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Büchel D, Döring M, Baumeister J. The burdens of sitting on the bench - comparison of absolute and relative match physical load between handball players with high and low court time and implications for compensatory training. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:1164-1172. [PMID: 39101451 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2387928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Wearables quantify the activity in team sports and indicate that players experience peak physical loads during competitions. Accordingly, players with limited court time in competitions will miss important training stimuli. The present study aimed to quantify these gaps in physical load in professional handball players. Activity of all players competing in the 2021/2022 Bundesliga (Germany) was tracked using Kinexon LPS sensors. Gaps in physical load were quantified comparing the 25% of appearances with the highest (HIGH; 51.8 ± 5.2 mins) and lowest court times (LOW; 10.1 ± 4.3 mins). Distances, accumulated acceleration, jumps, sprints, impacts, accelerations, and decelerations were analysed as absolute and relative (per minute) outcomes. Players were grouped into wings, backcourts, and pivots. Unpaired t-tests between HIGH and LOW were performed (p < .05), and effect sizes were calculated (Cohen´s d). Analyses revealed significant effects of court time on activity. While absolute activity increased for HIGH, relative activity increased for LOW (p < .05). In addition, effect sizes revealed position-specific gaps in physical load, particularly for acyclic activities (jumps, accelerations). Gaps in physical load resulting from limited court time are highly position-specific. Our observations may provide benchmarks for the position-specific calibration of compensatory training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Büchel
- Exercise Science and Neuroscience Unit, Department of Exercise and Health, Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Michael Döring
- Exercise Science and Neuroscience Unit, Department of Exercise and Health, Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Jochen Baumeister
- Exercise Science and Neuroscience Unit, Department of Exercise and Health, Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
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2
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Wojtys EM. Soccer's Transition. Sports Health 2023; 15:779-780. [PMID: 37879341 PMCID: PMC10606961 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231204483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
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3
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Díaz-Serradilla E, Castillo D, Rodríguez-Marroyo JA, Raya González J, Villa Vicente JG, Rodríguez-Fernández A. Effect of Different Nonstarter Compensatory Strategies on Training Load in Female Soccer Players: A Pilot Study. Sports Health 2023; 15:835-841. [PMID: 37249238 PMCID: PMC10606965 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231176555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In soccer, the day of the week with the highest external load is match day (MD), with starters (>60 minutes per match) showing higher levels of physical fitness and seasonal high-intensity loading. It is necessary, therefore, to determine training strategies to reduce the differences between starters and nonstarters. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the external load of different training compensatory strategies with match external load in female nonstarters. HYPOTHESIS A strategy combining small-sided games (SSG) and running-based drills (RBD) would reproduce match demands, with RBD leading to greater high-intensity running and SSG leading to a greater number of accelerations and decelerations. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive and comparative study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS The training and match external load of 14 female players belonging to the same reserve squad of a Spanish First Division Club (Liga Reto Iberdrola) was registered. In the first session after the match (MD+1), nonstarters (<60 minutes in the match) performed 1 of 3 different compensatory strategies: RBD, SSG, or a mixed intervention combining the previous strategies (RBD+SSG). Starters carried out a recovery session. RESULTS A marked difference in load was observed between the compensatory training strategies and MD. In comparison with MD, RBD showed greater high-intensity and sprint distances and lower acceleration, SSG showed less high-intensity running and sprint distances, lower peak velocity, and greater acceleration, and RBD+SSG registered lower accelerations. In addition, nonstarters covered greater high-intensity running and sprint distances in RBD and achieved higher accelerations in SSG. CONCLUSION RBD and SSG compensatory strategies could be recommended to nonstarter female soccer players in MD+1 to compensate for match external load deficits. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study provides comprehensive information on the compensatory exercises of female soccer players, which can be useful for strength and conditioning coaches when developing recovery strategies during a microcycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elba Díaz-Serradilla
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Valoración del Rendimiento Deportivo, Actividad Física y Salud, y Lesiones Deportivas (REDAFLED), Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
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4
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Girts RM, Harmon KK, Pagan JI, Alberto A, Hernandez MG, Stock MS. The Influence of Ultrasound Image Depth and Gain on Skeletal Muscle Echo Intensity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:839-846. [PMID: 35436421 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Echo intensity may associate with indicators of skeletal muscle quality, but investigators often use different methodological approaches that may alter echo intensity when acquiring B-mode ultrasound images. We examined the influence of image depth and gain settings on the interpretation of echo intensity. Thirty-six college-aged males and females participated. Ultrasound images of the vastus lateralis were captured in the sagittal plane. Images were captured at depths of 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0cm and gain settings of 50 and 60 dB in random order. For both gain settings, echo intensity values were similar between 4.0 and 6.0cm. At a gain of 50dB, 7.0cm demonstrated greater values than all other depths. At a gain of 60dB, 7.0cm displayed greater values compared to all other depths, but 3.0cm displayed lower echo intensity values than other depths. Echo intensity was substantially higher when using a gain of 60dB compared to 50dB (mean difference ≥ 21.7 arbitrary units, d ≥ 3.47). When planning investigations in new research areas, researchers should carefully consider their study-specific image depth. Echo intensity values are stable between depths of 4.0 and 6.0cm, suggesting that changing image depth may not be problematic. Image gain must be kept constant. Novelty Bullets • Optimal approaches for B-mode ultrasound image acquisition of skeletal muscles remain unclear. • Echo intensity is similar between depths of 4.0 and 6.0cm, regardless of image gain. • Investigators should seek to utilize a constant depth setting, but small deviations may be acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Girts
