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Shahinfar H, Payandeh N, Torabynasab K, Shahavandi M, Mohammadpour S, Babaei N, Ebaditabar M, Djafarian K, Shab-Bidar S. The combined association of dietary inflammatory index and resting metabolic rate on cardiorespiratory fitness in adults. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:68. [PMID: 37443056 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No study has examined the combined association of dietary inflammatory index (DII) of the diet and resting metabolic rate (RMR) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Therefore, we investigated the combined association between DII and RMR on CRF. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 adult subjects. The DII was calculated using a validated semi-quantified food frequency questionnaire. RMR was measured using an indirect calorimetric method. Socioeconomic status, anthropometric measures, body composition and blood pressure were documented by a trained interviewer. CRF was assessed by using Bruce protocol. Binary logistic regression was performed to find the association of CRF with DII/RMR categories in various models. RESULTS The participants categorized into four groups including: (1) low DII/high RMR, (2) low DII/low RMR, (3) high DII/low RMR, (4) high DII/high RMR. The mean of VO2Max (mL/kg/min), VO2max (L/min) and VO2max relative to lean body mass (LBM) was lower in participants that were classified as high DII/low RMR compared to those in low DII/high RMR. After controlling for age, sex, education status, smoking status, and physical activity those who were in the high DII/low RMR group, compared to the low DII/high RMR group were 28% less likely to have higher VO2max (ml/kg/min) (OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.18, 0.82, p = 0.04). Moreover, had 25% lower odds of VO2max (L/min) which was significant (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.11, 0.89, p = 0.03). In addition, were 21% less likely to have higher VO2max (LBM) (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.30, 0.92, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Overall, consumption of a pro-inflammatory diet in combination with low RMR status is associated with lower odds of CRF compared to those who had anti-inflammatory diet in combination with high RMR status among Iranian healthy adults. This study suggests that researchers should focus on combined relationships rather than single pair-wise associations for having a better judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Shahinfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Payandeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), No 44, Hojjat-dost Alley, Naderi St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Torabynasab
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Shahavandi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), No 44, Hojjat-dost Alley, Naderi St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Mohammadpour
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nadia Babaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), No 44, Hojjat-dost Alley, Naderi St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Ebaditabar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), No 44, Hojjat-dost Alley, Naderi St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), No 44, Hojjat-dost Alley, Naderi St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran.
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Kremen TJ, Wu SY, Upfill-Brown A, Bugarin A, Huang J, Jones KJ, Shi BY. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Hiatus From Sports Activities on Injuries Observed Among Division I NCAA Athletes. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671231169188. [PMID: 37250744 PMCID: PMC10209719 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231169188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic significantly disrupted athletic activities, including those in the Pacific 12 (Pac-12) Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. It is currently unknown how the disruption in training and competition impacted athletes' risk of injury upon resumption of activities. Purpose To describe and compare the rate, timing, mechanism, and severity of injuries among collegiate athletes across multiple sports in the Pac-12 Conference before and after the COVID-19 pandemic-associated hiatus of intercollegiate athletic activities. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods Descriptive and injury data among intercollegiate athletes from both the season before the hiatus and the season after the hiatus were acquired from the Pac-12 Health Analytics Program database. Injury elements (timing of injury onset, injury severity, mechanism, recurrence, outcome, need for procedural intervention, and event segment during which the injury took place) were compared by time using the chi-square test and a multivariate logistic regression model. Subgroup analyses were performed on knee and shoulder injuries among athletes participating in sports with traditionally high rates of knee and shoulder injuries. Results A total of 12,319 sports-related injuries across 23 sports were identified, with 7869 pre-hiatus injuries and 4450 post-hiatus injuries. There was no difference in the overall incidence of injury between the pre-hiatus and post-hiatus seasons. However, the proportion of noncontact injuries was higher in the post-hiatus season for football, baseball, and softball players, and the proportion of nonacute injuries in the post-hiatus season was higher among football, basketball, and rowing athletes. Finally, the overall proportion of injuries sustained by football players in the final 25% of competition or practice was higher in the post-hiatus season. Conclusion Athletes competing in the post-hiatus season were observed to have higher rates of noncontact injuries and injuries sustained in the final 25% of competition. This study demonstrates that the COVID-19 pandemic has had varied effects on athletes from different sports, suggesting that many factors must be considered when designing return-to-sports programs for athletes after an extended absence from organized training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Kremen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shannon Y. Wu
- David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexander Upfill-Brown
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Amador Bugarin
- David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Julian Huang
- University of California at Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kristofer J. Jones
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brendan Y. Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Tsolakis C, Cherouveim ED, Viliotis A, Simeonidis T, Skouras A, Koulouvaris P. Effect of a home-based exercise training program on anthropometric characteristics and exercise performance during Covid-19 quarantine in young high-level kayak athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2023; 19:339-347. [PMID: 36092545 PMCID: PMC9450821 DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The Covid-19 restriction exposed most athletes to insufficient training stimuli leading to detraining. This study investigated whether a home-based exercise training program could preserve body composition and exercise performance in young high-level kayak athletes during Covid-19 restriction. Methods Seventeen healthy young high-level kayak athletes (10 males and 7 females), aged 14.7 ± 1 yrs, participated in this study. A 7-week home-based training program was followed during Covid-19 restriction. Baseline measurements were assessed 4 weeks before Covid-19 pandemic and ended on 4 May 2020. Body composition, flexibility, isometric muscle trunk strength (Biodex), anaerobic power (30-s all-out trial), and aerobic capacity (4-min maximal test) were evaluated. Personal daily loads and wellness details were collected with AthleteMonitoring.com software. Results Home-based exercise training program was effective to improve flexibility (9.20 ± 2.85%) and lean body mass (3.96 ± 0.89%), to maintain muscle strength, anaerobic power, body mass, and body fat percentage but insufficient to maintain aerobic capacity (- 8.96 ± 2.49%). Conclusion The findings of the present study potentially highlight the importance of the implementation of such a program to minimize the detraining effect on young athletes during periods of movement restriction caused by pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charilaos Tsolakis
