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Çıtak Ş. Latent profile analysis of gambling. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1293933. [PMID: 37965671 PMCID: PMC10641010 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1293933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Early age of gambling onset, ease of gambling with technological developments and lack of controlling online gambling games have led to unmanageable risk of gambling. Individual-centered approaches play a significant role in managing the risk that gambling poses on public health and discerning the heterogeneity of gambling addiction. Therefore, this study employed Latent Profile Analysis (LPA), one of the individual-centered approaches, to model the interactions across the psychosocial characteristics of gamblers. The study aims to reveal the latent profiles of gambling addiction. Unlike variable-centered approaches, LPA is a contemporary technique that provides objective information regarding individual psychological processes and behaviors. The profile indicators of the study involve psychosocial characteristics such as resilience, motives to gamble (excitement/fun, avoidance, making money, socializing), purposefulness, responsibility and worthiness. Data were collected from 317 volunteers (M = 68.9%; F = 31.1%; mean age = 25.16 ± 6.46) through the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), Gambling Motives Scale (GMS) and Personal Virtues Scale (PVS). The emerging profiles were defined as adventurous players (14.2%), social gamblers (9.8%), professional gamblers (32.8%), problem gamblers (24.6%) and avoidant gamblers (18.6%). The individual-centered modeling is congruent with the literature on gambling and provides a complementary perspective to understand the heterogeneous structure of gambling. The results are expected to assist mental health professionals in developing educational and clinical intervention programs for gambling behavior. Finally yet importantly, it is recommended that new LPA models be offered through the use of different indicators related to gambling addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şenel Çıtak
- Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Department of Educational Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Türkiye
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2
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Putica A, O'Donnell ML, Agathos J, Felmingham KL, Krug I, Van Dam NT. Posttraumatic Stress and Alexithymia: Symptom Associations. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:752-758. [PMID: 37436129 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT There is a demonstrated association between alexithymia and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, work has largely focused on male-dominant, high-risk occupation populations. We aimed to explore the relationship between posttraumatic stress (PTS) and alexithymia among 100 trauma-exposed female university students. Participants completed a Life Events Checklist, the PTSD Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (PCL-5), and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Multiple regressions were run to examine whether alexithymia was associated with each of the PCL-5 subscales. The TAS-20 total scores were associated with total PTS scores, β = 0.47, t(99) = 5.22, p < 0.001. On a subscale level, Difficulty in Identifying Feelings (DIF) was positively associated (β = 0.50 to 0.41) with all PCL-5 subscales except for Avoidance. Our results align with research showing that for women, the DIF subscale is most strongly associated with PTS, in contrast with the literature on male samples, showing strongest associations with the Difficulties in Describing Feelings subscale, suggesting sex differences in associations between PTS and alexithymia. Our study supports the universality of the associations between alexithymia and PTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Putica
- Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Meaghan L O'Donnell
- Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - James Agathos
- Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Kim L Felmingham
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Isabel Krug
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas T Van Dam
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Crișan CA, Milhem Z, Stretea R, Hossu RM, Florean IS, Cherecheș RM. Coping Mechanisms during the War in Ukraine: A Cross-Sectional Assessment among Romanian Population. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11101412. [PMID: 37239702 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
On 24 February 2022, the Russian Federation invaded Ukraine, starting a military conflict that soon turned into a full-scale war. The Romanians have been actively involved in helping their neighbors, causing the accumulation of emotional and mental pressure upon the Romanian population exposed to such a close military conflict. This cross-sectional study assessed, through an online survey (1586 adult Romanian residents), the primary coping mechanisms, quality of life and anxiety levels in response to the psychological trauma associated with the Russo-Ukrainian war. Based on the results, focusing on and venting emotions along with behavioral disengagement were the coping strategies that had the strongest negative impact on anxiety and well-being. On the other hand, positive reinterpretation and growth were associated with less anxiety, a higher degree of overall health and better quality of life. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind to be performed among the Romanian population so far. Thus, we equip mental health practitioners with the tools (real-life evidence data) that will allow them to establish a more meaningful doctor-patient relationship, maximizing therapy results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălina Angela Crișan
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zaki Milhem
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Roland Stretea
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Ionuț Stelian Florean
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Răzvan Mircea Cherecheș
- RoNeuro Institute, Center for Research and Diagnosis of Neurological Diseases, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Public Health, College of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400591 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Sprang G, Eslinger J, Whitt-Woosley A, Gusler S, Clemans T. Child Traumatic Stress and COVID-19: The Impact of the Pandemic on a Clinical Sample of Children in Trauma Treatment. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37359464 PMCID: PMC10034234 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Given the scope and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is not surprising that research has documented negative effects to youth's mental health. Yet, there is negligible research on the impact of the pandemic among clinical samples of youth receiving treatment for pre-existing trauma exposure and symptoms. The current study investigates COVID-19 as an index trauma, and if prior traumatic stress scores mediate the relationship between pandemic-related exposure and subsequent traumatic stress. METHODS This is a study of 130 youth ages 7-18 receiving trauma treatment at an academic medical center. The University of California Los Angeles Post-traumatic Stress Disorder-Reaction Index (UCLA-PTSD-RI) was completed by all youth during intake as part of routine data collection. From April, 2020 to March, 2022 the UCLA Brief COVID-19 Screen for Child/Adolescent PTSD was also administered to assess trauma exposures and symptoms specifically-related to the pandemic experience. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted on all variables of interest to describe response patterns cross-sectionally and longitudinally; a mediational analysis was used to determine if prior trauma symptoms mediate the relationship between COVID-19 exposure and response. Additionally, interviews were conducted with youth using a series of open-ended questions about their perceptions of safety, threat and coping related to the pandemic. RESULTS A quarter of the sample reported COVID-19 related exposures that would meet Criterion A for PTSD. Participants whose UCLA-COVID scores that exceeded the clinical cutoff had lower scores on two items measuring social support. There was no evidence of full or partial mediation. Responses to interview questions revealed low levels of threat reactivity, perceptions of no to little impact, positive changes, varying opinions on social isolation, some evidence of inaccurate messaging and adaptive coping using strategies learned in treatment. IMPLICATIONS The findings broaden our understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable children and provide insight into how prior trauma history and the provision of evidence-based trauma treatment impact a youth's response to pandemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginny Sprang
- Department of Psychiatry, Center On Trauma and Children, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Jessica Eslinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Center On Trauma and Children, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Adrienne Whitt-Woosley
- Department of Psychiatry, Center On Trauma and Children, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Stephanie Gusler
- Department of Psychiatry, Center On Trauma and Children, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Tracy Clemans
- Department of Psychiatry, Center On Trauma and Children, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
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Miethe S, Wigger J, Wartemann A, Fuchs FO, Trautmann S. Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and its Association with Rumination, Thought Suppression and Experiential Avoidance: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-023-10022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe mental disorder causing high individual and societal costs. The use of maladaptive emotion regulation (ER) strategies has been identified as a potential contributing factor. This meta-analysis aimed to quantify the associations between PTSD symptoms and rumination, thought suppression and experiential avoidance. The systematic literature search resulted in 5574 studies, 75 of which were included in the analysis. From those eligible studies 189 effect sizes were obtained. For symptoms of posttraumatic stress, large effects were found for associations with rumination (r = .52) and experiential avoidance (r = .48), whereas a medium effect size was found for thought suppression (r = .29). With respect to different PTSD symptom clusters, associations ranged between r = .35 and r = .41 for associations with intrusive re-experiencing, between r = .39 and r = .41 for associations with avoidance, between r = .50 and r = .53 for associations with alterations in cognitions and mood and between r = .41 and r = .45 for associations with alterations in arousal and activity. Few available studies provide some evidence that associations might be somewhat reduced but still substantial in longitudinal compared to cross-sectional studies. These findings provide valuable targets for future investigations with the long-term goal of improving targeted interventions for the prevention and treatment of PTSD symptoms.