- University of Central Florida, 6243, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Orlando, Florida, United States;
| | - Kylie K Harmon
- University of Central Florida, 6243, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Orlando, Florida, United States;
| | - Jason I Pagan
- University of Central Florida, 6243, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Orlando, Florida, United States;
| | - Ariel Alberto
- University of Central Florida, 6243, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Orlando, Florida, United States;
| | - Manuel G Hernandez
- University of Central Florida, 6243, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Orlando, Florida, United States;
| | - Matt S Stock
- University of Central Florida, 6243, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Orlando, Florida, United States;
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Rentz LE, Brandmeir CL, Rawls BG, Galster SM. Reactive Task Performance Under Varying Loads in Division I Collegiate Soccer Athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:707910. [PMID: 34723177 PMCID: PMC8548568 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.707910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify whether team-wide or positional differences exist in simple or choice reactivity of collegiate soccer athletes when completed under various loads. Much research exists surrounding the assessment of reaction time in the general population, but given variations in training, little insight exists surrounding how unique and elite populations may differ based upon performance demands and task translatability to training. Reactive performance was assessed using the Dynavision D2 in 24 female soccer players (19.73 ± 1.05 years old) from a team within a power five conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Evaluated loads included two conditions of simple reactivity (no additional load and with a concurrent lower body motor task) and three conditions of choice reactivity (no additional load, with a concurrent lower body motor task, and prolonged durations). Paired t-tests and ANOVAs were used to identify differences in task performance based upon load and positional group. No significant load-based or positional differences existed in measured simple reaction times. Performances in choice reaction tasks across the team were found to be slower when completed across extended durations (p < 0.0001) and faster when completed concurrent with an added balance task (p = 0.0108), as compared to performance under normal conditions. By assessment of positional differences, goalkeepers tended to be slower than other positions in reactivity during choice tasks, despite no differences existing in simple task performance. Given the unique population utilized herein, measured reactivity in different tasks suggests a strong relation to the training demands of soccer, as well as those of goalkeepers as compared to field positions. Findings suggest that sport and positional demands may be substantial contributors to population- and individual-based reactivity performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Rentz
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Cheryl L Brandmeir
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States.,Department of Human Performance, Division of Physical Therapy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Bobby G Rawls
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Scott M Galster
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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6
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Varanoske AN, Coker NA, Johnson BADI, Belity T, Wells AJ. Influence of muscle depth and thickness on ultrasound echo intensity of the vastus lateralis. Acta Radiol 2021; 62:1178-1187. [PMID: 32996322 DOI: 10.1177/0284185120958405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasonography is used to evaluate muscle quality (i.e. echo intensity [EI]), but an attenuation of ultrasound waves occurs in deeper tissues, potentially affecting these measures. PURPOSE To determine whether muscle thickness (MT) affects EI and if EI varies between the superficial and deep portions of the muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS MT, EI, subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SAT), tissue depth (DISDEEP), and EI of the overall (EIFULL) as well as deep (EIDEEP) and superficial (EISUPF) portions of the vastus lateralis (VL) were assessed in 33 resistance-trained males using ultrasonography. The difference (EIDIFF) between EISUPF and EIDEEP was calculated. Mean differences between EIFULL, EISUPF, and EIDEEP were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Relationships between measures of muscle depth/ thickness and EI were examined using Pearson's r. RESULTS EISUPF was greater than EIDEEP (P < 0.001) and EIFULL (P < 0.001). MT was negatively correlated with EIFULL (P < 0.001) and positively correlated with EIDIFF (P < 0.001). SAT was not correlated with any EI measure, but DISDEEP was positively correlated with EIDIFF (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION EI of the VL is heterogeneous, as the deeper portion produces lower values than the superficial portion. Thicker muscles present lower EI but have greater discrepancies in EI between the superficial and deep portions. Although SAT was not correlated with EI, DISDEEP was related to EIDIFF, demonstrating that the combination of MT and SAT should be considered when evaluating muscle quality. Future research is necessary to determine if changes in EI following resistance training are driven by increases in MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas A Coker
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bri-Ana DI Johnson
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Tal Belity
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Adam J Wells
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Naimo MA, Varanoske AN, Hughes JM, Pasiakos SM. Skeletal Muscle Quality: A Biomarker for Assessing Physical Performance Capabilities in Young Populations. Front Physiol 2021; 12:706699. [PMID: 34421645 PMCID: PMC8376973 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.706699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle quality (MQ), defined as the amount of strength and/or power per unit of muscle mass, is a novel index of functional capacity that is increasingly relied upon as a critical biomarker of muscle health in low functioning aging and pathophysiological adult populations. Understanding the phenotypical attributes of MQ and how to use it as an assessment tool to explore the efficacy of resistance exercise training interventions that prioritize functional enhancement over increases in muscle size may have implications for populations beyond compromised adults, including healthy young adults who routinely perform physically demanding tasks for competitive or occupational purposes. However, MQ has received far less attention in healthy young populations than it has in compromised adults. Researchers and practitioners continue to rely upon static measures of lean mass or isolated measures of strength and power, rather than using MQ, to assess integrated functional responses to resistance exercise training and physical stress. Therefore, this review will critically examine MQ and the evidence base to establish this metric as a practical and important biomarker for functional capacity and performance in healthy, young populations. Interventions that enhance MQ, such as high-intensity stretch shortening contraction resistance exercise training, will be highlighted. Finally, we will explore the potential to leverage MQ as a practical assessment tool to evaluate function and enhance performance in young populations in non-traditional research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall A Naimo