- Sports Excellence, 1st Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evgenia D. Cherouveim
- Sports Excellence, 1st Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Division of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Theocharis Simeonidis
- Sports Excellence, 1st Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Skouras
- Sports Excellence, 1st Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Koulouvaris
- Sports Excellence, 1st Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Yan S, Kim Y, Choi Y. Aerobic and Anaerobic Fitness according to High-Intensity Interval Training Frequency in Youth Soccer Players in the Last Stage of Rehabilitation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15573. [PMID: 36497647 PMCID: PMC9735649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the last stage of rehabilitation, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) for improving physical fitness is appropriate for return-to-play; however, some youth athletes visit the rehabilitation center less frequently due to conflict with their distance to center, and academic schedule. We tested the effects of short-term low-frequency HIIT in 54 youth male soccer players, after dividing them into a low-frequency group (LFG, n = 27 players) and a high-frequency group (HFG, n = 27 players). Muscle mass and body fat were measured using a body composition test, and VO2peak and exercise duration were measured using a treadmill. Five sets of anaerobic peak power and fatigue were measured repeatedly using the Wingate test. To evaluate knee joint muscle function, 60°/s, 180°/s, and 240°/s were measured using the isokinetic muscle function equipment. HIIT sessions were conducted twice a week for LFG and five times a week for HFG for 4 weeks. In this study, Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney U test were mainly used for analysis. Significant improvements in VO2peak, anaerobic peak power, and knee strength were observed after intervention in both groups (p < 0.05). In the post test, there were significant differences between groups in VO2peak (LFG, 56.4 vs. HFG, 57.1 mL/kg/min; p = 0.035), exercise duration (LFG, 972.3 vs. HFG, 990.4 s; p = 0.041), Wingate anaerobic peak power 5 sets (LFG, 606.3 vs. HFG, 629.3 Watt; p = 0.039), and muscle function test 240°/s (LFG, 68.5 vs. HFG, 70.2 Jouls; p = 0.010). However, neither group showed significant changes in body composition, such as muscle mass or body fat (p > 0.05). In conclusion, although it is a short-term training, the effect of HIIT was shown in the HFG as well as LFG. Although HFG improved physical fitness, significant improvement was also achieved in LFG. Therefore, in the last stage of rehabilitation, low frequency as well as high frequency HIIT would be an appropriate training method to improve physical fitness for youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuren Yan
- Department of Physical Education, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Yonghwan Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongchul Choi
- Department of Physical Education, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
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Głyk W, Hołub M, Karpiński J, Rejdych W, Sadowski W, Trybus A, Baron J, Rydzik Ł, Ambroży T, Stanula A. Effects of a 12-Week Detraining Period on Physical Capacity, Power and Speed in Elite Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084594. [PMID: 35457458 PMCID: PMC9030005 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effects of a prolonged transition period (detraining) on the physical capacity, power, and speed parameters of elite swimmers. Fourteen swimmers (seven females and seven males) aged 20.4 ± 1.7 years participated in the study. The athletes were subjected to two rounds of identical tests at 12-week intervals during the detraining period (DP), which consisted of an evaluation of the athletes' body weight and composition, a measurement of the power of their lower limbs (Keiser squat, countermovement jump (CMJ), akimbo countermovement jump (ACMJ)) and upper limbs (Keiser arms) on land, and 20-m swimming using the legs only (Crawl Legs test), arms only (Crawl Arms test), and full stroke (Front Crawl test). An analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of the main factor, Gender, on all the measured parameters, while for the factor Detraining, except for Front Crawl (W) (F = 4.27, p = 0.061), no significant interaction effect (Gender × Detraining) was revealed. Among both the male and the female participants, a reduction in lactate-threshold swimming speed (LT Dmax) and a reduction in swimming speed and power on the Crawl Arms, Crawl Legs, and Front Crawl tests was observed after 12 weeks. There were also statistically significant reductions in ACMJ and CMJ jump height and upper-limb power (Keiser squat) among the female and male swimmers. There were no significant changes in body weight or body composition. The study showed a clear deterioration in results for most of the parameters, both for those measured on land and for those measured in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Głyk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (W.G.); (M.H.); (J.K.); (W.R.); (W.S.); (A.T.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Maciej Hołub
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (W.G.); (M.H.); (J.K.); (W.R.); (W.S.); (A.T.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Jakub Karpiński
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (W.G.); (M.H.); (J.K.); (W.R.); (W.S.); (A.T.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Wojciech Rejdych
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (W.G.); (M.H.); (J.K.); (W.R.); (W.S.); (A.T.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Wojciech Sadowski
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (W.G.); (M.H.); (J.K.); (W.R.); (W.S.); (A.T.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Alina Trybus
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (W.G.); (M.H.); (J.K.); (W.R.); (W.S.); (A.T.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Jakub Baron
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (W.G.); (M.H.); (J.K.); (W.R.); (W.S.); (A.T.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Łukasz Rydzik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Tadeusz Ambroży
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (W.G.); (M.H.); (J.K.); (W.R.); (W.S.); (A.T.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
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Effect of the Reduction in Training Volume during the COVID-19 Era on Performance in 100-m and 400-m Freestyle Events in Greek Swimming Championships. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10030040. [PMID: 35324649 PMCID: PMC8954188 DOI: 10.3390/sports10030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound impact on almost all social activities, including sport participation. Swimming training was greatly reduced during the 2019−2020 and 2020−2021 seasons (by four and two months, respectively), which caused athletes and coaches to worry about performance in championships. The present study investigated the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on the results of Greek swimming championships in the categories of 13 to 18 years of age during 2020 and 2021. Forty-one coaches were interviewed about the training process (satisfaction, duration of the training season, and daily training swimming distance), and the performance of swimmers in national championships over seven seasons (2014−2021) was analyzed. The duration of the training season and the daily swimming distance, as reported by the coaches, were lower during the 2019−2020 and 2020−2021 seasons, compared to the previous five seasons (p < 0.001). The number of swimmers who achieved qualifying times for the national championships during the COVID-19 era were similar to those in previous years. Comparisons of the times in the 100-m and 400-m freestyle events, in both genders, from 2015 through 2021, showed no significant differences except for the 400-m event in males, in which a lower performance was detected in 2021 compared to 2015 (by 2.7%, p = 0.001). In conclusion, two or four months of detraining during the COVID-19 era had a negative impact on the coaches’ evaluation of the training process, but there was no effect on the number of young swimmers who qualified for the national championships and a negligible effect on swimming performance in 100-m and 400-m freestyle events.