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Mann AM, Naugle AE, Lieberman E. Experiential Avoidance and Emotion Dysregulation as Mediators in the LGBTQ Minority Stress Model. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:3443-3456. [PMID: 35951198 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gender and sexual minorities are at increased risk for psychological disorders compared to the general population. The minority stress model has been proposed to explain these elevated rates of psychological distress. Per this model, minority stress factors (e.g., prejudice, discrimination, rejection, internalized homophobia/ transphobia) combine to create a unique stress which negatively impacts the mental health of gender and sexual minority individuals. With support for the general minority stress model established, attention has turned to investigating possible mediators in this model. In other words, how does minority stress cause psychological distress and negative mental health outcomes? The aim of the present study was to investigate experiential avoidance and emotion dysregulation as potential mediators in the relationship between minority stress factors and psychological distress. Final parallel mediation models supported that experiential avoidance and emotion dysregulation were significant mediators in the relationship between minority stress variables and psychological distress. These final models support that minority stress experiences, experiential avoidance, and emotion dysregulation are all factors that contribute to psychological distress in gender and sexual minority individuals. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie M Mann
- Western Michigan University, 1903 Western Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
| | - Amy E Naugle
- Western Michigan University, 1903 Western Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Eva Lieberman
- Western Michigan University, 1903 Western Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
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Lewis MM, Naugle AE, DiBacco TA, Katte K, Smith CA, Blematl AR. Behavioral Measures of Experiential Avoidance: The Role of Context in Predicting Performance on Two Stressful Tasks. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Timmer-Murillo SC, Schramm A, deRoon-Cassini TA. Life threat during assaultive trauma: Critical posttraumatic stress disorder risk factors for injured patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2022; 92:848-854. [PMID: 35468115 PMCID: PMC9181289 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among injury survivors are higher relative to the general population, supporting the need to identify those most at risk for PTSD following injury given negative impact of PTSD on recovery. Perceived life threat and assaultive trauma are consistent risk factors for subsequent PTSD development, although less work has explored them in combination. The current study evaluated whether trauma type (assaultive vs. nonassaultive) and perceived life threat, together, led to greater PTSD symptoms 1 month and 6 months postinjury. METHODS Participants included adult injured trauma survivors admitted to a level 1 trauma center. While hospitalized, perceived life threat during trauma was assessed and mechanism of injury was collected via record review and was collapsed into two categories: assaultive and nonassaultive. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [Fifth Edition]) was administered at 1 month (N = 137) and 6 months (N = 220) after injury. RESULTS The four symptoms clusters of PTSD (intrusions, avoidance, hyperarousal, and negative mood/cognitions) were examined using four 2 (time) × 2 (life threat) × 2 (trauma type) mixed methods analyses of variance to assess differences based on risk factors and time. Results showed significant interaction effects of life threat, trauma type, and time for intrusive symptoms and avoidance symptoms. Individuals with life threat during assaultive traumas maintained heightened intrusive symptoms across time and increased avoidance at 6 months. On the other hand, participants with either life threat or assaultive traumas had decreased symptoms at 6 months. CONCLUSION Experiencing assaultive trauma and life threat led to greater symptoms of PTSD. Individuals with assaultive traumas who experienced life threat may represent a specific at-risk group following injury. Avoidance can protract functional impairment and impede access to care, negatively impacting recovery. This study highlights a need to assess for these peritrauma factors during hospitalization and supports early intervention targeting avoidance and intrusive symptoms in this group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic/Epidemiologic, Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney C Timmer-Murillo
- From the Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
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Daneshvar S, Shafiei M, Basharpoor S. Group-based Compassion-focused Therapy on Experiential Avoidance, Meaning-in-life, and Sense of Coherence in Female Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence with PTSD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP4187-NP4211. [PMID: 32933348 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520958660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current study was carried out to investigate the effects of compassion-focused therapy (CFT) on experiential avoidance, meaning-in-life, and sense of coherence (SoC) in women suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to the intimate partner violence (IPV).42 women suffering from PTSD due to the IPV exposure were randomized to the two groups of experimental and control (21 per group). All participants completed the questionnaires of experiential avoidance, meaning-in-life, and SoC as pre-test measures. The experimental group received eight sessions of CFT, while the controls did not receive any treatment. After that, all subjects responded to the questionnaires of experiential avoidance, meaning-in-life, and SoC as the post-test measures. Data were analyzed using one-way repeated measures MANOVA.Subjects of the experimental group indicated a greater reduction in post-test scores of experiential avoidance, and a significant rise in the level of meaning-in-life and its subscales including the presence of meaning-in-life and search for meaning-in-life when compared to the controls. Nevertheless, there was no change in the level of SoC as a function of CFT.Applying CFT can result in reducing experiential avoidance and raising the meaning of life in women with PTSD due to IPV exposure. CFT is highly recommended to strengthen the well-being of patients with PTSD and reduce the PTSD symptoms.
