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Vigh-Larsen JF, Junge N, Cialdella-Kam L, Tomás R, Young L, Krustrup P, Mohr M, Nybo L. Testing in Intermittent Sports-Importance for Training and Performance Optimization in Adult Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1505-1537. [PMID: 39004796 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Performance in intermittent sports relies on the interplay between multiple physiological systems determining the capacity to perform short explosive efforts as well as repeated intense actions with limited recovery over the course of an entire game. Testing should reflect these demands to allow for sport- and position-specific capacity analyses that eventually may translate into optimized training and improved performance. This may include individual load management and optimized training prescription, intensity targeting for specific positions or individual athletes, as well as benchmarking for monitoring of training progression and enhanced engagement of athletes. This review provides an overview of available tests in different exercise domains identified as relevant (from assessment of single explosive actions to intermittent endurance capacity), forming the basis for recommendations on how to compose a comprehensive yet feasible test battery that may be integrated into the seasonal competition and training plan. The test procedures should cover the performance spectrum of relevance for the individual athlete-also in team sports to account for positional differences. We emphasize the benefits of sport-specific tests, highlight parameters of importance for test standardization, and discuss how the applied test battery may be supplemented with secondary tests directed toward specific energy systems to allow for more in-depth analyses when required (e.g., in terms of an underperforming athlete). The synergy between testing and tracking of match performance (utilizing time-motion or global positioning systems) is highlighted, and although tracking cannot substitute for testing, combining the tools may provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological demands and performance during competition contextualized to the athletes' maximal exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicklas Junge
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - Lynn Cialdella-Kam
- Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA
| | - Rita Tomás
- Portugal Football School, Federação Portuguesa de Futebol Avenida das Seleções, Oeiras, PORTUGAL
| | - Laura Young
- American College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
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Connor JD, Berkelmans D, Doma K. Examining the Talent Selection Determinants of Ultimate Frisbee Players Selected Into a National Youth Team. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1263-1268. [PMID: 37611912 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to examine whether various athletic performances, anthropometric measures, and playing experience differentiate selected and nonselected ultimate Frisbee players trialing to compete in the world championship. METHODS Forty-three Australian male ultimate Frisbee players (age = 21.2 [1.2] y; height = 1.7 [6.8] m; body mass = 69.7 [8.2] kg; playing experience = 3.5 [1.5] y) participated in a 30-m sprint test, single-leg run-up jump approach (both left [JumpLL], and right leg [JumpRL]) and a stationary bilateral vertical jump (JumpBIL), and change-of-direction speed test. Following a selection camp, players were subdivided according to their selection or nonselection into the team. RESULTS A multivariate analysis of variance revealed that height, 10-m sprint time, acceleration, JumpLL, JumpRL, and JumpBIL were significantly greater for selected players than nonselected players (P < .05). Area under the curve (AUC) was greatest for JumpRL (AUC = 79%; optimal cutoff value of 37.5 cm, sensitivity and specificity values of 77% and 71%, respectively), JumpLL (AUC = 74%; optimal cutoff 38.5 cm, sensitivity and specificity values 77% and 77%, respectively), and JumpBIL (AUC = 78%; optimal cutoff value of 40.5 cm, sensitivity and specificity values 71% and 79%, respectively). The largest AUC (AUC = 81%; 95% CI 0.66-0.97; P = .001) was found when combining the explanatory variables that demonstrated moderate to large effect sizes (ie, height, playing experience, 10-m sprint, acceleration, JumpLL, JumpRL, and JumpBIL), with sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 71%. CONCLUSION These athletic performance and anthropometric characteristics differentiating selected and nonselected players may help inform targeted training and player-development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Connor
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD,Australia
| | - Daniel Berkelmans
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD,Australia
- Exercise and Sports Science Australia, Hamilton, QLD,Australia
| | - Kenji Doma
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD,Australia
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Oosthuizen C, Kramer M. In-Season Resisted-Jump Training Enables Power, Agility, and Jump-Ability Maintenance in University-Level Male Rugby Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1062-1071. [PMID: 37558219 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects and transferability of a resisted-jump training program on strength, speed, power, and agility maintenance during the in-season phase of rugby training. METHODS Thirty high-level male rugby players (age: 21.78 [1.86] y; height: 1.83 [0.10] m; mass: 95.17 [10.45] kg) participated in a crossover, within-subject study design. Participants were randomly assigned to treatment groups (resistance band [VertiMax, VM] or control [Con]) and evaluated on jumping, sprinting, agility, and strength over a 4-week period. A 10-week wash-out period was initiated, followed by a crossover that incorporated randomization of the treatment sequence (ie, receiving VM during the first or second phase of the testing period). Within- and between-groups differences for each variable of interest were evaluated using a linear mixed-effects model. RESULTS No significant treatment (VM vs Con) or time (pre vs postintervention) effects were evident across all variables (all P > .197), although the order or treatment allocation may play a role for strength (P = .037) and jumping (P = .003). Power, agility, and countermovement-jump height were statistically equivalent for the intervention period. Following the VM treatment, changes in strength seem to transfer favorably to changes in agility (r = -.54, P < .05) but no other variables, and no significant associations were evident for the Con treatment. CONCLUSION Regardless of treatment, power, agility, and jump height were conserved throughout the treatment period. Although changes in mean sprint and strength were not significantly different from zero, it was not possible to conclude whether performance decrements could be eliminated.
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Woodhouse LN, Bennett M, Tallent J, Patterson SD, Waldron M. The relationship between physical characteristics and match collision performance among elite international female rugby union players. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:1849-1858. [PMID: 36336974 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2144765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether anthropometric and physical abilities explained variance in match collision performance among international female rugby union players. Physical performance and anthropometric data for fifty-one international female rugby union players, and collision actions categorised as "effort" or "performance" variables, from 20 international matches, were analysed using partial least squares regression. Among forwards, variance in carries/min was explained (R2 = .22) by a combination of; body mass, skinfolds, acceleration momentum and negative associations with mean aerobic speed and single-leg isometric squat relative force (SLISO/kgBM). Variance in collision dominance among forwards was explained (R2 = .21) by lower skinfolds and higher acceleration momentum, while tackles/min (R2 = .19) were explained by greater jumping power and single-leg isometric squat (SLISO). Among backs, variance in tackles/min (R2 = .54) was explained by greater bench press, SLISO and SLISO/kgBM. Variance in collision dominance among backs was explained (R2 = .23) by negative and positive associations with body mass and SLISO/kgBM, respectively. These findings suggest the development of physical characteristics, such as body mass and composition, strength and power contribute towards successful collision actions among international female rugby union players. The contribution of different physical characteristics towards collision events is dependent on position, and whether the collision event is categorised by "performance" or "effort". It is suggested that physical training programmes should reflect this level of specificity.HighlightsAmong elite female rugby union forwards, acceleration momentum, body mass and skinfolds are positively associated with winning collisions and carrying the ball into contact more frequently, whilst tackle frequency is positively associated with relative leg strength and power output.Among elite female backs, the ability to win collisions is positively associated with relative leg power output, and negatively associated with body mass. Tackle frequency is associated with maximum upper- and lower-body strength in this group.Physical characteristics account for some of the variability in collision performance, but interpretation of these findings should consider that factors such as technique during collision events may account for a larger proportion of total variance.Sports science practitioners can improve collision performance, to varying degrees, by enhancing specific gross physical characteristics, according to a player's position and the tactical role they are expected to fulfil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Nicholas Woodhouse
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, London, UK
- Rugby Football Union, Rugby House, Twickenham Stadium, London, UK
| | - Mark Bennett
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Jamie Tallent
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Mark Waldron
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Reichert L, Müller T, Wieland B, Fleddermann MT, Zentgraf K. Upper-body isometric horizontal strength in game sport athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1213957. [PMID: 37398557 PMCID: PMC10312092 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1213957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Imagine blocking the opposing defense linemen in American football to protect your quarterback or creating gaps in the opponents' defense by setting blocks as a pivot player in handball. Such movements require a pushing action away from the body with the arms and stabilizing the whole body in different postural positions. Upper-body strength obviously plays an important role during American football and handball as well as in other game sports with opponent contact such as basketball. Yet, the availability of appropriate tests to measure upper-body strength serving sport-specific requirements seems limited. Therefore, a whole-body setup to measure isometric horizontal strength in game sport athletes was developed. The purpose of the study was to verify validity and reliability of this setup and present empirical data from game sport athletes. In 119 athletes, isometric horizontal strength was measured in three game-like standing positions (upright, slightly leaning forward and clearly leaning forward), each in three weight-shift conditions (80% of body weight on the left leg, 50/50% on both legs, 80% on the right leg). Also, handgrip strength on both sides was measured in all athletes using a dynamometer. Linear regression indicated that handgrip strength is a significant predictor of upper-body horizontal strength in female (β = 0.70, p = 0.043) but not in male athletes (β = 0.31, p = 0.117). As an expertise-related factor, linear regression indicated that the number of years played at the top level is a predictor of the upper-body horizontal relative strength measure (β = 0.05, p = 0.03). Reliability analyses showed high levels of within-test reliability (ICC > 0.90) as well as test-retest reliability between two separate measurements (r > 0.77). The results indicate that the setup used in this study could be a valid tool for measuring performance-relevant upper-body horizontal strength in different game-like positions in professional game sport athletes.