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Impact of Prolonged Absence of Organized Training on Body Composition, Neuromuscular Performance, and Aerobic Capacity: A Study in Youth Male Soccer Players Exposed to COVID-19 Lockdown. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031148. [PMID: 35162174 PMCID: PMC8834273 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine how physical performance has changed after 15 weeks (109 days) long-term absence of organized training in youth soccer players imposed by the stay at home orders. A total of sixty-eight young male soccer players from different age categories (U15, U16, U17 and U19) voluntarily participated in the prospective cohort study. Body fat percentage (BF%), counter-movement jump (CMJ), 30 m sprint, change-of-direction (COD) and yo-yo intermittent recovery test level-1 (YYIRTL-1) were evaluated twice (before and after the detraining period). Subsequently, 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA was used to investigate group and time differences in repeated measurements. A significance level of p < 0.05 was implemented. CV and SWC values were calculated to test the reliability of the tests performed at different times. Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS statistics software (v.25, IBM, New York, NY, USA). Significant increments in BF%, 30 m sprint, and COD (left and right), and also significant decrements in CMJ and YYIRTL-1, were found after the detraining period. A long-term detraining period due to the stay at home orders has a detrimental effect on body composition, neuromuscular performances, and aerobic capacity in youth soccer players.
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Effects of Dryland Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period on Swimming Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1264-1271. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the effect of dryland training during an 11-week lockdown period due to COVID-19 on swimming performance. Methods: Twelve competitive swimmers performed 50- and 300-m maximum-effort tests in their preferred stroke and 200-, 400-, and four 50-m front crawl sprints (4 × 50 m) before and after the lockdown period. Critical speed as an index of aerobic endurance was calculated using (1) 50-, 300-, and (2) 200-, 400-m tests. Blood lactate concentration was measured after the 400- and 4 × 50-m tests. To evaluate strength-related abilities, the dryland tests included handgrip and shoulder isometric strength. Tethered swimming force was measured during a 10-second sprint. During the lockdown period, dryland training was applied, and the session rating of perceived exertion training (sRPE) load was recorded daily. Results: sRPE training load during the lockdown was decreased by 78% (16%), and critical speed was reduced 4.7% to 4.9% compared to prelockdown period (P < .05). Performance time in 200, 300, and 400 m deteriorated 2.6% to 3.9% (P < .05), while it remained unaltered in 4 × 50- and 50-m tests (P > .05). Tethered force increased 9% (10%) (P < .01), but handgrip and shoulder isometric force remained unaltered (P > .05). Blood lactate concentration decreased 19% (21%) after the 400-m test and was unchanged following the 4 × 50-m tests (P > .05). Conclusions: Performance deterioration in the 200, 300, and 400 m indicates reduced aerobic fitness and impaired technical ability, while strength and repeated-sprint ability were maintained. When a long abstention from swimming training is forced, dryland training may facilitate preservation in short-distance but not middle-distance swimming performance.
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Costa MJ, Garrido ND, Marinho DA, Santos CC. How Much the Swimming Performance Leading to Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games Was Impaired Due to the Covid-19 Lockdown? J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:714-720. [PMID: 35321138 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the progression and stability in the performance of world-ranked swimmers from 2015 to 2020, and the impairment induced by the COVID-19 lockdown. An observational retrospective design over five consecutive competitive seasons was selected. FINA's male Top-50 who were qualified for the Tokyo Olympic Games were considered in freestyle, backstroke, backstroke, and butterfly events. A total of 515 male swimmers and 2060 season-best performances were analyzed. All data was retrieved from two open-access and public websites (Swimrankings and Swimcloud). Repeated measures ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test was performed to analyze the variation between seasons. Stabilization in performance was assessed using spearman correlation coefficients. A significant improvement in performance ≈0.5-2.5% was found in most of the strokes and race distances until the 2018-2019 season. The 2020 lockdown impaired the performance by 1-2%. Moderate to high associations were found in the 2017-2018 season when considering the 2019-2020 performance. The breaststroke was the only stroke with a moderate-high stability (r > 0.40) in all race distances considering the overall time period. It can be concluded that world-ranked swimmers' performance was impaired by 1-2% due to the COVID-19 lockdown, returning to levels that were reached two years earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário J Costa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno D Garrido
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Catarina C Santos
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Spyrou K, Alcaraz PE, Marín-Cascales E, Herrero-Carrasco R, Cohen DD, Calleja-Gonzalez J, Pereira LA, Loturco I, Freitas TT. Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Neuromuscular Performance and Body Composition in Elite Futsal Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2309-2315. [PMID: 34100785 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Spyrou, K, Alcaraz, PE, Marín-Cascales, E, Herrero-Carrasco, R, Cohen, DD, Calleja-Gonzalez, J, Pereira, LA, Loturco, I, and Freitas, TT. Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on neuromuscular performance and body composition in elite futsal players. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2309-2315, 2021-Recent world events (i.e., COVID-19 pandemic) led to an unparalleled situation in sports. Players were forced to stay at home for a prolonged period and not allowed to use their team's training facilities or even exercise outdoors. The main aim of this study was to examine the effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on neuromuscular performance and body composition in futsal players. Ten elite male players performed a 10-m sprint, horizontal and vertical jump, and body composition measurements before and after the quarantine (i.e., 70 days). Pre-post confinement differences in horizontal jump distance, countermovement jump variables, sprinting time, and body composition were analyzed by a paired sample t-test and effect sizes (ESs). A large and significant decline was observed in sprint ability (p = 0.004; ES = 1.31). Small and nonsignificant differences were found in horizontal jump performance (p = 0.243; ES = -0.39). Nonsignificant differences were observed in countermovement jump (CMJ) height (p = 0.076; ES = -0.63) but moderate-to-large significant declines were found in CMJ eccentric deceleration impulse, rate of force development, peak power, velocity, and landing peak force (p ≤ 0.05; ES = -0.52 - 1.23). Finally, trivial and nonsignificant differences were obtained on body composition parameters. In summary, sprint performance and specific CMJ kinetic variables were significantly affected by long-term reduced training, whereas vertical jump height and horizontal jump distance and body composition were not. Practitioners are advised to implement efficient sprint-oriented and eccentric-oriented training strategies to optimize return to competition after prolonged detraining periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Spyrou
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Daniel D Cohen
- Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Bogotá, Colombia
- Masira Research Institute, University of Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Julio Calleja-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Analysis of Sport Performance, University of Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil ; and
