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Asimakidis ND, Mukandi IN, Beato M, Bishop C, Turner AN. Assessment of Strength and Power Capacities in Elite Male Soccer: A Systematic Review of Test Protocols Used in Practice and Research. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02071-8. [PMID: 39026085 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strength and power represent two crucial physical qualities for the attainment of a high level of performance considering the frequency and the importance of explosive actions occurring during elite soccer match-play. Evaluation of strength and power is a multifaceted concept involving a vast array of tests and outcome variables. Nevertheless, a comprehensive and systematic search of strength and power assessment procedures in elite soccer has yet to be undertaken. OBJECTIVES The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) identify the tests and outcome variables used to assess strength and power of elite male soccer players; (2) provide normative values for the most common tests of strength and power across different playing levels; and (3) report the reliability values of these strength and power tests. METHODS A systematic review of the academic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and OVID for studies published until August 2023 was conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they: (1) were original research studies, published in a peer-reviewed journal, and written in English language; (2) had the primary aim to assess strength and/or power; (3) players were male and older than 17 years of age (i.e., mean age of the group); and (4) their playing level was defined as "professional", "international" or "elite". RESULTS Regarding strength testing, 115 studies and 29 different tests were identified. The three most frequent strength tests were the knee extensor isokinetic strength test (58 studies), the knee flexor isokinetic strength test (55 studies) and the Nordic hamstring strength test (13 studies). In terms of power testing, 127 studies with 31 different tests were included. The three most frequent power tests were the countermovement jump with hands fixed on hips (99 studies), the squat jump (48 studies) and the vertical jump with arm swing (29 studies). CONCLUSIONS The wide range of different tests and outcome variables identified in this systematic review highlights the large diversity in the employed testing procedures. The establishment of a hybrid testing approach, combining standardised and widely accepted tests for establishing normative standards and enabling comparisons across different contexts, with flexible context-specific testing batteries, has the potential to maximise the impact of testing information for practitioners. In addition, the limited reporting of reliability data across studies highlights the need for practitioners to establish their own reliability measure within their specific contexts, informing the selection of certain tests and outcome variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos D Asimakidis
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK.
- Performance Department, Ipswich Town Football Club, Ipswich, UK.
| | - Irvin N Mukandi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
- Performance Department, Ipswich Town Football Club, Ipswich, UK
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Anthony N Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
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Sousa H, Clemente FM, Sarmento H, Gouveia ÉR, Musa RM. Comparing locomotor intensity indicators in soccer training and competition across contextual factors: a study of replaced coaches in a Portuguese professional 1st league team. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1391784. [PMID: 38854423 PMCID: PMC11157433 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1391784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to examine, for each head coach (HC) replaced, the association between training intensity and physical performances obtained in games. Furthermore, the study investigated how contextual factors influence locomotor and mechanical performance association. External load variables were collected using Global Positioning System (GPS) devices across the 4 weeks and 4 games before and after the replacement in a professional adult male soccer team. Six different HC records were analysed (48.8 ± 7.4 years of age; 11.2 ± 3.9 years as an HC) during a three-season span (2020/21-2022/2023). There were marked differences within player variability across the two coaching regimes. Game loads didn't reflect training-related performance, with differences ranging from -71.4% to -9.9%. Players under the outgoing coaches have greater coverage of meters per minute. Meters per minute, distance covered over 18 km/h and high-speed running (all in training) are found to be significant variables influenced by contextual factors. Within-subject and time, training loads did not reflect game-related loads/performances, with starters showing higher deficits (ranging from -79.0 to -14.5). The study suggests that changes in soccer HC can affect players' training intensity and game performance, influenced by various contextual factors and not directly correlated. This type of information might be very suitable to improve training load periodization and programming. For further research avenues, could be the study of the variation of the psychological states of the players at the time of the dismissal and hiring of the HCs, associating them with the physiological performance at the same moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honorato Sousa
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Élvio R. Gouveia
- LARSyS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Rabiu Muazu Musa
- Centre for Fundamental and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
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Moreno-Pérez V, Del Coso J, López-Del Campo R, Resta R, Romero-Sangüesa J, Courel-Ibáñez J, Méndez-Villanueva A. Reduced Match Exposure in the Previous 2 Matches Accounts for Hamstring Muscle Injury Incidence in Professional Football Players. Sports Health 2024; 16:109-114. [PMID: 36896682 PMCID: PMC10732102 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231158117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hamstring strain injuries are one of the most prevalent injuries in football (soccer). We examined the influence of accumulated match-play exposure on the occurrence of hamstring strain injury in professional football from 2 teams (Spanish 1st Division, LaLiga) over 3 seasons, and determined specific cut-off points as indicators of injury risk. HYPOTHESIS Overloaded players would be more likely to sustain a hamstring injury. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, controlled, observational study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2b. METHODS Playing time, total running distance, and high-speed running (>24 km/h) distance during official matches of players that sustained a hamstring injury were compared with uninjured, paired controls. Cumulative playing time and running performance of 4 matches before the injury was computed. Relative risk (RR) of injury occurrence was estimated by generalized estimating equations. Diagnostic accuracy was determined by receiver operating characteristics and the area under the curve. RESULTS Thirty-seven hamstring strain injuries occurred, representing 23 ± 18 absence days per injury. Thirty-seven controls (uninjured players) were used as comparators. Low match-play exposures during 1 and 2 matches before injury were likely to explain injury occurrence (RR: 14-53%; P < 0.01). Metrics from the match before the hamstring muscle strain demonstrated the best accuracy to predict injury occurrence: high-speed running distance ≤328 m (sensitivity, 64%; specificity, 84%), playing time ≤64 min (sensitivity, 36%; specificity, 97%), and running distance ≤5.8 km (sensitivity, 39%; specificity, 97%). CONCLUSION Relatively reduced competitive exposure in the previous 2 matches was associated with higher hamstring injury risk in professional football players. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Screening simple metrics such as the accumulated match exposure during official matches and considering specific cut-off points for some running variables may be good indicators of injury risk and may assist in better individual injury management in professional soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
- Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, San Joan, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Javier Courel-Ibáñez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Melilla, Spain
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Freitas TT, Pereira LA, Alcaraz PE, Azevedo PHSM, Zanetti V, Pantarotto NB, Reis VP, Jeffreys I, Loturco I. Mixed Training Programs Applied to Young Soccer Players: Effects on Speed-Power Abilities. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:1049-1058. [PMID: 37279875 DOI: 10.1055/a-2106-8164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We compared the effects of two 4-week strength-power-speed training protocols on physical performance of young soccer players. Twenty-three highly trained under-20 soccer players were randomly allocated to two mixed-training groups: 1) "traditional" (TRAD: n=11), comprising vertically oriented strength-power exercises and linear sprints; or 2) "multidirectional" (MULTI: n=12), combining vertically and horizontally oriented strength-power exercises, linear sprints, and change-of-direction (COD) drills. Squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump, 2) linear sprint, COD speed, and 3) jump-squat (JS) and hip-thrust (HT) power tests were performed pre- and post-training. Differences were determined using a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures and "target scores" were used to detect real changes in performance. No group-time interactions were found for any of the variables (p>0.05). Significant increases (p<0.05) in 20-m sprint velocity, JS- and HT-power were found in both groups, and in SJ in TRAD. Individual analyses revealed a greater number of meaningful changes in zig-zag velocity in MULTI while most players in TRAD displayed meaningful increases in SJ height. In conclusion, both training protocols resulted in similar adaptations but, at the individual level, it appears that MULTI protocol is superior to improve COD ability while TRAD should be preferred to maximize vertical jumping capabilities during short soccer pre-seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás T Freitas
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paulo H S M Azevedo
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valter P Reis
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ian Jeffreys
- Sport Science, Setanta College, Thurles, Ireland
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Sport Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Martin M, Rampinini E, Bosio A, Azzalin A, McCall A, Ward P. Relationships Between Internal and External Load Measures and Fitness Level Changes in Professional Soccer Players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:760-772. [PMID: 35486417 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2053646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Understanding the dose-response relationship between internal and external training load with changes in aerobic fitness and intermittent running capacity, during different periods of the season, may help in optimizing training process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the dose-response relationships between load measures and changes in aerobic fitness and intermittent running capacity among a large cohort of professional soccer players. Methods: Training load, aerobic fitness and intermittent running capacity of 52 male adult professional players from 3 elite teams were monitored across an entire season and analyzed employing linear mixed models, with a significance level set at p≤0.05. Results: Relationships between load measures (training and match duration, sRPE-TL, total distance, high and very high-speed running distances) and changes in physical qualities were stronger during the preparation period (PREP) for both aerobic fitness (d= 0.48 to 0.76, p<0.031) and intermittent running capacity (d= 0.46 to 1.89, p<0.046). The magnitude of the relationships reduced during the first competitive period (d= 0.43 to 0.56) and the relationships became trivial in the second competitive period (d= 0.06 to 0.41, p= 0.063 to 0.846). Conclusion: The moderate to large relationships found between all measures of load and changes in physical capacities suggest that training prescription during the PREP was effective in improving players' fitness. During the competitive phase small changes in aerobic and intermittent running capacities were found, highlighting that coaching staff pursue different aims during the competitive period, such as technical and tactical training and recovery. .