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Helme M, Tee J, Emmonds S, Low C. The associations between unilateral leg strength, asymmetry and injury in sub-elite Rugby League players. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 62:58-64. [PMID: 37336061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between unilateral leg strength, associated asymmetries and the injuries suffered by sub-elite Rugby League (RL) players in one competitive season. DESIGN A prospective cohort design was used. METHOD Unilateral leg strength was measured using the rear foot elevated split squat five repetition maximum test. Injuries were recorded using the Orchard classification system and were used to quantify relative risk (RR), mean severity, burden, player availability and survival time. RESULTS No measures of leg strength were related to RR, relative leg strength was found to have a significant, but not meaningful correlation with total time lost to lower body injury, lower body injury burden and lower body injury survival time. CONCLUSIONS The data from the current study indicates a possible positive effect of increasing relative leg strength for injury outcomes in sub-elite RL players. This supports a heuristic that multi-joint lower body strength training for RL players has a potential dual effect of enhancing physical performance and reducing injury time loss, with minimal risk of harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Helme
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Leeds Beckett University, UK; Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, UK.
| | - Jason Tee
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Leeds Beckett University, UK; Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, UK
| | - Stacey Emmonds
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Leeds Beckett University, UK; Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, UK
| | - Chris Low
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Leeds Beckett University, UK
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Casey JC, Daniels AH. CORR Synthesis: How Have Film Review and Motion Analysis Been Used to Enhance Orthopaedic Surgical Performance? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2023; 481:564-579. [PMID: 36719752 PMCID: PMC9928675 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack C. Casey
- Division of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alan H. Daniels
- Division of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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8
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Coghetto G, Zanrosso EM, Rabello R, da Ros JL, Rodrigues R. Association Between Success and Unsuccess Rates on Technical Skills and Physical Qualities in Rugby Players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:254-262. [PMID: 35323103 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1967845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Although physical and technical performance are both fundamental in rugby union teams, the association between these variables in sub-elite players is limited. This study investigated the association between the rate of success and unsuccess in technical skills throughout a season with physical quality variables in sub-elite rugby players. Methods: Twenty-five sub-elite rugby union players (age: 26.4 ± 3.8 years; body mass: 99.68 ± 14.34 kg; height: 1.81 ± 0.07 m) completed the following assessments: (i) broad jump; (ii) 10- and 30-meters sprint speed; (iii) 5-10-5 test; (iv) 1 RM of bench press, chin-up and squat and (v) Yo-Yo fitness test. The rate of success and unsuccess in tackles, attacking rucks and carries were measured during a season. Results: We found that: (i) higher success rates in carries were associated with faster speeds and greater broad jump distance; (ii) higher unsuccess rates in tackles were associated with lower 1 RM chin-up. When controlling for playing position, (iii) higher success rates in carries were associated with 30-meters speed and broad jump distance; (iv) higher success rates in tackles were associated with higher 1 RM chin-up; and (v) higher unsuccess rates in tackles were associated with lower 1 RM chin-up. Conclusions: Success and unsuccess rates in attacking rucks and success in carries were not associated with physical qualities. Therefore, training programs that improve speed, lower limb power and upper limb maximal strength should receive greater attention when seeking to achieve greater success in trying to break the opponent's defensive line and stop the ball carrier.
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Wade JA, Fuller JT, Devlin PJ, Doyle TL. Senior and Junior Rugby League Players Improve Lower-Body Strength and Power Differently During a Rugby League Season. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1367-1372. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Loturco I, Ashcroft P, Evans N, Tombs C, Pereira LA, Jeffreys I. Relationship Between Distinct Physical Capacities in Young Welsh Rugby Players. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:441-447. [PMID: 31860536 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Loturco, I, Ashcroft, P, Evans, N, Tombs, C, Pereira, LA, and Jeffreys, I. Relationship between distinct physical capacities in young Welsh rugby players. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 441-447, 2022-We examined the correlations between aerobic fitness (assessed by the 30-15 intermittent fitness test [IFT]), maximum isometric strength, vertical jump, and speed performance of 37 under-16 (U16) Welsh regional rugby players. The physical assessments used in this research are part of a regional development program under the auspices of the players' development pathway created by the Welsh Rugby Union. The tests were performed in the following order: vertical jumps, isometric midthigh pull, 40-m sprint velocity, and 30-15 IFT. A Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient was used to estimate the magnitude of the relationships between the different physical variables. Overall, we found significant associations between jump height, sprint velocity, maximum isometric strength, and 30-15 IFT performance (r ranging from 0.44 to 0.70). Moreover, strong positive interrelationships were observed between strength, speed, and jump qualities (r ranging from 0.51 to 0.80). Although these findings remain to be established in prospective studies, it seems that U16 athletes are capable of simultaneously improving their aerobic fitness and neuromuscular performance. This can be confirmed by the close correlations between the 30-15 IFT and every neuromechanical parameter reported here. Therefore, practitioners are recommended to use multifaceted training schemes with their young rugby players, including different components of endurance, speed, strength, and power training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom; and.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter Ashcroft
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nathan Evans
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Chris Tombs
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ian Jeffreys
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom; and
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Scantlebury S, McCormack S, Sawczuk T, Emmonds S, Collins N, Beech J, Ramirez C, Owen C, Jones B. The anthropometric and physical qualities of women’s rugby league Super League and international players; identifying differences in playing position and level. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0249803. [PMID: 35100275 PMCID: PMC8803183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Participation in women’s rugby league has been growing since the foundation of the English women’s rugby league Super League in 2017. However, the evidence base to inform women’s rugby league remains sparse. This study provides the largest quantification of anthropometric and physical qualities of women’s rugby league players to date, identifying differences between positions (forwards & backs) and playing level (Women’s Super League [WSL] vs. International). The height, weight, body composition, lower body strength, jump height, speed and aerobic capacity of 207 players were quantified during the pre-season period. Linear mixed models and effects sizes were used to determine differences between positions and levels. Forwards were significantly (p < 0.05) heavier (forwards: 82.5 ± 14.8kg; backs: 67.7 ± 9.2kg) and have a greater body fat % (forwards: 37.7 ± 6.9%; backs: 30.4 ± 6.3%) than backs. Backs had significantly greater lower body power measured via jump height (forwards: 23.5 ± 4.4cm; backs: 27.6 ± 4.9cm), speed over 10m (forwards: 2.12 ± 0.14s; backs: 1.98 ± 0.11s), 20m (forwards: 3.71 ± 0.27s; backs: 3.46 ± 0.20s), 30m (forwards: 5.29 ± 0.41s; backs: 4.90 ± 0.33s), 40m (forwards: 6.91 ± 0.61s; backs: 6.33 ± 0.46s) and aerobic capacity (forwards: 453.4 ± 258.8m; backs: 665.0 ± 298.2m) than forwards. Additionally, international players were found to have greater anthropometric and physical qualities in comparison to their WSL counterparts. This study adds to the limited evidence base surrounding the anthropometric and physical qualities of elite women’s rugby league players. Comparative values for anthropometric and physical qualities are provided which practitioners may use to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of players, informing training programs to prepare players for the demands of women’s rugby league.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Scantlebury
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League Ltd, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sam McCormack
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League Ltd, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Sawczuk
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League Ltd, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Built Environment, Engineering and Computing, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stacey Emmonds
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League Ltd, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Collins
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League Ltd, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Beech
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Ramirez
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League Ltd, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron Owen
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Netball, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League Ltd, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Escrivá D, Caplliure-Llopis J, Benet I, Mariscal G, Mampel JV, Barrios C. Differences in Adiposity Profile and Body Fat Distribution between Forwards and Backs in Sub-Elite Spanish Female Rugby Union Players. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10235713. [PMID: 34884415 PMCID: PMC8658519 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the adiposity profile and the body fat distribution in 56 sub-elite female rugby union players involved in the Spanish National Women's Rugby Union Championships. The participants included in this study, which was the first to analyze sub-elite players, show thinner skinfolds, lower fat mass, and lesser fat percentage than previously reported for elite female rugby union players. Forwards were heavier and had higher body mass index (BMI) and fat mass, thicker skinfolds, and higher fat percentage than back players. Forwards also possessed significantly greater total fat-free mass than backs. All these differences were applicable only to players under 25 years of age. A negative correlation between age and both abdominal and lower extremity fat was found in forward players but not in the backs. Both Yuhasz and Faulkner equations tended to underestimate fat percentage in comparison to Reilly equation. Although Yuhasz equation provided higher systematic error, random error was lower in comparison to Faulkner equation. This study shows the relevance of analyzing and monitoring adiposity in female rugby union players to optimize adaptation to the sports requirements of different playing positions and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Escrivá
- Intensive Care Unit, La Fe Polytechnic and University Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
- Institute for Research on Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, Valencia Catholic University, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (J.C.-L.); (I.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Jordi Caplliure-Llopis
- Institute for Research on Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, Valencia Catholic University, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (J.C.-L.); (I.B.); (G.M.)
- Primary Health Care Services, La Ribera University Hospital, 46600 Alzira, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Benet
- Institute for Research on Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, Valencia Catholic University, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (J.C.-L.); (I.B.); (G.M.)