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Julie M Hughes
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE This study summarizes the empirical evidence on the use of peripheral vision for the most-researched peripheral vision tools in sports. The objective of this review was to explain if and how the tools can be used to investigate peripheral vision usage and how empirical findings with these vision tools might be transferred to sports situations. The data sources used in this study were Scopus, ScienceDirect, and PubMed. We additionally searched the manufacturers' Web pages and used Google Scholar to find full texts that were not available elsewhere. Studies were included if they were published in a peer-reviewed journal, were written in English language, and were conducted in a sports context. From the 10 searched tools, we included the 5 tools with most published studies. In our topical search, we identified 93 studies for the five most-used peripheral vision tools. Surprisingly, none of these studies used eye-tracking methods to control for the use of peripheral vision. Best "passive" control is achieved by tools using (foveal) secondary tasks (Dynavision D2 and Vienna Test System). Best transfer to sports tasks is expected for tools demanding action responses (FitLight, Dynavision D2). Tools are likely to train peripheral monitoring (NeuroTracker), peripheral reaction time (Dynavision D2, Vienna Test System), or peripheral preview (FitLight), whereas one tool did not show any link to peripheral vision processes (Nike SPARQ Vapor Strobe).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Strasburger
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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9
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Bjørnsen T, Wernbom M, Paulsen G, Berntsen S, Brankovic R, Stålesen H, Sundnes J, Raastad T. Frequent blood flow restricted training not to failure and to failure induces similar gains in myonuclei and muscle mass. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1420-1439. [PMID: 33735465 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of short-term high-frequency failure vs non-failure blood flow-restricted resistance exercise (BFRRE) on changes in satellite cells (SCs), myonuclei, muscle size, and strength. Seventeen untrained men performed four sets of BFRRE to failure (Failure) with one leg and not to failure (Non-failure; 30-15-15-15 repetitions) with the other leg using knee-extensions at 20% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Fourteen sessions were distributed over two 5-day blocks, separated by a 10-day rest period. Muscle samples obtained before, at mid-training, and 10-day post-intervention (Post10) were analyzed for muscle fiber area (MFA), myonuclei, and SC. Muscle size and echo intensity of m.rectus femoris (RF) and m.vastus lateralis (VL) were measured by ultrasonography, and knee extension strength with 1RM and maximal isometric contraction (MVC) up until Post24. Both protocols increased myonuclear numbers in type-1 (12%-17%) and type-2 fibers (20%-23%), and SC in type-1 (92%-134%) and type-2 fibers (23%-48%) at Post10 (p < 0.05). RF and VL size increased by 5%-10% in both legs at Post10 to Post24, whereas the MFA of type-1 fibers in Failure was decreased at Post10 (-10 ± 16%; p = 0.02). Echo intensity increased by ~20% in both legs during Block1 (p < 0.001) and was ~8 to 11% below baseline at Post24 (p = 0.001-0.002). MVC and 1RM decreased by 5%-10% after Block1, but increased in both legs by 6%-11% at Post24 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, both short-term high-frequency failure and non-failure BFRRE induced increases in SCs, in myonuclei content, muscle size, and strength, concomitant with decreased echo intensity. Intriguingly, the responses were delayed and peaked 10-24 days after the training intervention. Our findings may shed light on the mechanisms involved in resistance exercise-induced overreaching and supercompensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.,Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias Wernbom
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Robert Brankovic
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Håkon Stålesen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Joakim Sundnes
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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10
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Sobolewski EJ, Wein LD, Crow JM, Carpenter KM. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the process of obtaining cross-sectional area and echo intensity measurements of muscles from ultrasound images. J Ultrason 2021; 21:7-11. [PMID: 33791111 PMCID: PMC8008133 DOI: 10.15557/jou.2021.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The use of ultrasound images for analyzing muscle quality and size is continuing to grow in the literature. However, many of these manuscripts fail to properly describe their measurement techniques and steps involved in analyzing ultrasound images. Aim of this study: To evaluate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the steps involved when analyzing ultrasound images to measure cross-sectional area and echo intensity. Material and methods: Twenty ultrasound images of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis images were blinded and replicated, and then analyzed by experienced raters. The raters then were asked to analyze the images using open-source software for scaling measurements, subcutaneous fat thickness, cross-sectional area, and echo intensity. Matched image values for each measurement where compared for intra- and inter-rater reliability. Results: Intra-rater reliability ranged from fair (ICC3,1 = 0.32) to high (0.98), with echo intensity values being the least reliable (>0.55), and scaling and depth measurements being the most reliable (<0.85). Inter-rater reliability ranged from good (0.77) to high (0.97). Conclusion: Ultrasound-derived measures of cross-sectional area and echo intensity can be measured reliably, with echo intensity being the most difficult to replicate. However, reliability measures are unique to the rater and study and, therefore, should be clearly reported in every paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leah D Wein
- Molnar Human Performance Lab, Furman University, Greenville SC, USA
| | - Jacquelyn M Crow
- Molnar Human Performance Lab, Furman University, Greenville SC, USA
