responders (HR, n = 10) and lower responders (LR, n = 10) were stratified based on a composite score considering changes in pQCT-derived mid-thigh cross-sectional area (mCSA), ultrasound-derived VL thickness, and mean fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA). In all participants, training reduced matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-14 protein (P < 0.001) and increased satellite cell abundance (P < 0.001); however, VL fascial thickness, ECM protein content per myofiber, MMP-2/-9 protein content, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1/-2 protein content, collagen-1/-4 protein content, macrophage abundance, or fibroadipogenic progenitor cell abundance were not altered. Regarding responder analysis, MMP-14 exhibited an interaction (P = 0.007), and post hoc analysis revealed higher protein content in HR versus LR before training (P = 0.026) and a significant decrease from pre to posttraining in HR only (P = 0.002). In summary, basal skeletal muscle ECM markers are minimally affected with 10 wk of resistance training, and these findings could be related to not capturing more dynamic alterations in the assayed markers earlier in training. However, the downregulation in MMP-14 in college-aged men classified as HR is a novel finding and warrants continued investigation, and further research is needed to delineate muscle connective tissue strength attributes between HR and LR.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although past studies have examined aspects of extracellular matrix remodeling in relation to mechanical overload or resistance training, this study serves to expand our knowledge on a multitude of extracellular matrix markers and whether these markers adapt to resistance training or are associated with differential hypertrophic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Godwin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Casey L Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Nicholas J Kontos
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Bradley A Ruple
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, Texas, United States
| | - Kaelin C Young
- Biomedical Sciences, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, Washington, United States
| | - C Brooks Mobley
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, United States
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9
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Sexton CL, Godwin JS, McIntosh MC, Ruple BA, Osburn SC, Hollingsworth BR, Kontos NJ, Agostinelli PJ, Kavazis AN, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Smith R, Young KC, Dwaraka VB, Frugé AD, Mobley CB, Sharples AP, Roberts MD. Skeletal Muscle DNA Methylation and mRNA Responses to a Bout of Higher versus Lower Load Resistance Exercise in Previously Trained Men. Cells 2023; 12:263. [PMID: 36672198 PMCID: PMC9856538 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine the skeletal muscle genome-wide DNA methylation and mRNA responses to one bout of lower load (LL) versus higher load (HL) resistance exercise. Trained college-aged males (n = 11, 23 ± 4 years old, 4 ± 3 years self-reported training) performed LL or HL bouts to failure separated by one week. The HL bout (i.e., 80 Fail) consisted of four sets of back squats and four sets of leg extensions to failure using 80% of participants estimated one-repetition maximum (i.e., est. 1-RM). The LL bout (i.e., 30 Fail) implemented the same paradigm with 30% of est. 1-RM. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected before, 3 h, and 6 h after each bout. Muscle DNA and RNA were batch-isolated and analyzed using the 850k Illumina MethylationEPIC array and Clariom S mRNA microarray, respectively. Performed repetitions were significantly greater during the 30 Fail versus 80 Fail (p < 0.001), although total training volume (sets × reps × load) was not significantly different between bouts (p = 0.571). Regardless of bout, more CpG site methylation changes were observed at 3 h versus 6 h post exercise (239,951 versus 12,419, respectively; p < 0.01), and nuclear global ten-eleven translocation (TET) activity, but not global DNA methyltransferase activity, increased 3 h and 6 h following exercise regardless of bout. The percentage of genes significantly altered at the mRNA level that demonstrated opposite DNA methylation patterns was greater 3 h versus 6 h following exercise (~75% versus ~15%, respectively). Moreover, high percentages of genes that were up- or downregulated 6 h following exercise also demonstrated significantly inversed DNA methylation patterns across one or more CpG sites 3 h following exercise (65% and 82%, respectively). While 30 Fail decreased DNA methylation across various promoter regions versus 80 Fail, transcriptome-wide mRNA and bioinformatics indicated that gene expression signatures were largely similar between bouts. Bioinformatics overlay of DNA methylation and mRNA expression data indicated that genes related to "Focal adhesion," "MAPK signaling," and "PI3K-Akt signaling" were significantly affected at the 3 h and 6 h time points, and again this was regardless of bout. In conclusion, extensive molecular profiling suggests that post-exercise alterations in the skeletal muscle DNA methylome and mRNA transcriptome elicited by LL and HL training bouts to failure are largely similar, and this could be related to equal volumes performed between bouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey L. Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hector L. Lopez