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McFadden BA, Bozzini BN, Cintineo HP, Hills SP, Walker AJ, Chandler AJ, Sanders DJ, Russell M, Arent SM. Power, Endurance, and Body Composition Changes Over a Collegiate Career in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Women Soccer Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1428-1433. [PMID: 36727935 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT McFadden, BA, Bozzini, BN, Cintineo, HP, Hills, SP, Walker, AJ, Chandler, AJ, Sanders, DJ, Russell, M, and Arent, SM. Power, endurance, and body composition changes over a collegiate career in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women soccer athletes. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1428-1433, 2023-The purpose of this study was to determine longitudinal changes in fitness and body composition throughout athletes' 4-year collegiate soccer careers. Performance testing occurred before preseason during freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior year in 17 female Division I soccer players. Body composition was assessed through air-displacement plethysmography to determine percent body fat (%BF), fat-free mass (FFM), and body mass (BM). Maximal countermovement vertical jump height was assessed through contact mat using arm swing (CMJ AS ) and hands-on-hips (CMJ HOH ) methods to calculate power (CMJ watts / HOHwatts ). Aerobic capacity (V̇ o2 max) and ventilatory threshold (VT) were assessed by indirect calorimetry during a maximal graded exercise test on a treadmill. Linear mixed models were used to assess changes across academic years ( p < 0.05). No changes occurred in %BF, BM, V̇ o2 max, VT, CMJ AS , or CMJ watts . A time main effect was seen for FFM ( p = 0.01) with increases from freshman to senior ( p = 0.02). Time main effects were observed for CMJ HOH ( p < 0.001) and CMJ HOHwatts ( p < 0.001) with increases from freshman to junior (CMJ HOH,p = 0.001; CMJ HOHwatts , p = 0.02) and senior (CMJ HOH , p < 0.001; CMJ HOHwatts , p = 0.003) as well as sophomore to senior (CMJ HOH , p < 0.001; CMJ HOHwatts , p = 0.02). Countermovement vertical jump with hands on hips also increased from sophomore to junior ( p = 0.005). The lower FFM and power capabilities as freshmen compared with upperclassman indicate a potential limited readiness. Coaches and training staff should account for these developmental differences when entering the preseason. Adequate conditioning programs before starting a collegiate program may help build a fitness foundation and prepare freshmen athletes to compete at the same level as their upperclassmen counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A McFadden
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Department of Family Nutrition and Exercise Science, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, New York
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Brittany N Bozzini
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Kansas City Royals Baseball Organization, Kansas City, MO
| | - Harry P Cintineo
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Department of Kinesiology, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, MO
| | - Samuel P Hills
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Walker
- Department of Exercise Science, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
| | - Alexa J Chandler
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - David J Sanders
- Applied Health Science, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Manning CN, Sekiguchi Y, Benjamin CL, Spaulding MR, Dierickx EE, Spaulding JM, Davenport DM, Picard-Busky JR, Chiampas GT, Nassis GP, Casa DJ. Deconstructing stereotypes: Stature, match-playing time, and performance in elite Women's World Cup soccer. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:1067190. [PMID: 36589782 PMCID: PMC9795175 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1067190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruiting companies recommend elite female soccer players be ≥165 cm (5'5″) in stature. This study investigated if stature limits match-playing time and performance in elite World Cup soccer among players, positions, and countries. We hypothesized stature would not affect match-playing time or performance. Descriptive data were collected on 552 players from 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. Odds ratios determined likelihood of starting for players <165 cm and ≥165 cm. ANOVAs compared playing time between stature groups, among positions, and between countries. Performance factors including assists, goals, attempts, corners, shots blocked, and defending blocks were reported. Independent t-tests compared differences between players (≥165 cm, < 165 cm). Data are reported, mean difference [95% confidence interval] [MD (95%CI)] and effect sizes (ES). On average, 32.3% of players were <165 cm. Of total players, no differences existed in total minutes (F = 0.98, p = 0.32), matches (F = 0.27 p = 0.59), or average minutes per match (F = 0.48, p = 0.49) between stature groups, regardless of position. No differences existed in playing time between players <165 cm and ≥165 cm among any positions (p > 0.05), or between countries (p > 0.05). Taller mid-fielders exhibited greater performance in goals, assists, attempts, shots blocked, and defending blocks (MD [95%CI] ES; assists, -0.44[-0.76,-0.11]0.59, p = 0.009; goals, -0.35[-0.69,-0.01]0.44, p = 0.047); attempts, 3.14[1.38, 4.90]0.80, p = 0.001; corners, 2.04[0.12, 3.95]0.48, p = 0.037; shots blocked, 0.96[0.40, 1.51]0.75, p = 0.001; defending blocks, 0.43[0.32,0.82]0.48, p = 0.035), however, actual differences were minimal. Our findings indicate stature does not inhibit playing and performing elite women's soccer, as nearly one-third of players were <165 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara N. Manning
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States,Correspondence: C. N. Manning
| | - Yasuki Sekiguchi
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States,Sports Performance Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Courteney L. Benjamin
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States,Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - McKenna R. Spaulding
- Department of Health and Physical Education and Recreation, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA, United States
| | - Erin E. Dierickx
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Jayson M. Spaulding
- Department of Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Dayshia M. Davenport
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | | | - George T. Chiampas
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States,Chief Medical Officer, United States Soccer Federation, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - George P. Nassis
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Douglas J. Casa
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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Maleš J, Ouergui I, Kuna D, Žuvela F, De Giorgio A, Kuvačić G. Monitoring Internal Training Intensity Correlated with Neuromuscular and Well-Being Status in Croatian Professional Soccer Players during Five Weeks of the Pre-Season Training Phase. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10110172. [PMID: 36355823 PMCID: PMC9699058 DOI: 10.3390/sports10110172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the changes in internal training intensity, well-being, and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and to determine their relationship across five weeks of the pre-season training phase in professional soccer players. A total of 22 professional male soccer players (age = 21.7 ± 4 years, body height = 185.9 ± 6.3 cm, body weight = 79 ± 6.3 kg, BMI = 22.8 ± 1.4 kg·m−2; VO2max = 52.9 ± 3.2) from the Croatian Second League voluntary participated in this study. The players spent 2230 ± 117 min in 32 technical/tactical and strength/conditioning training sessions, mostly at the low intensity zone (61%), and played 8 friendly matches at a high intensity (>90%). A one-way repeated measure of analysis ANOVA revealed a significant difference between weeks in CMJ performance (F(1,22) = 11.8, p < 0.001), with CMJ height in weeks 4 and 5 being likely to very likely higher than that noted in week 1. Moreover, significant differences between weeks were found in all internal training intensity measures (average [F(1,22) = 74.8, p < 0.001] and accumulated weekly internal training intensity [F(1,22) = 55.4, p < 0.001], training monotony [F(1,22) = 23.9, p < 0.001], and training strain [F(1,22) = 34.5, p < 0.001]). Likewise, differences were observed for wellness status categories (fatigue [F(1,22) = 4.3, p = 0.003], sleep [F(1,22) = 7.1, p < 0.001], DOMS [F(1,22) = 5.7, p < 0.001], stress [F(1,22) = 15.6, p < 0.001]), mood [F(1,22) = 12.7, p < 0.001], and overall well-being status score (F(1,22) = 13.2, p < 0.001). Correlation analysis showed large negative correlations between average weekly internal training intensity and fatigue (r = −0.63, p = 0.002), DOMS (r = −0.61, p = 0.003), and WBI (r = −0.53, p = 0.011). Additionally, fatigue was significantly associated (large negative correlation) with accumulated weekly internal training intensity (r = −0.51, p = 0.014) and training strain (r = −0.61, p = 0.003). Small, but non-significant, correlations were found between CMJ performance and wellness status measures. These findings highlight the utility and simplicity of monitoring tools to improve athletes’ performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Maleš
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ibrahim Ouergui
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, El Kef 7100, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Sport Sciences, Health and Movement, UR22JS01, El Kef 7100, Tunisia
| | - Danijela Kuna
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Frane Žuvela
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | | | - Goran Kuvačić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence:
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Papadakis Z, Panoutsakopoulos V, Kollias IA. Predictive Value of Repeated Jump Testing on Nomination Status in Professional and under 19 Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13077. [PMID: 36293658 PMCID: PMC9602553 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soccer clubs invest time and money in multidimensional identification practices, but the field implementation is still problematic. The repeated vertical jump test (RVJ), as an alternative to the monodimensional vertical jump, may offer similar prognostic value. Therefore, the prognostic validity of 15 RVJ within professional (PRO, n = 24) and under 19 years old (U19, n = 20) Greek male soccer players was examined. T-test, binomial logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic for prognostic validity of anthropometric and performance values in predicting PRO status were applied using Jamovi version 2.3.3.0. Significant group differences presented in body height and mass, body mass index (BMI), maximum and average jump height, and relative jump power. The predicting model was significant (x2(2) = 17.12, p < 0.001). Height and BMI were positive predictors of the PRO status (b = 21.66, p = 0.008 and b = 0.94, p = 0.014, respectively). The model was 73% accurate, 75% specific, and 71% sensitive, with excellent area under the curve. The RVJ test demonstrated outstanding discriminating prognostic validity. Until the applicability of the multidimensional models in predicting future player status is further established, field practitioners may use the simplistic RVJ testing to predict future status among male soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Papadakis
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health Promotion and Clinical Practice, College of Health and Wellness, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33161, USA
| | - Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Iraklis A. Kollias
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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10
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Silva JR. The soccer season: performance variations and evolutionary trends. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14082. [PMID: 36217385 PMCID: PMC9547588 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological demands of soccer challenge the entire spectrum of the response capacity of the biological systems and fitness requirements of the players. In this review we examined variations and evolutionary trends in body composition, neuromuscular and endurance-related parameters, as well as in game-related physical parameters of professional players. Further, we explore aspects relevant for training monitoring and we reference how different training stimulus and situational variables (e.g., competition exposure) affect the physiological and performance parameters of players. Generally, improvements of small magnitude in non- (non-CMJ) and countermovement-based jumps (CMJBased) and in the sprint acceleration (ACCPhase) and maximal velocity phase (MVPhase) are observed from start of preparation phase (PPS) to beginning of competition phase (BCP). A greater magnitude of increases is observed in physiological and endurance performance measures within this period; moderate magnitude in sub-maximal intensity exercise (velocity at fixed blood lactate concentrations; V2-4mmol/l) and large magnitude in VO2max, maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and intense intermittent exercise performance (IE). In the middle of competition phase (MCP), small (CMJBased and ACCPhase), moderate (non-CMJ; MVPhase; VO2max; sub-maximal exercise) and large (MAS and IE) improvements were observed compared to PPS. In the end of competition period (ECP), CMJBased and MVPhase improve to a small extent with non-CMJ, and ACCPhase, VO2max, MAS, sub-maximal intensity exercise and IE revealing moderate increments compared to PPS. Although less investigated, there are generally observed alterations of trivial magnitude in neuromuscular and endurance-related parameters between in-season assessments; only substantial alterations are examined for IE and sub-maximal exercise performance (decrease and increase of small magnitude, respectively) from BCP to MCP and in VO2max and IE (decrements of small magnitude) from MCP to ECP. Match performance may vary during the season. Although, the variability between studies is clear for TD, VHSR and sprint, all the studies observed substantial increments in HSR between MCP and ECP. Finally, studies examining evolutionary trends by means of exercise and competition performance measures suggests of a heightened importance of neuromuscular factors. In conclusion, during the preseason players "recover" body composition profile and neuromuscular and endurance competitive capacity. Within in-season, and more robustly towards ECP, alterations in neuromuscular performance seem to be force-velocity dependent, and in some cases, physiological determinants and endurance performance may be compromised when considering other in-season moments. Importantly, there is a substantial variability in team responses that can be observed during in-season. Consequently, this informs on the need to both provide a regular training stimulus and adequate monitorization throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Renato Silva
- Center for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
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Barreira J, Nakamura FY, Ferreira R, Pereira J, Aquino R, Figueiredo P. Season Match Loads of a Portuguese Under-23 Soccer Team: Differences between Different Starting Statuses throughout the Season and Specific Periods within the Season Using Global Positioning Systems. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22176379. [PMID: 36080835 PMCID: PMC9460033 DOI: 10.3390/s22176379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the external match loads (EMLs) of a Portuguese u-23 soccer team, competing at the highest national level for the age group, comparing players with different starting status throughout a competitive season and specific blocks. Thirty-five outfield soccer players were split into three groups for the entire season analysis and for each 3-month block, based on the percentage of games played as a starter. The three groups consisted of “starters” (≥55% of the games as a starter), “fringe” (30−54%), and “non-starters” (<30%). EMLs were recorded using 10 Hz GPS technology throughout the whole season (26 matches). Differences (p < 0.05) were found for total distance (TD), exposure time, and the number of accelerations and decelerations between starters and non-starters throughout the season (d = 0.73 to 1.08), and within each block (d = 0.59 to 1.68). Differences were also found between starters and fringe players for the number of accelerations in Block 2 (p = 0.03; d = 0.69), and TD (p = 0.006; d = 1) and exposure time (p = 0.006; d = 0.95) in Block 3. Differences in the EML were almost always accompanied by large differences in game time. Our results highlight the differences in the EML of starters and non-starters, emphasizing the need for compensatory training, especially with players that obtain significantly less playing time, to prepare the players for match demands (e.g., high-intensity efforts such as sprinting, accelerations, and decelerations).