- Surgical Emergency Facilities, Valencia University Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Mariscal
- Institute for Research on Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, Valencia Catholic University, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (J.C.-L.); (I.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Juan Vicente Mampel
- Department of Physiotherapy, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Carlos Barrios
- Institute for Research on Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, Valencia Catholic University, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (J.C.-L.); (I.B.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-610-408-001; Fax: +34-963-944-590
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Minahan C, Newans T, Quinn K, Parsonage J, Buxton S, Bellinger P. Strong, Fast, Fit, Lean, and Safe: A Positional Comparison of Physical and Physiological Qualities Within the 2020 Australian Women's Rugby League Team. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:S11-S19. [PMID: 34319942 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Minahan, C, Newans, T, Quinn, K, Parsonage, J, Buxton, S, and Bellinger, P. Strong, Fast, Fit, Lean, and Safe: A positional comparison of physical and physiological qualities within the 2020 Australian Women's Rugby League team. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S11-S19, 2021-The purpose of the present study was to report the physical and physiological characteristics of elite women Rugby League (RL) players. Thirty-nine women (25.6 ± 4.3 years, 171.3 ± 7.7 cm, 83.5 ± 13.9 kg) from the 2020 Australian women's RL squad were recruited for this study. Players were categorized as adjustables (n = 7), backs (n = 15), or forwards (n = 17) for analysis. Each player was assessed for anthropometry, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), speed (5, 10 and 20 m sprint times), lower-body power (countermovement jump), upper-body power (medicine ball throw and explosive push up force), estimated one repetition maximum (e1RM) bench press, squat and bench pull, isometric mid-thigh pull strength, eccentric knee flexor strength, isometric hip abduction and adduction, and intermittent endurance performance (30-15 intermittent fitness test; 30-15 IFT). Linear mixed models were performed to compare positional groups. Forwards were significantly heavier and had greater fat mass, fat-free mass, and body fat percentage compared with backs and adjustables (P < 0.01). Backs were faster over 20 m compared with forwards (P = 0.025), whereas forwards had a lower 30-15 IFT peak velocity and estimated V̇o2peak compared with backs and adjustables. Nonetheless, when including body mass in the model, there were no differences between groups in 30-15 IFT peak velocity. There were no significant differences in other variables. These results provide contemporary benchmark physical, physiological, and anthropometric data for elite women RL players, which can inform recruitment, selection, training, and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Minahan
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Tim Newans
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- National Rugby League, Rugby League Central, Brisbane, Australia; and
- Sports Performance Innovation Knowledge and Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karlee Quinn
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- National Rugby League, Rugby League Central, Brisbane, Australia; and
- Sports Performance Innovation Knowledge and Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jo Parsonage
- National Rugby League, Rugby League Central, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | - Simon Buxton
- National Rugby League, Rugby League Central, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | - Phillip Bellinger
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Sports Performance Innovation Knowledge and Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia
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14
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Predicting Rugby League Tackle Outcomes Using Strength and Power Principal Components. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:278-285. [PMID: 34853184 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tackling is a fundamental skill in collision sports such as rugby league. Given the complexity of tackling and multitude of strength and power variables available for analysis, this study aimed to predict tackle outcomes in professional rugby league based on strength and power principal components (PCs). METHODS Twenty-eight rugby league players participated in this study. Maximal strength was assessed via 1 repetition maximum on the back squat, bench press, and bench pull. Lower-body vertical and horizontal power were evaluated using a countermovement jump and standing broad jump. A postmatch analysis of 5 National Rugby League matches was conducted to examine tackling outcomes. PC analysis was performed on the strength and power assessments. The first PCs were retained in each analysis, and a series of Spearman rank-order correlations were conducted between the tackle outcomes and the retained PCs. The PCs significantly related to tackle outcomes were included in the multiple regression analyses to estimate their effect on tackle outcomes. RESULTS Strength PC was a significant predictor of play-the-ball speed in attack, accounting for 54% of the variance. Countermovement jump PC was a significant predictor of postcontact meters, explaining 19% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that a range of tackle outcomes may be predicted from strength and power components. The coaching staff may choose to develop programs and testing designed to focus on these components, which may further develop players' tackle outcomes during competition.
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15
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Naughton M, McLean S, Scott TJ, Weaving D, Solomon C. Quantifying Fatigue in the Rugby Codes: The Interplay Between Collision Characteristics and Neuromuscular Performance, Biochemical Measures, and Self-Reported Assessments of Fatigue. Front Physiol 2021; 12:711634. [PMID: 34776996 PMCID: PMC8586499 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.711634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotor and collision actions that rugby players complete during match-play often lead to substantial fatigue, and in turn, delays in recovery. The methods used to quantify post-match fatigue and recovery can be categorised as subjective and objective, with match-related collision characteristics thought to have a primary role in modulating these recovery measures. The aim of this review was to (1) evaluate how post-match recovery has been quantified in the rugby football codes (i.e., rugby league, rugby union, and rugby sevens), (2) to explore the time-course of commonly used measures of fatigue post-match, and (3) to investigate the relationships between game-related collisions and fatigue metrics. The available evidence suggests that upper-, and lower-body neuromuscular performance are negatively affected, and biomarkers of muscular damage and inflammation increase in the hours and days following match-play, with the largest differences being at 12–36 h post-match. The magnitude of such responses varies within and between neuromuscular performance (Δ ≤ 36%, n = 13 studies) and tissue biomarker (Δ ≤ 585%, n = 18 studies) measures, but nevertheless appears strongly related to collision frequency and intensity. Likewise, the increase in perceived soreness in the hours and days post-match strongly correlate to collision characteristics across the rugby football codes. Within these findings, there are specific differences in positional groups and recovery trajectories between the codes which relate to athlete characteristics, and/or locomotor and collision characteristics. Finally, based on these findings, we offer a conceptual model of fatigue which details the multidimensional latent structure of the load to fatigue relationship contextualised to rugby. Research to date has been limited to univariate associations to explore relationships between collision characteristics and recovery, and multivariate methods are necessary and recommended to account for the latent structures of match-play external load and post-match fatigue constructs. Practitioners should be aware of the typical time windows of fatigue recovery and utilise both subjective and objective metrics to holistically quantify post-match recovery in rugby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Naughton
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott McLean
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Tannath J Scott
- New South Wales Rugby League, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Weaving
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Solomon
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
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16
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Fairbank M, Highton J, Twist C. Passive Heat Maintenance After an Initial Warm-up Improves High-Intensity Activity During an Interchange Rugby League Movement Simulation Protocol. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1981-1986. [PMID: 30707136 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fairbank, M, Highton, J, Twist, C. Passive heat maintenance after an initial warm-up improves high-intensity activity during an interchange rugby league movement simulation protocol. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1981-1986, 2021-This study examined using passive heat maintenance (PHM) to maintain core temperature after a warm-up and its effect on simulated first half running performance in rugby players. Thirteen male rugby players completed this randomized crossover study. Tympanic temperature was taken before a warm-up and then after a further 15 minutes of passive recovery either with (PHM) or without (CON) a PHM garment. Subjects then completed 23 minutes of the rugby league movement simulation protocol (RLMSP-i). Differences in tympanic temperature were unclear between CON and PHM before (35.7 ± 1.3 cf. 36.0 ± 1.1° C; effect size [ES] = 0.20) and during exercise (34.5 ± 0.1 cf. 35.2 ± 0.1° C; ES = 0.26-0.35). High-intensity running (ES = 0.27) and peak sprint speed were higher (ES = 0.46-0.56) during the PHM compared with the CON trial. Time spent above 20 W·kg-1 also increased in the first quartile of the PHM compared with the CON trial (ES = 0.18). All other between trial comparisons of performance were unclear. HRmean (ES = 0.38) was higher in PHM compared with CON, while differences in RPEmean (ES = -0.19) were unclear. There are small to large increases in high-intensity activity performed during a playing bout when rugby players wear a PHM garment after a warm-up. Rugby players should consider PHM during extended periods between a warm-up and starting a match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Fairbank
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom ; and
- St Helens RFC, St Helens, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Highton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Craig Twist
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom ; and
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17
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Joannides B, Ireland MG, Ras J, Leach L. Evaluating physical fitness and the relationship between field and non-field tests in male rugby academy players based on playing position. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:641-648. [PMID: 34028238 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rugby is a globally played sport with statistically significant variance in the physical fitness levels of rugby players in different playing positions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the physical fitness levels in rugby academy players and to determine the relationship between non-field and field tests based on the forward and backline playing positions. METHODS The study made use of cross-sectional, secondary data and employed a quantitative and correlational research design. Forty-five rugby academy players from a rugby academy in the Western Province were conveniently recruited for the study and split into forward and backline playing positions. The non-field tests were stature, body mass, and body fat percentage, bench-press, pull-ups, and vertical jump, while the field tests were the10m, 30m, and 40m sprints, the Broncho test, and the repeat sprintability test. Data analysis comprised independent samples t-test, Pearson's correlation, and linear and logistic regression analysis. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS Forwards were significantly heavier, stronger and more powerful than backline players (p < 0.05). Backline players had a lower body fat percentage, were faster, and had a higher anaerobic endurance capacity, and higher muscular endurance (p < 0.05). Body mass, body fat percentage, aerobic capacity, absolute muscular power, and relative muscular strength were all significant predictors of speed (p < 0.01), and body mass was a significant predictor of anaerobic capacity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Forwards had higher absolute muscular strength and peak power output, whereas backs were significantly lighter, faster, relatively stronger, and possessed higher muscular endurance and were significantly influenced, in particular, by body composition and aerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Joannides
- Department of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Bellville, South Africa -
| | - Matthew G Ireland
- Department of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Bellville, South Africa
| | - Jaron Ras
- Department of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Bellville, South Africa
| | - Lloyd Leach
- Department of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Bellville, South Africa
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18
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Elsworthy N, Callaghan DE, Scanlan AT, Kertesz AHM, Kean CO, Dascombe BJ, Guy JH. Validity and Reliability of Using Load-Velocity Relationship Profiles to Establish Back Squat 1 m·s-1 Load. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:340-346. [PMID: 33306595 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Elsworthy, N, Callaghan, DE, Scanlan, AT, Kertesz, AHM, Kean, CO, Dascombe, BJ, and Guy, JH. Validity and reliability of using load-velocity relationship profiles to establish back squat 1 m·s-1 load. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 340-346, 2021-Although measuring movement velocity during resistance exercise is being increasingly used to monitor player readiness for competition in team sports, the validity and reliability of using set target velocities has not been examined. This study examined test-retest reliability of the load-velocity relationship during the back squat to predict loads corresponding to a mean velocity of 1 m·s-1 (V1Load), test-retest reliability of mean concentric velocity at V1Load, and criterion validity of mean concentric velocity at V1Load. Twenty-seven resistance-trained male rugby league players completed 2 testing sessions on separate days to establish individualized back squat load-velocity relationship profiles (30, 40, 60, and 80% estimated 1 repetition maximum). Velocity during the back squat was assessed at each load and V1Load derived using individualized linear regression equations. A subset of subjects (n = 18) also performed the back squat at predicted V1Load to examine the test-retest reliability and compare the mean concentric velocity with the predicted target of 1 m·s-1. The mean concentric velocity was consistent across all loads during load-velocity relationship testing (p > 0.05, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] ≥0.75, coefficient of variation [CV] ≤5.7%, effect size [ES] ≤0.27), and for predicting V1Load (p = 0.11, ICC = 0.95, CV = 3.9%, ES = 0.11). The mean concentric velocity at V1Load was reliable (ICC = 0.77; CV = 2.6%; ES = 0.39) and not significantly different (p = 0.21) to the target velocity, supporting criterion validity. Individualized load-velocity profiles for the back squat can accurately predict V1Load, and subsequent use of V1Load to assess back squat velocity is valid and reliable. Using V1Load to assess changes in back squat velocity may have application in measuring changes in strength and power or readiness to train.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Elsworthy