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil ; and
- Department of Sport and Exercise, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Huerta Ojeda Á, Barahona-Fuentes G, Galdames Maliqueo S. Effects of a period without mandatory physical training on maximum oxygen uptake and anthropometric parameters in naval cadets. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251516. [PMID: 34077447 PMCID: PMC8171865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of a period without physical training on the civilian population are well established. However, no studies show the effects of a period without mandatory physical training on maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and anthropometric parameters in naval cadets. This study aimed to investigate changes in VO2 max and anthropometric parameters after 12 weeks without mandatory physical training in naval cadets. The sample was 38 healthy and physically active naval cadets. The measured variables, including VO2 max and anthropometric parameters, were evaluated through the 12-minute race test (12MRT) and the somatotype. Both variables had a separation of 12 weeks without mandatory physical training. A t-test for related samples was used to evidence changes between the test and post-test; effect size was calculated through Cohen’s d-test. Distance in 12MRT and VO2 max showed significant decreases at the end of 12 weeks without mandatory physical training (p < 0.001). Likewise, the tricipital skinfold thickness and the endomorphic component showed significant increases (p < 0.05). 12 weeks without mandatory physical training significantly reduces the VO2 max in naval cadets. Simultaneously, the same period without physical training increases both the tricipital skinfold thickness and the endomorphic component in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Huerta Ojeda
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Escuela de Educación Física, Universidad de Las Américas, sede Viña del Mar, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Guillermo Barahona-Fuentes
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Escuela de Educación Física, Universidad de Las Américas, sede Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Sergio Galdames Maliqueo
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Escuela de Educación Física, Universidad de Las Américas, sede Viña del Mar, Chile
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12
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Impact of COVID-19 on Swimming Training: Practical Recommendations during Home Confinement/Isolation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094767. [PMID: 33947100 PMCID: PMC8124287 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had severe effects on communities globally, leading to significant restrictions on all aspects of society, including in sports. Several significant decisions were made to postpone or cancel major swimming events by FINA (Fédération Internationale de Natation). Swimmers were no longer allowed to continue their usual training in swimming pools and were confined to their homes. These unusual circumstances may represent a good opportunity to strengthen different areas of swimmer preparation and potentially enhance performance when resuming regular aquatic training. We searched major databases for relevant information, and the present article provides practical information on home-based training for swimmers of all ages. The COVID-19 crisis and its consequences on the swimming community have created a myriad of challenges for swimmers around the world, including maintaining their fitness level and preparing to return optimally and safely to pool training and competitions. Unfortunately, the mental consequences that might arise after the pandemic may also have an impact. We strongly recommend encouraging the swimmers to consider quarantine as an opportunity for development in specific areas of preparation and learn how to best cope with this special situation of self-isolation and/or "physical distancing" for their mental health and in case a similar situation is faced again in the future.
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13
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Tofas T, Fatouros IG, Draganidis D, Deli CK, Chatzinikolaou A, Tziortzis C, Panayiotou G, Koutedakis Y, Jamurtas AZ. Effects of Cardiovascular, Resistance and Combined Exercise Training on Cardiovascular, Performance and Blood Redox Parameters in Coronary Artery Disease Patients: An 8-Month Training-Detraining Randomized Intervention. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030409. [PMID: 33803076 PMCID: PMC8001546 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-documented that chronic/regular exercise improves the cardiovascular function, decreases oxidative stress and enhances the antioxidant capacity in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the chronic effects of different types of training and detraining on cardiovascular function and the levels of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in these patients. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the effects of cardiovascular, resistance and combined exercise training followed by a three-month detraining period, on cardiovascular function, physical performance and blood redox status parameters in CAD patients. Sixty coronary artery disease patients were randomly assigned to either a cardiovascular training (CVT, N = 15), resistance training (RT, N = 11), combined cardiovascular and resistance training (CT, N = 16) or a control (C, N = 15) group. The training groups participated in an 8-month supervised training program (training three days/week) followed by a 3-month detraining period, while the control group participated only in measurements. Body composition, blood pressure, performance-related variables (aerobic capacity (VO2max), muscle strength, flexibility) and blood redox status-related parameters (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), catalase activity (CAT), protein carbonyls (PC)) were assessed at the beginning of the study, after 4 and 8 months of training as well as following 1, 2 and 3 months of detraining (DT). CVT induced the most remarkable and pronounced alterations in blood pressure (~9% reduction in systolic blood pressure and ~5% in diastolic blood pressure) and redox status since it had a positive effect on all redox-related variables (ranging from 16 to 137%). RT and CT training affected positively some of the assessed (TAC, CAT and PC) redox-related variables. Performance-related variables retained the positive response of the training, whereas most of the redox status parameters, for all training groups, restored near to the pre-exercise values at the end of the DT period. These results indicate that exercise training has a significant effect on redox status of CAD. Three months of detraining is enough to abolish the exercise-induced beneficial effects on redox status, indicating that for a better antioxidant status, exercise must be a lifetime commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tryfonas Tofas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (T.T.); (I.G.F.); (D.D.); (C.K.D.); (Y.K.)
| | - Ioannis G. Fatouros
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (T.T.); (I.G.F.); (D.D.); (C.K.D.); (Y.K.)
| | - Dimitrios Draganidis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (T.T.); (I.G.F.); (D.D.); (C.K.D.); (Y.K.)
| | - Chariklia K. Deli
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (T.T.); (I.G.F.); (D.D.); (C.K.D.); (Y.K.)
| | - Athanasios Chatzinikolaou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece;
| | - Charalambos Tziortzis
- Department of Health Sciences, European University Cyprus 6 Diogenis Str., 2404 Engomi, P.O. Box 22006, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus; (C.T.); (G.P.)
| | - George Panayiotou
- Department of Health Sciences, European University Cyprus 6 Diogenis Str., 2404 Engomi, P.O. Box 22006, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus; (C.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Yiannis Koutedakis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (T.T.); (I.G.F.); (D.D.); (C.K.D.); (Y.K.)