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barreira
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
| | - Fábio Y. Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferreira
- Departamento de Apoio ao Rendimento, Vitória Sport Clube, 4810-914 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - João Pereira
- Departamento de Apoio ao Rendimento, Vitória Sport Clube, 4810-914 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- LabSport, Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports (CEFD), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075810, Brazil
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, 4711-852 Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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12
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Guthrie B, Jagim AR, Jones MT. Ready or Not, Here I Come: A Scoping Review of Methods Used to Assess Player Readiness Via Indicators of Neuromuscular Function in Football Code Athletes. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Gholizadeh R, Nobari H, Bolboli L, Siahkouhian M, Brito JP. Comparison of Measurements of External Load between Professional Soccer Players. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:1116. [PMID: 35742170 PMCID: PMC9223007 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10061116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The excessive and rapid increases in training load (TL) may be responsible for most non-contact injuries in soccer. This study’s aims were to describe, week(w)-by-week, the acute (AW), chronic (CW), acute:chronic workload ratio (wACWR), total distance (wTD), duration training (wDT), sprint total distance (wSTD), repeat sprint (wRS), and maximum speed (wMS) between starter and non-starter professional soccer players based on different periods (i.e., pre-, early-, mid-, and end-season) of a full-season (Persian Gulf Pro League, 2019−2020). Methods: Nineteen players were divided according to their starting status: starters (n = 10) or non-starters (n = 9). External workload was monitored for 43 weeks: pre- from w1−w4; early- from w5−w17; mid- from w18−w30, and end-season from w31−w43. Results: In starters, AW, CW, and wACWR were greater than non-starters (p < 0.05) throughout the periods of early- (CW, p ≤ 0.0001), mid- (AW, p = 0.008; CW, p ≤ 0.0001; wACWR, p = 0.043), or end-season (AW, p = 0.035; CW, p = 0.017; wACWR, p = 0.010). Starters had a greater wTD (p ≤ 0.0001), wSTD (p ≤ 0.0001 to 0.003), wDT (p ≤ 0.0001 to 0.023), wRS (p ≤ 0.0001 to 0.018), and wMS (p ≤ 0.0001) than non-starters during early-, mid-, and end-season. Conclusion: Starters experienced more CW and AW during the season than non-starters, which underlines the need to design tailored training programs accounting for the differences between playing status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayyeh Gholizadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran; (R.G.); (L.B.); (M.S.)
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran; (R.G.); (L.B.); (M.S.)
- Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Braşov, Romania
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Lotfali Bolboli
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran; (R.G.); (L.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Marefat Siahkouhian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran; (R.G.); (L.B.); (M.S.)
| | - João Paulo Brito
- Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan 81887-78473, Iran
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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14
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Holmberg PM, Harrison PW, Jenkins DG, Kelly VG. Factors Modulating the Priming Response to Resistance and Stretch-Shortening Cycle Exercise Stimuli. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Lutz FD, Cleary CJ, Moffatt HM, Sullivan VE, LaRoche DP, Cook SB. Comparison of the H:Q Ratio Between the Dominant and Nondominant Legs of Soccer Players: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Health 2022:19417381221095096. [PMID: 35619586 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221095096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Soccer players often have a dominant (D) leg, which could influence the relative strength between the quadriceps and hamstrings. The hamstring-to-quadriceps (H:Q) ratio can be assessed on a dynamometer at various velocities to provide information on injury risk. OBJECTIVE To assess the concentric hamstrings and concentric quadriceps strength ratio (conventional H:Q ratio) assessed in D and nondominant (ND) legs at various speeds in male soccer players. DATA SOURCES A systematic literature search was completed from inception to 2020 in PubMed, Academic Search Ultimate, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus. STUDY SELECTION Keywords associated with the H:Q ratio were connected with terms for soccer players. Titles and abstracts were screened by 2 reviewers based on inclusion and exclusion criteria related to sex, playing level, language, and measurement. A total of 81 studies were reviewed and 17 studies (21%) were used. STUDY DESIGN A meta-analysis with random effects modeling generated standardized mean differences with 95% CIs between legs and speeds. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. DATA EXTRACTION A total of 38 cohorts were identified, with 14, 13, and 11 cohorts assessed at low, intermediate, and high velocities, respectively. The Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-sectional Studies from the National Institutes of Health was used. RESULTS The mean H:Q ratio at low velocities was 59.8 ± 9.5% in D leg and 58.6 ± 9.9% in ND leg, 64.2 ± 10.7% (D) and 63.6 ± 11.3% (ND) at the intermediate velocity, and 71.9 ± 12.7% (D) and 72.8 ± 12.7% (ND) at the high velocity. Low, intermediate, and high velocities had small effects of 0.13, 0.10, and -0.06, respectively. CONCLUSION Conventional H:Q ratios vary across velocities but did not differ between D and ND limbs in male soccer players. This study may provide the foundation to establish norms and clinically meaningful differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian D Lutz
- Robert Kertzer Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
| | - Christopher J Cleary
- Robert Kertzer Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
| | - Hannah M Moffatt
- Robert Kertzer Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
| | - Violet E Sullivan
- Robert Kertzer Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
| | - Dain P LaRoche
- Robert Kertzer Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
| | - Summer B Cook
- Robert Kertzer Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
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Moreno-Pérez V, Rodas G, Peñaranda-Moraga M, López-Samanes Á, Romero-Rodríguez D, Aagaard P, Del Coso J. Effects of Football Training and Match-Play on Hamstring Muscle Strength and Passive Hip and Ankle Range of Motion during the Competitive Season. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052897. [PMID: 35270589 PMCID: PMC8909953 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in hamstring muscle strength and in hip range of motion (ROM) have been considered risk factors for hamstring muscle injuries. However, there is a lack of information on how chronic exposure to regular football training affects hamstring muscle strength and hip ROM. The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal effect of football training and competition during a complete season on hamstring muscle strength and hip ROM in football players. A total of 26 semi-professional football players underwent measurements of isometric hamstring muscle strength and passive hip flexion/extension, and internal/external hip rotation (IR/ER) ROM during the football season (pre-season, mid-season, end-season). Compared to pre-season, hamstring muscle strength increased in the dominant (+11.1%, p = 0.002) and non-dominant (+10.5%, p = 0.014) limbs in the mid-season. Compared to mid-season, hamstring strength decreased in the dominant (−9.3%, p = 0.034) limb at end-season. Compared to the pre-season, hip extension ROM decreased in mid-season in the dominant (−31.7%, p = 0.007) and non-dominant (−44.1%, p = 0.004) limbs, and further decreased at end-season (−49.0%, p = 0.006 and −68.0%, p < 0.001) for the dominant and non-dominant limbs. Interlimb asymmetry for hip IR ROM increased by 57.8% (p < 0.002) from pre-season to mid-season. In summary, while hamstring muscle strength increased during the first half of the football season in football players, a progressive reduction in hip extension ROM was observed throughout the season. The reduced hip extension ROM suggests a reduced mobility of the hip flexors, e.g., iliopsoas, produced by the continuous practice of football. Consequently, hip-specific stretching and conditioning exercises programs should be implemented during the football season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | | | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain;
| | | | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
- Correspondence:
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17
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Moreno-Perez V, Campos-Vazquez MA, Toscano J, Sotos-Martinez VJ, López-Del Campo R, Resta R, Del Coso J. Influence of the Weekly and Match-play Load on Muscle Injury in Professional Football Players. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:783-790. [PMID: 35189659 DOI: 10.1055/a-1533-2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to examine the impact of the weekly training load and the match running patterns prior to a muscle injury as potential risk factors of muscle injury in professional football players. Forty male professional football players participated in the investigation. Running distances at different intensities 5 min and 15 min prior to the injury were compared to the same time-points in official matches of the same player with no injury events. Furthermore, the cummulative session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and training load of the week prior to the injury were compared to a control week (mean value of training weeks without injury). Nineteen players suffered 31 non-contact muscle injuries during matches. The distance covered at 21-24 km/h (p<0.001; effect size (ES)=0.62) and at>24 km/h (p=0.004; ES=0.51) over the 5-min period prior to the injury was greater than in matches without injury. The cumulative sRPE (p=0.014; ES=1.33) and training volume (p=0.002; ES=2.45) in the week prior to the injury was higher than in a control week. The current data suggest that the combination of a training week with a high load and a short period of high intensity running during the match might increase the risk of muscle injury in professional footballers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Moreno-Perez
- Department of Patología y Cirugía, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Joan, Spain
| | | | - Javier Toscano
- Department of Sports Science, Catholic University San Antonio. Murcia, Spain, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Ricardo Resta
- Department of Competitions and Mediacoach, LaLiga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
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18
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Jagim AR, Askow AT, Carvalho V, Murphy J, Luedke JA, Erickson JL. Seasonal Accumulated Workloads in Collegiate Women's Soccer: A Comparison of Starters and Reserves. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7010011. [PMID: 35076561 PMCID: PMC8788463 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research quantifying the unique workload demands of starters and reserves in training and match settings throughout a season in collegiate soccer is limited. Purpose: The purpose of the current study is to compare accumulated workloads between starters and reserves in collegiate soccer. Methods: Twenty-two NCAA Division III female soccer athletes (height: 1.67 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 65.42 ± 6.33 kg; fat-free mass: 48.99 ± 3.81 kg; body fat %: 25.22 ± 4.78%) were equipped with wearable global positioning systems with on-board inertial sensors, which assessed a proprietary training load metric and distance covered for each practice and 22 matches throughout an entire season. Nine players were classified as starters (S), defined as those playing >50% of playing time throughout the entire season. The remaining 17 were reserves (R). Goalkeepers were excluded. A one-way ANOVA was used to determine the extent of differences in accumulated training load throughout the season by player status. Results: Accumulated training load and total distance covered for starters were greater than reserves ((S: 9431 ± 1471 vs. R: 6310 ± 2263 AU; p < 0.001) and (S: 401.7 ± 31.9 vs. R: 272.9 ± 51.4 km; p < 0.001), respectively) throughout the season. Conclusions: Starters covered a much greater distance throughout the season, resulting in almost double the training load compared to reserves. It is unknown if the high workloads experienced by starters or the low workloads of the reserves is more problematic. Managing player workloads in soccer may require attention to address potential imbalances that emerge between starters and reserves throughout a season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA; (V.C.); (J.A.L.); (J.L.E.)