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Townsend JR, Hart TL, Haynes JT, Woods CA, Toy AM, Pihera BC, Aziz MA, Zimmerman GA, Jones MD, Vantrease WC, Gonzalez AM. Influence of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Physical Performance and Body Composition Following Offseason Training in Division I Athletes. J Diet Suppl 2021; 19:534-549. [PMID: 33754923 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1900482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of dietary nitrate supplementation, in the form of red spinach extract (RSE), on adaptations to offseason training in collegiate athletes. Methods: Sixteen Division I male baseball athletes (20.5 ± 1.7y, 90.4 ± 0.5 kg) enrolled in this study and were randomized into a RSE (n = 8) or placebo (n = 8; PL) group. Athletes completed an 11-week resistance training program during the offseason, which consisted of 2-3 workouts per week of upper and lower-body exercises and baseball-specific training. Athletes consumed a RSE (2 g; 180 mg nitrate) or PL supplement daily for the entire offseason training program. Pre and post-training, all athletes underwent one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength testing for the bench press and completed a Wingate anaerobic cycle test (WAnT). Body composition analysis was completed via a 4-compartment model, as well as muscle thickness (MT) measurement of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) via ultrasonography. Resting heart rate and blood pressure (BP) were also obtained. Separate repeated measures analyses of variance were used to analyze all data. Results: Significant (p ≤ 0.05) main effects for time were observed for improved bench 1RM, fat-free mass, body fat percentage, RF MT, and VL MT. No significant group x time interactions (p > 0.05) were found for any measure of performance, body composition, or cardiovascular health. However, a trend for improved peak power in the WAnT was observed (p = 0.095; η2=0.200). Conclusions: These data suggest that daily RSE supplementation had no effect on performance, body composition, or cardiovascular measures in male Division I baseball players following offseason training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tricia L Hart
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN
| | - James T Haynes
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN
| | - Clint A Woods
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN
| | - Ann M Toy
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN
| | - Bailey C Pihera
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN
| | - Marko A Aziz
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN
| | - Grace A Zimmerman
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN
| | - Megan D Jones
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN
| | - William C Vantrease
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN
| | - Adam M Gonzalez
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY
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12
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Varanoske AN, Coker NA, Johnson BADI, Belity T, Wells AJ. Muscle Quality, Measured by Ultrasound-Derived Corrected Echo Intensity, Does not Affect Changes in Cross-sectional Area of the Vastus Lateralis Following Recumbent Rest. JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/8756479320967277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Recumbent rest elicits a decrease in muscle size of the lower extremity, but the extent of decrease may be related to differences in muscle quality. This could have implications for ultrasound-derived measures of muscle size, particularly in individuals with a large proportion of intramuscular contractile elements. The research objective was to determine whether decreases in muscle size following recumbent rest are related to ultrasound-derived corrected echo intensity in resistance-trained males. Methods: Cross-sectional area (CSA), echo intensity (EI), subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), and EI corrected for SFT (EICor) of the vastus lateralis (VL) were measured via ultrasonography in 30 resistance-trained males. Measures were obtained immediately following recumbency (T0) and 15 minutes after recumbency (T15). The association between EICor and percentage change in CSA (%ΔCSA) from T0 to T15 was examined. Comparisons of morphological characteristics were examined between a subset of participants with the lowest (LO; n = 10; <33rd percentile) and highest (HI; n = 10; >66th percentile) EICor. Results: EICor was not correlated with %ΔCSA ( P = .151), and the decrease in CSA from T0 to T15 did not differ between the LO and HI groups. Conclusions: Muscle quality (EICor) is not related to the decrease in CSA of the VL following recumbent rest among resistance-trained, young males. The time frame of muscle CSA acquisition should not differ based solely on differences in muscle quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N. Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Coker
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bri-Ana D. I. Johnson
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Tal Belity
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Adam J. Wells
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
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13
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Stock MS, Thompson BJ. Echo intensity as an indicator of skeletal muscle quality: applications, methodology, and future directions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:369-380. [PMID: 33221942 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This narrative review provides an overview of the current knowledge of B-mode ultrasound-derived echo intensity (EI) as an indicator of skeletal muscle quality. METHOD PubMed and Google Scholar were used to search the literature. Advanced search functions were used to find original studies with the terms 'echo intensity' and/or 'muscle quality' in the title and/or abstract. Publications that conceptually described muscle quality but did not include measurement of EI were not a focus of the review. RESULT Importantly, the foundational premise of EI remains unclear. While it is likely that EI reflects intramuscular adiposity, data suggesting that these measurements are influenced by fibrous tissue is limited to diseased muscle and animal models. EI appears to show particular promise in studying muscular aging. Studies have consistently reported an association between EI and muscle function, though not all chronic interventions have demonstrated improvements. Based on the existing literature, it is unclear if EI can be used as a marker of muscle glycogen following exercise and nutritional interventions, or if EI is influenced by hydration status. Inconsistent methodological approaches used across laboratories have made comparing EI studies challenging. Image depth, rest duration, participant positioning, probe tilt, and the decision to correct for subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness are all critical considerations when interpreting the literature and planning studies. CONCLUSION While some areas show conflicting evidence, EI shows promise as a novel tool for studying muscle quality. Collaborative efforts focused on methodology are necessary to enhance the consistency and quality of the EI literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt S Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, 12805 Pegasus Drive, HPA 1, Room 258, Orlando, FL, 32816-2205, USA. .,Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Brennan J Thompson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.,Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Movement Research Clinic, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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Toohey JC, Townsend JR, Johnson SB, Toy AM, Vantrease WC, Bender D, Crimi CC, Stowers KL, Ruiz MD, VanDusseldorp TA, Feito Y, Mangine GT. Effects of Probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) Supplementation During Offseason Resistance Training in Female Division I Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:3173-3181. [PMID: 33105368 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Toohey, JC, Townsend, JR, Johnson, SB, Toy, AM, Vantrease, WC, Bender, D, Crimi, CC, Stowers, KL, Ruiz, MD, VanDusseldorp, TA, Feito, Y, and Mangine, GT. Effects of probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) supplementation during offseason resistance training in female Division I athletes. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3173-3181, 2020-We examined the effects of probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) supplementation during offseason training in collegiate athletes. Twenty-three Division I female athletes (19.6 ± 1.0 years, 67.5 ± 7.4 kg, and 170.6 ± 6.8 cm) participated in this study and were randomized into either a probiotic (n = 11; DE111) or placebo (n = 12; PL) group while counterbalancing groups for sport. Athletes completed a 10-week resistance training program during the offseason, which consisted of 3-4 workouts per week of upper- and lower-body exercises and sport-specific training. Athletes consumed DE111 (DE111; 5 billion CFU/day) or PL supplement daily for the entire 10-week program. Before and after training, all athletes underwent 1 repetition maximum (1RM) strength testing (squat, deadlift, and bench press), performance testing (vertical jump and pro-agility), and isometric midthigh pull testing. Body composition (body fat [BF]%) was completed using BODPOD and bioelectrical impedance analysis, as well as muscle thickness (MT) measurement of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis using ultrasonography. Separate repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to analyze all data. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) main effects for time were observed for improved squat 1RM, deadlift 1RM, bench press 1RM, vertical jump, RF MT, and BF%. Of these, a significant group × time interaction was noted for BF% (p = 0.015), where greater reductions were observed in DE111 (-2.05 ± 1.38%) compared with PL (-0.2 ± 1.6%). No other group differences were observed. These data suggest that probiotic consumption in conjunction with post-workout nutrition had no effect on physical performance but may improve body composition in female Division I soccer and volleyball players after offseason training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Toohey
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Jeremy R Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Sean B Johnson
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Ann M Toy
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - William C Vantrease
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - David Bender
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Chelsea C Crimi
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Kathryn L Stowers
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Matthew D Ruiz
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | | | - Yuri Feito
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia
| | - Gerald T Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia
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Effects of Different Inertial Load Settings on Power Output using a Flywheel Leg Curl Exercise and its Inter-Session Reliability. J Hum Kinet 2020; 74:215-226. [PMID: 33312289 PMCID: PMC7706644 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2020-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the influence of the inertial load on both concentric and eccentric power output production during the flywheel leg curl exercise, and to assess the reliability of power output variables. Sixteen participants (8 males, 8 females) attended 4 testing sessions. During testing, participants performed one set of eight repetitions using a specific inertial load (0.083, 0.132, 0.182, 0.266 and 0.350 kg·m2) with a flywheel leg curl exercise. Concentric (CON) power, eccentric (ECC) power and the ECC/CON ratio were analyzed. The reliability analysis between sessions was performed. A significant interaction of inertia load x gender was found in CON power (p < 0.001) and in ECC power (p = 0.004), but not in the ECC/CON ratio (p = 0.731). A significant with-in (inertia loads) effect was found in CON power (p < 0.001) and in ECC power (p < 0.001), but not in the ECC/CON ratio (p = 0.096). CON power showed very high reliability scores, ECC power showed high to very high reliability scores, while the ECC/CON ratio ranged from poor to moderate. A significant between gender effect was found in CON power (p < 0.001) and in ECC power (p < 0.001), but not in the ECC/CON ratio (p = 0.752). This study is the first to report that power output in the flywheel leg curl exercise is altered by the inertia load used, as well as power output is different according to gender. CON and ECC power output presents high to very high reliability scores, and the ECC/CON ratio should not be used instead. These results can have important practical implications for testing and training prescription in sports.
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Relationship between vastus lateralis muscle ultrasound echography, knee extensors rate of torque development, and jump height in professional soccer athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00681-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Exercise induced changes in echo intensity within the muscle: a brief review. J Ultrasound 2020; 23:457-472. [PMID: 31925731 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-019-00424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Echo intensity is the mean pixel intensity of a specific region of interest from an ultrasound image. This variable has been increasingly used in the literature as a physiological marker. Although there has been an increased interest in reporting changes in echo intensity in response to exercise, little consensus exists as to what a change in echo intensity represents physiologically. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the earliest, as well as the most up to date literature regarding the changes in echo intensity in response to exercise. Echo intensity has been used to measure muscle quality, muscle damage, acute swelling, and intramuscular glycogen. The changes in echo intensity, however, are not consistent throughout the literature and often times lead to conclusions that seem contrary to the physiologic effects of exercise. For example, echo intensity increases in conjunction with increases in strength, contrary to what would be expected if echo intensity was a marker of muscle quality/muscle damage. It is conceivable that a change in echo intensity represents a range of physiologic effects at different time points. We recommend that these effects should be determined experimentally in order to rule out what echo intensity might and might not represent. Until this is done, caution should be employed when interpreting changes in echo intensity with acute and chronic exercise.