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Canfield, OH 44406, USA
| | | | - Kaelin C. Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 24060, USA
| | | | - Andrew D. Frugé
- College of Nursing, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | - Adam P. Sharples
- Institute for Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 0863 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 24060, USA
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10
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Ruple BA, Mesquita PHC, Godwin JS, Sexton CL, Osburn SC, McIntosh MC, Kavazis AN, Libardi CA, Young KC, Roberts MD. Changes in vastus lateralis fibre cross-sectional area, pennation angle and fascicle length do not predict changes in muscle cross-sectional area. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:1216-1224. [PMID: 36053170 PMCID: PMC9633374 DOI: 10.1113/ep090666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Do changes in myofibre cross-sectional area, pennation angle and fascicle length predict vastus lateralis whole-muscle cross-sectional area changes following resistance training? What is the main finding and its importance? Changes in vastus lateralis mean myofibre cross-sectional area, fascicle length and pennation angle following a period of resistance training did not collectively predict changes in whole-muscle cross-sectional area. Despite the limited sample size in this study, these data reiterate that it remains difficult to generalize the morphological adaptations that predominantly drive tissue-level vastus lateralis muscle hypertrophy. ABSTRACT Myofibre hypertrophy during resistance training (RT) poorly associates with tissue-level surrogates of hypertrophy. However, it is underappreciated that, in pennate muscle, changes in myofibre cross-sectional area (fCSA), fascicle length (Lf ) and pennation angle (PA) likely coordinate changes in whole-muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA). Therefore, we determined if changes in fCSA, PA and Lf predicted vastus lateralis (VL) mCSA changes following RT. Thirteen untrained college-aged males (23 ± 4 years old, 25.4 ± 5.2 kg/m2 ) completed 7 weeks of full-body RT (twice weekly). Right leg VL ultrasound images and biopsies were obtained prior to (PRE) and 72 h following (POST) the last training bout. Regression was used to assess if training-induced changes in mean fCSA, PA and Lf predicted VL mCSA changes. Correlations were also performed between PRE-to-POST changes in obtained variables. Mean fCSA (+18%), PA (+8%) and mCSA (+22%) increased following RT (P < 0.05), but not Lf (0.1%, P = 0.772). Changes in fCSA, Lf and PA did not collectively predict changes in mCSA (R2 = 0.282, adjusted R2 = 0.013, F3,8 = 1.050, P = 0.422). Moderate negative correlations existed for percentage changes in PA and Lf (r = -0.548, P = 0.052) and changes in fCSA and Lf (r = -0.649, P = 0.022), and all other associations were weak (|r| < 0.500). Although increases in mean fCSA, PA and VL mCSA were observed, inter-individual responses for each variable and limitations for each technique make it difficult to generalize the morphological adaptations that predominantly drive tissue-level VL muscle hypertrophy. However, the small subject pool is a significant limitation, and more research in this area is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Casey L Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cleiton A Libardi
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
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11
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Ruple BA, Smith MA, Osburn SC, Sexton CL, Godwin JS, Edison JL, Poole CN, Stock MS, Fruge AD, Young KC, Roberts MD. Comparisons between skeletal muscle imaging techniques and histology in tracking midthigh hypertrophic adaptations following 10 weeks of resistance training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:416-425. [PMID: 35771220 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00219.