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrew T. Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Victoria Carvalho
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA; (V.C.); (J.A.L.); (J.L.E.)
| | - Jason Murphy
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA;
| | - Joel A. Luedke
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA; (V.C.); (J.A.L.); (J.L.E.)
| | - Jacob L. Erickson
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA; (V.C.); (J.A.L.); (J.L.E.)
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Falces-Prieto M, Sáez de Villarreal-Sáez E, Raya-González J, González-Fernández FT, Clemente FM, Badicu G, Murawska-Ciałowicz E. The Differentiate Effects of Resistance Training With or Without External Load on Young Soccer Players' Performance and Body Composition. Front Physiol 2021; 12:771684. [PMID: 34803744 PMCID: PMC8602856 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.771684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 15 weeks (2/week) of two different resistance training (RT) programs [the self-load group (SG) vs. the overload group (OG)] on selected measures of physical performance in young male soccer players. Methods: The countermovement jump (CMJ), aerobic endurance (VO2 max), and body composition [body mass (BM), height (H), body fat percentage (% BF), and lean mass (LM)] were measured before and after the 15-week RT interventions. Subjects were randomized to treatments: 1. SG [age = 15.34 ± 1.34 years]; 2. OG [age = 16.28 ± 1.21 years]. Results: The level of significance set for the study (p ≤ 0.05). Within-group analysis did report significant differences in all variables for the SG (p = 0.008 to 0.001; ES = -0.33 to 1.41, small to large) as in the OG (p = 0.001; ES = 0.82 to 1.30, large). Between-groups analysis reported differences in CMJ (F = 4.32; p = 0.004) for the OG. Conclusion: The main findings of this study indicated that RT with and without external load was effective in improving the measures of physical performance in young soccer players, with special attention to jumping ability, where the OG group was more effective. Furthermore, there is no interference to aerobic endurance. It is recommended that soccer coaches implement RT without external load in the early stages of training or in players with late maturation development and in those soccer clubs with limited material resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Falces-Prieto
- Research Center High Performance Soccer, Marcet Academy, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Football and Science, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco Tomás González-Fernández
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Pontifical University of Comillas, CESAG, Palma, Spain
- SER Research Group, Pontifical University of Comillas, CESAG, Palma, Spain
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, RuaEscola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, University Transilvania of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
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Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit to Accelerometer-Based Training Monotony and Strain during a Soccer Season: A within-Group Study for Starters and Non-Starters. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18158007. [PMID: 34360295 PMCID: PMC8345473 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the intragroup differences in weekly training monotony (TM) and training strain (TS) between starter and non-starter male professional soccer players at accelerometry based variables throughout the periods of a season. TM and TS of different accelerations and decelerations zones for twenty-one players were followed for forty-eight weeks. Regardless of group, players obtained the highest mean TM (starters = 3.3 ± 0.6, non-starters = 2.2 ± 1.1, in arbitrary unit, AU) and TS (starters = 1288.9 ± 265.2, non-starters = 765.4 ± 547.5, AU) scores in the pre-season for accelerations at Zone 1 (<2 m/s2). The results also indicated that both groups exhibited similar TM and TS scores in accelerations at Zones 2 (2 to 4 m/s2) and 3 (>4 m/s2) across the entire season. While the starters showed the highest TM and TS scores at deceleration Zone 1 (<−2 m/s2) in the end-season, the non-starters exhibited the highest scores at the deceleration Zone 1 in pre-season. It seems that in pre-season, coaches applied higher levels of training with greater emphasis on deceleration for non-starters. This tendency was reduced over time for non-starters, while starters presented higher values of deceleration Zone 1. These results highlight the variations in TM and TS across the different periods of a full season according to match starting status among professional soccer players, and the results suggest that non-starter players should receive higher levels of load to compensate for non-participation in matches throughout a soccer season.
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21
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Rago V, Leo I, Marrocco A, Izzo R, Filetti C. Blood and performance adaptations to individual training load in professional soccer: a team study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:1237-1245. [PMID: 34137574 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to describe seasonal changes in iron storage, hormonal status and functional capacity in relation to accumulated training load in a professional male soccer team. METHODS Resting blood samples, countermovement jump (CMJ) and aerobic capacity (45-15 test) were collected over a 6-month period from the start of the preparatory period to the middle-season (E1 to E4) in a professional male soccer team (n=15 outfield players). External training load was regularly quantified using a wearable 10-Hz global positioning system. RESULTS One player systematically showed reduced iron storage throughout the season (ferritin<110 μg·l-1, hemoglobin<14 g·dl-1). No significant differences in blood and performance parameters were observed throughout the season (P>0.05). However, accumulated total distance and high-intensity distance (above maximal aerobic speed) from E1 to E3 were negatively correlated to changes in haematocrit, hemoglobin and red blood cells (r=-0.85 to -0.67; P<0.05) and positively to changes in ferritin (r=0.63-0.69; P<0.05). Additionally, high-intensity distance covered between E1 and E3 was negatively correlated to changes in testosterone concentrations (r [95%CI]=-0.71 [-0.93; -0.15]; P=0.021). CONCLUSIONS Resting blood parameters and functional capacity of male soccer players appeared to be stable throughout the early competitive period. However, iron storage and hormonal status are likely to be affected by accumulated high-intensity activity performed during practice and competition. Practitioners involved with GPS-based TL monitoring could consider the accumulated amount of high-intensity activity to inform medical staffs about possible changes in oxygen-carrying capacity and anaerobic overtraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal -
| | - Italo Leo
- Department of Human, Philosophical and Educational Sciences, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Arcano Marrocco
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Izzo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Filetti
- Performance Department, Paris Saint-Germain Football Club, Paris, France.,Italian School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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22
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Kobal R, Carvalho L, Abad CC, Faust B, Rossetti M, Saito T, Klosterhoff RR, De Souza EO, Barroso R. Pre-season in soccer: a paradox between a high volume of technical/tactical training and improvement in the neuromuscular performance of elite women soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:763-768. [PMID: 34028241 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND there is a paradox between the development of strength-power abilities and the high volume of technical/tactical training in elite soccer players during the pre-season. This concurrent effect between aerobic and neuromuscular training regimes induce impairment in power performance. METHODS this study aimed to investigate the effect of an equalized program of strength-power training (4-5 sessions/week) and soccer training (4-6 sessions/week) in power and aerobic performance during 8-weeks of pre-season in elite women soccer players. Vertical jumps [squat jump (SJ); countermovement jump (CMJ)] and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 test (YOYO-R1) were assessed pre- and post pre-season. A paired sample t-test was used to compare differences between pre and post pre-season (Δ%). The level of significance was established at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS the women soccer players improved the SJ (p<0.001; Δ%=12), CMJ (p<0.001; Δ%=8.5), and YOYO-R1 (p<0.001; Δ% =28.5). There was a body recomposition observed, lower body fat (p = 0.004; Δ%=15), higher fat free mass (p = 0.001; Δ%=5). CONCLUSIONS our results demonstrated that it is possible to develop aerobic and power abilities of elite women soccer players during pre-season using an equalized ratio of soccer training and strength-power training schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Kobal
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil - .,Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil -
| | - Leonardo Carvalho
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cesar C Abad
- Faculty Lusofona of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Faust
- Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tiemi Saito
- Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renato Barroso
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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23
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Póvoas S, Ascensão A, Magalhães J, Silva P, Wiig H, Raastad T, Castagna C, Andersson H. Technical match actions and plasma stress markers in elite female football players during an official FIFA Tournament. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 32 Suppl 1:127-139. [PMID: 33373070 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the impact of performing four consecutive football matches separated by 48-72 hours during a FIFA tournament on physical load, technical performance and plasma markers of redox state, muscle damage and inflammation in elite female players. Forty-eight players from three national teams were evaluated at seven time points: before (baseline) and throughout the tournament (after each match and before two training sessions). Only data from players who played all matches were included in the analyses (N = 13). The players were divided into high-rank (N = 6) and low-rank (N = 7) team players according to FIFA standards. Plasma creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), total antioxidant status (TAS), and uric acid (UA) were analyzed at the selected time points. Technical performance and physical load were also quantified according to team rank. Players from low-rank teams played significantly more time than high-rank players (85 ± 10 vs 67 ± 15 minutes; P = .02; d = 1.51). Low-rank team players presented higher values in technical performance actions than the high-rank team players, but most of the differences were explained by the longer match time played. UA content differed across the matches, increasing from baseline (F(4,40) = 3.90; P = .01) and more in the high-rank team players (F(1,10) = 20.46; P = .001), while CRP only differed across the matches (F(4,36) = 2.66; P = .05), also increasing from baseline. A large time effect was shown for UA only in the high-rank players (η2 p = 0.50; P = .02). Four consecutive matches did not result in considerable alterations in plasma stress markers, physical load, and technical performance in elite female football players from distinct rank levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Póvoas
- University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - António Ascensão
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, LaMetEx, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, CIAFEL, Department of Sports Biology, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Josė Magalhães
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, LaMetEx, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, CIAFEL, Department of Sports Biology, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Silva
- University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal.,Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, CIAFEL Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Håvard Wiig
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carlo Castagna
- Fitness Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Technical Department, Coverciano (Florence), Italy.,University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Helena Andersson
- The Swedish School of Health and Sport Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Aerobic fitness and game performance indicators in professional football players; playing position specifics and associations. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05427. [PMID: 33195848 PMCID: PMC7644917 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify associations between aerobic fitness (AF) and game performance indicator (GPI) in elite football. Participants were professional football players (males, n = 16; age: 23.76 ± 2.64; body height: 181.62 ± 7.09 cm; body mass: 77.01 ± 6.34 kg). AF testing was conducted by direct measurement and included VO2max, running speed at aerobic threshold (AeT), and running speed at anaerobic threshold (AT). The GPI were collected by the position-specific performance statistics index (InStat index). The players were observed over one competitive half-season, resulting in 82 game performances, grouped according to the positions in game: defenders (n = 39), midfielders (n = 32) and forwards (n = 11). VO2max was not found to be a good discriminator of AF among different playing positions. AeT (F-test = 26.36. p = 0.01) and AT (F-test = 7.25, p = 0.01) were highest among midfielders, and lowest among forwards. No correlations were found between AF and GPI. This study confirmed that AeT and AT are better indicators of AF than VO2max in football players at different playing positions. The lack of associations between AF and GPI was discussed with regard to calculation of InStat as a GPI.