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Coping with Trauma and Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Exploring Intentions and Lay Beliefs about Appropriate Strategies among Asylum-Seeking Migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa in Germany. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031783. [PMID: 35162807 PMCID: PMC8834703 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Asylum-seekers are at high risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to frequent exposure to trauma. We investigated the coping intentions and lay beliefs about appropriate coping strategies among asylum-seekers from Sub-Saharan Africa in Germany. The study applied a methodological triangulation strategy with a vignette describing symptoms of PTSD. In a quantitative part, asylum-seekers (n = 119) that were predominantly from Eritrea (n = 41), Somalia (n = 36), and Cameroon (n = 25), and a native comparison sample (n = 120) responded to questionnaires assessing coping, traumatic events, and post-traumatic symptoms. In a qualitative part, asylum-seekers (n = 26) discussed coping strategies in focus groups. In the quantitative part, asylum-seekers displayed higher intentions for religious coping, emotional support, and denial compared to the native participants. Asylum-seekers with a higher symptom load expressed lower intentions to seek instrumental support. Asylum-seekers with a lower educational level and those with a higher symptom load expressed higher intentions for substance use. In the qualitative part, we identified three superordinate themes: (a) religion, (b) social support systems, and (c) cognitive strategies. Asylum-seekers expressed coping intentions that are associated with an adaptive response to trauma. Less-educated asylum-seekers with a higher symptom load might constitute a particularly vulnerable group.
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Investigating the role of psychological inflexibility, mindfulness, and self-compassion in PTSD. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kabasawa K, Tanaka J, Komata T, Matsui K, Nakamura K, Ito Y, Narita I. Determination of specific life changes on psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256481. [PMID: 34460838 PMCID: PMC8405026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic might affect many aspects of the community and a range of psychiatric risk factors due to life changes, including people's behaviors and perceptions. In this study, we aim to identify specific life changes that correlate with psychological distress within the social context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. In July 2020, workers (company employees and civil servants) in Japan were recruited from local institutions that had not had any confirmed COVID-19 cases as well as neighborhoods that had only a few cases. Participants completed a COVID-19 mental health survey (N = 609; 66.9% male). Psychological distress was identified based on Kessler-6 scores (≥13). Life changes were assessed by an open-ended question about life changes in participants and their family, workplace, and community due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A convergent mixed-method approach was used to compare the context of perceived life changes in participants with psychological distress and those without. As a result, 8.9% of participants had psychological distress, and sex and age categories were different between those with psychological distress and those without. Among the participants who responded to the open-ended question, the biggest life change was "staying at home," and the next biggest life changes were "event cancellations" and "increased workload" in participants with psychological distress, and "no changes" and "mask-wearing" in those without psychological distress, respectively. Regarding emotional/perceptual changes, "stress," "fear," and "anger" were more frequently reported by participants with psychological distress than those without (P <0.001). By integrating these findings, we identified themes focusing on vulnerable characteristics related to psychological distress. This study may provide a source in society for mediating psychological distress during a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kabasawa
- Department of Health Promotion Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Junta Tanaka
- Department of Health Promotion Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Komata
- Department of Health Promotion Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Matsui
- Department of Humanities, Faculty of Humanities, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Nakamura
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yumi Ito
- Department of Health Promotion Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ichiei Narita
- Department of Health Promotion Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Regulating Emotionality to Manage Adversity: A Systematic Review of the Relation Between Emotion Regulation and Psychological Resilience. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Aliche CJ, Ifeagwazi CM, Mefoh PC, Eze JE, Chukwuorji JC. Experiential avoidance mediates the relations between mindfulness and PTSD symptoms severity in terrorist attack survivors. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2020.1852953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John E. Eze
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Seçer İ, Ulaş S, Karaman-Özlü Z. The Effect of the Fear of COVID-19 on Healthcare Professionals' Psychological Adjustment Skills: Mediating Role of Experiential Avoidance and Psychological Resilience. Front Psychol 2020; 11:561536. [PMID: 33192830 PMCID: PMC7609966 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 outbreak is rapidly spreading all over the world, it's secondary consequences will negatively affect both societies and individuals. The target group, expected to be exposed to the secondary negative consequences most intensely during the pandemic process and afterward, is undoubtedly the healthcare professionals. In this research, the impact of the fear that healthcare professionals in Turkey developed against the outbreak of COVID-19 on their psychological adjustment skills is examined, and in this context, the mediating role of experiential avoidance and psychological resilience is examined. In this context, an answer was sought for the question "Does experiential avoidance and psychological resilience have a mediating role in the impact of COVID-19 fear on psychological adjustment skills of healthcare professionals?" The research was carried out with a total of 370 healthcare professionals reached via online data collection method. Structural equation modeling was used in the data analysis process, and as a result, it was determined that the fear of COVID-19 had a negative effect on the psychological adjustment in healthcare professionals; however, psychological resilience was found to have a protective function that limits this effect, and experiential avoidance has a risk factor that aggravates this effect. Findings obtained from the research are discussed in the context of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsmail Seçer
- Faculty of Education, Counseling and Guidance, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sümeyye Ulaş
- School of Health, Gümüşhane University, Gümüşhane, Turkey
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16
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Kroska EB, Roche AI, Adamowicz JL, Stegall MS. Psychological flexibility in the context of COVID-19 adversity: Associations with distress. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2020; 18:28-33. [PMID: 32837889 PMCID: PMC7406424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to hardship for individuals across the globe, and research to-date has indicated a significant impact of the pandemic on mental health functioning. In order to promote psychological resilience during this time, it is important to understand modifiable targets for clinical intervention. The current study examined demographic characteristics, pandemic-related adversity, and psychological flexibility in relation to general and peritraumatic distress in a sample of United States survey respondents during May of 2020. Participants were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), N = 485. Participants completed measures of pandemic-related adversity, psychological flexibility components (openness to experience, behavioral awareness, and valued action), peritraumatic distress, and general distress. Hierarchical regression analyses examined whether demographic characteristics, pandemic-related adversity, and components of psychological flexibility were associated with general and peritraumatic distress. Results indicated that higher pandemic-related adversity, lower openness to experience, and lower behavioral awareness were significantly associated with higher general distress. Greater pandemic-related adversity, lower openness to experience, lower behavioral awareness, and higher valued action were significantly associated with higher peritraumatic distress. Adding the components of psychological flexibility to the model increased the amount of variance accounted for in both measures of distress. The results indicated that psychological flexibility components may be particularly important targets for prevention and intervention efforts in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Transdiagnostic interventions, such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, that target psychological flexibility may be useful as the impact of the pandemic continues to unfold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Kroska