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study had two aims. AIM1 was to determine the agreement between mid-thigh vastus lateralis (VL) cross-sectional area measured by ultrasound (mCSAUS) versus magnetic resonance imaging (mCSAMRI) at a single time point, and the ability of each to detect hypertrophic changes. AIM2 was to assess the relationships between pre-to-post training changes in thigh lean mass determined by DXA, VL mCSAUS, ultrasound-determined VL thickness (VLThick), and VL mean myofiber cross-sectional area (fCSA) with changes in VL mCSAMRI. Twelve untrained males (Age: 20±1 y, BMI: 26.9±5.4 kg/m2; n=12) engaged in a 10-week resistance training program (2x/week) where right mid-thigh images and VL biopsies were obtained prior to and 72-hours following the last training bout. Participants' VL mCSAMRI (p=0.005), DXA thigh lean mass (p=0.015), and VLThick (p=0.001) increased following training, whereas VL mCSAUS and fCSA did not. For AIM1, mCSAUS demonstrated excellent concordance (CCC = 0.830) with mCSAMRI, albeit mCSAUS values were systematically lower compared to mCSAMRI (mean bias: -2.29 cm2). Additionally, PRE-to-POST VL mCSA changes between techniques exhibited good agreement (CCC = 0.700; mean bias: -1.08 cm2). For AIM2, moderate, positive correlations existed for PRE-to-POST changes in VL mCSAMRI and DXA thigh lean mass (r=0.580, p=0.048), mCSAUS (r=0.622, p=0.031), and VLThick (r=0.520, p=0.080). A moderate, negative correlation existed between mCSAMRI and fCSA (r=-0.569, p=0.054). Our findings have multiple implications: i) resistance training-induced hypertrophy was dependent on the quantification method, ii) ultrasound-determined mCSA shows good agreement with MRI, and iii) tissue-level changes poorly agreed with mean fCSA changes and this requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Ruple
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Morgan A Smith
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Shelby C Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Casey L Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Joshua S Godwin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Joseph L Edison
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Christopher N Poole
- Department of Educational Leadership and Human Development, Texas A&M University-Central Texas, Killeen, Texas, United States
| | - Matt S Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Andrew D Fruge
- Dietetics and Hospitality, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
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12
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Ruple BA, Smith MA, Osburn SC, Sexton CL, Godwin JS, Stock MS, Poole CN, Roberts MD, Young KC. Agreement Between MRI, Ultrasound, and Histology in Detecting Size Changes of the Vastus Lateralis Following Resistance Training. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r5423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Matt S. Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Physical TherapyUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL
| | - Chris N. Poole
- Department of Educational Leadership and Human DevelopmentTexas A&M University‐Central TexasKilleenTX
| | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of KinesiologyAuburn UniversityAuburnAL
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyAuburn UniversityAuburnAL
| | - Kaelin C. Young
- School of KinesiologyAuburn UniversityAuburnAL
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyAuburn UniversityAuburnAL
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Vann CG, Sexton CL, Osburn SC, Smith MA, Haun CT, Rumbley MN, Mumford PW, Montgomery NT, Ruple BA, McKendry J, Mcleod J, Bashir A, Beyers RJ, Brook MS, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Beck DT, McDonald JR, Young KC, Phillips SM, Roberts MD. Effects of High-Volume Versus High-Load Resistance Training on Skeletal Muscle Growth and Molecular Adaptations. Front Physiol 2022; 13:857555. [PMID: 35360253 PMCID: PMC8962955 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.857555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of higher-load (HL) versus (lower-load) higher-volume (HV) resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, strength, and muscle-level molecular adaptations. Trained men (n = 15, age: 23 ± 3 years; training experience: 7 ± 3 years) performed unilateral lower-body training for 6 weeks (3× weekly), where single legs were randomly assigned to HV and HL paradigms. Vastus lateralis (VL) biopsies were obtained prior to study initiation (PRE) as well as 3 days (POST) and 10 days following the last training bout (POSTPR). Body composition and strength tests were performed at each testing session, and biochemical assays were performed on muscle tissue after study completion. Two-way within-subject repeated measures ANOVAs were performed on most dependent variables, and tracer data were compared using dependent samples t-tests. A significant interaction existed for VL muscle cross-sectional area (assessed via magnetic resonance imaging; interaction p = 0.046), where HV increased this metric from PRE to POST (+3.2%, p = 0.018) whereas HL training did not (-0.1%, p = 0.475). Additionally, HL increased leg extensor strength more so than HV training (interaction p = 0.032; HV < HL at POST and POSTPR, p < 0.025 for each). Six-week integrated non-myofibrillar protein synthesis (iNon-MyoPS) rates were also higher in the HV versus HL condition, while no difference between conditions existed for iMyoPS rates. No interactions existed for other strength, VL morphology variables, or the relative abundances of major muscle proteins. Compared to HL training, 6 weeks of HV training in previously trained men optimizes VL hypertrophy in lieu of enhanced iNon-MyoPS rates, and this warrants future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G. Vann