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25
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Fabre JB, Grelot L, Vanbiervielt W, Mazerie J, Manca R, Martin V. Managing the combined consequences of COVID-19 infection and lock-down policies on athletes: narrative review and guidelines proposal for a safe return to sport. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000849. [PMID: 33194223 PMCID: PMC7610250 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic is a global health matter. The disease spread rapidly across the globe and brought the world of sports to an unprecedented stoppage. Usual symptoms of the disease are fever, cough, myalgia, fatigue, slight dyspnoea, sore throat and headache. In more severe cases, dyspnoea, hypoxaemia, respiratory failure, shock and multiorgan failure occur. This appears to be a self-limiting phenomenon related to individuals with coexisting medical conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. Nevertheless, cases have been reported in professional soccer players in extremely good fitness condition, demonstrating that athletes are not spared by the disease. Despite COVID-19 clinical manifestations are mainly respiratory, major cardiac complications are being reported, leading to acute myocarditis. One difficulty is that symptoms of COVID-19 vary among individuals, with athletes being affected with no apparent sign of the disease. This could be a real danger for amateur or professional athletes when returning to their usual training and thus to play. Another threat is that the lock-down policies did not allow most athletes to follow their usual training routines. There is thus a need for a careful approach by the sports medicine community to ensure safety of all athletes before they return to sport. Here, we propose evaluation guidelines of fitness and health of athletes to (1) reduce any lethal risk of practice, especially myocarditis and sudden cardiac death; (2) evaluate the combined consequences of the disease and detraining on the physical abilities and biological profile of athletes; and (3) monitor postinfection fatigue symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Grelot
- Health and Safety Department, Aix-Marseille-University,Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Raphael Manca
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand,France
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26
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Hills SP, Barrett S, Busby M, Kilduff LP, Barwood MJ, Radcliffe JN, Cooke CB, Russell M. Profiling the Post-match Top-up Conditioning Practices of Professional Soccer Substitutes: An Analysis of Contextual Influences. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2805-2814. [PMID: 32986393 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hills, SP, Barrett, S, Busby, M, Kilduff, LP, Barwood, MJ, Radcliffe, JN, Cooke, CB, and Russell, M. Profiling the post-match top-up conditioning practices of professional soccer substitutes: An analysis of contextual influences. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2805-2814, 2020-Soccer practitioners implement "top-up" conditioning sessions to compensate for substitutes' limited match-play exposure. Although perceived to be valuable for reducing injury risk and augmenting positive physical adaptations, little research has considered the demands of post-match top-up training. To quantify post-match top-up responses, 31 professional soccer players wore 10 Hz microelectromechanical systems after 37 matches whereby they were selected in the match-day squad as substitutes (184 observations; 6 ± 5 observations·player). Linear mixed models and effect sizes (ES) assessed the influence of contextual factors on 23 physical performance variables. Top-ups lasted 17.13 ± 7.44 minutes, eliciting total and high-speed distances of 1.7 ± 6.2 km and 0.4 ± 1.7 km, respectively. Each contextual factor (i.e., position, substitution timing, match location, result, time of day, stage of the season, and fixture density) influenced at least 4 of the dependent variables profiled (p ≤ 0.05). Top-up duration; total, moderate-speed, and low-speed distance; and the number of repeated high-intensity efforts were greater for unused vs. used substitutes (ES: 0.38-0.73, small to moderate). Relative to away matches, home top-ups elicited heightened total, low-speed, and high-speed distances, alongside more moderate-speed accelerations and decelerations, and repeated high-intensity efforts (ES: 0.25-0.89, small to moderate). Although absolute and relative running distances were generally the highest when the fixture density was low, the greatest acceleration and deceleration demands were observed during the most congested fixture periods. Late-season top-ups typically elicited lower absolute physical responses than early and mid-season sessions. These data provide important information for practitioners when considering the aims and design of substitute top-up conditioning sessions, particularly with reference to contextual influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Hills
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matt Busby
- Sport Medicine and Science Department, Hull City Tigers FC, Kingston Upon Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Liam P Kilduff
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise Medicine Research Center (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; and.,Welsh Institute of Performance Science, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Barwood
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jon N Radcliffe
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Carlton B Cooke
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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27
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Rago V, Brito J, Figueiredo P, Ermidis G, Barreira D, Rebelo A. The Arrowhead Agility Test: Reliability, Minimum Detectable Change, and Practical Applications in Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:483-494. [PMID: 30676390 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rago, V, Brito, J, Figueiredo, P, Ermidis, G, Barreira, D, and Rebelo, A. The arrowhead agility test: Reliability, minimum detectable change, and practical applications in soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 483-494, 2020-Four independent studies were conducted to examine the utility of the arrowhead agility test (AAT) to measure change of direction (COD) capacity in soccer players, specifically, (a) intersession reliability and minimum detectable change (n = 24); (b) power-dependent abilities associated with AAT performance (n = 56); and (c) fatigue sensitivity (n = 20); differences between competitive levels and age groups (n = 264). Irrespective of the AAT outcome measure (skillful side, less-skillful side, sum of both), intersession reliability and the ability to detect changes in performance were good (ICC = 0.80-0.83; CV = 1.25-2.21%; smallest worthwhile change, 0.06-0.12 >SEM, 0.01-0.03) except for the asymmetry index. A 15-m sprint explained a significant amount of variance in COD (p < 0.01; R = 0.42). Arrowhead agility test performance did not change from the prematch toward half time (p = 0.21). However, reduced COD performance was observed after an intense period in the second half and after the game, compared with prematch and half-time performance (p < 0.05; effect size [ES] = -0.85 to 0.42). Irrespective of age group, national players were more agile than regional players (p < 0.05; ES = -1.97 to -0.36). Moreover, independently of their competitive level, senior and U18 players had a better performance than U16 (p < 0.05; ES = -2.33 to -0.84), whereas no significant differences were observed between senior and U18. Percentiles were also reported in the results. The AAT is reliable to measure COD in soccer players. The test may simultaneously encompass 15-m sprint testing but should be implemented independently to countermovement jump. Furthermore, the test is sensitive to match-induced fatigue during the second half and discriminates players from different competitive levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Georgios Ermidis
- Department of Movement and Wellness Sciences, University Parthenope, Naples, Italy; and.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel Barreira
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Rebelo
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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28
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Saidi K, Ben Abderrahman A, Boullosa D, Dupont G, Hackney AC, Bideau B, Pavillon T, Granacher U, Zouhal H. The Interplay Between Plasma Hormonal Concentrations, Physical Fitness, Workload and Mood State Changes to Periods of Congested Match Play in Professional Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2020; 11:835. [PMID: 32792977 PMCID: PMC7385323 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The regular assessment of hormonal and mood state parameters in professional soccer are proposed as good indicators during periods of intense training and/or competition to avoid overtraining. Objective The aim of this study was to analyze hormonal, psychological, workload and physical fitness parameters in elite soccer players in relation to changes in training and match exposure during a congested period of match play. Methods Sixteen elite soccer players from a team playing in the first Tunisian soccer league were evaluated three times (T1, T2, and T3) over 12 weeks. The non-congested period of match play was from T1 to T2, when the players played 6 games over 6 weeks. The congested period was from T2 to T3, when the players played 10 games over 6 weeks. From T1 to T3, players performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYIR1), the repeated shuttle sprint ability test (RSSA), the countermovement jump test (CMJ), and the squat jump test (SJ). Plasma Cortisol (C), Testosterone (T), and the T/C ratio were analyzed at T1, T2, and T3. Players had their mood dimensions (tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, confusion, and a Total Mood Disturbance) assessed through the Profile of Mood State questionnaire (POMS). Training session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) was also recorded on a daily basis in order to quantify internal training load and elements of monotony and strain. Results Significant performance declines (T1 < T2 < T3) were found for SJ performance (p = 0.04, effect size [ES] ES1–2 = 0.15−0.06, ES2–3 = 0.24) from T1 to T3. YYIR1 performance improved significantly from T1 to T2 and declined significantly from T2 to T3 (p = 0.001, ES1–2 = 0.24, ES2–3 = −2.54). Mean RSSA performance was significantly higher (p = 0.019, ES1–2 = −0.47, ES2–3 = 1.15) in T3 compared with T2 and T1. Best RSSA performance was significantly higher in T3 when compared with T2 and T1 (p = 0.006, ES2–3 = 0.47, ES1–2 = −0.56), but significantly lower in T2 when compared with to T1. T and T/C were significantly lower in T3 when compared with T2 and T1 (T: p = 0.03, ES3–2 = −0.51, ES3–1 = −0.51, T/C: p = 0.017, ES3–2 = −1.1, ES3–1 = −1.07). Significant decreases were found for the vigor scores in T3 when compared to T2 and T1 (p = 0.002, ES1–2 = 0.31, ES3–2 = −1.25). A significant increase was found in fatigue scores in T3 as compared to T1 and T2 (p = 0.002, ES1–2 = 0.43, ES2–3 = 0.81). A significant increase was found from T1 < T2 < T3 intension score (p = 0.002, ES1–2 = 1.1, ES2–3 = 0.2) and anger score (p = 0.03, ES1–2 = 0.47, ES2–3 = 0.33) over the study period. Total mood disturbance increased significantly (p = 0.02, ES1–2 = 0.91, ES2–3 = 1.1) from T1 to T3. Between T1-T2, significant relationships were observed between workload and changes in T (r = 0.66, p = 0.003), and T/C ratio (r = 0.62, p = 0.01). There were significant relationships between performance in RSSAbest and training load parameters (workload: r = 0.52, p = 0.03; monotony: r = 0.62, p = 0.01; strain: r = 0.62, p = 0.009). Between T2-T3, there was a significant relationship between Δ% of total mood disturbance and Δ% of YYIR1 (r = −0.54; p = 0.04), RSSAbest (r = 0.58, p = 0.01), SJ (r = −0,55, p = 0.01), T (r = 0.53; p = 0.03), and T/C (r = 0.5; p = 0.04). Conclusion An intensive period of congested match play significantly compromised elite soccer players’ physical and mental fitness. These changes were related to psychological but not hormonal parameters; even though significant alterations were detected for selected measures. Mood monitoring could be a simple and useful tool to determine the degree of preparedness for match play during a congested period in professional soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Saidi
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S), University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France.,Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Benoit Bideau
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S), University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | | | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S), University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
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29
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Papadakis L, Tymvios C, Patras K. The relationship between training load and fitness indices over a pre-season in professional soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:329-337. [PMID: 32197040 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between training load and changes in aerobic fitness has been established but the effect of training load on changes in strength/power remains controversial. METHODS Internal (Banister's TRIMP) and external (total distance, high-speed running and sprint distance) training load was collected from sixteen professional soccer players during and aerobic fitness and strength/power variables were measured before and after a 9-week pre-season. RESULTS Banister's TRIMP had a moderate correlation with changes in maximal oxygen uptake (r=0.46, 90% CI: 0.04; 0.74). Total distance had a large and a moderate correlation with changes in velocity at 2M (r=0.60, 90% CI: 0.23; 0.82) and changes in velocity at 4M (r=0.42, 90% CI: -0.01; 0.72). High-speed running had moderate correlations with changes in maximal oxygen uptake (r=0.45, 90% CI: 0.03; 0.74), velocity at 2M (r=0.45, 90% CI: 0.03; 0.74) and velocity at 4M (r=0.39, 90% CI: -0.00; 0.70). Sprint distance had a large and a moderate correlation with changes in maximal oxygen uptake (r=0.58, 90% CI: 0.20; 0.81) and velocity at 4M (r=0.46, 90% CI: 0.00; 0.74 respectively). High versus low total distance was associated with lower changes in squat jump and countermovement jump (ES=-0.90, 90% CI: -1.57; -0.24 and ES=-1.06, 90% CI: -1.89; -0.24) respectively. High versus low high-speed running was associated with higher changes in maximal oxygen uptake (ES=0.36, 90% CI: 0.02; 0.70) but lower changes in squat jump (ES=-0.58, 90% CI: -1.32; 0.15). CONCLUSIONS External rather internal training load had more pronounced correlations with changes in aerobic fitness. Higher compared with lower volumes of total distance and high-speed running were associated with lower gains in strength/power indices. Establishing a "dose-response" association between external/internal training load and endurance as well as strength adaptations, may maximize endurance gains with the least possible interference on strength/power gains, thus better informing soccer training practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Konstantinos Patras
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Center, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece -
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30
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Emmonds S, Sawczuk T, Scantlebury S, Till K, Jones B. Seasonal Changes in the Physical Performance of Elite Youth Female Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2636-2643. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Rago V, Abreu R, Vasconcellos F, Teixeira VH, Rebelo A, Figueiredo P, Brito J. Physical and technical demands of the extra time: a multiple FIFA World Cups’ analysis. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1752930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Abreu
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fabrício Vasconcellos
- Laboratory of Soccer Studies, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Rio De Janeiro State, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
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Abstract
The aims of the study were: a) to analyze the reproducibility of the Modified Agility Test (MAT) according to two types of displacement (i.e. constrained [MATtop] vs. free [MATfree]), b) to examine the explanatory capacity of anthropometric characteristics and neuromuscular performance on the ability to change the direction (CODA), c) to look into the practical consequences of the types of displacement from the perspective of an elite soccer academy. 118 male soccer players (age: 16 (13-25) years old) from the same elite Spanish soccer academy (U13 to senior) were tested twice on two versions of the MAT (MATtop and MATfree), with 48 hours between testing sessions. Moreover, they were tested on linear-sprint performance, over 5 m (S5m) and 15 m (S15m), and the vertical jump (VJ) (countermovement jump with [ACMJ] and without an arm swing [CMJ]). The main findings were: a) the type of displacement did not affect the reliability of the CODA test; b) weight, S15m, ACMJ and CMJ variables explained close to 60% of CODA performance; c) MATtop (i.e. constrained displacement) and MATfree (i.e. free-displacement) CODA tests could show different profiles of development along the age groups; and d) the impact of the task’s constraints was relatively higher in U16 and U17 groups. CODA seems to have a variable meaning depending on the characteristics of the test and the age of the participants.