- University of Iowa, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA
| | - Anne I Roche
- University of Iowa, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA
| | - Jenna L Adamowicz
- University of Iowa, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA
| | - Manny S Stegall
- University of Iowa, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA
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Reinhardt KM, Zerubavel N, Young AS, Gallo M, Ramakrishnan N, Henry A, Zucker NL. A multi-method assessment of interoception among sexual trauma survivors. Physiol Behav 2020; 226:113108. [PMID: 32721494 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that many female sexual trauma survivors experience dissociation, particularly disconnection from the body, in the aftermath of sexual trauma. This study aims to address the open question of how sexual trauma is associated with awareness of inner body sensations (i.e., interoception). Given the important role that interoception has in emotion regulation, a process with which survivors often struggle, it is important to understand the associations between interoception and PTSD symptoms among survivors. Through multi-methods, we assessed associations between interoception, dissociation, and PTSD symptoms among 200 female sexual trauma survivors. We assessed two components of interoception: interoceptive accuracy (IAc: accurately perceiving internal body sensations; via heartbeat perception task) and interoceptive sensibility (IS: self-report perception of sensitivity to interoceptive sensations). We hypothesized that IAc and IS would be positively correlated with PTSD, with interactions between IAc/dissociation and IS/dissociation qualifying those main effects, weakening them for survivors with higher dissociation. Results showed an opposite pattern than was predicted: although IAc did explain significant PTSD variance, as IAc increased, PTSD decreased. Although IAc did explain significant variance in PTSD symptoms, interestingly, IS did not. Consistent with extant literature, dissociation predicted significant variance in PTSD. These correlational results suggest that the ability to more accurately perceive inner body sensations is related to lower PTSD symptoms. Findings provide a foundation for future research that can assess if interventions (such as yoga or exercise) that target increasing interoceptive accuracy lead to decreases in PTSD symptoms. We discuss further clinical implications, limitations and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noga Zerubavel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Services, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Anna S Young
- University of Oregon; Oregon Health & Science University
| | | | | | | | - Nancy L Zucker
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
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An Investigation of the Effect of COVID-19 on OCD in Youth in the Context of Emotional Reactivity, Experiential Avoidance, Depression and Anxiety. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 19:2306-2319. [PMID: 32837429 PMCID: PMC7293436 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00322-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the serious physical and medical effects on individuals, the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have short- and long-term psycho-social consequences, especially for young people. Nowadays, with psychological problems becoming more widely recognized in adolescents, it is possible that the fear and anxiety caused by the pandemic will trigger various anxiety disorders, OCD and similar negative outcomes. Considering that psychological qualities such as emotional reactivity and experiential avoidance observed in adolescents may increase the risk of such psycho-social disorders, in this study the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and OCD was investigated in a Turkish sample of 598 adolescents, and the mediating role of emotional reactivity, experiential avoidance and depression-anxiety in this relationship was examined. The data collection was performed online rather than in person because of the COVID-19 threat. A structural equation model was used to determine the direct and indirect predictive effects between variables in data analysis. The results of the study show that the effect of COVID-19 fear on OCD is mediated by emotional reactivity, experiential avoidance and depression-anxiety.
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García-Encinas A, Ramírez-Maestre C, Esteve R, López-Martínez AE. Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms and perceived health after an acute coronary syndrome: the role of experiential avoidance, anxiety sensitivity, and depressive symptoms. Psychol Health 2020; 35:1497-1515. [PMID: 32404010 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2020.1761974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The identification of psychological markers of the posttraumatic stress reaction after a cardiac event is relevant in the management of cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of the study to test the contribution of experiential avoidance, anxiety sensitivity, and depressive symptoms to acute coronary syndrome posttraumatic stress symptoms and perceived health (both measured 6 months later), and to determine whether the associations between experiential avoidance, anxiety sensitivity, and depressive symptoms with perceived health were mediated by the posttraumatic stress symptoms.Design: 180 patients with acute coronary syndrome completed a survey over a 6-month period.Results: Anxiety sensitivity and depressive symptoms but not experiential avoidance contributed significantly to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Depressive symptoms and posttraumatic symptoms but neither anxiety sensitivity nor experiential avoidance had a significant association on perceived health. Acute coronary syndrome posttraumatic symptoms significantly mediated the association of depressive symptoms with perceived health. That is, increased depressive symptoms was significantly associated with higher levels of posttraumatic symptoms, which in turn predicted lower levels of perceived health.Conclusions: Understanding the psychological factors that are associated with post-acute coronary syndrome posttraumatic stress symptoms may help to identify patients at risk in order to refer them to the appropriate psychological care service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica García-Encinas
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento, Facultad de Psicología y Logopedia, Universidad de Málaga, Servicio de salud mental, Hospital Universitario Parc Taulí de Sabadell, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Carmen Ramírez-Maestre
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Facultad de Psicología y Logopedia, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Rosa Esteve
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Facultad de Psicología y Logopedia, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Alicia E López-Martínez
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Facultad de Psicología y Logopedia, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
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Examining the Effectiveness of Restorative Justice in Reducing Victims’ Post-Traumatic Stress. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-019-09363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCrime victimisation is a significant life event that can lead to the development of post-traumatic symptomology. Compared with the general population, victims of crime are significantly more likely to present with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Restorative justice is an approach to criminal justice that considers the goal of the justice system to restore victims to their state pre-victimisation. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of restorative justice in reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress that develop following victimisation. Relevant databases were searched to identify quantitative studies measuring post-traumatic symptoms in victims of crime who successfully completed either a restorative justice or customary justice intervention. A total of seven studies were identified examining one or more facet of post-traumatic symptomology. These studies provide modest support that restorative justice did produce a greater improvement on post-traumatic symptoms than customary justice procedures. However, this was only consistently evidenced for symptoms of avoidance and intrusion, whereas there were mixed findings with regard to the subscales of negative alterations in mood and cognition, and arousal and reactivity. Reasons for these inconsistencies are discussed and recommendation made for further empirical work on this subject.