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Varanoske AN, Coker NA, Johnson BAD, Belity T, Mangine GT, Stout JR, Fukuda DH, Wells AJ. Effects of Rest Position on Morphology of the Vastus Lateralis and Its Relationship with Lower-Body Strength and Power. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:jfmk4030064. [PMID: 33467379 PMCID: PMC7739298 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonography of the lower body typically encompasses supine rest due to fluid shifts affecting tissue size and composition. However, vastus lateralis (VL) examination is completed in the lateral recumbent position, and this positional change may influence morphology and its ability to predict function. This study aimed to examine the effect of position on VL morphology and its relationship with lower-body performance. Cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA), echo intensity (UnCorEI), subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SFT), and echo intensity corrected for SFT (CorEI) were assessed in 31 resistance-trained males (23.0 ± 2.1 yrs; 1.79 ± 0.08 m; 87.4 ± 11.7 kg) immediately after transitioning from standing to supine (IP), after 15 min of standing (ST), and after 15 min of rest in three recumbent positions: supine (SUP), dominant lateral recumbent (DLR), non-dominant lateral recumbent (NDLR). Participants also completed unilateral vertical jumps, isometric/isokinetic tests, and a one-repetition maximum leg press. CSA, MT, PA, and SFT were greater in ST compared to NDLR, DLR, and SUP (p < 0.05). CSA, UnCorEI, and CorEI were different between recumbent positions; however no differences were observed for MT, PA, and SFT. Different magnitudes of relationships were observed between muscle morphological characteristics measured after rest in different positions and performance variables. Muscle morphology in IP generally appears to be the best predictor of performance for most variables, although utilizing the NDLR and DLR positions may provide comparable results, whereas morphology measured in ST and SUP provide weaker relationships with physical performance. IP also requires less time and fewer requirements on the technician and subject, thus researchers should consider this positioning for VL examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N. Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Coker
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Bri-Ana D.I. Johnson
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Tal Belity
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Gerald T. Mangine
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Adam J. Wells
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-407-823-3906
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Beato M, Bianchi M, Coratella G, Merlini M, Drust B. A Single Session of Straight Line and Change-of-Direction Sprinting per Week Does Not Lead to Different Fitness Improvements in Elite Young Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 36:518-524. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Magrini MA, Colquhoun RJ, Sellers JH, Conchola EC, Hester GM, Thiele RM, Pope ZK, Smith DB. Can Squat Jump Performance Differentiate Starters vs. Nonstarters in Division I Female Soccer Players? J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2348-2355. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Townsend JR, Bender D, Vantrease WC, Sapp PA, Toy AM, Woods CA, Johnson KD. Effects of Probiotic ( Bacillus subtilis DE111) Supplementation on Immune Function, Hormonal Status, and Physical Performance in Division I Baseball Players. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6030070. [PMID: 30049931 PMCID: PMC6162611 DOI: 10.3390/sports6030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine the effects of probiotic supplementation (Bacillus subtilis DE111; 1 billion CFU∙d−1) on markers of immune and hormonal status in collegiate male athletes following 12 weeks of offseason training. Twenty-five Division I male baseball athletes (20.1 ± 1.5 years, 85.5 ± 10.5 kg, 184.7 ± 6.3 cm) participated in this double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Participants were randomly assigned to a probiotic (PRO; n = 13) or placebo (PL; n = 12) group. Pre- and post-training, all athletes provided resting blood and saliva samples. Circulating concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, TNF-α, IL-10, and zonulin were examined in the blood, while salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and SIgM were assayed as indicators of mucosal immunity. Separate analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) were performed on all measures collected post intervention. No differences in measures of body composition or physical performance were seen between groups. TNF-α concentrations were significantly (p = 0.024) lower in PRO compared to PL, while there were no significant group differences in any other biochemical markers examined. A main effect for time was observed (p < 0.05) for increased testosterone (p = 0.045), IL-10 (p = 0.048), SIgA rate (p = 0.031), and SIgM rate (p = 0.002) following offseason training. These data indicate that probiotic supplementation had no effect on body composition, performance, hormonal status, or gut permeability, while it may attenuate circulating TNF-α in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA.
| | - David Bender
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA.
| | - William C Vantrease
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA.
| | - Philip A Sapp
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA.
| | - Ann M Toy
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA.
| | - Clint A Woods
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA.
| | - Kent D Johnson
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA.
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Mota JA, Stock MS. Rectus Femoris Echo Intensity Correlates with Muscle Strength, but Not Endurance, in Younger and Older Men. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2017; 43:1651-1657. [PMID: 28533003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We examined correlations between echo intensity and muscle strength and endurance. Rectus femoris echo intensity, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force and time to task failure during a 50% MVC task were determined for 12 younger (mean age = 25 y) and 13 older (mean age = 74 y) men. Bivariate correlations between echo intensity and normalized MVC force were similar for younger and older men, but was only statistically significant for the latter (younger r = -0.559, p = 0.059; older r = -0.580, p = 0.038). When all patients were combined, the correlation was significant (r = -0.733, p < 0.001). Significant correlations were not observed for time to task failure (younger r = -0.382, p = 0.221; older r = -0.347, p = 0.246; all patients r = -0.229, p = 0.270). Rectus femoris echo intensity is associated with muscle strength, but not endurance, in younger and older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Mota
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matt S Stock
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Professions, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.