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dean E Callaghan
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Queensland, Australia
- Mackay Cutters Rugby League Club, Mackay, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Queensland, Australia
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Crystal O Kean
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Dascombe
- Applied Sport Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia; and
- Priority Research Center in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Joshua H Guy
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Queensland, Australia
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19
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Redman KJ, Wade L, Whitley R, Connick MJ, Kelly VG, Beckman EM. The Relationship Between Match Tackle Outcomes and Muscular Strength and Power in Professional Rugby League. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2853-2861. [PMID: 33470597 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Redman, KJ, Wade, L, Whitley, R, Connick, MJ, Kelly, VG, and Beckman, EM. The relationship between match tackle outcomes and muscular strength and power in professional rugby league. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Tackling is a fundamental skill in collision sports, such as rugby league. Match success is largely dependent on a player's ability to complete tackles and tolerate physical collisions. High levels of strength and power are key physical qualities necessary for effective tackling because players are required to generate large forces while pushing and pulling their opponents. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between tackle outcomes and strength and power qualities in professional rugby league. Fourteen rugby league players participated in this study. Maximal strength was assessed through 1 repetition maximum on the back squat, bench press, and bench pull. Lower-body vertical and horizontal powers were evaluated using a countermovement jump and standing broad jump (SBJ), respectively. Upper-body power was assessed on a plyometric push-up (PPU). Postmatch analysis of 5 National Rugby League matches was conducted to examine tackling outcomes. A series of Spearman's rank-order correlations were used to assess the relationship among match tackle outcomes and strength and power variables. Significant associations were observed between play-the-ball speed and SBJ peak power (rs = -0.74, p = 0.003), postcontact metres and PPU peak power (rs = 0.77, p = 0.002), losing the play-the-ball contest in defence with SBJ distance (rs = 0.70, p = 0.006), and ineffective tackles with PPU concentric impulse (rs = 0.70, p = 0.007). These results suggest the development and maintenance of full-body power to enhance the likelihood of positive tackle outcomes during professional rugby league match-play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellyanne J Redman
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Performance Science Department, Brisbane Broncos Rugby League Club, Brisbane, Australia; Center for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, Department for Health, The University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; and School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia
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20
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Dobbin N, Highton J, Moss SL, Hunwicks R, Twist C. Concurrent Validity of a Rugby-Specific Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (Level 1) for Assessing Match-Related Running Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:176-182. [PMID: 29864051 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dobbin, N, Highton, J, Moss, SL, Hunwicks, R, and Twist, C. Concurrent validity of a rugby-specific Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) for assessing match-related running performance. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 176-182, 2021-This study investigated the concurrent validity of a rugby-specific high-intensity intermittent running test against the internal, external, and perceptual responses to simulated match play. Thirty-six rugby league players (age 18.5 ± 1.8 years; stature 181.4 ± 7.6 cm; body mass 83.5 ± 9.8 kg) completed the prone Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (Yo-Yo IR1), of which 16 also completed the Yo-Yo IR1, and 2 × ∼20 minute bouts of a simulated match play (rugby league match simulation protocol for interchange players [RLMSP-i]). Most likely reductions in relative total, low-speed and high-speed distance, mean speed, and time above 20 W·kg-1 (high metabolic power [HMP]) were observed between bouts of the RLMSP-i. Likewise, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and percentage of peak heart rate (%HRpeak) were very likely and likely higher during the second bout. Pearson's correlations revealed a large relationship for the change in relative distance (r = 0.57-0.61) between bouts with both Yo-Yo IR1 tests. The prone Yo-Yo IR1 was more strongly related to the RLMSP-i for change in repeated sprint speed (r = 0.78 cf. 0.56), mean speed (r = 0.64 cf. 0.36), HMP (r = 0.48 cf. 0.25), fatigue index (r = 0.71 cf. 0.63), %HRpeak (r = -0.56 cf. -0.35), RPEbout1 (r = -0.44 cf. -0.14), and RPEbout2 (r = -0.68 cf. -0.41) than the Yo-Yo IR1, but not for blood lactate concentration (r = -0.20 to -0.28 cf. -0.35 to -0.49). The relationships between prone Yo-Yo IR1 distance and measures of load during the RLMSP-i suggest that it possesses concurrent validity and is more strongly associated with measures of training or match load than the Yo-Yo IR1 using rugby league players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Dobbin
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom ; and
- Rugby Football League, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Highton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Samantha L Moss
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom ; and
| | | | - Craig Twist
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom ; and
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21
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Crang ZL, Hewitt A, Scott TJ, Kelly VG, Johnston RD. Relationship Between Preseason Training Load, Match Performance, and Match Activities in Professional Rugby League. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2581-2588. [PMID: 33306585 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Crang, ZL, Hewitt, A, Scott, TJ, Kelly, VG, and Johnston, RD. Relationship between pre-season training load, match performance and match activities in professional rugby league. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study aimed to establish the relationship between preseason training loads, technical match performance, and physical match activities in rugby league. Twenty-two professional rugby league players (age: 24.7 ± 4.0 years; height: 184.3 ± 4.7 cm; and body mass: 101.1 ± 9.9 kg) participated in the study. Training loads and physical match activities were monitored using global positioning systems. Total distance (m), high-speed running distance (VT1IFT; distance covered above estimated first ventilatory threshold [≥68% of 30-15 intermittent fitness test]) and total session rating of perceived exertion from all field-based (32.5 ± 8.5) and gym-based sessions (39.1 ± 12.5) were used to quantify preseason loads. Physical match activities were measured as total and high-speed running distance relative to individual playing time, whereas technical match activities and performance scores were used to evaluate individual match performance. To examine the relationship between physical match activities, technical performance, and preseason load, Pearson's correlation coefficients were quantified for each in-season game before performing a Fisher Z Transformation. Preseason high-speed running distance was positively associated with high-speed match activities (r = 0.34-0.51), whereas negatively associated with technical performance scores (r = -0.51 to -0.35) and hit up m·min of match-play (r = -0.30 to -0.17). It seems high speed running performed in the preseason period positively influences in-season physical match activity profiles, however, are unlikely to positively impact technical match performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Crang
- School of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam Hewitt
- School of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tannath J Scott
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Center, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent G Kelly
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rich D Johnston
- School of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Center, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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22
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Gómez-Carmona CD, Bastida-Castillo A, Ibáñez SJ, Pino-Ortega J. Accelerometry as a method for external workload monitoring in invasion team sports. A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236643. [PMID: 32841239 PMCID: PMC7447012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerometry is a recent method used to quantify workload in team sports. A rapidly increasing number of studies supports the practical implementation of accelerometry monitoring to regulate and optimize training schemes. Therefore, the purposes of this study were: (1) to reflect the current state of knowledge about accelerometry as a method of workload monitoring in invasion team sports according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and (2) to conclude recommendations for application and scientific investigations. The Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for relevant published studies according to the following keywords: "accelerometry" or "accelerometer" or "microtechnology" or "inertial devices", and "load" or "workload", and "sport". Of the 1383 studies initially identified, 118 were selected for a full review. The main results indicate that the most frequent findings were (i) devices' body location: scapulae; (b) devices brand: Catapult Sports; (iii) variables: PlayerLoadTM and its variations; (iv) sports: rugby, Australian football, soccer and basketball; (v) sex: male; (vi) competition level: professional and elite; and (vii) context: separate training or competition. A great number of variables and devices from various companies make the comparability between findings difficult; unification is required. Although the most common location is at scapulae because of its optimal signal reception for time-motion analysis, new methods for multi-location skills and locomotion assessment without losing tracking accuracy should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Didactics of Music, Plastic and Body Expression Department, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Alejandro Bastida-Castillo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, International Excellence Campus “Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
- University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | - Sergio J. Ibáñez
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Didactics of Music, Plastic and Body Expression Department, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, International Excellence Campus “Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
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23
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Brazier J, Antrobus M, Stebbings GK, Day SH, Callus P, Erskine RM, Bennett MA, Kilduff LP, Williams AG. Anthropometric and Physiological Characteristics of Elite Male Rugby Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1790-1801. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Webster TM, Comfort P, Jones PA. Relationship Between Physical Fitness and the Physical Demands of 50-Over Cricket in Fast Bowlers. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:e66-e72. [PMID: 32304517 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Webster, TM, Comfort, P, and Jones, PA. Relationship between physical fitness and the physical demands of 50-over cricket in fast bowlers. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Professional cricket is constantly evolving and resulting in increased physiological demand placed on players. Fast bowlers experience the greatest physical demand during match-play; despite this, research has overlooked the importance of specific physical attributes to optimizing physical match performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between 50-Over physical match performance and tests of physical qualities in fast bowlers. Fifteen professional male fast bowlers (age = 23.8 ± 4.0 years; height = 183.4 ± 6.7 cm; body mass = 82.9 ± 9.2 kg) participated in the study. Subjects completed the following physical fitness tests; sum of skinfolds, countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-m sprint, and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1. Global positioning system data were collected during 6 professional 50-Over fixtures. Moderate correlations were established between CMJ height to total distance covered (r = 0.585; p = 0.022), sprinting distance (ρ = 0.554; p = 0.032), and maximal velocity (r = 0.567; p = 0.027); 20-m sprint time to total distance covered (ρ = -0.519; p = 0.047) and PlayerLoad (ρ = -0.561; p = 0.03); and Yo-Yo distance to total match distance (r = 0.520; p = 0.047) and sprinting distance (ρ = 0.524; p = 0.045). These findings demonstrate the predictive importance of prolonged intermittent running ability, jump, and sprint performance to match running performance of elite fast bowlers in 1-day cricket. Strength and conditioning coaches should use such information to design training to ensure fast bowlers are adequately conditioned to meet the demands of match running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Webster
- Lancashire County Cricket Club, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.,Directorate of Sport Exercise and Physiotherapy, School of Health & Society, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Sport Exercise and Physiotherapy, School of Health & Society, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.,Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Jones