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Baroni BM, Ruas CV, Ribeiro-Alvares JB, Pinto RS. Hamstring-to-Quadriceps Torque Ratios of Professional Male Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:281-293. [PMID: 29794893 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Baroni, BM, Ruas, CV, Ribeiro-Alvares, JB, and Pinto, RS. Hamstring-to-quadriceps torque ratios of professional male soccer players: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 281-293, 2020-The goal of this review was to determine the isokinetic hamstring-to-quadriceps (H/Q) torque ratios of professional male soccer players. Systematic searches were independently carried out by 2 researchers in 7 electronic databases. Only studies with teams from the first or second national leagues were included. From these studies, we extracted the players' H/Q conventional (concentric/concentric) and/or functional (eccentric/concentric) ratios. The initial search resulted in 2,128 articles that were filtered to 30 articles (1,727 players) meeting the inclusion criteria. The H/Q conventional ratio was assessed in 27 studies (1,274 players), whereas the H/Q functional ratio was assessed in 15 studies (1,082 players). The H/Q conventional ratio mean scores of professional male soccer players were close to 60% when tested at low to intermediate angular velocities (12°·s = 52 ± 7%; 30°·s = 52 ± 8%; 60°·s = 65 ± 12%; 90°·s = 57 ± 6%; 120°·s = 65 ± 16%; 180°·s = 67 ± 17%) and around 70-80% at fast angular velocities (240°·s = 80 ± 40%; 300°·s = 70 ± 15%; 360°·s = 80 ± 13%). The H/Q functional ratio mean scores of professional male soccer players were close to 80% at 60°·s (79 ± 19%), around 100-130% at intermediate to fast angular velocities (120°·s = 127 ± 42%; 180°·s = 96 ± 19%; 240°·s = 109 ± 22%; 300°·s = 123 ± 18%), and near or above 130% when angular testing velocities were mixed (eccentric hamstring < concentric quadriceps; 30/240°·s = 132 ± 26%; 60/180°·s = 129 ± 20%; 60/240°·s = 153 ± 30%). In conclusion, considering the tested isokinetic angular velocity, professional male soccer players do not meet the traditional reference landmarks used to assess the strength balance between quadriceps and hamstring muscles (i.e., 60 and 100% for H/Q conventional and functional ratios, respectively), which supports a need for specific reference values according to the angular velocity selected for testing H/Q torque ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Manfredini Baroni
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cassio Victora Ruas
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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34
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Practitioner perceptions regarding the practices of soccer substitutes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228790. [PMID: 32032369 PMCID: PMC7006909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite empirical observations suggesting that practitioners value the use of substitutions during soccer match-play, limited research has sought to substantiate such claims. This study used online surveys to assess the perceptions of practitioners within professional soccer about the use and practices of substitutes. Thirty-three practitioners completed one of two surveys (each requiring both open and closed questions to be answered), depending upon whether their primary role related mostly to tactical (‘tactical practitioners’; n = 7) or physical (‘physical practitioners’; n = 26) aspects of player/team management. Thematic content analysis of responses identified four higher-order themes: ‘impact of substitutions’, ‘planning and communication’, ‘player preparation and recovery’ and ‘regulations’. Eighty-five percent of practitioners believed that substitutes are important in determining success during soccer match-play, with the primary justification being the perceived ability of such players to provide a physical and/or tactical impact. However, contextual factors such as the match situation, timing of introduction, and players undergoing adequate pre-pitch-entry preparation, may be important for realising such aims. Although many practitioners believed that there was a need for substitutes to engage in bespoke non-match-day preparations and recovery strategies that differ from starting players, logistical considerations, such as scarcity of resources, often limit their scope. Notwithstanding, 96% of respondents indicated that substitutes frequently perform extra conditioning sessions to account for deficits in high-speed running loads compared with players exposed to a longer period of match-play. Substitutes’ pre-match warm-ups are typically led by team staff, however practitioners reported providing varying levels of input with regards to the practices adopted between kick-off and pitch-entry. Uncertainty exists as to the efficacy of current pre-pitch-entry practices, and 100% of practitioners highlighted ‘preparatory strategies’ as at least a ‘moderately important’ direction for future research. This study presents novel insights and highlights areas that are considered future research priorities amongst those working in the field.
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Hader K, Rumpf MC, Hertzog M, Kilduff LP, Girard O, Silva JR. Monitoring the Athlete Match Response: Can External Load Variables Predict Post-match Acute and Residual Fatigue in Soccer? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2019; 5:48. [PMID: 31820260 PMCID: PMC6901634 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring athletes' external load during a soccer match may be useful to predict post-match acute and residual fatigue. This estimation would allow individual adjustments to training programs to minimize injury risk, improve well-being, and restore players' physical performance and inform the recovery process. METHODS Using a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature, the aim is to determine which monitoring variables would be the strongest predictors of acute (immediately) and residual (up to 72 h) fatigue states in soccer. PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases were searched (until September 2018). Studies concurrently examining soccer match-related external load metrics and subjective and/or objective measures were selected to determine pooled correlations ([Formula: see text]) with confidence intervals (CI). The quality and strength of the findings of each study were evaluated to identify overall levels of evidence. RESULTS Eleven studies were included (n = 165 athletes). Acute ([Formula: see text] = 0.67; 95% CI = [0.40, 0.94]) and residual (24 h post-match, [Formula: see text] = 0.54; 95% CI = [0.35, 0.65]) changes in muscle damage markers and countermovement jump peak power output (CMJPPO) were, with moderate to strong evidence, largely correlated with running distance above 5.5 m s-1. No other external load metric was largely correlated with both biochemical and neuromuscular markers. For every 100-m run above 5.5 m·s-1, CK activity measured 24 h post-match increased by 30% and CMJPPO decreased by 0.5%. Conversely, the total distance covered did not present any evidence of a clear relationship with any fatigue-related marker at any time-point. CONCLUSIONS Running distance above 5.5 m·s-1 represents the most sensitive monitoring variable characterizing biochemical and neuromuscular responses, at least when assessed during the initial 24 h (not at 48 h/72 h) post-match recovery period. In addition, total distance covered is not sensitive enough to inform decision-making during the fatigue monitoring process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Hader
- National Sports Medicine Programme, Excellence in Football Project, Aspetar - Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, P.O BOX 29222, Doha, Qatar.,Performance Department, Paris Saint-Germain F.C., Saint Germain-en-Laye, France
| | - Michael C Rumpf
- Auckland University of Technology, Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.,Footballscience.net, Roedermark, Germany
| | - Maxime Hertzog
- National Sports Medicine Programme, Excellence in Football Project, Aspetar - Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, P.O BOX 29222, Doha, Qatar
| | - Liam P Kilduff
- A-STEM, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Sport Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Olivier Girard
- Murdoch Applied Sport Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Joao R Silva
- National Sports Medicine Programme, Excellence in Football Project, Aspetar - Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, P.O BOX 29222, Doha, Qatar. .,Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Porto, Portugal.