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Casey L. Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Shelby C. Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Morgan A. Smith
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | | | - Petey W. Mumford
- Department of Kinesiology, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, United States
| | | | - Bradley A. Ruple
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - James McKendry
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Mcleod
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Adil Bashir
- MRI Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ronald J. Beyers
- MRI Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Matthew S. Brook
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Darren T. Beck
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Kaelin C. Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael D. Roberts,
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14
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Fox CD, Mesquita PHC, Godwin JS, Angleri V, Damas F, Ruple BA, Sexton CL, Brown MD, Kavazis AN, Young KC, Ugrinowitsch C, Libardi CA, Roberts MD. Frequent Manipulation of Resistance Training Variables Promotes Myofibrillar Spacing Changes in Resistance-Trained Individuals. Front Physiol 2021; 12:773995. [PMID: 34975527 PMCID: PMC8715010 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.773995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine if manipulating resistance training (RT) variables differentially altered the expression of select sarcoplasmic and myofibril proteins as well as myofibrillar spacing in myofibers. Resistance-trained men (n = 20; 26 ± 3 years old) trained for 8 weeks where a randomized leg performed either a standard (CON) or variable RT protocol (VAR: manipulation of load, volume, muscle action, and rest intervals at each RT session). A pre-training (PRE) vastus lateralis biopsy was obtained from a randomized single leg, and biopsies were obtained from both legs 96 h following the last training bout. The sarcoplasmic protein pool was assayed for proteins involved in energy metabolism, and the myofibril protein pool was assayed for relative myosin heavy chain (MHC) and actin protein abundances. Sections were also histologically analyzed to obtain myofibril spacing characteristics. VAR resulted in ~12% greater volume load (VL) compared to CON (p < 0.001). The mean fiber cross-sectional area increased following both RT protocols [CON: 14.6% (775.5 μm2), p = 0.006; VAR: 13.9% (743.2 μm2), p = 0.01 vs. PRE for both], but without significant differences between protocols (p = 0.79). Neither RT protocol affected a majority of assayed proteins related to energy metabolism, but both training protocols increased hexokinase 2 protein levels and decreased a mitochondrial beta-oxidation marker (VLCAD protein; p < 0.05). Citrate synthase activity levels increased with CON RT (p < 0.05), but not VAR RT. The relative abundance of MHC (summed isoforms) decreased with both training protocols (p < 0.05). However, the relative abundance of actin protein (summed isoforms) decreased with VAR only (13.5 and 9.0%, respectively; p < 0.05). A decrease in percent area occupied by myofibrils was observed from PRE to VAR (−4.87%; p = 0.048), but not for the CON (4.53%; p = 0.979). In contrast, there was an increase in percent area occupied by non-contractile space from PRE to VAR (10.14%; p = 0.048), but not PRE to CON (0.72%; p = 0.979). In conclusion, while both RT protocols increased muscle fiber hypertrophy, a higher volume-load where RT variables were frequently manipulated increased non-contractile spacing in resistance-trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlton D. Fox
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Joshua S. Godwin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Vitor Angleri
- MUSCULAB, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Felipe Damas
- MUSCULAB, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Bradley A. Ruple
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Casey L. Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Michael D. Brown
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Kaelin C. Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleiton A. Libardi
- MUSCULAB, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Cleiton A. Libardi, ; Michael D. Roberts,
| | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Cleiton A. Libardi, ; Michael D. Roberts,
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15