- Directorate of Sport Exercise and Physiotherapy, School of Health & Society, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
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Naughton M, Jones B, Hendricks S, King D, Murphy A, Cummins C. Quantifying the Collision Dose in Rugby League: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Critical Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:6. [PMID: 31970529 PMCID: PMC6976075 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collisions (i.e. tackles, ball carries, and collisions) in the rugby league have the potential to increase injury risk, delay recovery, and influence individual and team performance. Understanding the collision demands of the rugby league may enable practitioners to optimise player health, recovery, and performance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to (1) characterise the dose of collisions experienced within senior male rugby league match-play and training, (2) systematically and critically evaluate the methods used to describe the relative and absolute frequency and intensity of collisions, and (3) provide recommendations on collision monitoring. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science) using keywords was undertaken. A meta-analysis provided a pooled mean of collision frequency or intensity metrics on comparable data sets from at least two studies. RESULTS Forty-three articles addressing the absolute (n) or relative collision frequency (n min-1) or intensity of senior male rugby league collisions were included. Meta-analysis of video-based studies identified that forwards completed approximately twice the number of tackles per game than backs (n = 24.6 vs 12.8), whilst ball carry frequency remained similar between backs and forwards (n = 11.4 vs 11.2). Variable findings were observed at the subgroup level with a limited number of studies suggesting wide-running forwards, outside backs, and hit-up forwards complete similar ball carries whilst tackling frequency differed. For microtechnology, at the team level, players complete an average of 32.7 collisions per match. Limited data suggested hit-up and wide-running forwards complete the most collisions per match, when compared to adjustables and outside backs. Relative to playing time, forwards (n min-1 = 0.44) complete a far greater frequency of collision than backs (n min-1 = 0.16), with data suggesting hit-up forwards undertake more than adjustables, and outside backs. Studies investigating g force intensity zones utilised five unique intensity schemes with zones ranging from 2-3 g to 13-16 g. Given the disparity between device setups and zone classification systems between studies, further analyses were inappropriate. It is recommended that practitioners independently validate microtechnology against video to establish criterion validity. CONCLUSIONS Video- and microtechnology-based methods have been utilised to quantify collisions in the rugby league with differential collision profiles observed between forward and back positional groups, and their distinct subgroups. The ball carry demands of forwards and backs were similar, whilst tackle demands were greater for forwards than backs. Microtechnology has been used inconsistently to quantify collision frequency and intensity. Despite widespread popularity, a number of the microtechnology devices have yet to be appropriately validated. Limitations exist in using microtechnology to quantify collision intensity, including the lack of consistency and limited validation. Future directions include application of machine learning approaches to differentiate types of collisions in microtechnology datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Naughton
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ben Jones
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Doug King
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Sports Performance Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Aron Murphy
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Cloe Cummins
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,National Rugby League, Sydney, Australia
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26
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Bennett H, Arnold J, Martin M, Norton K, Davison K. A randomised controlled trial of movement quality-focused exercise versus traditional resistance exercise for improving movement quality and physical performance in trained adults. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2806-2817. [PMID: 31500505 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1665234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this trial was to compare an eight-week individual movement quality versus traditional resistance training intervention on movement quality and physical performance. Forty-six trained adults were randomised to a movement quality-focused training (MQ) or a traditional resistance training (TRAD) group, and performed two individualised training sessions per week, for 8 weeks. Session-RPE (sRPE) was obtained from each session. Measures of movement quality (MovementSCREEN and Functional Movement Screen (FMS)) and physical performance were performed pre- and post-intervention. All measures improved significantly in both groups (3-14.5%, p = <0.005). The between-group difference in MovementSCREEN composite score was not statistically significant (0.3, 95% CI -3.4, 4.1, p = 0.852). However, change in FMS composite was significantly greater in MQ (1.3, 95% CI 0.8, 1.8, p < 0.001). There were no significant between-group differences in physical performance (p = 0.060-0.960). The mean sRPE was significantly lower in MQ (5.25, SD 1.2) compared to TRAD (6.6 SD 1.0, p = <0.001). Thus, although movement quality scores were not distinctly greater in the MQ group, a movement quality specific intervention caused comparable improvements in physical performance compared to traditional resistance training but at lower perceived training intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Bennett
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
| | - John Arnold
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Max Martin
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Kevin Norton
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Kade Davison
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
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Factors Affecting the Anthropometric and Physical Characteristics of Elite Academy Rugby League Players: A Multiclub Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:958-965. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the factors affecting the anthropometric and physical characteristics of elite academy rugby league players. Methods: One hundred ninety-seven elite academy rugby league players (age = 17.3 [1.0] y) from 5 Super League clubs completed measures of anthropometric and physical characteristics during a competitive season. The interaction between and influence of contextual factors on characteristics was assessed using linear mixed modeling. Results: All physical characteristics improved during preseason and continued to improve until midseason, whereafter 10-m sprint (η2 = .20 cf .25), countermovement jump (CMJ) (η2 = .28 cf .30), and prone Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery (Yo-Yo IR) test (η2 = .22 cf .54) performance declined. Second (η2 = .17) and third (η2 = .16) -year players were heavier than first-years, whereas third-years had slower 10-m sprint times (η2 = .22). Large positional variability was observed for body mass, 20-m sprint time, medicine-ball throw, CMJ, and prone Yo-Yo IR1. Compared with bottom-ranked teams, top-ranked teams demonstrated superior 20-m (η2 = −.22) and prone Yo-Yo IR1 (η2 = .26) performance, whereas middle-ranked teams reported higher CMJ height (η2 = .26) and prone Yo-Yo IR1 distance (η2 = .20) but slower 20-m sprint times (η2 = .20). Conclusion: These findings offer practitioners who design training programs for academy rugby league players insight into the relationships between anthropometric and physical characteristics and how they are influenced by playing year, league ranking, position, and season phase.
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Daniels M, Highton J, Twist C. Pre-season training responses and their associations with training load in elite rugby league players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1612529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie Highton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Craig Twist
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chester, Chester, UK
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Chiwaridzo M, Munambah N, Oorschot S, Magume D, Dambi JM, Ferguson G, Smits-Engelsman BCM. Coaches' perceptions on qualities defining good adolescent rugby players and are important for player recruitment in talent identification programs: the SCRuM project. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:132. [PMID: 30867064 PMCID: PMC6417159 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Competitive rugby is increasingly becoming popular among adolescent players even in countries hardly known for rugby such as Zimbabwe. Given the increased participation rates, burgeoning talent identification (TID) programs and the reportedly high injury-risk associated with competitive youth rugby, the minimal qualities or skills needed for effective performance by all young players need further clarification. Therefore, this qualitative study was conducted to explore the perceptions of high-school based rugby coaches on the key qualities or skills defining good adolescent rugby players and should be considered for player recruitment in TID programs. Currently, there is no consensus in literature from the coaches’ perspective on these qualities. Results The final sample had 22 coaches (median age = 45.5 years) with years of coaching high-school rugby ranging from 6 to 17 years. Using the conventional approach to inductive content analysis four broad themes emerged suggesting the multifaceted nature of the requirements imperative for effective and optimal rugby performance among adolescent rugby players as perceived by the coaches. Themes identified included: physiological characteristics, anthropometric attributes, psychological qualities and game-specific skills. Possibly, training approaches or design of rugby-specific test-batteries should consider all these important qualities and be multi-dimensional in composition. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-019-4170-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chiwaridzo
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - N Munambah
- Division of Occupational Therapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Rehabilitation Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O Box, A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - S Oorschot
- Department of Rehabilitation, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - D Magume
- Rehabilitation Clinic, Premier Service Medical Investment, 36 Josiah Tongogara, Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - J M Dambi
- Rehabilitation Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O Box, A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - G Ferguson
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B C M Smits-Engelsman
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Dobbin N, Hunwicks R, Highton J, Twist C. A Reliable Testing Battery for Assessing Physical Qualities of Elite Academy Rugby League Players. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 32:3232-3238. [PMID: 29140912 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dobbin, N, Hunwicks, R, Highton, J, and Twist, C. A reliable testing battery for assessing physical qualities of elite academy rugby league players. J Strength Cond Res 32(11): 3232-3238, 2018-This study assessed the interday reliability of a testing battery for the assessment of physical qualities of rugby league players. Fifty players (age 17.1 ± 1.1 years; stature 181.3 ± 6.3 cm; and body mass 89.0 ± 11.6 kg) from 3 Super League academies participated in this study. Tests of countermovement jump performance, 10- and 20-m sprint performance, change of direction, medicine ball throw, and a modified Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (prone Yo-Yo IR1) were completed on 3 separate occasions. Between-day intraclass correlation coefficient, typical error (TE), coefficient of variation, and the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) were calculated to determine the reliability and sensitivity of each measure. Individual tests (except medicine ball throw) were not systematically different between trials (p > 0.05), with an interday variability that was <10%. In all instances, the TE was larger than the calculated SWC change, although variability was less than that typically observed after a training intervention or specific training period (i.e. preseason). Using a magnitude-based inference approach, we present the required change for all performance tests to be 75% confident and the change is beneficial. This simple and time efficient testing battery is sufficiently reliable to detect previously observed changes in a range of physical qualities of rugby league players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Dobbin
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom.,Rugby Football League, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jamie Highton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Twist
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom
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31
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Simpson MJ, Jenkins DG, Leveritt MD, Kelly VG. Physical profiles of elite, sub-elite, regional and age-group netballers. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:1212-1219. [PMID: 30558478 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1553269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Physical profile data from elite, sub-elite, regional, under 21s (U21), under 19s (U19) and under 17s (U17) (n = 845) players from a state netball association in Australia were analysed. Within season changes were examined for the elite and sub-elite players. Longitudinal changes were examined for the elite across four consecutive netball seasons. Elite were significantly older (24.3 ± 3.4years), taller (182.4 ± 7.2cm) and heavier (73.42 ± 6.95kg) than other playing levels (p < 0.001, ES 0.49-3.26) and had higher vertical jump (VJ) data compared to all groups (p < 0.001, ES 0.47-0.93). U17's were significantly faster than elite, sub-elite and U19 players over 5m (p < 0.05, ES 0.36-0.58) while elite were faster over 20m compared to all groups (p < 0.01, ES 0.45-0.72). Elite achieved a greater distance (1350.8m; p < 0.05, ES 0.32-0.50) in the Yo-YoIRT1 compared to the sub-elite, regional, U19 and U17. VJ height significantly increased from the 2014 (51.6 ± 4.8cm) to the 2017 season (59.6 ± 6.3cm) for the elite players (p < 0.01, ES 1.18). Yo-YoIRT1 test scores increased significantly between the pre-season and in-season phases (p < 0.05, ES 0.17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni J Simpson
- a School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences , University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia.,b Queensland Firebirds , Netball Queensland , Moorooka , Australia
| | - David G Jenkins
