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Kuzminskaite E, Vinkers CH, Smit AC, van Ballegooijen W, Elzinga BM, Riese H, Milaneschi Y, Penninx BWJH. Day-to-day affect fluctuations in adults with childhood trauma history: a two-week ecological momentary assessment study. Psychol Med 2024; 54:1160-1171. [PMID: 37811562 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723002969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma (CT) may increase vulnerability to psychopathology through affective dysregulation (greater variability, autocorrelation, and instability of emotional symptoms). However, CT associations with dynamic affect fluctuations while considering differences in mean affect levels across CT status have been understudied. METHODS 346 adults (age = 49.25 ± 12.55, 67.0% female) from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety participated in ecological momentary assessment. Positive and negative affect (PA, NA) were measured five times per day for two weeks by electronic diaries. Retrospectively-reported CT included emotional neglect and emotional/physical/sexual abuse. Linear regressions determined associations between CT and affect fluctuations, controlling for age, sex, education, and mean affect levels. RESULTS Compared to those without CT, individuals with CT reported significantly lower mean PA levels (Cohen's d = -0.620) and higher mean NA levels (d = 0.556) throughout the two weeks. CT was linked to significantly greater PA variability (d = 0.336), NA variability (d = 0.353), and NA autocorrelation (d = 0.308), with strongest effects for individuals reporting higher CT scores. However, these effects were entirely explained by differences in mean affect levels between the CT groups. Findings suggested consistency of results in adults with and without lifetime depressive/anxiety disorders and across CT types, with sexual abuse showing the smallest effects. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with CT show greater affective dysregulation during the two-week monitoring of emotional symptoms, likely due to their consistently lower PA and higher NA levels. It is essential to consider mean affect level when interpreting the impact of CT on affect dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Kuzminskaite
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress & Sleep Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress & Sleep Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnout C Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical, Neuro-, & Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter van Ballegooijen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical, Neuro-, & Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernet M Elzinga
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harriëtte Riese
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress & Sleep Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress & Sleep Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Social thinning and stress generation after childhood maltreatment: a neurocognitive social transactional model of psychiatric vulnerability. Lancet Psychiatry 2022; 9:828-837. [PMID: 35926524 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment is associated with significant, enduring risk of psychiatric disorder. In this paper, we review how neurocognitive alterations after maltreatment might indirectly increase the risk of psychiatric disorder via their impact on social functioning. We propose a neurocognitive social transactional model, within which the neurocognitive sequelae of maltreatment are postulated to affect how an individual's social architecture is constructed across development, including the quality and quantity of relationships in an individual's social network. We review extant evidence in two areas in relation to maltreatment: stress generation (a process by which individuals are more likely to experience interpersonal stressor events) and social thinning (an attenuation in the number and quality of relationships over time). We consider how neurocognitive alterations could contribute to these interactive and autocatalytic social processes, which gradually impoverish an individual's actual or potential social environment and ultimately increase psychiatric risk. We conclude by considering the implications of this neurocognitive social transactional model for the prevention of psychiatric disorder after childhood maltreatment.
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Felton JW, Collado A, Cinader M, Key K, Lejuez CW, Yi R. The Role of Delay Discounting in the Generation of Stressful Life Events Across Adolescence. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:1529-1541. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00950-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zheng S, Stewart JG, Bagby RM, Harkness KL. Specific early maladaptive schemas differentially mediate the relations of emotional and sexual maltreatment to recent life events in youth with depression. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 29:1020-1033. [PMID: 34725882 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study provided a novel investigation of relations among particular types of childhood maltreatment (emotional vs. physical vs. sexual maltreatment), specific cognitive schema themes and the generation of dependent versus independent life events. Participants included 227 adolescents and emerging adults (74% female; aged 12-29) in a current episode of a unipolar depressive disorder drawn from three archival cross-sectional studies. Childhood maltreatment and life events from the past 6 months were assessed using detailed contextual interviews with independent, standardized ratings. Emotional maltreatment was uniquely associated with schema themes of emotional deprivation and subjugation, and sexual maltreatment was uniquely associated with schema themes of abandonment, vulnerability and dependence/incompetence. Further, subjugation and abandonment cross-sectionally mediated the relations of emotional and sexual maltreatment, respectively, to greater dependent, but not independent, life events. Physical maltreatment was not associated with cognitive schemas or recent life events after accounting for its overlap with emotional and sexual maltreatment. Results suggest targets for cognitive intervention that may improve outcomes for youth with specific histories of emotional and sexual maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy G Stewart
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Michael Bagby
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate L Harkness
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Randomized controlled trial of bikram yoga and aerobic exercise for depression in women: Efficacy and stress-based mechanisms. J Affect Disord 2021; 280:457-466. [PMID: 33242717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study presents a randomized controlled 8-week trial of Bikram yoga, aerobic exercise, and waitlist for depression. Bikram yoga was chosen specifically for its standardized nature. Further, we examined changes in three stress-related constructs-perceived stress, rumination, and mindfulness-as mediators of antidepressant effects. METHOD Fifty-three women (age 18-65; 74% White) with a unipolar depressive disorder were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions. Response was defined as >50% reduction on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). Remission was defined as no longer meeting criteria for depression and a HAM-D ≤ 7. Self-reported perceived stress, rumination, and mindfulness were assessed weekly. RESULTS In the intention-to-treat sample (n = 53), response rates were significantly higher in the Bikram yoga (61.1%; χ2 = 10.48, p = .001) and aerobic exercise (60.0%; χ2 = 10.44, p = .001) conditions relative to waitlist (6.7%). In the completer sample (n = 42), 73.3% (χ2 = 11.41, p = .001) of women in yoga and 80.0% (χ2 = 13.72, p < .001) in exercise achieved response compared to 8.3% in waitlist. Reductions in rumination significantly mediated HAM-D change for both active treatments, and mindful acceptance was a partial mediator in the exercise condition. LIMITATIONS The sample was small in size, consisted of women only, and was ethnically homogenous. Inter-rater reliability was not assessed, aerobic exercise was not standardized, and mediators were assessed by self-report. CONCLUSIONS Bikram yoga showed descriptively similar efficacy to aerobic exercise and both may work, in part, by helping individuals interrupt negative thinking.