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Gewirtz-Meydan A, Lahav Y, Walsh W, Finkelhor D. Psychopathology among adult survivors of child pornography. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 98:104189. [PMID: 31541991 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of studies investigating child pornography have focused on conceptualizing the problem and the harm of the crime, evaluating the risk for child pornography offending, or discuss preventive measures. Little is known about survivors of this type of crime. OBJECTIVE This research explores the relationship between child pornography victimization and psychopathology in adulthood. Specifically, we examined the contribution of emotional reactions at the time of the crime and shortly after (guilt, embarrassment and avoidance) on psychopathology among adult survivors of child pornography. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The study was conducted among 107 child pornography adult survivors, aged 18-63 (M = 39.48, SD = 12.31). All participants were sexually molested during the crime. METHODS An online survey was completed by a convenience sample of adult survivors of child pornography. RESULTS Findings indicate survivor's current age predicted current psychopathology symptoms. Survivor's emotional reactions of guilt and embarrassment at the time of the crime and shortly after were significantly associated with elevated psychopathology, above and beyond demographic characteristics and features of the crime. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest the way survivors of child pornography react to the crime might shape their mental health in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
| | - Yael Lahav
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5718, USA.
| | - Wendy Walsh
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
| | - David Finkelhor
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
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Experiential Avoidance as a Mechanism of Change Across Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in a Sample of Participants with Heterogeneous Anxiety Disorders. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-019-10063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Riley BJ, Smith D, Baigent MF. Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based Group Therapy: An Uncontrolled Pragmatic Pre-Post Pilot Study in a Heterogeneous Population of Female Prisoners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2019; 63:2572-2585. [PMID: 31238758 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x19858487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The rate of females imprisoned worldwide has increased by more than 50% during the last two decades, with recent figures suggesting that, worldwide, the female prison population may still be increasing at a faster rate than males. Despite prevalence rates for psychiatric conditions among female prisoners being significantly higher than males, there is a particular lack of programs specifically designed for women. This preliminary study evaluates the initial effectiveness of a mindfulness and acceptance-based group program in an uncontrolled pragmatic pilot study of a heterogeneous group of incarcerated women with a range of mental health issues. Participants were 59 incarcerated women who engaged in a 10-session group program. Outcome measures comprised the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale, and three screening tools derived from the full version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), to measure depression, binge eating (Patient Health Questionnaire-Binge Eating Disorder [PHQ-ED]), and somatoform disorders (PHQ-15). Results of linear mixed modelling showed improvements in mindfulness and acceptance, and reductions in depression, anxiety, and somatoform symptoms. Furthermore, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) was shown to be an acceptable and feasible intervention for female Indigenous Australian prisoners. A mindfulness and acceptance-based group approach appears to be feasible and acceptable in a prison environment for a female prisoners with a range of mental health symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Riley
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Smith
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Lichtenfeld S, Maier MA, Buechner VL, Fernández Capo M. The Influence of Decisional and Emotional Forgiveness on Attributions. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1425. [PMID: 31293482 PMCID: PMC6603330 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on forgiveness suggests that forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping process important for clinical settings as it can promote both physical and mental health (Worthington et al., 2005; Witvliet and McCullough, 2007). Investigating antecedents of forgiveness, empirical studies and theoretical models propose that attributions influence forgiveness. However, hardly any studies or theoretical models have ever looked at the possibility that this relationship may be reciprocal in nature and whether forgiveness also impacts a victim's attributions has not been investigated. The present, highly powered (n = 969) study seeks to fill this gap and provides the first empirical support that emotional forgiveness has a strong influence on subsequent attributions. Specifically, individuals, who have emotionally forgiven a transgression, hold the transgressor less responsible for the offense compared to those in the decisional forgiveness and control condition. Moreover, the findings conceptually replicate previous research (Lichtenfeld et al., 2015) by demonstrating that emotional, but not decisional forgiveness affects cognition and, thus, emotional and decisional forgiveness should be treated as distinct facets in the forgiveness process. Implications of these results for clinical and health psychology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus A. Maier
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vanessa L. Buechner
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Fernández Capo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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Grupp F, Moro MR, Nater UM, Skandrani S, Mewes R. 'Only God can promise healing.': help-seeking intentions and lay beliefs about cures for post-traumatic stress disorder among Sub-Saharan African asylum seekers in Germany. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2019; 10:1684225. [PMID: 31741719 PMCID: PMC6844424 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1684225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Epidemiological studies have reported high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among asylum seekers from Sub-Saharan Africa. In order to provide appropriate and culturally sensitive mental health care for this group, further knowledge about treatment preferences might be necessary. Objective: We aimed to provide insights into help-seeking intentions and lay beliefs about cures for PTSD held by asylum seekers from Sub-Saharan Africa living in Germany. Methods: To address this objective, we used a quantitative and qualitative methodological triangulation strategy based on a vignette describing symptoms of PTSD. In the quantitative part of the study, asylum seekers (n = 119), predominantly from Eritrea (n = 41), Somalia (n = 36), and Cameroon (n = 25), and a German comparison sample without a migration background (n = 120) completed the General Help-Seeking Questionnaire (GHSQ). In the qualitative part, asylum seekers (n = 26) reviewed the results of the questionnaire survey within eight focus group discussions sampled from groups of the three main countries of origin. Results: Asylum seekers showed a high intention to seek religious, medical, and psychological treatment for symptoms of PTSD. However, asylum seekers indicated a higher preference to seek help from religious authorities and general practitioners, as well as a lower preference to enlist psychological and traditional help sources than Germans without a migration background. Furthermore, asylum seekers addressed structural and cultural barriers to seeking medical and psychological treatment. Conclusion: To facilitate access to local health care systems for asylum seekers and refugees, it might be crucial to develop public health campaigns in collaboration with religious communities. When treating asylum seekers and refugees from Sub-Saharan Africa, practitioners should explore different religious and cultural frameworks for healing and recovery in order to signal understanding and acceptance of varying cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freyja Grupp
- Division of Clinical Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marie Rose Moro
- Hospital Cochin Paris, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Urs M Nater
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Skandrani
- Hospital Cochin Paris, University of Paris Nanterre, Paris, France
| | - Ricarda Mewes
- Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Roche AI, Kroska EB, Miller ML, Kroska SK, O’Hara MW. Childhood trauma and problem behavior: Examining the mediating roles of experiential avoidance and mindfulness processes. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2019; 67:17-26. [PMID: 29565779 PMCID: PMC6296903 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1455689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood trauma is associated with a variety of risky, unhealthy, or problem behaviors. The current study aimed to explore experiential avoidance and mindfulness processes as mechanisms through which childhood trauma and problem behavior are linked in a college sample. PARTICIPANTS The sample consisted of college-aged young adults recruited November-December, 2016 (N = 414). METHODS Participants completed self-report measures of childhood trauma, current problem behavior, experiential avoidance, and mindfulness processes. Bootstrapped mediation analyses examined the mechanistic associations of interest. RESULTS Mediation analyses indicated that experiential avoidance was a significant mediator of the association between childhood trauma and problem behavior. Additionally, multiple mediation analyses indicated that specific mindfulness facets-act with awareness and nonjudgment of inner experience-significantly mediated the same association. CONCLUSIONS Interventions for college students who have experienced childhood trauma might profitably target mechanisms such as avoidance and mindfulness in order to minimize engagement in problem behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne I. Roche
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa
| | - Emily B. Kroska
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa
| | | | - Sydney K. Kroska
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa
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Ghazanfari F, Rezaei M, Rezaei F. The mediating role of repetitive negative thinking and experiential avoidance on the relationship between childhood trauma and depression. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2018; 32:432-438. [PMID: 29784226 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Rezaei
- Department of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
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McLean CL, Fiorillo D, Follette VM. Self-Compassion and Psychological Flexibility in a Treatment-Seeking Sample of Women Survivors of Interpersonal Violence. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2018; 33:472-485. [PMID: 30567859 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.v33.i3.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interpersonal violence is pervasive and is related to numerous negative psychological outcomes. This study examines self-compassion and psychological flexibility as potential protective factors for the range of diverse problems associated with interpersonal trauma. A community sample of 27 women (mean age = 37.74, SD = 16.16) participated in a larger pilot intervention study for psychological distress related to interpersonal violence. In this treatment-seeking sample, self-compassion was positively associated with psychological flexibility and negatively linked to higher levels of trauma-related distress, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as well as problems related to the self and relations with others. The results suggest that self-compassion and psychological flexibility may function as protective factors in the development of problems in survivors of interpersonal violence.