- School of Sports, Performing Arts and Leisure, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall Campus, Gorway Rd, Walsall WS1 3BD, UK
| | - Athanasios Z. Jamurtas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (T.T.); (I.G.F.); (D.D.); (C.K.D.); (Y.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +30-24310-47054
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14
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Sousa AC, Neiva HP, Gil MH, Izquierdo M, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Marques MC, Marinho DA. Concurrent Training and Detraining: The Influence of Different Aerobic Intensities. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:2565-2574. [PMID: 30946274 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sousa, AC, Neiva, HP, Gil, MH, Izquierdo, M, Rodríguez-Rosell, D, Marques, MC, and Marinho, DA. Concurrent training and detraining: the influence of different aerobic intensities. J Strength Cond Res 34(9): 2565-2574, 2020-The aim of this study was to verify the effects of different aerobic intensities combined with the same resistance training on strength and aerobic performances. Thirty-nine men were randomly assigned to a low-intensity group (LIG), moderate-intensity group (MIG), high-intensity group (HIG), and a control group. The training program consisted of full squat, jumps, sprints, and running at 80% (LIG), 90% (MIG), or 100% (HIG) of the maximal aerobic speed for 16-20 minutes. The training period lasted for 8 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of detraining. Evaluations included 20-m sprints (0-10 m: T10; 0-20 m: T20), shuttle run, countermovement jump (CMJ), and strength (1RMest) in full squat. There were significant improvements from pre-training to post-training in T10 (LIG: 4%; MIG: 5%; HIG: 2%), T20 (3%; 4%; 2%), CMJ (9%; 10%; 7%), 1RMest (13%; 7%; 8%), and oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max; 10%; 11%; 10%). Comparing the changes between the experimental groups, 1RMest gains were significantly higher in the LIG than HIG (5%) or MIG (6%). Furthermore, there was a tendency for higher gains in LIG and MIG compared with HIG, with "possibly" or "likely" positive effects in T10, T20, and CMJ. Detraining resulted in performance decrements, but minimal losses were found for V[Combining Dot Above]O2max in LIG (-1%). Concurrent training seems to be beneficial for strength and aerobic development regardless of the aerobic training intensity. However, choosing lower intensities can lead to increased strength and is recommended when the cardiorespiratory gains should be maintained for longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- António C Sousa
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Henrique P Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Maria H Gil
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Navarre, Spain; and
| | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Research Center on Physical and Athletic Performance, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Mário C Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
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15
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Jagim AR, Luedke J, Fitzpatrick A, Winkelman G, Erickson JL, Askow AT, Camic CL. The Impact of COVID-19-Related Shutdown Measures on the Training Habits and Perceptions of Athletes in the United States: A Brief Research Report. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:623068. [PMID: 33426521 PMCID: PMC7785865 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.623068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to examine the impact of COVID-19 government-enforced shutdown measures on the training habits and perceptions of athletes. A web-based electronic survey was developed and distributed online to athletes. The survey contained questions regarding currently available resources, changes in weekly training habits, and perceptions of training such as intensity, motivation, and enjoyment. A total of 105 (males: n = 31; females: n = 74) athletes completed the survey (mean ± SD age = 19.86 ± 2.13 years). Ninety-nine (94.3%) athletes continued to receive guidance from their primary sport coach or strength training staff. There was a significant (p < 0.001) decrease (mean ± SD) in self-reported participation time for strength training (-1.65 ± 4.32 h. week-1), endurance (-1.47 ± 3.93 h. week-1), and mobility (-1.09 ± 2.24 h. week-1), with the largest reduction coming from participation time in sport-specific activities (-6.44 ± 6.28 h. week-1) pre- to post-shutdown. When asked to rate their current state of emotional well-being using a visual analog scale of 0-100, with 100 being exceptional, the mean score was 51.6 ± 19.6 AU. Athletes experienced notable reductions in training frequency and time spent completing various training related activities. In the future, practitioners should have preparations in place in the event of another lockdown period or future pandemic to avoid or minimize significant disruptions in training. Special considerations may be needed when athletes are allowed to return to sport in the event of significant levels of detraining that may have occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, United States.,University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Joel Luedke
- University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | | | - Greg Winkelman
- University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Jacob L Erickson
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Andrew T Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Clayton L Camic
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States
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16
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Girardi M, Casolo A, Nuccio S, Gattoni C, Capelli C. Detraining Effects Prevention: A New Rising Challenge for Athletes. Front Physiol 2020; 11:588784. [PMID: 33178050 PMCID: PMC7593778 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.588784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Girardi
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Casolo
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Nuccio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Gattoni
- Endurance Research Group, School Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Capelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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17
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Del Vecchio FB, Coswig VS, Cabistany LD, Orcy RB, Gentil P. Effects of exercise cessation on adipose tissue physiological markers related to fat regain: A systematic review. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312120936956. [PMID: 32655863 PMCID: PMC7331762 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120936956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissues usually super compensate during the period that follow physical exercise. Although this is widely accepted for muscle and glycogen, the compensatory effect is not usually applied to fat tissues. Notwithstanding, evidence for this has been present since the 1970s when it was first suggested that the increased lipogenic activity in response to training might be an adaptation that enables to restore an energy reserve that can be used in times of need. In this context, the present review aimed to summarize information about the effect of detraining on fat metabolism and the physiological responses associated with fat regain. A systematic search on PubMed and Scielo was performed using "training cessation," "detraining," "exercise detraining," and "exercise cessation" combined with "fat tissue," "adipose tissue," "adipose metabolism," and "fat metabolism," as descriptors. From 377 results, 25 were included in this review, 12 humans and 13 rodents, resulting in a sample of 6772 humans and 613 animals. The analysis provided evidence for fat super compensation, as well as differences in humans and rodents, among different protocols and possible mechanisms for fat gain after exercise cessation. In summary, exercise cessation appears to increase the ability of the adipose tissue to store energy. However, caution should be taken, especially regarding conclusions based on investigations on humans, considering the multiple factors that could affect fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leo Dutra Cabistany
- Superior School of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bueno Orcy
- Superior School of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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18
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19
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Bone accrual over 18 months of participation in different loading sports during adolescence. Arch Osteoporos 2020; 15:64. [PMID: 32335776 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-020-00727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study investigated the impact and non-impact sports on bone mineral density accrual in adolescents over 18 months. The impact sports were beneficial for bone health (accrual of bone density). In contrast, swimmers had similar or lower bone mineral density compared with the control group depending on the skeletal site. PURPOSE To investigate the impact and non-impact sports on bone mineral density (BMD) accrual in adolescents over a period of 18 months METHODS: The sample was composed of 71 adolescents, avarage age of 12.7 (± 1.7) years old at baseline. Bone outcomes were compared according to the loading of the sports practiced (impact sports, n = 33 [basketball, karate, and judo], non-impact sport, n = 18 [swimming], and control group, n = 20). Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) estimated through equation. The results were compared between the groups using analysis of variance and analysis of covariance. RESULTS Adjusted aBMD at lower limbs, whole body less head (WBLH), and adjusted WBLH BMAD were significantly greater in the impact sport group than the non-impact sport group at all time points. Adjusted upper limbs aBMD was significantly higher at the impact sports group compared to the non-impact sport group at 9 months and 18 months, besides compared to the control group at baseline and 18 months. Non-impact sport group presented a significant lower adjusted aBMD compared with control group at lower limbs and WBLH at 9 months, and at 9 months and 18 months in WBLH BMAD. There was a significant interaction (time × sport group) at upper limbs (p = 0.042) and WBLH aBMD (p = 0.006), and WBLH BMAD (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Impact sports were more beneficial on accumulating aBMD and BMAD over a period of 18 months, while non-impact group (swimmers) had similar and lower aBMD and BMAD compared with the control group.