- a School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences , University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia
| | - Michael D Leveritt
- a School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences , University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia
| | - Vincent G Kelly
- c School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
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32
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Chiwaridzo M, Chandahwa D, Oorschot S, Tadyanemhandu C, Dambi JM, Ferguson G, Smits-Engelsman BCM. Logical validation and evaluation of practical feasibility for the SCRuM (School Clinical Rugby Measure) test battery developed for young adolescent rugby players in a resource-constrained environment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207307. [PMID: 30458016 PMCID: PMC6245748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing impetus towards usage of test batteries in talent identification (TID) programmes in rugby. Consequently, there are many test batteries in existence profiling anthropometric, physiological characteristics and rugby-specific skills. There is no consensus in the literature on the constituent variables and corresponding tests required to inform TID programs. Following development of a new test battery called the SCRuM (School Clinical Rugby Measure), this study aimed at establishing face, logical validity and practical feasibility of included tests. The test battery, initially comprised of 23 items, had its face and logical validity evaluated by five (5) adolescent rugby coaches and 20 rugby experts, respectively. Logical validation was conducted in two questionnaire-based rounds with Content Validity Index (I-CVI) calculated for each variable. Subsequently, a cross-sectional study targeting 30 local rugby coaches was conducted to determine the perceived practical feasibility of each test item. The results showed excellent I-CVI (>0.78) for 17 variables (speed, weight, height and skin fold measures, repeated high-intensity exercise performance ability, prolonged high-intensity intermittent running ability, change of direction speed, anaerobic capacity, lower-and upper body muscular power and strength, muscular flexibility, reactive agility, passing for accuracy, tackling proficiency, and catching). However, three tests, namely, Reactive Agility, One Repetition Maximum Back Squat and One Repetition Maximum Bench Press had low test-feasibility indices (T-FI< 35) suggesting practicality concerns with implementation in the Zimbabwean context. Thus, these findings suggest the need for substitution or development of new practically feasible tests for upper-and lower body muscular strength and reactive agility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Chiwaridzo
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Rehabilitation Department, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
- * E-mail:
| | - Danai Chandahwa
- Rehabilitation Department, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Sander Oorschot
- Department of Rehabilitation, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cathrine Tadyanemhandu
- Rehabilitation Department, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jermaine M. Dambi
- Rehabilitation Department, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Gillian Ferguson
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bouwien C. M. Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Till K, Scantlebury S, Jones B. Anthropometric and Physical Qualities of Elite Male Youth Rugby League Players. Sports Med 2018; 47:2171-2186. [PMID: 28578541 PMCID: PMC5633637 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0745-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rugby league is a collision team sport played at junior and senior levels worldwide, whereby players require highly developed anthropometric and physical qualities (i.e. speed, change-of-direction speed, aerobic capacity, muscular strength and power). Within junior levels, professional clubs and national governing bodies implement talent identification and development programmes to support the development of youth (i.e. 13-20 years) rugby league players into professional athletes. This review presents and critically appraises the anthropometric and physical qualities of elite male youth rugby league players aged between 13 and 20 years, by age category, playing standard and playing position. Height, body mass, body composition, linear speed, change-of-direction speed, aerobic capacity, muscular strength and power characteristics are presented and demonstrate that qualities develop with age and differentiate between playing standard and playing position. This highlights the importance of anthropometric and physical qualities for the identification and development of youth rugby league players. However, factors such as maturity status, variability in development, longitudinal monitoring and career attainment should be considered to help understand, identify and develop the physical qualities of youth players. Further extensive research is required into the anthropometric and physical qualities of youth rugby league players, specifically considering national standardised testing batteries, links between physical qualities and match performance, together with intervention studies, to inform the physical development of youth rugby league players for talent identification and development purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Room 108, Cavendish Hall, West Yorkshire, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK. .,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK.
| | - Sean Scantlebury
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Room 108, Cavendish Hall, West Yorkshire, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Room 108, Cavendish Hall, West Yorkshire, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK.,Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, UK
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Physical Preparation Factors That Influence Technical and Physical Match Performance in Professional Australian Football. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:1021-1027. [PMID: 29466065 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the collective influence of a range of physical preparation elements on selected performance measures during Australian football match play. DESIGN Prospective and longitudinal. METHODS Data were collected from 34 professional Australian football players from the same club during the 2016 Australian Football League competition season. Match activity profiles and acute (7-d) and chronic (3-wk) training loads were collected using global positioning system devices. Training response was measured by well-being questionnaires completed prior to the main training session each week. Maximal aerobic running speed (MAS) was estimated by a 2-km time trial conducted during preseason. Coach ratings were collected from the senior coach and 4 assistants after each match on a 5-point Likert scale. Player ratings were obtained from a commercial statistics provider. Fifteen matches were analyzed. Linear mixed models were constructed to examine the collective influence of training-related factors on 4 performance measures. RESULTS Muscle soreness had a small positive effect (ES: 0.12) on Champion Data rating points. Three-week average high-speed running distance had a small negative effect (ES: 0.14) on coach ratings. MAS had large to moderate positive effects (ES: 0.55 to 0.47) on relative total and high-speed running distances. Acute total and chronic average total running distance had small positive (ES: 0.13) and negative (ES: 0.14) effects on relative total and high-speed running distance performed during matches, respectively. CONCLUSIONS MAS should be developed to enhance players' running performance during competition. Monitoring of physical preparation data may assist in reducing injury and illness and increasing player availability but not enhance football performance.
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Hulin BT, Gabbett TJ, Johnston RD, Jenkins DG. Sub-maximal heart rate is associated with changes in high-intensity intermittent running ability in professional rugby league players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1475748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Billy T. Hulin
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Football Department, St. George Illawarra Dragons Rugby League Football Club, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Tim J. Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia
| | - Rich D. Johnston
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, Australia
| | - David G. Jenkins
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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36
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McLaren SJ, Smith A, Bartlett JD, Spears IR, Weston M. Differential training loads and individual fitness responses to pre-season in professional rugby union players. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2438-2446. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1461449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun J. McLaren
- Department of Psychology, Sport and Exercise, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
- Sport Science and Medical Department, Hartlepool United Football Club, Hartlepool, UK
| | - Andrew Smith
- A S Strength and Conditioning Limited, Consett, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Bartlett
- Gold Coast Football Club, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Sport, Exercise & Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Psychology, Sport and Exercise, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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37
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The Influence of Physical Qualities on Activity Profiles of Female Australian Football Match Play. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:524-529. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Till K, Darrall-Jones J, Weakley JJ, Roe GA, Jones BL. The Influence of Training Age on the Annual Development of Physical Qualities Within Academy Rugby League Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 31:2110-2118. [PMID: 27442330 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Till, K, Darrall-Jones, J, Weakley, JJ, Roe, GA, and Jones, BL. The influence of training age on the annual development of physical qualities within academy rugby league players. J Strength Cond Res 31(8): 2110-2118, 2017-Previous research in academy rugby league players has evaluated the development of physical qualities according to chronological age. However, no study has considered the training age, defined as the number of formalized years of strength and conditioning training, of these players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to present and compare the annual changes in physical qualities of academy rugby league players according to training age. Sixty-one academy players undertook a fitness testing assessment, including anthropometric (height, body mass, sum of 4 skinfolds) and physical (10 and 20 m sprint, 10m momentum, vertical jump, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 [Yo-Yo IRTL1], one-repetition maximum [1RM] squat, bench press and prone row) measures at the start of preseason on 2 consecutive annual occasions. Players were categorized into one of 3 training age groups (i.e., 0, 1, or 2 years) and were analyzed using magnitude-based inferences. Almost certain, very likely or likely annual improvements were identified for body mass, 10m momentum, Yo-Yo IRTL1, vertical jump, and all strength measures for the 3 training age groups. When training age groups were compared, 1 year showed possibly or likely lower strength increases than 0 years training age. However, the 2 years training age group demonstrated possibly or likely increased strength changes compared with 1 year. These findings suggest that training age is an important consideration for strength and conditioning practitioners but it is likely to be a combination of chronological age, biological maturity, and training experience alongside dynamic interplayer variability that influences the physical development of academy rugby league players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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Chiwaridzo M, Oorschot S, Dambi JM, Ferguson GD, Bonney E, Mudawarima T, Tadyanemhandu C, Smits-Engelsman BCM. A systematic review investigating measurement properties of physiological tests in rugby. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2017; 9:24. [PMID: 29299317 PMCID: PMC5745687 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-017-0081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background This systematic review was conducted with the first objective aimed at providing an overview of the physiological characteristics commonly evaluated in rugby and the corresponding tests used to measure each construct. Secondly, the measurement properties of all identified tests per physiological construct were evaluated with the ultimate purpose of identifying tests with strongest level of evidence per construct. Methods The review was conducted in two stages. In all stages, electronic databases of EBSCOhost, Medline and Scopus were searched for full-text articles. Stage 1 included studies examining physiological characteristics in rugby. Stage 2 included studies evaluating measurement properties of all tests identified in Stage 1 either in rugby or related sports such as Australian Rules football and Soccer. Two independent reviewers screened relevant articles from titles and abstracts for both stages. Results Seventy studies met the inclusion criteria for Stage 1. The studies described 63 tests assessing speed (8), agility/change of direction speed (7), upper-body muscular endurance (8), upper-body muscular power (6), upper-body muscular strength (5), anaerobic endurance (4), maximal aerobic power (4), lower-body muscular power (3), prolonged high-intensity intermittent running ability/endurance (5), lower-body muscular strength (5), repeated high-intensity exercise performance (3), repeated-sprint ability (2), repeated-effort ability (1), maximal aerobic speed (1) and abdominal endurance (1). Stage 2 identified 20 studies describing measurement properties of 21 different tests. Only moderate evidence was found for the reliability of the 30–15 Intermittent Fitness. There was limited evidence found for the reliability and/or validity of 5 m, 10 m, 20 m speed tests, 505 test, modified 505 test, L run test, Sergeant Jump test and bench press repetitions-to-fatigue tests. There was no information from high-quality studies on the measurement properties of all the other tests identified in stage 1. Conclusion A number of physiological characteristics are evaluated in rugby. Each physiological construct has multiple tests for measurement. However, there is paucity of information on measurement properties from high-quality studies for the tests. This raises questions about the usefulness and applicability of these tests in rugby and creates a need for high-quality future studies evaluating measurement properties of these physiological tests. Trial registrations PROSPERO CRD 42015029747. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13102-017-0081-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Chiwaridzo