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Joshanloo M, Sirgy MJ, Park J. Directionality of the relationship between social well-being and subjective well-being: evidence from a 20-year longitudinal study. Qual Life Res 2018; 27:2137-2145. [PMID: 29713923 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-018-1865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Self-determination theory suggests that psycho-social well-being prospectively predicts subjective well-being. In contrast, the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions suggests that subjective well-being has a positive impact on subsequent levels of psycho-social well-being. The present study sought to empirically disentangle the directionality of the relationship between subjective well-being and social well-being over time. METHODS The study used three waves of survey data, with intervals of 10 years, from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) project, a representative longitudinal panel study of American adults (N = 2732). Cross-lagged panel modeling was used for data analysis. RESULTS The results revealed that social well-being predicted increases in subsequent subjective well-being, whereas subjective well-being did not prospectively predict social well-being. Social well-being also demonstrated more stability over time than did subjective well-being. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that optimal social functioning is more likely to be an antecedent to subjective well-being, not the other way around. The results are consistent with predictions guided by self-determination theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Joshanloo
- Department of Psychology, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol Boulevard, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
| | - M Joseph Sirgy
- Department of Marketing, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Joonha Park
- Department of Management, Nagoya University of Commerce and Business, Nisshin, Japan
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Kroska EB, Miller ML, Roche AI, Kroska SK, O'Hara MW. Effects of traumatic experiences on obsessive-compulsive and internalizing symptoms: The role of avoidance and mindfulness. J Affect Disord 2018; 225:326-336. [PMID: 28843915 PMCID: PMC5654743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma exposure is associated with adverse psychological outcomes including anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms. Adolescence is increasingly recognized as a period of vulnerability for the onset of these types of psychological symptoms. The current study explored the mediating roles of experiential avoidance and mindfulness processes in the association between retrospective reports of childhood trauma and current internalizing and OC symptoms in adolescents. METHOD A group of at-risk adolescents (N = 51) and a group of college students (N = 400) reported on childhood trauma, experiential avoidance, mindfulness, anxiety, depressive, and OC symptoms. Mediation analyses were performed to examine the mechanistic roles of avoidance and mindfulness in the association between trauma and internalizing and OC-specific symptoms. RESULTS In the group of at-risk adolescents, experiential avoidance and mindfulness both significantly mediated the association between childhood trauma and OC symptoms. In the college student sample, experiential avoidance mediated the association between trauma and OC symptoms. Experiential avoidance, as well as the observe, act with awareness, and nonjudgmental facets of mindfulness all significantly mediated the association between trauma and internalizing symptoms. LIMITATIONS The group of at-risk adolescents was small, and the college student group was demographically homogeneous. All data was self-report and cross-sectional. CONCLUSION The current study demonstrated that experiential avoidance and mindfulness processes may be the mechanisms through which the association between trauma and obsessive-compulsive and trauma and internalizing symptoms exist in adolescents. These findings provide potential targets for clinical intervention to improve outcomes for adolescents who have experienced trauma.
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Jarrett NL, Pickett SM, Amsbaugh H, Afzal B. Mindfulness and Forgiveness Buffer Distress: Associations With Interpersonal Transgression Blameworthiness. COUNSELING AND VALUES 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cvj.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Duarte J, Pinto-Gouveia J. The role of psychological factors in oncology nurses' burnout and compassion fatigue symptoms. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2017; 28:114-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Duarte J, Pinto-Gouveia J. Mindfulness, self-compassion and psychological inflexibility mediate the effects of a mindfulness-based intervention in a sample of oncology nurses. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Experiential Avoidance and Rumination in Parents of Children on Cancer Treatment: Relationships with Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Symptoms of Depression. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2017; 23:67-76. [PMID: 26462676 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-015-9437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional survey study to investigate whether there is a relationship between experiential avoidance (EA), rumination, post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and symptoms of depression, in parents of children on cancer treatment. Data from 79 parents (55 mothers) of 79 children with a median of three months since their cancer diagnosis were included in cross-sectional analyses. EA and rumination were positively correlated with PTSS and symptoms of depression. EA and rumination did not provide incremental explained variance in PTSS over and above that explained by symptoms of depression, while controlling for symptoms of anxiety and demographic characteristics. However, EA and rumination provided incremental explained variance in symptoms of depression over and above that explained by PTSS, while controlling for symptoms of anxiety and demographic characteristics. Rumination and EA are important constructs in the understanding of PTSS and symptoms of depression in parents of children on cancer treatment. Future research should delineate the temporal relationships between these constructs.