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20
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Morais JE, Lopes VP, Barbosa TM, Moriyama SI, Marinho DA. How does 11-week detraining affect 11-12 years old swimmers' biomechanical determinants and its relationship with 100 m freestyle performance? Sports Biomech 2020; 21:1107-1121. [PMID: 32131697 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1726998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the detraining process that occurs during a season break, and its influence on the performance, anthropometrics, and biomechanics of young swimmers. The sample included 54 young swimmers (22 boys: 12.79 ± 0.71 years; 32 girls: 11.78 ± 0.85 years). Performance for the 100 m freestyle and anthropometric and biomechanical variables were evaluated as main determinants. Performance impaired significantly for boys (2.17%) and girls (1.91%). All anthropometric variables increased between moments of assessment for boys and girls. Overall, the boys enhanced all biomechanical variables during the detraining period, and girls showed mixed results. For both sexes, the stroke index was the variable with the highest increase (boys: Δ = 16.16%; d = 0.89; p = 0.001; girls: Δ = 19.51%; d = 1.06; p = 0.002). Hierarchical linear modelling showed that the height retained the amount of impairment in the performance. One unit of increase in the height (cm) led to less 0.41 s impairment in the performance. Present data indicated that during an 11-weeks detraining period, young swimmers impaired their performance, but the determinant factors showed an impaired relationship. This increase in the determinant factors is mainly related to the increase in the swimmers' anthropometrics. Moreover, the increase in height was responsible for retaining the performance impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Morais
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Vitor P Lopes
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Shin-Ichiro Moriyama
- Department of Health & Sports Sciences, Faculty of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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21
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Sousa AC, Marinho DA, Gil MH, Izquierdo M, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Neiva HP, Marques MC. Concurrent Training Followed by Detraining: Does the Resistance Training Intensity Matter? J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:632-642. [PMID: 28902118 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sousa, AC, Marinho, DA, Gil, MH, Izquierdo, M, Rodríguez-Rosell, D, Neiva, HP, and Marques, MC. Concurrent training followed by detraining: does the resistance training intensity matter? J Strength Cond Res 32(3): 632-642, 2018-The aim of this study was to analyze the training and detraining (DT) effects of concurrent aerobic training and resistance training against 3 different external loads on strength and aerobic variables. Thirty-two men were randomly assigned to 4 groups: low-load (LLG, n = 9), moderate-load (MLG, n = 9), high-load (HLG, n = 8), and control group (CG, n = 6). Resistance training consisted of full squat (FS) with a low load (40-55% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]), a moderate load (55-70% 1RM), or a high load (70-85% 1RM) combined with jump and sprint exercises. Aerobic training was performed at 75% of the maximal aerobic speed for 15-20 minutes. The training period lasted for 8-week, followed by 4-week DT. Pretraining, post-training, and post-DT evaluations included 20-m running sprints (0-10 m: T10; 0-20 m: T20), shuttle run test, countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) test, and loading test (1RM) in FS. All the experimental groups showed improvements (p ≤ 0.05) in all the parameters assessed, except the LLG for T10 and the HLG for T20. The LLG, MLG, and HLG showed great changes in 1RM and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max compared with the CG (p ≤ 0.05), whereas the HLG and MLG showed a greater percentage change than the CG in T10 (p < 0.001) and CMJ (p ≤ 0.05). The 4-week DT period resulted in detrimental effects in all variables analyzed for all 3 experimental groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that strength training programs with low, moderate, or high external loads combined with low-intensity aerobic training could be effective for producing significant gains in strength and aerobic capacities. Moreover, the higher loads used increased gains in explosive efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- António C Sousa
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Maria H Gil
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Navarre, Spain.,GICAEDS Group, Faculty of Physical Culture, Sport and Recreation, Saint Thomas University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Research Center on Physical and Athletic Performance, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Henrique P Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Mário C Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
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Sung YC, Liao YH, Chen CY, Chen YL, Chou CC. Acute changes in blood lipid profiles and metabolic risk factors in collegiate elite taekwondo athletes after short-term de-training: a prospective insight for athletic health management. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:143. [PMID: 28738856 PMCID: PMC5525308 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study used a short-term de-training model to mimic the physiological weight changes during the early retirement stage in Taekwondo (TKD) athletes. This study investigates whether the negative changes in body composition, blood lipid profiles, and metabolic biomarkers occur in elite collegiate TKD athletes when experiencing a two-months de-training period. METHODS Fourteen collegiate Division Ι elite TKD athletes (age: 21.1 ± 0.2 years, BMI: 22.3 ± 1.1 kg/m2; 10 males and 4 females) participated in this study. The body composition, blood lipid profiles, atherogenic dyslipidemia indexes, metabolic biomarkers and baseline systemic inflammation states were measured before and after two-months de-training. RESULTS The body weight and BMI did not change after de-training in these elite TKD athletes. The total muscle mass displayed a significant decline after de-training (-2.0%, p = 0.019), with an increase in fat mass (+24.3%, p < 0.01). The blood triglyceride did not change, but the total cholesterol was higher after de-training (+8.3%, p = 0.047). The CHOL-to-HDL and LDL-to-HDL ratios increased by 12.4% (p < 0.001) and 13.2% (p = 0.002) after de-training, respectively. The blood platelet number, plateletcrit, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio increased significantly by 5.0% (p = 0.013), 7.3% (p = 0.009), and 20.6% (p = 0.018) after de-training, respectively. The McAuley's Index decreased (-6.9%, p = 0.025) after de-training. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that a two-months de-training period resulted in adverse effects on early atherogenic dyslipidemia development, progressing insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation, and visceral adiposity in young elite TKD athletes. Our findings provide clear insights into the possible deleterious impacts at early stage retirement in former combative sports athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Sung
- Department of Chinese Martial Arts, Chinese Culture University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Liao
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Chen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chung Chou
- Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd, Taipei City, 10608, Taiwan.