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Sexton CL, Smith MA, Smith KS, Osburn SC, Godwin JS, Ruple BA, Hendricks AM, Mobley CB, Goodlett MD, Frugé AD, Young KC, Roberts MD. Effects of Peanut Protein Supplementation on Resistance Training Adaptations in Younger Adults. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113981. [PMID: 34836236 PMCID: PMC8621247 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein supplementation is a commonly employed strategy to enhance resistance training adaptations. However, little research to date has examined if peanut protein supplementation is effective in this regard. Thus, we sought to determine if peanut protein supplementation (PP; 75 total g/d of powder providing 30 g/d protein, >9.2 g/d essential amino acids, ~315 kcal/d) affected resistance training adaptations in college-aged adults. Forty-seven college-aged adults (n = 34 females, n = 13 males) with minimal prior training experience were randomly assigned to a PP group (n = 18 females, n = 5 males) or a non-supplement group (CTL; n = 16 females, n = 8 males) (ClinicalTrials.gov trial registration NCT04707963; registered 13 January 2021). Body composition and strength variables were obtained prior to the intervention (PRE). Participants then completed 10 weeks of full-body resistance training (twice weekly) and PP participants consumed their supplement daily. POST measures were obtained 72 h following the last training bout and were identical to PRE testing measures. Muscle biopsies were also obtained at PRE, 24 h following the first exercise bout, and at POST. The first two biopsy time points were used to determine myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates in response to a naïve training bout with or without PP, and the PRE and POST biopsies were used to determine muscle fiber adaptations in females only. Dependent variables were analyzed in males and females separately using two-way (supplement × time) repeated measures ANOVAs, unless otherwise stated. The 24-h integrated MyoPS response to the first naïve training bout was similar between PP and CTL participants (dependent samples t-test p = 0.759 for females, p = 0.912 for males). For males, the only significant supplement × time interactions were for DXA-derived fat mass (interaction p = 0.034) and knee extensor peak torque (interaction p = 0.010); these variables significantly increased in the CTL group (p < 0.05), but not the PP group. For females, no significant supplement × time interactions existed, although interactions for whole body lean tissue mass (p = 0.088) and vastus lateralis thickness (p = 0.099) approached significance and magnitude increases in these characteristics favored the PP versus CTL group. In summary, this is the second study to determine the effects of PP supplementation on resistance training adaptations. While PP supplementation did not significantly enhance training adaptations, the aforementioned trends in females, the limited n-size in males, and this being the second PP supplementation study warrant more research to determine if different PP dosing strategies are more effective than the current approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey L. Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.L.S.); (M.A.S.); (S.C.O.); (J.S.G.); (B.A.R.); (A.M.H.); (C.B.M.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Morgan A. Smith
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.L.S.); (M.A.S.); (S.C.O.); (J.S.G.); (B.A.R.); (A.M.H.); (C.B.M.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Kristen S. Smith
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (K.S.S.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Shelby C. Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.L.S.); (M.A.S.); (S.C.O.); (J.S.G.); (B.A.R.); (A.M.H.); (C.B.M.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Joshua S. Godwin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.L.S.); (M.A.S.); (S.C.O.); (J.S.G.); (B.A.R.); (A.M.H.); (C.B.M.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Bradley A. Ruple
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.L.S.); (M.A.S.); (S.C.O.); (J.S.G.); (B.A.R.); (A.M.H.); (C.B.M.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Alex M. Hendricks
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.L.S.); (M.A.S.); (S.C.O.); (J.S.G.); (B.A.R.); (A.M.H.); (C.B.M.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Christopher B. Mobley
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.L.S.); (M.A.S.); (S.C.O.); (J.S.G.); (B.A.R.); (A.M.H.); (C.B.M.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Michael D. Goodlett
- Athletics Department, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
| | - Andrew D. Frugé
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (K.S.S.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Kaelin C. Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.L.S.); (M.A.S.); (S.C.O.); (J.S.G.); (B.A.R.); (A.M.H.); (C.B.M.); (K.C.Y.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
| | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.L.S.); (M.A.S.); (S.C.O.); (J.S.G.); (B.A.R.); (A.M.H.); (C.B.M.); (K.C.Y.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-334-844-1925; Fax: +1-334-944-1467