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Vagos P, Ribeiro da Silva D, Brazão N, Rijo D, Gilbert P. The Early Memories of Warmth and Safeness Scale for adolescents: Cross-Sample Validation of the Complete and Brief Versions. Clin Psychol Psychother 2016; 24:793-804. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Vagos
- Research Unit of the Cognitive-Behavioral Research and Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Diana Ribeiro da Silva
- Research Unit of the Cognitive-Behavioral Research and Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Nélio Brazão
- Research Unit of the Cognitive-Behavioral Research and Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Daniel Rijo
- Research Unit of the Cognitive-Behavioral Research and Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Paul Gilbert
- Derby, UK-NHS, Psychology, Kingsway Hospital, Kingsway; University of Derby; Derby UK
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Baker JC, Williams JK, Witvliet CV, Hill PC. Positive reappraisals after an offense: Event-related potentials and emotional effects of benefit-finding and compassion. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2016.1209540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Shing EZ, Jayawickreme E, Waugh CE. Contextual Positive Coping as a Factor Contributing to Resilience After Disasters. J Clin Psychol 2016; 72:1287-1306. [PMID: 27410521 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Strategy-situation fit, or contextual coping, posits that the physical and psychological demands associated with stressors are determined in part by the characteristics of each stress situation and may therefore require the use of different coping strategies. In this review, we discuss strategy-situation fit in the context of both natural and manmade disasters as it pertains to positivity and, ultimately, resilience after disasters. METHOD We reviewed the relevant literature on positivity and coping with disasters using a contextual approach. RESULTS We identified several disaster-related characteristics (i.e., cause of disaster, temporal characteristics of disasters, and degree of resource loss) that might influence the efficacy of positive coping strategies. We then discussed strategies that could be useful for promoting resilience with regard to these different characteristics. CONCLUSION This work represents an initial step in conceptualizing disaster resiliency within the framework of contextual positive coping. Recommendations for future avenues of research are discussed.
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Wells SY, Lang AJ, Schmalzl L, Groessl EJ, Strauss JL. Yoga as an Intervention for PTSD: a Theoretical Rationale and Review of the Literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40501-016-0068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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McLean C, Follette VM. Acceptance and commitment therapy as a nonpathologizing intervention approach for survivors of trauma. J Trauma Dissociation 2016; 17:138-50. [PMID: 26507441 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2016.1103111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT; Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 2012) is proposed as a nonpathologizing approach to trauma-related problems. ACT has at its core a functional approach to understanding the human condition such that problems are maintained by functional processes, such as avoidance. Treatment focuses on these processes to institute change, stepping away from directly pursuing symptoms as an evaluative outcome. A collaborative, client-centered approach is used in defining valued life directions and committing to action based on those values. ACT presents a method of approaching trauma-related problems that is structured to support a client in finding a life beyond trauma that has value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin McLean
- a Department of Psychology , University of Nevada, Reno , Reno , Nevada , USA
| | - Victoria M Follette
- a Department of Psychology , University of Nevada, Reno , Reno , Nevada , USA
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Pinto-Gouveia J, Carvalho T, Cunha M, Duarte J, Walser RD. Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-Trauma Specific (AAQ-TS): A study with Portuguese Colonial War Veterans. J Affect Disord 2015; 185:81-9. [PMID: 26148464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-Trauma Specific (AAQ-TS) is a self-report measure designed to assess-trauma-related psychological (in)flexibility, as conceptualized in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. However, there are no studies to date regarding its psychometric properties. This study explores such properties in the Portuguese version of the AAQ-TS, in Portuguese Colonial War Veterans. METHOD A Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was conducted in a sample from the general population of war Veterans (N=371). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) as well as reliability and convergent validity studies were performed in a different sample from the same population (N=312). For the discriminant validity a clinical sample with a war-related PTSD (N=42) and a non-clinical sample without PTSD (N=44) were used. RESULTS The CFA suggested a re-specified 15-item model with good global adjustment and factorial validity. The AAQ-TS showed internal consistency, a good temporal reliability, convergent validity with psychopathological symptoms (related to PTSD, anxiety, depression and stress) and peritraumatic dissociation (altered awareness and depersonalization/derealization). The questionnaire also discriminates between war Veterans with and without a PTSD diagnosis. LIMITATIONS The major limitation relates to the samples' characteristics and sampling methods, which can limit the generalization of results. CONCLUSION The Portuguese version of the AAQ-TS is a reliable and valid measure to assess experiential avoidance related to trauma in Portuguese Colonial War Veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pinto-Gouveia
- Cognitive-Behavioral Research Centre (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Carvalho
- Cognitive-Behavioral Research Centre (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Marina Cunha
- Cognitive-Behavioral Research Centre (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Duarte
- Cognitive-Behavioral Research Centre (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Robyn D Walser
- NCPTSD Dissemination and Training Division, University of Berkeley, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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Paying less but harvesting more: the effect of unconscious acceptance in regulating frustrating emotion. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:799-809. [PMID: 26117826 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that emotion regulation may occur unconsciously, without the cost of cognitive effort, while conscious acceptance may enhance negative experiences despite having potential long-term health benefits. Thus, it is important to overcome this weakness to boost the efficacy of the acceptance strategy in negative emotion regulation. As unconscious regulation occurs with little cost of cognitive resources, the current study hypothesizes that unconscious acceptance regulates the emotional consequence of negative events more effectively than does conscious acceptance. Subjects were randomly assigned to conscious acceptance, unconscious acceptance and no-regulation conditions. A frustrating arithmetic task was used to induce negative emotion. Emotional experiences were assessed on the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale while emotion- related physiological activation was assessed by heart-rate reactivity. Results showed that conscious acceptance had a significant negative affective consequence, which was absent during unconscious acceptance. That is, unconscious acceptance was linked with little reduction of positive affect during the experience of frustration, while this reduction was prominent in the control and conscious acceptance groups. Instructed, conscious acceptance resulted in a greater reduction of positive affect than found for the control group. In addition, both conscious and unconscious acceptance strategies significantly decreased emotion-related heart-rate activity (to a similar extent) in comparison with the control condition. Moreover, heart-rate reactivity was positively correlated with negative affect and negatively correlated with positive affect during the frustration phase relative to the baseline phase, in both the control and unconscious acceptance groups. Thus, unconscious acceptance not only reduces emotion-related physiological activity but also better protects mood stability compared with conscious acceptance. This suggests that the clinical practice of acceptance therapy may need to consider using the unconscious priming of an accepting attitude, instead of intentionally instructing people to implement such a strategy, to boost the efficacy of acceptance in emotion regulation.