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Heydenreich J, Kayser B, Schutz Y, Melzer K. Total Energy Expenditure, Energy Intake, and Body Composition in Endurance Athletes Across the Training Season: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2017; 3:8. [PMID: 28161872 PMCID: PMC5292109 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endurance athletes perform periodized training in order to prepare for main competitions and maximize performance. However, the coupling between alterations of total energy expenditure (TEE), energy intake, and body composition during different seasonal training phases is unclear. So far, no systematic review has assessed fluctuations in TEE, energy intake, and/or body composition in endurance athletes across the training season. The purpose of this study was to (1) systematically analyze TEE, energy intake, and body composition in highly trained athletes of various endurance disciplines and of both sexes and (2) analyze fluctuations in these parameters across the training season. METHODS An electronic database search was conducted on the SPORTDiscus and MEDLINE (January 1990-31 January 2015) databases using a combination of relevant keywords. Two independent reviewers identified potentially relevant studies. Where a consensus was not reached, a third reviewer was consulted. Original research articles that examined TEE, energy intake, and/or body composition in 18-40-year-old endurance athletes and reported the seasonal training phases of data assessment were included in the review. Articles were excluded if body composition was assessed by skinfold measurements, TEE was assessed by questionnaires, or data could not be split between the sexes. Two reviewers assessed the quality of studies independently. Data on subject characteristics, TEE, energy intake, and/or body composition were extracted from the included studies. Subjects were categorized according to their sex and endurance discipline and each study allocated a weight within categories based on the number of subjects assessed. Extracted data were used to calculate weighted means and standard deviations for parameters of TEE, energy intake, and/or body composition. RESULTS From 3589 citations, 321 articles were identified as potentially relevant, with 82 meeting all of the inclusion criteria. TEE of endurance athletes was significantly higher during the competition phase than during the preparation phase (p < 0.001) and significantly higher than energy intake in both phases (p < 0.001). During the competition phase, both body mass and fat-free mass were significantly higher compared to other seasonal training phases (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Limitations of the present study included insufficient data being available for all seasonal training phases and thus low explanatory power of single parameters. Additionally, the classification of the different seasonal training phases has to be discussed. Male and female endurance athletes show important training seasonal fluctuations in TEE, energy intake, and body composition. Therefore, dietary intake recommendations should take into consideration other factors including the actual training load, TEE, and body composition goals of the athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Heydenreich
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Hauptstrasse 247, 2532, Magglingen, Switzerland. .,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Bengt Kayser
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Yves Schutz
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Katarina Melzer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Hauptstrasse 247, 2532, Magglingen, Switzerland
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Maldonado-Martín S, Cámara J, James DVB, Fernández-López JR, Artetxe-Gezuraga X. Effects of long-term training cessation in young top-level road cyclists. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1396-1401. [PMID: 27476326 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1215502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In cycling, it is common practice to have a break in the off season longer than 4 weeks while adopting an almost sedentary lifestyle, and such a break is considered to be long-term detraining. No previous studies have assessed the effect of training cessation with highly trained young cyclists. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine effects of 5 weeks of training cessation in 10 young (20.1 ± 1.4 years) male road cyclists for body composition, haematological and physiological parameters. After training cessation, body mass of cyclists increased (P = 0.014; ES = 0.9). [Formula: see text] (L · min-1 = -8.8 ± 5.0%, mL · kg-1·min-1 = -10.8 ± 4.2%,), Wmax (W = -6.5 ± 3.1%, W · kg-1 = -8.5 ± 3.3%,), WLT1 (W = -12.9 ± 7.0%, W · kg-1 = -14.8 ± 7.4%,), WLT2 (W = -11.5 ± 7.0%, W · kg-1 = -13.4 ± 7.6%,) and haematological (red blood cells count, -6.6 ± 4.8%; haemoglobin, -5.4 ± 4.3% and haematocrit, -2.9 ± 3.0%) values decreased (P ≤ 0.028; ES ≥ 0.9). Five weeks of training cessation resulted in large decreases in physiological and haematological values in young top-level road cyclists suggesting the need for a shorter training stoppage. This long-term detraining is more pronounced when expressed relative to body mass emphasising the influence of such body mass on power output. A maintenance programme based on reduced training strategies should be implemented to avoid large declines in physiological values in young cyclists who aspire to become professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maldonado-Martín
- a Laboratory of Performance Analysis in Sport, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences , University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
| | - Jesús Cámara
- a Laboratory of Performance Analysis in Sport, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences , University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
| | - David V B James
- b Department of Sport & Exercise , University of Gloucestershire , Gloucester , UK
| | - Juan Ramón Fernández-López
- c Department for Education, Linguistic Policy and Culture of the Basque Government , KIROLENE Public Centre for Sports Education , Durango , Spain
| | - Xabier Artetxe-Gezuraga
- a Laboratory of Performance Analysis in Sport, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences , University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
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Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Alacid F, Esparza-Ros F, López-Plaza D, Muyor JM, López-Miñarro PA. The effects of a reformer Pilates program on body composition and morphological characteristics in active women after a detraining period. Women Health 2015; 56:784-806. [PMID: 26583914 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2015.1118723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this quasi-experimental pilot study was to explore the effects of a reformer Pilates program on the anthropometry, body composition, and somatotype of active adult women after a short non-exercise period. Twenty-eight women (mean age: 40.21 ± standard deviation of 8.12 years old) with one to three years of reformer Pilates experience participated in the study. The women participated in a reformer Pilates program for 16 weeks (one hour, twice per week) after 4 weeks of detraining (summer holidays) in 2012. The International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry full profile was assessed before and after the intervention program. Significant decreases (p ≤ 0.05) from pre- to post-program were observed for triceps, iliac crest, supraspinale, abdominal, front thigh and medial calf skinfold thicknesses, six and eight skinfold thickness sums, forearm and ankle girths, waist/hip ratio, endomorphy, and fat mass. Significant increases (p ≤ .05) were observed for corrected arm, corrected calf girths, and muscle mass. Generally, women showed a mesomorphic endomorph (endomorphy predominant) and mesomorph-endomorph (endomorphy and mesomorphy predominant) in the pre- and posttests, respectively. In conclusion, the practice of reformer Pilates was associated with healthy changes in anthropometric parameters, body composition, and somatotype in Pilates-experienced women after 4 weeks of no physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal