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Ruple BA, Godwin JS, Mesquita PHC, Osburn SC, Sexton CL, Smith MA, Ogletree JC, Goodlett MD, Edison JL, Ferrando AA, Fruge AD, Kavazis AN, Young KC, Roberts MD. Myofibril and Mitochondrial Area Changes in Type I and II Fibers Following 10 Weeks of Resistance Training in Previously Untrained Men. Front Physiol 2021; 12:728683. [PMID: 34630147 PMCID: PMC8497692 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.728683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training increases muscle fiber hypertrophy, but the morphological adaptations that occur within muscle fibers remain largely unresolved. Fifteen males with minimal training experience (24±4years, 23.9±3.1kg/m2 body mass index) performed 10weeks of conventional, full-body resistance training (2× weekly). Body composition, the radiological density of the vastus lateralis muscle using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained 1week prior to and 72h following the last training bout. Quantification of myofibril and mitochondrial areas in type I (positive for MyHC I) and II (positive for MyHC IIa/IIx) fibers was performed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques. Relative myosin heavy chain and actin protein abundances per wet muscle weight as well as citrate synthase (CS) activity assays were also obtained on tissue lysates. Training increased whole-body lean mass, mid-thigh muscle cross-sectional area, mean and type II fiber cross-sectional areas (fCSA), and maximal strength values for leg press, bench press, and deadlift (p<0.05). The intracellular area occupied by myofibrils in type I or II fibers was not altered with training, suggesting a proportional expansion of myofibrils with fCSA increases. However, our histological analysis was unable to differentiate whether increases in myofibril number or girth occurred. Relative myosin heavy chain and actin protein abundances also did not change with training. IHC indicated training increased mitochondrial areas in both fiber types (p=0.018), albeit CS activity levels remained unaltered with training suggesting a discordance between these assays. Interestingly, although pQCT-derived muscle density increased with training (p=0.036), suggestive of myofibril packing, a positive association existed between training-induced changes in this metric and changes in mean fiber myofibril area (r=0.600, p=0.018). To summarize, our data imply that shorter-term resistance training promotes a proportional expansion of the area occupied by myofibrils and a disproportional expansion of the area occupied by mitochondria in type I and II fibers. Additionally, IHC and biochemical techniques should be viewed independently from one another given the lack of agreement between the variables assessed herein. Finally, the pQCT may be a viable tool to non-invasively track morphological changes (specifically myofibril density) in muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Ruple
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Joshua S Godwin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Shelby C Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Casey L Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Morgan A Smith
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Michael D Goodlett
- Athletics Department, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Geriatrics, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Joseph L Edison
- Athletics Department, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Geriatrics, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AK, United States
| | - Andrew D Fruge
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Geriatrics, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Geriatrics, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
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Ruple BA, Godwin JS, Mesquita PHC, Osburn SC, Vann CG, Lamb DA, Sexton CL, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Frugé AD, Kavazis AN, Young KC, Seaborne RA, Sharples AP, Roberts MD. Resistance training rejuvenates the mitochondrial methylome in aged human skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21864. [PMID: 34423880 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100873rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Resistance training (RT) dynamically alters the skeletal muscle nuclear DNA methylome. However, no study has examined if RT affects the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) methylome. Herein, ten older, Caucasian untrained males (65 ± 7 y.o.) performed six weeks of full-body RT (twice weekly). Body composition and knee extensor torque were assessed prior to and 72 h following the last RT session. Vastus lateralis (VL) biopsies were also obtained. VL DNA was subjected to reduced representation bisulfite sequencing providing excellent coverage across the ~16-kilobase mtDNA methylome (254 CpG sites). Biochemical assays were also performed, and older male data were compared