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Bae SM, Hyun MH, Ra YS. Mediating effects of forgiveness and emotion-focused coping on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms caused by physical injury and perceived threat. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2015; 7:164-72. [PMID: 24898771 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to develop and test a model (including cognitive appraisal, coping strategy, and forgiveness variables) predicting post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 127 adults who were involved in traffic accidents. METHODS Participants were recruited from the inpatient and outpatient departments of three urban hospitals in South Korea. We utilized the path analysis to identify the best fitting model to our data. RESULTS Path analysis showed that the baseline model compared with an alternative model was more appropriate for our data. Our results indicated that the severity of physical injury was directly related to the participants' perceived threat. The perceived threat had direct and indirect effects on PTSD symptoms through forgiveness and emotion-focused coping strategies. One of the significant findings was that victims' forgiveness of the person at fault for the accident reduced their PTSD symptoms. The severity of physical injury was not related directly to PTSD symptoms. DISCUSSION Our study demonstrates that victim's forgiveness of the person at fault in a traumatic situation can be useful in helping their recovery after trauma and the forgiveness process may be applied to traffic accident situations as well as other types of interpersonal trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Man Bae
- Department of Psychiatry, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, South Korea; Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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The Moderating Effect of Self-Compassion on the Relationship between Trauma related Emotions and Forgiveness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.15703/kjc.16.2.201504.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lusk J, Brenner LA, Betthauser LM, Terrio H, Scher AI, Schwab K, Poczwardowski A. A Qualitative Study of Potential Suicide Risk Factors Among Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom Soldiers Returning to the Continental United States (CONUS). J Clin Psychol 2015; 71:843-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie Lusk
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc
- Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC)
- University of Denver, Graduate School of Professional Psychology
| | - Lisa A. Brenner
- Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC)
- University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
| | - Lisa M. Betthauser
- Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC)
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Psychology
| | - Heidi Terrio
- Evans Army Community Hospital, University of Colorado Denver, Department of Psychology
- Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury
| | - Ann I. Scher
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
| | - Karen Schwab
- Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
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The role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between family conflict and depression among early adolescents. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Nieuwsma JA, Jackson GL, DeKraai MB, Bulling DJ, Cantrell WC, Rhodes JE, Bates MJ, Ethridge K, Lane ME, Tenhula WN, Batten SV, Meador KG. Collaborating across the Departments of Veterans Affairs and Defense to integrate mental health and chaplaincy services. J Gen Intern Med 2014; 29 Suppl 4:885-94. [PMID: 25355089 PMCID: PMC4239284 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-014-3032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognizing that clergy and spiritual care providers are a key part of mental health care systems, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and Department of Defense (DoD) jointly examined chaplains' current and potential roles in caring for veterans and service members with mental health needs. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate the intersection of chaplain and mental health care practices in VA and DoD in order to determine if improvement is needed, and if so, to develop actionable recommendations as indicated by evaluation findings. DESIGN A 38-member multidisciplinary task group partnered with researchers in designing, implementing, and interpreting a mixed methods study that included: 1) a quantitative survey of VA and DoD chaplains; and 2) qualitative interviews with mental health providers and chaplains. PARTICIPANTS Quantitative: the survey included all full-time VA chaplains and all active duty military chaplains (n = 2,163 completed of 3,464 invited; 62 % response rate). Qualitative: a total of 291 interviews were conducted with mental health providers and chaplains during site visits to 33 VA and DoD facilities. MAIN MEASURES Quantitative: the online survey assessed intersections between chaplaincy and mental health care and took an average of 37 min to complete. Qualitative: the interviews assessed current integration of mental health and chaplain services and took an average of 1 h to complete. KEY RESULTS When included on interdisciplinary mental health care teams, chaplains feel understood and valued (82.8-100 % of chaplains indicated this, depending on the team). However, findings from the survey and site visits suggest that integration of services is often lacking and can be improved. CONCLUSIONS Closely coordinating with a multidisciplinary task group in conducting a mixed method evaluation of chaplain-mental health integration in VA and DoD helped to ensure that researchers assessed relevant domains and that findings could be rapidly translated into actionable recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Nieuwsma
- Mental Health and Chaplaincy, Department of Veterans Affairs, Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA,
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Seligowski AV, Lee DJ, Bardeen JR, Orcutt HK. Emotion Regulation and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis. Cogn Behav Ther 2014; 44:87-102. [DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2014.980753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Toussaint L, Shields GS, Dorn G, Slavich GM. Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health. J Health Psychol 2014; 21:1004-14. [PMID: 25139892 DOI: 10.1177/1359105314544132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine risk and resilience factors that affect health, lifetime stress exposure histories, dispositional forgiveness levels, and mental and physical health were assessed in 148 young adults. Greater lifetime stress severity and lower levels of forgiveness each uniquely predicted worse mental and physical health. Analyses also revealed a graded Stress × Forgiveness interaction effect, wherein associations between stress and mental health were weaker for persons exhibiting more forgiveness. These data are the first to elucidate the interactive effects of cumulative stress severity and forgiveness on health, and suggest that developing a more forgiving coping style may help minimize stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grant S Shields
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | - George M Slavich
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Bluett EJ, Homan KJ, Morrison KL, Levin ME, Twohig MP. Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety and OCD spectrum disorders: an empirical review. J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:612-24. [PMID: 25041735 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A fair amount of research exists on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) as a model and a treatment for anxiety disorders and OCD spectrum disorders; this paper offers a quantitative account of this research. A meta-analysis is presented examining the relationship between psychological flexibility, measured by versions of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ and AAQ-II) and measures of anxiety. Meta-analytic results showed positive and significant relationships between the AAQ and general measures of anxiety as well as disorder specific measures. Additionally, all outcome data to date on ACT for anxiety and OCD spectrum disorders are reviewed, as are data on mediation and moderation within ACT. Preliminary meta-analytic results show that ACT is equally effective as manualized treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy. Future directions and limitations of the research are discussed.
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The regulation of induced depression during a frustrating situation: benefits of expressive suppression in Chinese individuals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97420. [PMID: 24827934 PMCID: PMC4020863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies from European-American cultures consistently reported that expressive suppression was associated with worse emotional consequence (e.g. depression) in comparison with acceptance. However, this conclusion may not apply to Chinese, as suppressing emotional displays to maintain relational harmony is culturally valued in East Asian countries. Thus, the present study examined the effects of suppression and acceptance on the depressive mood induced by a frustrating task in a Chinese sample. Method Sixty-four subjects were randomly assigned to one of three instructions: suppression, acceptance or no-regulation during a frustrating arithmetic task. The experience of depressive emotion and skin conductance response (SCR) were recorded during pre-frustration baseline, frustration induction and post-frustration recovery phases, respectively. Results Compared with the control and acceptance instructions, suppression instruction was associated with decreased depressive experiences and smaller SCR activity during frustration. There were no significant differences between acceptance and control groups in both subjective depression and SCR activity during frustration. Moreover, the suppression group showed a better emotional recovery after the frustrating task, in comparison with the acceptance and control groups. Correlation analyses verified that SCR reactivity was a reliable index of experienced depression during the frustration. Conclusions Expressive suppression is effective in reducing depressive experiences and depression-related physiological activity (SCR) when Chinese people are involved. By contrast, the acceptance of depressive emotion in Chinese people does not produce a similar regulation effect. These findings suggest that cultural context should be considered in understanding the emotional consequences of suppression and acceptance strategies.
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