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Curtis RM, Huggins RA, Benjamin CL, Sekiguchi Y, Adams WM, Arent SM, Jain R, Miller SJ, Walker AJ, Casa DJ. Contextual Factors Influencing External and Internal Training Loads in Collegiate Men's Soccer. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 34:374-381. [PMID: 31524781 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Curtis, RM, Huggins, RA, Benjamin, CL, Sekiguchi, Y, Adams, WM, Arent, SM, Jain, R, Miller, SJ, Walker, AJ, and Casa, DJ. Contextual factors influencing external and internal training loads in collegiate men's soccer. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 374-381, 2020-This study investigated factors influencing training loads (TL) in collegiate men's soccer. Total distance, high-speed running distance (>14.4 km·h), high-intensity heart-rate zone duration (HI HRZ, >70% heart rate relative to maximum), and session rating of perceived exertion were assessed daily from 107 male soccer players competing for 5 National Collegiate Athletics Association Division I teams. Differences between athlete role (starter and reserve), position (defender, midfielder, and forward), season phase (preseason, in-season, and postseason), days relative to match (MD-1 to MD-5+), days between matches (<4, 4-5, >5 days), previous match outcome (win, loss, and draw), and upcoming opponent relative ranking (weaker, trivial, and stronger) were examined. Mean differences (MD) and effect sizes (ESs) with 90% confidence intervals were reported. There were trivial and insignificant differences by player role, position, or upcoming opponent strength, and small-moderate increases in preseason TL compared with in-season (ES [range] = 0.4-0.9). TLs were lower for MD-1 and higher for MD-5+ (ES [range] = 0.4-1.3) when compared with MD-2-4. External loads (ES = -0.40 ± 0.20) were less after wins compared with losses. TLs are increased in the preseason, when training sessions occur greater than 5 days from a match and after losses. Contextualizing factors affecting TLs has implications for developing workload prescription and recovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Curtis
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Robert A Huggins
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Courteney L Benjamin
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Yasuki Sekiguchi
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - William M Adams
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Shawn M Arent
- IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Rajat Jain
- Department of Athletics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; and
| | - Sayers J Miller
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Alan J Walker
- IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Curtis RM, Huggins RA, Benjamin CL, Sekiguchi Y, M Arent S, C Armwald B, Pullara JM, West CA, Casa DJ. Seasonal Accumulated Workloads in Collegiate Men's Soccer: A Comparison of Starters and Reserves. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 35:3184-3189. [PMID: 31453937 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Curtis, RM, Huggins, RA, Benjamin, CL, Sekiguchi, Y, Arent, S, Armwald, B, Pullara, JM, West, CA, and Casa, DJ. Seasonal accumulated workloads in collegiate men's soccer: a comparison of starters and reserves. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-The purpose of this investigation was to quantify and compare player's season total-, match-, and training-accumulated workload by player status characteristics (i.e., starter vs. reserve) in American collegiate men's soccer. Global positioning system (GPS) and heart rate (HR)-derived workloads were analyzed from 82 collegiate male soccer athletes from 5 separate teams over the 2016 and 2017 seasons. Differences in total physical and physiological workloads (i.e., total distance, accelerations, and weighted HR-zone training impulse [TRIMP] score) as well as workloads over a range of intensity zones were examined using multilevel mixed models, with mean difference (MD) and effect size (ES) reported. Starters accumulated substantially more total distance (MD = 82 km, ES = 1.23), TRIMP (MD = 2,210 au, ES = 0.63), and total accelerations (MD = 6,324 n, ES = 0.66) over the season. Total accumulated distance in all velocity zones (ES [range] = 0.87-1.08), all accelerations zones (ES [range] = 0.54-0.74), and time spent at 70-90% HRmax (ES [range] = 0.60-1.12) was also greater for starters. Reserves accumulated substantially more total distance (MD = 20 km, ES = 0.43) and TRIMP (MD = 1,683 au, ES = 0.79) during training. Although reserves show elevated physical and physiological loads during training compared with starters, there is an imbalance in overall workloads between player roles, with starters incurring substantially more match and total seasonal workloads. These results indicate managing player workloads in soccer requires attention to potential imbalances between players receiving variable match times. Coaches and practitioners in collegiate men's soccer may consider implementing strategies to reduce discrepancies in loading between starters and reserves. Individualized monitoring of training and match workloads may assist in the implementation of more balanced load management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Curtis
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Robert A Huggins
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Courteney L Benjamin
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Yasuki Sekiguchi
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Shawn M Arent
- IFNH Center for Health & Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Bruin C Armwald
- Department of Athletics, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason M Pullara
- Department of Athletics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Chris A West
- Department of Athletics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Altmann S, Ringhof S, Neumann R, Woll A, Rumpf MC. Validity and reliability of speed tests used in soccer: A systematic review. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220982. [PMID: 31412057 PMCID: PMC6693781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Speed is an important prerequisite in soccer. Therefore, a large number of tests have been developed aiming to investigate several speed skills relevant to soccer. This systematic review aimed to examine the validity and reliability of speed tests used in adult soccer players. Methods A systematic search was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they investigated speed tests in adult soccer players and reported validity (construct and criterion) or reliability (intraday and interday) data. The tests were categorized into linear-sprint, repeated-sprint, change-of-direction sprint, agility, and tests incorporating combinations of these skills. Results In total, 90 studies covering 167 tests were included. Linear-sprint (n = 67) and change-of-direction sprint (n = 60) were studied most often, followed by combinations of the aforementioned (n = 21) and repeated-sprint tests (n = 15). Agility tests were examined fewest (n = 4). Mainly based on construct validity studies, acceptable validity was reported for the majority of the tests in all categories, except for agility tests, where no validity study was identified. Regarding intraday and interday reliability, ICCs>0.75 and CVs<3.0% were evident for most of the tests in all categories. These results applied for total and average times. In contrast, measures representing fatigue such as percent decrement scores indicated inconsistent validity findings. Regarding reliability, ICCs were 0.11–0.49 and CVs were 16.8–51.0%. Conclusion Except for agility tests, several tests for all categories with acceptable levels of validity and high levels of reliability for adult soccer players are available. Caution should be given when interpreting fatigue measures, e.g., percent decrement scores. Given the lack of accepted gold-standard tests for each category, researchers and practitioners may base their test selection on the broad database provided in this systematic review. Future research should pay attention to the criterion validity examining the relationship between test results and match parameters as well as to the development and evaluation of soccer-specific agility tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Altmann
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Steffen Ringhof
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Neumann
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Woll
- Department for Social and Health Sciences in Sport, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael C. Rumpf
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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39
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Rago V, Krustrup P, Martín-Acero R, Rebelo A, Mohr M. Training load and submaximal heart rate testing throughout a competitive period in a top-level male football team. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:1408-1415. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1618534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rafael Martín-Acero
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - António Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Magni Mohr
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
- Center of Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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40
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Dalen T, Lorås H. Monitoring Training and Match Physical Load in Junior Soccer Players: Starters versus Substitutes. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7030070. [PMID: 30893911 PMCID: PMC6473774 DOI: 10.3390/sports7030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the physical (locomotor activities) and physiological (Banister's training impulse) in-season training load between starters and substitutes in a well-trained junior soccer team. Physical performance variables from the Polar Team Pro system were collected and analyzed from a sample of junior soccer players (N = 18; age = 15.7 ± 0.5 years; stature, 177.9 ± 4.6 cm; body mass, 67.1 ± 5.5 kg). The study analyzed a total of 10 matches and 38 training sessions during the 2018 season with linear mixed models. The players from the starting line-ups demonstrated significantly higher average weekly physical load compared to the non-starters with respect to all variables: distance (total, running, high-speed running, and sprint) [F (1, 573) ≥ 66, p < 0.001, eta = 0.10], number of accelerations and sprints [F (1, 573) ≥ 66, p < 0.001, eta = 0.10], as well as Banister's training impulse (TRIMP) [F (1, 569) = 10, p < 0.001, eta = 0.02]. Evidence from this study indicates that a large amount of weekly accumulated high-speed running and sprint distances is related to match playing time. Therefore, weekly fitness-related adaptations in running at high speeds seem to favor the starters in a soccer team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje Dalen
- Faculty of Education and Arts, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Nord University, 7660 Levanger, Norway.
| | - Håvard Lorås
- Faculty of Education and Arts, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Nord University, 7660 Levanger, Norway.
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Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate physical performance of substitute players versus those replaced or completing the entire match, determine physical performance of substitute players across different playing positions and examine variations in match-related running performance in substitute players throughout the entire competitive season. The sample was composed of 943 observations of professional players who participated in the first division of the Spanish League (La Liga) during the 2014-2015 season. The players were divided into three different groups: players who completed the entire match (n = 519), players who were replaced (n = 212) and substitute players (n = 212). Substitute players covered greater distances at medium and high intensity compared to the players who played the entire match and those who were replaced. Position-specific trends indicated that attackers and central midfielder increased the distance covered at high-intensity running compared to their peers who played the whole match. During the competitive season, it was observed that substitute players attained greater match running performance during the mid-season period, allowing them to cover more distance for different variables of running performance compared to the start and end of the season.
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Countermovement Jump Analysis Using Different Portable Devices: Implications for Field Testing. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6030091. [PMID: 30200384 PMCID: PMC6162675 DOI: 10.3390/sports6030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the concurrent validity, test⁻retest reliability, and capacity to detect changes of four different portable devices used to measure a wide range of neuromuscular parameters derived from countermovement jump (CMJ). An accelerometric device (Myotest), a jump mat (Ergojump), an optical device (Optojump), and a smartphone app (MyJump) were simultaneously examined for concurrent validity against gold-standard measures (motion-capture system and a force platform). Twenty-two CMJ-derived variables were collected from 15 healthy male subjects (n = 60 CMJs). Contraction time (CT) and eccentric duration (EccD) measurements obtained from the Myotest were moderately to largely associated with and not different from force platform measurements (r = 0.31 to 0.64, ES = 0.11 to 0.18) and showed moderate test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.92 to 0.97, coefficient of variation (CV) = 3.8 to 8.0%). Flight time (FT) and jump height (JH) from Ergojump, Optojump, and MyJump showed moderate to strong associations with gold-standard measurements (r = 0.57 to 0.98) and good test⁻retest reliability (ICC = 0.54 to 0.97, CV = 1.8 to 4.2). However, all portable devices underestimated JH (ES = 1.25 to 2.75). Independent of the instrument used, the analyzed CMJ variables showed good capacity to detect changes (standard error of measurement (SEM) < smallest worthwhile change (SWC)), with the exception of rate of force and rate of power development parameters, which showed marginal capacity (SEM > SWC). The Myotest is preferable to measure temporal parameters during ground contact, whereas Ergojump, Optojump, and MyJump devices may be preferable to measure FT and JH, with the Optojump being the most accurate.