to younger trained males (22 ± 2 y.o., n = 7, n = 6 Caucasian & n = 1 African American). RT increased whole-body lean tissue mass (p = .017), VL thickness (p = .012), and knee extensor torque (p = .029) in older males. RT also affected the mtDNA methylome, as 63% (159/254) of the CpG sites demonstrated reduced methylation (p < .05). Several mtDNA sites presented a more "youthful" signature in older males after RT in comparison to younger males. The 1.12 kilobase mtDNA D-loop/control region, which regulates replication and transcription, possessed enriched hypomethylation in older males following RT. Enhanced expression of mitochondrial H- and L-strand genes and complex III/IV protein levels were also observed (p < .05). While limited to a shorter-term intervention, this is the first evidence showing that RT alters the mtDNA methylome in skeletal muscle. Observed methylome alterations may enhance mitochondrial transcription, and RT evokes mitochondrial methylome profiles to mimic younger men. The significance of these findings relative to broader RT-induced epigenetic changes needs to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Ruple
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Joshua S Godwin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Shelby C Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Donald A Lamb
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Casey L Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew D Frugé
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert A Seaborne
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Adam P Sharples
- Institute for Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Olso, Norway
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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18
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Vann CG, Morton RW, Mobley CB, Vechetti IJ, Ferguson BK, Haun CT, Osburn SC, Sexton CL, Fox CD, Romero MA, Roberson PA, Oikawa SY, McGlory C, Young KC, McCarthy JJ, Phillips SM, Roberts MD. An intron variant of the GLI family zinc finger 3 (GLI3) gene differentiates resistance training-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy in younger men. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21587. [PMID: 33891350 PMCID: PMC8234740 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100113rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association between genotype and resistance training-induced changes (12 wk) in dual x-ray energy absorptiometry (DXA)-derived lean soft tissue mass (LSTM) as well as muscle fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA; vastus lateralis; n = 109; age = 22 ± 2 y, BMI = 24.7 ± 3.1 kg/m2 ). Over 315 000 genetic polymorphisms were interrogated from muscle using DNA microarrays. First, a targeted investigation was performed where single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) identified from a systematic literature review were related to changes in LSTM and fCSA. Next, genome-wide association (GWA) studies were performed to reveal associations between novel SNP targets with pre- to post-training change scores in mean fCSA and LSTM. Our targeted investigation revealed no genotype-by-time interactions for 12 common polymorphisms regarding the change in mean fCSA or change in LSTM. Our first GWA study indicated no SNP were associated with the change in LSTM. However, the second GWA study indicated two SNP exceeded the significance level with the change in mean fCSA (P = 6.9 × 10-7 for rs4675569, 1.7 × 10-6 for rs10263647). While the former target is not annotated (chr2:205936846 (GRCh38.p12)), the latter target (chr7:41971865 (GRCh38.p12)) is an intron variant of the GLI Family Zinc Finger 3 (GLI3) gene. Follow-up analyses indicated fCSA increases were greater in the T/C and C/C GLI3 genotypes than the T/T GLI3 genotype (P < .05). Data from the Auburn cohort also revealed participants with the T/C and C/C genotypes exhibited increases in satellite cell number with training (P < .05), whereas T/T participants did not. Additionally, those with the T/C and C/C genotypes achieved myonuclear addition in response to training (P < .05), whereas the T/T participants did not. In summary, this is the first GWA study to examine how polymorphisms associate with the change in hypertrophy measures following resistance training. Future studies are needed to determine if the GLI3 variant differentiates hypertrophic responses to resistance training given the potential link between this gene and satellite cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Vann
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert W Morton
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher B Mobley
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ivan J Vechetti
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | | | | | - Casey L Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Carlton D Fox
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Sara Y Oikawa
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