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Mota JA, Stock MS, Thompson BJ. Vastus lateralis and rectus femoris echo intensity fail to reflect knee extensor specific tension in middle-school boys. Physiol Meas 2017; 38:1529-1541. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aa791a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Varanoske AN, Fukuda DH, Boone CH, Beyer KS, Stout JR, Hoffman JR. Homogeneity of echo intensity values in transverse ultrasound images. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:93-98. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N. Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness; University of Central Florida; 4000 University Blvd Orlando Florida USA 32816
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness; University of Central Florida; 4000 University Blvd Orlando Florida USA 32816
| | - Carleigh H. Boone
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness; University of Central Florida; 4000 University Blvd Orlando Florida USA 32816
| | - Kyle S. Beyer
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness; University of Central Florida; 4000 University Blvd Orlando Florida USA 32816
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness; University of Central Florida; 4000 University Blvd Orlando Florida USA 32816
| | - Jay R. Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness; University of Central Florida; 4000 University Blvd Orlando Florida USA 32816
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Hirsch KR, Smith-Ryan AE, Trexler ET, Roelofs EJ. Body Composition and Muscle Characteristics of Division I Track and Field Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1231-8. [PMID: 27100166 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate event-specific body composition and muscle characteristics of track and field athletes and to assess body composition changes after 1 year. Sixty collegiate track and field athletes (mean ± SD; age = 19.2 ± 1.4 years, height = 174.6 ± 9.0 cm, and weight = 71.5 ± 12.5 kg) were stratified into 6 event groups. Total and regional body composition measurements were assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. A panoramic scan of the vastus lateralis was taken with B-mode ultrasound to determine muscle cross-sectional area and echo intensity (EI). Body composition measurements were repeated a year later in a subset of returning athletes (n = 33). Throwers had significantly more absolute fat mass (FM; 21.6 ± 11.0 kg), total body mass (89.7 ± 17.4 kg), percent fat (23.6 ± 7.8), and trunk fat (9.4 ± 5.8 kg) than all other event groups (p ≤ 0.05). Throwers had the most absolute lean mass (LM; 64.2 ± 11.7 kg; p > 0.05), but relative to body mass had relatively less LM (0.72 ± 0.08 kg; p ≤ 0.05). Despite high FM, throwers had lower EI (63.4 ± 5.2 a.u). After 1 year, relative armLM increased slightly in all event groups (p ≤ 0.05). Evaluation of muscle characteristics in addition to total and regional body composition may be valuable for improving performance, injury prevention, and assessing health risks. With appropriate training, track and field athletes may be able to minimize losses in LM and gains in FM between seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Hirsch
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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26
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Jenkins NDM. Are Resistance Training-Mediated Decreases in Ultrasound Echo Intensity Caused by Changes in Muscle Composition, or Is There an Alternative Explanation? ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:3050-3051. [PMID: 27590097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel D M Jenkins
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
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27
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Varanoske AN, Fukuda DH, Boone CH, Beyer KS, Stout JR, Hoffman JR. Scanning plane comparison of ultrasound-derived morphological characteristics of the vastus lateralis. Clin Anat 2016; 30:533-542. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N. Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida; 4000 University Blvd Orlando Florida 32816
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida; 4000 University Blvd Orlando Florida 32816
| | - Carleigh H. Boone
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida; 4000 University Blvd Orlando Florida 32816
| | - Kyle S. Beyer
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida; 4000 University Blvd Orlando Florida 32816
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida; 4000 University Blvd Orlando Florida 32816
| | - Jay R. Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida; 4000 University Blvd Orlando Florida 32816
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28
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Ema R, Akagi R, Wakahara T, Kawakami Y. Training-induced changes in architecture of human skeletal muscles: Current evidence and unresolved issues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.5.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ema
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
| | - Ryota Akagi
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology
| | - Taku Wakahara
- Faculty of Health & Sports Science, Doshisha University
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29
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Melvin MN, Smith-Ryan AE, Wingfield HL, Ryan ED, Trexler ET, Roelofs EJ. Muscle characteristics and body composition of NCAA division I football players. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 28:3320-9. [PMID: 25187245 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine muscle characteristics of the vastus lateralis (VL) and body composition of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I football players. Sixty-nine Division I football players (mean ± SD; age: 20.0 ± 1.1 years; height: 186.2 ± 7.0 cm; body mass: 106.3 ± 21.1 kg; %fat: 17.8 ± 4.6%) were stratified by player position, race, year, and starter status. A panoramic scan of the VL was performed using a GE Logiq-e B-mode ultrasound. Muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) and echo intensity (EI) were determined using Image-J software from the VL scan. Body composition measures were determined using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). For mCSA, defensive linemen (DL: 46.7 ± 4.2 cm) had significantly greater CSA (p ≤ 0.05) than wide receivers (WR), linebackers (LB), defensive backs (DB), punters/kickers (PK), and running backs (RB). There were no significant differences for EI (p > 0.05) between positions. Offensive linemen and DL had significantly greater %fat than WR, LB, DB, PK, and RB (p ≤ 0.05); greater lean mass than all other positions (p ≤ 0.05); and more fat mass than quarterbacks, WR, LB, DB, PK, and RB (p ≤ 0.05). There were no muscle or body composition differences for race, year, or starter status. Because no differences between positions were observed for EI measures, it may indicate that competitive athletes have increased muscle quality regardless of body composition differences. Ultrasound and DXA measures may be useful to identify muscle characteristics and imbalances if a player gains or loses weight, suffers an injury, or declines in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malia N Melvin
- 1Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and 2Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,North Carolina