- a Department of Sport Traumatology , Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia (UCAM) , Murcia , Spain.,b Department of Sport Science , Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia (UCAM) , Murcia , Spain
| | - Fernando Alacid
- b Department of Sport Science , Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia (UCAM) , Murcia , Spain
| | - Francisco Esparza-Ros
- a Department of Sport Traumatology , Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia (UCAM) , Murcia , Spain
| | - Daniel López-Plaza
- c Department of Sport, Coaching and Exercise Science , University of Lincoln , Lincoln , England
| | - José M Muyor
- d Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER) , University of Almería , Almería , Spain
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is the component of energy expenditure that explains the largest proportion of total daily energy requirements. Since RMR is determined largely by fat-free mass and a low RMR predicts weight gain in healthy adults, identifying the role of muscle atrophy following stroke on RMR may help identify ways to mitigate the development of obesity post-stroke. METHODS Thirty-nine stroke survivors with chronic hemiparesis (mean ± SEM: age: 61 ± 1 years, latency from stroke: 107 ± 40 months, BMI: 31 ± 3 kg/m2) underwent DXA scans for measurement of body composition, including total, paretic, and non-paretic leg lean mass and fasted, 30-min indirect calorimetry for measurement of RMR. RESULT Predicted RMR was calculated by the Mifflin-St Jeor equation, which considers weight, height, and age for both men and women. RMR was 14% lower than predicted (1438 ± 45 vs. 1669 ± 38 kcals/24 hrs; P<0.01). Total (r=0.73, P<0.01), paretic (r=0.72, P<0.01) and non-paretic (r=0.67, P<0.01) leg lean mass predicted RMR. CONCLUSION These data indicate that muscle atrophy post stroke may lead to a reduced RMR. This substantiates the need to attenuate the loss of lean mass after a stroke to prevent declines in RMR and possible weight gain common post-stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Serra
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore VAMC, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Charlene E Hafer-Macko
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore VAMC, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Alice S Ryan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore VAMC, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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Moreira MF, Morais JE, Marinho DA, Silva AJ, Barbosa TM, Costa MJ. Growth influences biomechanical profile of talented swimmers during the summer break. Sports Biomech 2014; 13:62-74. [PMID: 24968511 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2013.865139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the effect of growth during a summer break on biomechanical profile of talented swimmers. Twenty-five young swimmers (12 boys and 13 girls) undertook several anthropometric and biomechanical tests at the end of the 2011-2012 season (pre-test) and 10 weeks later at the beginning of the 2012-2013 season (post-test). Height, arm span, hand surface area, and foot surface area were collected as anthropometric parameters, while stroke frequency, stroke length, stroke index, propelling efficiency, active drag, and active drag coefficient were considered as biomechanical variables. The mean swimming velocity during an all-out 25 m front crawl effort was used as the performance outcome. After the 10-week break, the swimmers were taller with an increased arm span, hand, and foot areas. Increases in stroke length, stroke index, propelling efficiency, and performance were also observed. Conversely, the stroke frequency, active drag, and drag coefficient remained unchanged. When controlling the effect of growth, no significant variation was determined on the biomechanical variables. The performance presented high associations with biomechanical and anthropometric parameters at pre-test and post-test, respectively. The results show that young talented swimmers still present biomechanical improvements after a 10-week break, which are mainly explained by their normal growth.
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Kim DK. Accuracy of predicted resting metabolic rate and relationship between resting metabolic rate and cardiorespiratory fitness in obese men. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2014; 18:25-30. [PMID: 25566436 PMCID: PMC4241941 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2014.18.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to examine that not only the relationship of the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and cardiorespiratory fitness(VO2peak), but also the comparison between measured and predicted results of RMR in obese men. METHODS 60 obese men (body fat>32%) were recruited for this study. They did not participate in regular exercising programs at least 6 months. The RMR was measured with indirect calorimetry and predicted RMR using Herris-Benedicte equation. The cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by directly measuring the oxygen consumption (VO2peak) during the exercise on the treadmill. RESULTS The significance for the difference between the measured results and predicted result of RMR were tested by paired t-test. Correlation of measured date was obtained by Pearson correlation coefficient. The value of predicted RMR and measured RMR were significantly different in these obese subjects. (p < 0.001). The difference between RMR cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiorespiratory fitness showed significant correlation (r=0.67, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The current formulas of predicted RMR have limited the evaluation of measured RMR for Korean obese men. Therefore, this study suggests that new formula should be designed for Korean in order to obtain more accurate results in obese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Kyung Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Discrepancy between exercise performance, body composition, and sex steroid response after a six-week detraining period in professional soccer players. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87803. [PMID: 24586293 PMCID: PMC3929557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a six-week off-season detraining period on exercise performance, body composition, and on circulating sex steroid levels in soccer players. Methods Fifty-five professional male soccer players, members of two Greek Superleague Teams (Team A, n = 23; Team B, n = 22), participated in the study. The first two weeks of the detraining period the players abstained from any physical activity. The following four weeks, players performed low-intensity (50%–60% of VO2max) aerobic running of 20 to 30 minutes duration three times per week. Exercise performance testing, anthropometry, and blood sampling were performed before and after the six-week experimental period. Results Our data showed that in both teams A and B the six-week detraining period resulted in significant reductions in maximal oxygen consumption (60,31±2,52 vs 57,67±2,54; p<0.001, and 60,47±4,13 vs 58,30±3,88; p<0.001 respectively), squat-jump (39,70±3,32 vs 37,30±3,08; p<0.001, and 41,05±3,34 vs 38,18±3,03; p<0.001 respectively), and countermovement-jump (41,04±3,99 vs 39,13±3,26; p<0.001 and 42,82±3,60 vs 40,09±2,79; p<0.001 respectively), and significant increases in 10-meters sprint (1,74±0,063 vs 1,79±0,064; p<0.001, and 1,73±0,065 vs 1,78±0,072; p<0.001 respectively), 20-meters sprint (3,02±0,05 vs 3,06±0,06; p<0.001, and 3,01±0,066 vs 3,06±0,063; p<0.001 respectively), body fat percentage (Team A; p<0.001, Team B; p<0.001), and body weight (Team A; p<0.001, Team B; p<0.001). Neither team displayed any significant changes in the resting concentrations of total-testosterone, free-testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, Δ4-androstenedione, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin. Furthermore, sex steroids levels did not correlate with exercise performance parameters. Conclusion Our results suggest that the six-week detraining period resulted in a rapid loss of exercise performance adaptations and optimal body composition status, but did not affect sex steroid resting levels. The insignificant changes in sex steroid concentration indicate that these hormones were a non-contributing parameter for the observed negative effects of detraining on exercise performance and body composition.
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