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Rago V, Silva J, Mohr M, Randers M, Barreira D, Krustrup P, Rebelo A. Influence of opponent standard on activity profile and fatigue development during preseasonal friendly soccer matches: a team study. Res Sports Med 2018; 26:413-424. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1492400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Desporto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Silva
- National Sports Medicine Programme Excellence in Football Project, Aspetar Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Magni Mohr
- Frodskaparsetur Foroya Megindeildin, fyri natturuvisindi og heilsuvisindi, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
- Center of Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, Goteborgs universitet Naturvetenskapliga Fakulteten, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Morten Randers
- Health Science and Clinical Biomechanics Syddansk, Universitet Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel Barreira
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Desporto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Syddansk Universitet Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Odense, Denmark
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - António Rebelo
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Desporto, Porto, Portugal
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Schmitz B, Pfeifer C, Kreitz K, Borowski M, Faldum A, Brand SM. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Tests: A Systematic Review and Structured Compendium of Test Results. Front Physiol 2018; 9:870. [PMID: 30026706 PMCID: PMC6041409 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although Yo-Yo intermittent tests are frequently used in a variety of sports and research studies to determine physical fitness, no structured reference exists for comparison and rating of test results. This systematic review of the most common Yo-Yo tests aimed to provide reference values for test results by statistical aggregation of published data. Methods: A systematic literature search for articles published until August 2017 was performed in MEDLINE, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar. Original reports on healthy females and males ≥16 years were eligible for the analysis. Sub-maximal test versions and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 Children's test (YYIR1C) were not included. Results: 248 studies with 9,440 participants were included in the structured analysis. The Yo-Yo test types most frequently used were the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (YYIR1, 57.7%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 2 (YYIR2, 28.0%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 (YYIE2, 11.4%), and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 1 (YYIE1, 2.9%) test. For each separate test, reference values (global means and percentiles) for sports at different levels and both genders were calculated. Conclusions: Our analysis provides evidence that Yo-Yo intermittent tests reference values differ with respect to the type and level of sport performed.The presented results may be used by practitioners, trainers and athletes to rate Yo-Yo intermittent test performance levels and monitor training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmitz
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carina Pfeifer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kiana Kreitz
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Matthias Borowski
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Faldum
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan-Martin Brand
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Jaspers A, Brink MS, Probst SGM, Frencken WGP, Helsen WF. Relationships Between Training Load Indicators and Training Outcomes in Professional Soccer. Sports Med 2018; 47:533-544. [PMID: 27459866 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In professional senior soccer, training load monitoring is used to ensure an optimal workload to maximize physical fitness and prevent injury or illness. However, to date, different training load indicators are used without a clear link to training outcomes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to identify the state of knowledge with respect to the relationship between training load indicators and training outcomes in terms of physical fitness, injury, and illness. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in four electronic databases (CINAHL, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science). Training load was defined as the amount of stress over a minimum of two training sessions or matches, quantified in either external (e.g., duration, distance covered) or internal load (e.g., heart rate [HR]), to obtain a training outcome over time. RESULTS A total of 6492 records were retrieved, of which 3304 were duplicates. After screening the titles, abstracts and full texts, we identified 12 full-text articles that matched our inclusion criteria. One of these articles was identified through additional sources. All of these articles used correlations to examine the relationship between load indicators and training outcomes. For pre-season, training time spent at high intensity (i.e., >90 % of maximal HR) was linked to positive changes in aerobic fitness. Exposure time in terms of accumulated training, match or combined training, and match time showed both positive and negative relationships with changes in fitness over a season. Muscular perceived exertion may indicate negative changes in physical fitness. Additionally, it appeared that training at high intensity may involve a higher injury risk. Detailed external load indicators, using electronic performance and tracking systems, are relatively unexamined. In addition, most research focused on the relationship between training load indicators and changes in physical fitness, but less on injury and illness. CONCLUSION HR indicators showed relationships with positive changes in physical fitness during pre-season. In addition, exposure time appeared to be related to positive and negative changes in physical fitness. Despite the availability of more detailed training load indicators nowadays, the evidence about the usefulness in relation to training outcomes is rare. Future research should implement continuous monitoring of training load, combined with the individual characteristics, to further examine their relationship with physical fitness, injury, and illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Jaspers
- Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory of Perception and Performance, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Michel S Brink
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven G M Probst
- Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory of Perception and Performance, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter G P Frencken
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands.,School of Sports Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Werner F Helsen
- Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory of Perception and Performance, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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Maurelli O, Bernard PL, Dubois R, Ahmaidi S, Prioux J. Effects of the Competitive Season on the Isokinetic Muscle Parameters Changes in World-Class Handball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 33:2778-2787. [PMID: 29847533 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Maurelli, O, Bernard, PL, Dubois, R, Ahmaidi, S, and Prioux, J. Effects of the competitive season on the isokinetic muscle parameters changes in world-class handball players. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2778-2787, 2019-The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the competitive season on isokinetic muscular parameters of the lower limbs in world-class handball players. Nineteen, male, world-class, handball players (age, 26.6 ± 5.4 years) participated in the study. Two bilateral isokinetic tests of knee joint flexors (H; hamstring) and extensors (Q; quadriceps) were performed in the beginning and end of the competitive season to determine the peak torque (PT), the mean power, and agonist-antagonist ratio, dominant-nondominant ratio (DNDR), and combined ratio. The results showed a significant decrease in PT values at low angular velocity (60°·s) in concentric mode for Q on dominant leg (p < 0.001). The other PT values for dominant and nondominant legs at low and high angular velocities (240°·s) and in eccentric mode (30°·s) were not significantly different for Q and H. For mean power, values did not change at 60°·s. At 240°·s, we found a significant decrease in H for dominant leg (p < 0.001) but not for nondominant leg. In eccentric mode, the results showed a significant increase on both legs (p < 0.001). For the ratios, values significantly decreased for DNDR at 60°·s for Q (p < 0.03) and for agonist/antagonist ratio at 240°·s for the dominant leg (p < 0.01). The present results highlight the importance of integrating regular strength training sessions during the competitive season in world-class handball players. Accordingly, this study should help trainers to modify their planning to maximize strength and power qualities of the lower limbs of their players in addition to avoiding injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Maurelli
- Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (EA-3300: APERE), Picardie Jules Verne University, Amiens, France
| | | | - Romain Dubois
- Laboratory of Physical Activity, Health and Performance (EA 4445), University of Pau and Pays Adour, Tarbes, France
| | - Said Ahmaidi
- Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (EA-3300: APERE), Picardie Jules Verne University, Amiens, France
| | - Jacques Prioux
- Movement, Sport and Health Laboratory (EA 1274), UFR APS, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
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Paraskevas G, Hadjicharalambous M. Aerobic Fitness of Starter and Non-Starter Soccer Players in the Champion's League. J Hum Kinet 2018; 61:99-108. [PMID: 29599863 PMCID: PMC5873340 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify individual response patterns in selected aerobic fitness variables of regular starters (ST; N = 7) and non-starters (Non-ST; N = 10), top level professional soccer players were tested for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), velocity at 4 mM of lactate (V4), velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (νVO2max) and oxygen pulse (O2-pulse) in July and December following consecutive periods of fixture congestion. V4 was the only variable that increased significantly in December compared to July (15.1 ± 0.5 vs. 14.6 ± 0.5, p = 0.001). There was an almost certain beneficial large mean team change for V4 (ES = 1.2 (0.67; 1.57), 100/0/0), while beneficial mean team changes were less likely for νVO2max and O2-pulse [ES = 0.31 (-0.08; 0.70), 68/30/2 and ES = 0.24 (0.01; 0.49), 64/36/0, respectively] and unclear for VO2max (ES = 0.02 (-0.31; 0.70), 18/69/13). With the exception of V4 where 10 out of 17 players (7 ST and 3 Non-ST) showed positive changes higher than the biological variability, all other variables were characterized by a substantial proportion of changes lower than the biological variability. The present study demonstrated that aerobic fitness variables that require maximal effort may be characterized by greater variability of the individual response pattern compared to that of submaximal aerobic fitness variables irrespective of the accumulated game time. Submaximal aerobic fitness variables appear to be more informative in the physiological evaluation of top level soccer players and this may be an advantage during exposure to periods of consecutive games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos Paraskevas
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Soccer Match Play as an Important Component of the Power-Training Stimulus in Premier League Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:665-667. [PMID: 28422525 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Competitive match play is a dominant component of the physical load completed by soccer players in a training microcycle. Characterizing the temporal disruption in homeostasis that follows exercise may provide some insight on the potential for match play to elicit an adaptive response. METHODS Countermovement-jump (CMJ) performance was characterized 3 d postmatch for 15 outfield players from an English Premier League soccer team (age 25.8 ± 4.1 y, stature 1.78 ± 0.08 m, body mass: 71.7 ± 9.1 kg) across a season. These players were classified as either starters (n = 9) or nonstarters (n = 6), according to their average individual playing time (more or less than 60 min/match). Linear mixed models were used to investigate the influence of indicators of match activity (total distance covered [TD] and high-intensity running distance [HI]) on CMJ height and peak power (PP). RESULTS Starting players covered much greater TD (ES = 1.5) and HI (ES = 1.4) than nonstarters. Furthermore, there was a possible positive effect of HI on CMJ height and PP. This relationship suggests that an additional 0.6 km of HI would increase CMJ height and PP by slightly more than the smallest-worthwhile-change values of 0.6 cm and 1.0 W/kg, respectively. This small yet practically relevant increase in performance may suggest that match play, more specifically the intense activities that are associated with the match, provides a physiological stimulus for neuromuscular adaptation. CONCLUSIONS These data may have implications for the preparation of soccer squads, especially the training requirements of starting and nonstarting players.
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Lesinski M, Prieske O, Helm N, Granacher U. Effects of Soccer Training on Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Physical Fitness during a Soccer Season in Female Elite Young Athletes: A Prospective Cohort Study. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1093. [PMID: 29375392 PMCID: PMC5770736 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to (i) describe soccer training (e.g., volume, types), anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness and (ii) compute associations between soccer training data and relative changes of anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness during a soccer season in female elite young athletes. Seasonal training (i.e., day-to-day training volume/types) as well as variations in anthropometry (e.g., body height/mass), body composition (e.g., lean body/fat mass), and physical fitness (e.g., muscle strength/power, speed, balance) were collected from 17 female elite young soccer players (15.3 ± 0.5 years) over the training periods (i.e., preparation, competition, transition) of a soccer season that resulted in the German championship title in under-17 female soccer. Training volume/types, anthropometrics, body composition, and physical fitness significantly varied over a soccer season. During the two preparation periods, higher volumes in resistance and endurance training were performed (2.00 ≤ d ≤ 18.15; p < 0.05), while higher sprint and tactical training volumes were applied during the two competition periods (2.22 ≤ d ≤ 11.18; p < 0.05). Body height and lean body mass increased over the season (2.50 ≤ d ≤ 3.39; p < 0.01). In terms of physical fitness, significant performance improvements were found over the soccer season in measures of balance, endurance, and sport-specific performance (2.52 ≤ d ≤ 3.95; p < 0.05). In contrast, no statistically significant changes were observed for measures of muscle power/endurance, speed, and change-of-direction speed. Of note, variables of muscle strength (i.e., leg extensors) significantly decreased (d = 2.39; p < 0.01) over the entire season. Our period-specific sub-analyses revealed significant performance improvements during the first round of the season for measures of muscle power/endurance, and balance (0.89 ≤ d ≤ 4.01; p < 0.05). Moreover, change-of-direction speed significantly declined after the first round of the season, i.e., transition period (d = 2.83; p < 0.01). Additionally, significant medium-to-large associations were observed between training and anthropometrics/body composition/physical fitness (−0.541 ≤ r ≤ 0.505). Soccer training and/or growth/maturation contributed to significant variations in anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness outcomes throughout the different training periods over the course of a soccer season in female elite young soccer players. However, changes in components of fitness were inconsistent (e.g., power, speed, strength). Thus, training volume and/or types should be carefully considered in order to develop power-, speed- or strength-related fitness measures more efficiently throughout the soccer season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Lesinski
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Norman Helm
- Olympic Testing and Training Center Brandenburg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Rago V, Silva JR, Mohr M, Barreira D, Krustrup P, Rebelo AN. The inter-individual relationship between training status and activity pattern during small-sided and full-sized games in professional male football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1414953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João R. Silva
- National Sports Medicine Programme Excellence in Soccer Project, Aspetar-Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Magni Mohr
- Centre of Health Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
- Center of Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Barreira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - António N. Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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