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Suchomel TJ, Sole CJ, Bailey CA, Grazer JL, Beckham GK. A comparison of reactive strength index-modified between six U.S. Collegiate athletic teams. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1310-6. [PMID: 25436634 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in reactive strength index-modified (RSImod), jump height (JH), and time to takeoff (TTT) between 6 U.S. collegiate sport teams. One hundred six male and female Division I collegiate athletes performed unloaded (<1 kg) and loaded (20 kg) countermovement jumps as part of an ongoing athlete monitoring program. Reactive strength index-modified, JH, and TTT values for each team were compared using 1-way analysis of variance. Statistically significant differences in RSImod (p < 0.001), JH (p < 0.001), and TTT (p = 0.003) existed between teams during the unloaded jumping condition. Similarly, statistically significant differences in RSImod (p < 0.001), JH (p < 0.001), and TTT (p = 0.028) existed between teams during the loaded jumping condition. Men's soccer and baseball produced the greatest RSImod values during both the unloaded and loaded jumping conditions followed by women's volleyball, men's tennis, women's soccer, and women's tennis. The greatest JH during unloaded and loaded jumping conditions was produced by men's baseball followed by men's soccer, women's volleyball, men's tennis, women's soccer, and women's tennis. Men's soccer produced shorter TTT compared with men's baseball (12.7%) and women's soccer (13.3%) during the unloaded and loaded jumping conditions, respectively. Collegiate sport teams exhibit varying reactive strength characteristics during unloaded and loaded jumping conditions. Understanding the differences in RSImod between sports may help direct the creation of training and monitoring programs more effectively for various sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Suchomel
- 1Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee; and 2Department of Exercise Science, LaGrange College, LaGrange, Georgia
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31
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Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Roelofs EJ, Hirsch KR. Body Composition, Muscle Quality and Scoliosis in Female Collegiate Gymnasts: A Pilot Study. Int J Sports Med 2015; 36:1087-92. [PMID: 26332905 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1555781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Research has demonstrated an elevated prevalence of body weight concerns and scoliosis among female gymnasts. The purpose of the current pilot study was to evaluate the utility of ultrasonography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as practical imaging modalities to measure body composition and spinal curvature variables that may correlate with performance in female collegiate gymnasts (n=15). DXA was used to evaluate body composition and lateral spinal curvature, utilizing a modified Ferguson method. Echo intensity (EI) and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the vastus lateralis were determined from a panoramic cross-sectional ultrasound image. For returning athletes (n=9), performance scores from the previous season were averaged to quantify performance. The average performance score was correlated with lean mass of the arms (R=0.714; P=0.03) and right leg (R=0.680; P=0.04). Performance was not correlated with total mass, fat mass or body fat percentage (P>0.10). Scoliosis was identified in 3 of 15 scans (20%). Echo intensity and CSA of the vastus lateralis were inversely correlated with each other (R=-0.637, P=0.01), but not with other measures of body composition or performance. Results suggest that limb LBM may be a determinant of gymnastics performance, and DXA may provide important health and performance-related information for female collegiate gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Trexler
- Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - A E Smith-Ryan
- Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - E J Roelofs
- Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - K R Hirsch
- Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
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Palmer TB, Akehi K, Thiele RM, Smith DB, Thompson BJ. Reliability of panoramic ultrasound imaging in simultaneously examining muscle size and quality of the hamstring muscles in young, healthy males and females. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:675-684. [PMID: 25683219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of ultrasound (US) measures of cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle thickness (MT) and echo intensity (EI) of the hamstrings, with comparisons between males and females. In 20 healthy participants (10 males, 10 females), CSA, MT and EI were measured from panoramic US scans of the hamstrings on 2 separate days. The intra-class correlation coefficients and standard errors of measurement as a percentage of the mean for CSA, MT and EI ranged from 0.715 to 0.984 and from 3.145 to 12.541% in the males and from 0.724 to 0.977 and from 4.571 to 17.890% in the females, respectively. The males had greater CSAs and MTs and lower EIs than the females (p = 0.002-0.049), and significant relationships were observed between CSA and MT (r = 0.714-0.938, p ≤ 0.001-0.023). From an overall reliability standpoint, these findings suggest that panoramic US may be a reliable technique for examining muscle size and quality of the hamstrings in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty B Palmer
- Applied Musculoskeletal and Human Physiology Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kazuma Akehi
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ryan M Thiele
- Applied Musculoskeletal and Human Physiology Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Doug B Smith
- Applied Musculoskeletal and Human Physiology Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Brennan J Thompson
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
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Wells AJ, Fukuda DH, Hoffman JR, Gonzalez AM, Jajtner AR, Townsend JR, Mangine GT, Fragala MS, Stout JR. Vastus lateralis exhibits non-homogenous adaptation to resistance training. Muscle Nerve 2014; 50:785-93. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.24222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Wells
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida (UCF); 4000 Central Florida Blvd Orlando Florida 32816 USA
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida (UCF); 4000 Central Florida Blvd Orlando Florida 32816 USA
| | - Jay R. Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida (UCF); 4000 Central Florida Blvd Orlando Florida 32816 USA
| | - Adam M. Gonzalez
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida (UCF); 4000 Central Florida Blvd Orlando Florida 32816 USA
| | - Adam R. Jajtner
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida (UCF); 4000 Central Florida Blvd Orlando Florida 32816 USA
| | - Jeremy R. Townsend
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida (UCF); 4000 Central Florida Blvd Orlando Florida 32816 USA
| | - Gerald T. Mangine
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida (UCF); 4000 Central Florida Blvd Orlando Florida 32816 USA
| | - Maren S. Fragala
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida (UCF); 4000 Central Florida Blvd Orlando Florida 32816 USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida (UCF); 4000 Central Florida Blvd Orlando Florida 32816 USA
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