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Smith MA, Vann CG, Sexton CL, Osburn SC, Beck DT, McDonald JR, Roberts MD, Young KC. High-Volume And High-Intensity Resistance Training Effects On Upper-Leg Lean Tissue Mass And Muscle Cross-Sectional Area. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000670180.43544.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Vann CG, Sexton CL, Osburn SC, Smith MA, Fox CD, Ferguson BK, Ruple BA, Haun CT, Young KC, Beck DT, McDonald JR, Phillips SM, Roberts MD. Effects Of High-Load Versus High-Volume Resistance Training On Muscle Sarcoplasmic, Actin, And Myosin Protein Concentrations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000684436.20159.cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Fox CD, Vann CG, Osburn SC, Sexton CL, Smith MA, Moore JH, Phillips SM, Young KC, Roberts MD. Effects Of Six Weeks Of Unilateral High-volume Versus High-intensity Resistance Training On Vastus Lateralis Muscle Morphology In Previously Trained, College-aged Males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000684432.21015.0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Vann CG, Morton RW, Ferguson BK, Osburn SC, Sexton CL, Oikawa SY, McGlory C, Young KC, Phillips SM, Roberts MD. Targeted SNP Interrogation to Determine if Select Polymorphisms are Associated with Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy Following 12 Weeks of Resistance Training. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.05283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Vann CG, Osburn SC, Mumford PW, Roberson PA, Fox CD, Sexton CL, Johnson MR, Johnson JS, Shake J, Moore JH, Millevoi K, Beck DT, Badisa VLD, Mwashote BM, Ibeanusi V, Singh RK, Roberts MD. Skeletal Muscle Protein Composition Adaptations to 10 Weeks of High-Load Resistance Training in Previously-Trained Males. Front Physiol 2020; 11:259. [PMID: 32292355 PMCID: PMC7135893 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
While high-load resistance training increases muscle hypertrophy, the intramuscular protein responses to this form of training remains largely unknown. In the current study, recreationally resistance-trained college-aged males (N = 15; mean ± SD: 23 ± 3 years old, 6 ± 5 years training) performed full-body, low-volume, high-load [68–90% of one repetition maximum (1RM)] resistance training over 10 weeks. Back squat strength testing, body composition testing, and a vastus lateralis biopsy were performed before (PRE) and 72 h after the 10-week training program (POST). Fiber type-specific cross-sectional area (fCSA), myofibrillar protein concentrations, sarcoplasmic protein concentrations, myosin heavy chain and actin protein abundances, and muscle tissue percent fluid were analyzed. The abundances of individual sarcoplasmic proteins in 10 of the 15 participants were also assessed using proteomics. Significant increases (p < 0.05) in type II fCSA and back squat strength occurred with training, although whole-body fat-free mass paradoxically decreased (p = 0.026). No changes in sarcoplasmic protein concentrations or muscle tissue percent fluid were observed. Myosin heavy chain protein abundance trended downward (−2.9 ± 5.8%, p = 0.069) and actin protein abundance decreased (−3.2 ± 5.3%, p = 0.034) with training. Proteomics indicated only 13 sarcoplasmic proteins were altered with training (12 up-regulated, 1 down-regulated, p < 0.05). Bioinformatics indicated no signaling pathways were affected, and proteins involved with metabolism (e.g., ATP-PCr, glycolysis, TCA cycle, or beta-oxidation) were not affected. These data comprehensively describe intramuscular protein adaptations that occur following 10 weeks of high-load resistance training. Although previous data from our laboratory suggests high-volume resistance training enhances the ATP-PCr and glycolytic pathways, we observed different changes in metabolism-related proteins in the current study with high-load training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelby C Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Petey W Mumford
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Paul A Roberson
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Carlton D Fox
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Casey L Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Joel S Johnson
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jacob Shake
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Kevin Millevoi
- Department of Exercise Science, LaGrange College, LaGrange, GA, United States
| | - Darren T Beck
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine Auburn, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Veera L D Badisa
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Benjamin M Mwashote
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Victor Ibeanusi
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Translational Science Laboratory, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine Auburn, Auburn, AL, United States
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