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Rehabilitation Department, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, P.O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Sander Oorschot
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Univeristy of Maastricht, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jermaine M Dambi
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Rehabilitation Department, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, P.O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Gillian D Ferguson
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Bonney
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ghana, College of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, Accra, Ghana
| | - Tapfuma Mudawarima
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Harare Central Hospital, Rehabilitation Department, P.O Box ST 14, Southerton, Lobengula Road, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Cathrine Tadyanemhandu
- Rehabilitation Department, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, P.O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Department of Physiotherapy, University of Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Therapeutic Sciences, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bouwien C M Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Oorschot S, Chiwaridzo M, Cm Smits-Engelsman B. Psychometric evaluation of commonly used game-specific skills tests in rugby: A systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2017; 3:e000281. [PMID: 29259812 PMCID: PMC5728269 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To (1) give an overview of commonly used game-specific skills tests in rugby and (2) evaluate available psychometric information of these tests. Methods The databases PubMed, MEDLINE CINAHL and Africa Wide information were systematically searched for articles published between January 1995 and March 2017. First, commonly used game-specific skills tests were identified. Second, the available psychometrics of these tests were evaluated and the methodological quality of the studies assessed using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments checklist. Studies included in the first step had to report detailed information on the construct and testing procedure of at least one game-specific skill, and studies included in the second step had additionally to report at least one psychometric property evaluating reliability, validity or responsiveness. Results 287 articles were identified in the first step, of which 30 articles met the inclusion criteria and 64 articles were identified in the second step of which 10 articles were included. Reactive agility, tackling and simulated rugby games were the most commonly used tests. All 10 studies reporting psychometrics reported reliability outcomes, revealing mainly strong evidence. However, all studies scored poor or fair on methodological quality. Four studies reported validity outcomes in which mainly moderate evidence was indicated, but all articles had fair methodological quality. Conclusion Game-specific skills tests indicated mainly high reliability and validity evidence, but the studies lacked methodological quality. Reactive agility seems to be a promising domain, but the specific tests need further development. Future high methodological quality studies are required in order to develop valid and reliable test batteries for rugby talent identification. Trial registration number PROSPERO CRD42015029747.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Oorschot
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew Chiwaridzo
- College of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Department, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bouwien Cm Smits-Engelsman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Effects of a Six-Week Strength Training Programme on Change of Direction Performance in Youth Team Sport Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5040083. [PMID: 29910443 PMCID: PMC5969044 DOI: 10.3390/sports5040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of eccentric phase-emphasis strength training (EPE) on unilateral strength and performance in 180- and 45-degree change of direction (COD) tasks in rugby union players. A 12-week cross-over design was used to compare the efficacy of resistance training executed with 3 s eccentric duration (EPE, n = 12) against conventional strength training, with no constraints on tempo (CON, n = 6). Players in each condition were categorised as ‘fast’ (FAST) or ‘slow’ (SLOW) using median trial times from baseline testing. Players recorded greater isometric strength improvements following EPE (ES = −0.54 to 1.80). Whilst these changes were not immediate, players improved in strength following cessation. Improvements in 180-degree COD performance was recorded at all test-points following EPE (ES = −1.32 to −0.15). Improvements in 45-degree COD performance were apparent for FAST following CON (ES = −0.96 to 0.10), but CON was deleterious for SLOW (ES = −0.60 to 1.53). Eccentric phase-emphasis strength training shows potential for sustained strength enhancement. Positive performance changes in COD tasks were category- and condition-specific. The data indicate the greatest improvement occurred at nine weeks following resistance training in these players. Performance benefits may also be specific to COD task, player category, and relative to emphasis on eccentric phase activity.
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Duthie GM, Thornton HR, Delaney JA, McMahon JT, Benton DT. Relationship Between Physical Performance Testing Results and Peak Running Intensity During Professional Rugby League Match Play. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 34:3506-3513. [PMID: 29016482 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Duthie, GM, Thornton, HR, Delaney, JA, McMahon, JT, and Benton, DT. Relationship between physical performance testing results and peak running intensity during professional rugby league match play. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3506-3513, 2020-The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between individual athletes' physical characteristics and both the peak running intensities and the decline in peak running intensities during competition. Twenty-two professional rugby league athletes (age; 24.1 ± 4.0 years, body mass; 101.4 ± 9.5 kg) underwent a series of physical testing procedures. Peak running intensity was determined using a moving average technique, applied to the speed (m·min), acceleration/deceleration (m·s), and metabolic power (W·kg) during competition, across 10 different durations. The power law relationship was then established, yielding an intercept and slope for the movement variables. Mixed linear models were then used to determine the relationship between physical characteristics and intercept and slope values. There were large, positive relationships between a player's maximal speed and both peak running speeds (effect size = 0.56, 90% confidence interval: 0.20-0.78) and metabolic power (0.57, 0.21-0.79) during competition. By contrast, there were large, negative associations between maximal speed and the rate of decline in running speed (-0.60, -0.81 to -0.27) and metabolic power (-0.65, -0.83 to -0.32) during competition. Similarly, there were negative associations between relative squat strength and the rate of decline in running speed (moderate: -0.41, -0.69 to -0.04) and metabolic power (large: -0.53, -0.77 to -0.17) during competition. The findings of this study demonstrate that a players running intensity during competition is underpinned by the individual athletes physiological qualities. Athletes demonstrating higher maximal speeds in testing were able to maintain higher running intensities over short durations but had a greater decrease in running intensity as duration increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant M Duthie
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Heidi R Thornton
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Center, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jace A Delaney
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James T McMahon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne Storm Rugby League Club, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Dean T Benton
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Atletico, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Greene DA, Varley B, Duncan CS, Gabbett TJ. Assessment of body composition in junior representative and first grade rugby league players using dual x-ray absorptiometry. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1331043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Greene
- School of Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Varley
- School of Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Craig S. Duncan
- School of Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim J. Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD, Australia
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Baker DG. Comparison of Strength Levels Between Players From Within the Same Club Who Were Selected vs. Not Selected to Play in the Grand Final of the National Rugby League Competition. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1461-1467. [PMID: 28538293 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have established that higher levels of strength and power, tested at the end of the preseason, distinguish between playing level in professional rugby league. How this may impact the ability of players to get selected for final payoff games some 30 weeks later has not been fully investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare measures of upper- and lower-body strength between players from the same professional club, designated as those 17 players who attained selection and played in the team that won the Grand Final of the National Rugby League competition (GF) and those who did not attain selection (NSGF). Players were tested and compared for 1 repetition maximum bench press and full squat strength levels at the end of the preparation period, 30 weeks before the GF, using traditional significance analysis of variance and effect size (ES) statistics. Furthermore, the players were analyzed according to the 2 broad positional playing groups of forwards (FWD) and backs (BL). The results demonstrated that overall, the GF players were stronger than NSGF players by approximately 10 and 15%, respectively, for the upper and lower body. When analyzed according to positional groupings, there were significant differences and large ES for GF forwards, who were significantly stronger, heavier, and older than NSGF FWD players. For the BL groups, the differences between the groups were not significant. Because of the intense physical collisions inherent in rugby league, it would appear that higher levels of strength afford players greater performance benefits, resiliency against injury, and greater likelihood of being selected in the most important games at the end of the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Baker
- School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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45
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Rivière M, Louit L, Strokosch A, Seitz LB. Variable Resistance Training Promotes Greater Strength and Power Adaptations Than Traditional Resistance Training in Elite Youth Rugby League Players. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:947-955. [PMID: 27465633 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rivière, M, Louit, L, Strokosch, A, and Seitz, LB. Variable resistance training promotes greater strength and power adaptations than traditional resistance training in elite youth rugby league players. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 947-955, 2017-The purpose of this study was to examine the strength, velocity, and power adaptations in youth rugby league players in response to a variable resistance training (VRT) or traditional free-weight resistance training (TRAD) intervention. Sixteen elite youth players were assigned to a VRT or TRAD group and completed 2 weekly upper- and lower-body strength and power sessions for 6 weeks. Training programs were identical except that the VRT group trained the bench press exercise with 20% of the prescribed load coming from elastic bands. Bench press 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and bench press mean velocity and power at 35, 45, 65, 75, and 85% of 1RM were measured before and after the training intervention, and the magnitude of the changes was determined using effect sizes (ESs). The VRT group experienced larger increases in both absolute (ES = 0.46 vs. 0.20) and relative (ES = 0.41 vs. 0.19) bench press 1RM. Similar results were observed for mean velocity as well as both absolute and relative mean power at 35, 45, 65, 75, and 85% of 1RM. Furthermore, both groups experienced large gains in both velocity and power in the heavier loads but small improvements in the lighter loads. The improvements in both velocity and power against the heavier loads were larger for the VRT group, whereas smaller differences existed between the 2 groups in the lighter loads. Variable resistance training using elastic bands may offer a greater training stimulus than traditional free-weight resistance training to improve upper-body strength, velocity, and power in elite youth rugby league players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Rivière
- 1Catalans Dragons, Perpignan, France; 2University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; 3University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom; and 4Center for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Gold Standard or Fool's Gold? The Efficacy of Displacement Variables as Indicators of Energy Expenditure in Team Sports. Sports Med 2017; 46:657-70. [PMID: 26643522 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Over recent decades, the use of player tracking technology to monitor physical work output has become established practice in many team sports. Early tracking systems were manual in nature, relying on subjective assessments and arbitrary classifications of movement intensity. Poor spatial and temporal resolution meant that only gross displacement measures could be used to infer energy demands. However, the advent and evolution of automated systems, with higher sampling rates and improved accuracy, have enabled data collection to occur on a mass scale, and served as a catalyst for extensive research into the demands of team sport activity, including comparisons between different groups of athletes, and the effects of various interventions on performance. The inherent assumption with this research is that, based on steady-state models where energy cost is independent of speed, total distance and average speed are indicative of the amount and rate of work done, respectively. This assumption could be justified if the activity was performed at a constant speed in a straight line. However, team sport movement involves continual changes in both speed and direction, both of which increase energy cost. Accordingly, new models have emerged that incorporate both speed and acceleration to determine metabolic power. This provides a more complete measure of energy expenditure in intermittent activity, and is potentially more suitable than displacement variables for research into the demands of team sports.
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Hausler J, Halaki M, Orr R. Application of Global Positioning System and Microsensor Technology in Competitive Rugby League Match-Play: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2016; 46:559-88. [PMID: 26714810 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of global positioning system (GPS) devices with the inclusion of microsenor technology in rugby league enables measurement of player activity profiles to understand the demands of match-play and optimise on-field performance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to systematically review the use of GPS and microsensor technology to quantify player activity profiles in match-play, and conduct a meta-analysis of relevant movement variables in order to present the contemporary and emerging themes within rugby league. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, EMBASE, and Google Scholar) from the earliest record to February 2015 was conducted. Permutations of key words included GPS, microtechnology, activity profiles, match demands (movement or physical demands), and rugby league. A meta-analysis was conducted to provide a pooled mean and confidence intervals on comparable data from at least three studies. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies met the eligibility criteria and included 1270 male participants. The studies reported on GPS use in elite competition (n = 16) with limited representation of other competition standards: sub-elite (n = 6), amateur (n = 1) and junior (n = 3). All studies reported on movement variables (distance, relative distance, speed and accelerations), with studies analysing movement at high speed (n = 18, 66.7%), evaluating collision or impact variables (n = 15, 55.6%) and determining the metabolic energy (n = 2, 7.4%) associated with rugby league match-play. Activity profiles of varying positions, positional groups and levels of rugby league competition were described. Meta-analysis indicated that the total distance covered by backs and adjustables were both greater than forward positions, but adjustables covered greater relative distance than forwards and backs. Speed zones were typically categorised into six speed zones ranging from 0 to 36 km·h(-1), or into low- and high-intensity movement. Vast inconsistencies were apparent across studies in categorising movement at high speed, posing difficulties for comparison. Meta-analysis indicated that, although the number of repeated high-intensity effort (RHIE) bouts in elite players were similar to sub-elite (and both greater than juniors), the number of efforts per RHIE were significantly greater in elite than sub-elite players. Differential pacing strategies were adopted according to player selection (whole-match vs. interchange), time period within match-play and match outcome, in order to maintain high-intensity performance or to challenge for a win. Sizeable inconsistencies were also identified in the definitions of reported collisions (classified as mild, moderate and heavy) and impacts (six zone categories provided by manufacturer), making comparisons across studies difficult. Collision profiles were different between competition standard and position where elite players and forwards sustained more moderate- and high-intensity collisions than sub-elite players and backs, respectively. The recent inclusion of GPS-derived metabolic indices to activity profiles has also accentuated the distinctive workloads of positional groups during match-play where adjustables demonstrate the highest energy expenditure and metabolic power. CONCLUSIONS This review and the results of the meta-analysis have demonstrated that positional groups have varied kinematic and metabolic demands. During match play, forwards sustain the greatest number of collisions and RHIE bouts, outside backs participate in more high-speed running and cover the greatest distance, and adjustables work at high intensity covering the greatest relative distance with the highest metabolic cost. Therefore, specific training for each positional group should address their match requirements. In addition, sub-elite players exhibit lower intensity of play compared with elite players, as indicated by lower relative distance and less number of efforts per RHIE bout despite similarities in total distance covered and number of RHIE bouts. To prepare them for elite-level play, their training should incorporate higher intensity drills in which greater relative distance and number of efforts per RHIE bout are performed. Furthermore, the lack of consistency in the definition of speed zones, high-intensity movement, collisions and impacts, underscores the difficulties encountered in meaningful comparisons of player activity profiles between studies. Consensus of these definitions would facilitate direct comparisons within rugby league.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Hausler
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East St, Lidcombe, Sydney, NSW, 2141, Australia
| | - Mark Halaki
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East St, Lidcombe, Sydney, NSW, 2141, Australia
| | - Rhonda Orr
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East St, Lidcombe, Sydney, NSW, 2141, Australia.
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Influence of Fatigue on Tackling Ability in Rugby League Players: Role of Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Aerobic Qualities. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163161. [PMID: 27798634 PMCID: PMC5087954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of repeated high-intensity effort exercise on tackling ability in rugby league players, and determined the relationship between physical qualities and tackling ability under fatigued conditions in these athletes. Eleven semi-professional rugby league players underwent measurements of speed (10 m and 40 m sprint), upper-body strength (4 repetition maximum [RM] bench press and weighted chin-up), upper-body muscular endurance (body mass maximum repetition chin-up, body mass maximum repetition dips), lower-body strength (4RM squat), and estimated maximal aerobic power (multi-stage fitness test). Tackling ability was assessed using a standardized one-on-one tackling test, before, during, and following four bouts of repeated high-intensity effort (RHIE) exercise. The relationship between physical qualities and fatigue-induced decrements in tackling ability were determined using Pearson product moment correlation coefficients. Each cycle of the RHIE protocol induced progressive reductions in tackling ability. A moderate reduction (Effect Size = ~-1.17 ± 0.60, -34.1 ± 24.3%) in tackling ability occurred after the fourth cycle of the RHIE protocol. Players with greater relative lower-body strength (i.e. 4RM squat/kg) had the best tackling ability under fatigued conditions (r = 0.72, p = 0.013). There were no significant relationships between tackling ability under fatigued conditions and any other physical quality. These findings suggest that lower-body strength protects against fatigue-induced decrements in tackling ability. The development of lower-body strength should be a priority to facilitate the development of robust tackling skills that are maintained under fatigue.
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Chiwaridzo M, Ferguson GD, Smits-Engelsman BCM. A systematic review protocol investigating tests for physical or physiological qualities and game-specific skills commonly used in rugby and related sports and their psychometric properties. Syst Rev 2016; 5:122. [PMID: 27460647 PMCID: PMC4962394 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-016-0298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scientific focus on rugby has increased over the recent years, providing evidence of the physical or physiological characteristics and game-specific skills needed in the sport. Identification of tests commonly used to measure these characteristics is important for the development of test batteries, which in turn may be used for talent identification and injury prevention programmes. Although there are a number of tests available in the literature to measure physical or physiological variables and game-specific skills, there is limited information available on the psychometric properties of the tests. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to systematically review the literature for tests commonly used in rugby to measure physical or physiological characteristics and rugby-specific skills, documenting evidence of reliability and validity of the identified tests. METHODS/DESIGN A systematic review will be conducted. Electronic databases such as Scopus, MEDLINE via EBSCOhost and PubMed, Academic Search Premier, CINAHL and Africa-Wide Information via EBSCOhost will be searched for original research articles published in English from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2015, using a pre-defined search strategy. The principal investigator will select potentially relevant articles from titles and abstracts. To minimise bias, full text of titles and abstracts deemed potentially relevant will be retrieved and reviewed by two independent reviewers based on the inclusion criteria. Data extraction will be conducted by the principal investigator and verified by two independent reviewers. The Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist will be used to assess the methodological quality of the selected studies. DISCUSSION Choosing an appropriate test to be included in the screening test battery should be based on sound psychometric properties of the test available. This systematic review will provide an overview of the tests commonly used in rugby union and other related high intermittent team sports characterised by skill executions using the hands and legs such as Rugby League and Australian Rules Football. In addition, the review will highlight the psychometric properties of the identified tests. This information is crucial in developing a sport-specific test battery which can be used for talent identification, especially among young adolescent players, and injury prevention programmes. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42015029747.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Chiwaridzo
- University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Department, P.O. Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe. .,Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory Campus, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Gillian D Ferguson
- Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory Campus, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bouwien C M Smits-Engelsman
- Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory Campus, Cape Town, South Africa
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Speranza MJA, Gabbett TJ, Greene DA, Johnston RD, Sheppard JM. Changes in Rugby League Tackling Ability During a Competitive Season: The Relationship With Strength and Power Qualities. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 31:3311-3318. [PMID: 27379964 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Speranza, MJA, Gabbett, TJ, Greene, DA, Johnston, RD, and Sheppard, JM. Changes in rugby league tackling ability during a competitive season: the relationship with strength and power qualities. J Strength Cond Res 31(12): 3311-3318, 2017-This study examined the relationship between changes in tackling ability, and muscular strength and power during a semiprofessional rugby league competitive season. Twelve semiprofessional rugby league players (mean ± SD age, 23.3 ± 2.0 years) underwent tests of upper- and lower-body strength and power during the preseason period. Tackling ability was tested using video analysis of a standardized one-on-one tackling drill. Players repeated these tests after round 15 of a 25-match competitive season. Changes in 1 repetition maximum (1RM) squat (rs = 0.70; p < 0.02) and squat relative to body mass (rs = 0.73; p < 0.01) were significantly related to changes in tackling ability. Players with the greatest improvements in tackling ability (i.e., "responders") retained 1RM squat (effect size, ES = 0.85, p = 0.09) and squat relative to body mass (ES = 0.82, p = 0.15) to a greater extent than the "nonresponders." The results of this study suggest that players who retained lower-body strength were able to improve tackling ability during the competitive season, whereas reductions in lower-body strength were associated with decrements in tackling ability. This study highlights the importance of the development and maintenance of lower-body muscular strength for effective tackling performance throughout the rugby league season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim J Gabbett
- School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David A Greene
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, Australia
| | - Rich D Johnston
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeremy M Sheppard
- School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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