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Li ET, Luyten P, Midgley N. Psychological Mediators of the Association Between Childhood Emotional Abuse and Depression: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:559213. [PMID: 33343409 PMCID: PMC7746653 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.559213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A number of existing meta-analyses and narrative reviews have already addressed the relation between childhood adversity and depression, yet none of them has examined the specific link between emotional abuse and depression highlighted by previous research. It is no longer appropriate to regard childhood maltreatment as a unitary concept when considering its effects on subsequent depression; instead, subtypes of childhood maltreatment need to be scrutinized separately. This review addresses this significant gap by critically evaluating empirical studies examining psychological mediators of the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and subsequent depression. Methods: A systematic search of nine electronic databases was conducted to identify eligible studies published in English between January 1980 and January 2020. Given the heterogeneous outcomes of eligible studies and the inconsistent reporting of indirect effects, a narrative synthesis, rather than a quantitative meta-analysis, was conducted. An appraisal of methodological quality was also included. Results: We identified 34 papers, comprising 18,529 adults and 3,434 adolescents, including 888 clinical participants. Our synthesis suggests that studies on mediators in the emotional abuse-depression link have focused on five clusters of intervening variables: early maladaptive schemas, cognitive-personality variables, emotion dysregulation, interpersonal styles, and stressful negative events. Only 11 studies identified the unique contribution of emotional abuse to depression by controlling for other forms of childhood maltreatment. Conclusions: Our findings support several routes with relative consistency (e.g., early maladaptive schemas, hopelessness, negative cognitive styles, brooding rumination, overall emotion dysregulation). Because psychological mediators function as a complex interrelated system, controlling for the interrelation between them is important. The evidence for the purported mediating role of the factors identified in this review should be considered with caution given the relative dearth of large-scale, adequately powered longitudinal studies. This review proposes a comprehensive multilevel theoretical framework as a basis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Tianyu Li
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Luyten
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Child Study Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Nick Midgley
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, United Kingdom
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McCrory E, Ogle JR, Gerin MI, Viding E. Neurocognitive Adaptation and Mental Health Vulnerability Following Maltreatment: The Role of Social Functioning. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2019; 24:435-451. [PMID: 30897955 DOI: 10.1177/1077559519830524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment is associated with a lifetime increase in risk of mental health disorder. We propose that such vulnerability may stem in large part from altered patterns of social functioning. Here, we highlight key findings from the psychological and epidemiological literature indicating that early maltreatment experience compromises social functioning and attenuates social support in ways that increase mental health vulnerability. We then review the extant neuroimaging studies of children and adolescents, focusing on three domains implicated in social functioning: threat processing, reward processing, and emotion regulation. We discuss how adaptations in these domains may increase latent vulnerability to mental health problems by impacting on social functioning via increased stress susceptibility as well as increased stress generation. Finally, we explore how computational psychiatry approaches, alongside systematically reported measures of social functioning, can complement studies of neural function in the creation of a mechanistic framework aimed at informing approaches to prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon McCrory
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * Eamon McCrory and Mattia Indi Gerin are also affiliated with Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
| | | | - Mattia Indi Gerin
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * Eamon McCrory and Mattia Indi Gerin are also affiliated with Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
| | - Essi Viding
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Interpersonal childhood adversity and stress generation in adolescence: Moderation by HPA axis multilocus genetic variation. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 32:865-878. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractResearch suggests that childhood adversity (CA) is associated with a wide range of repercussions, including an increased likelihood of interpersonal stress generation. This may be particularly true following interpersonal childhood adversity (ICA) and for youth with high hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-related genetic risk. In the current study, we applied a multilocus genetic profile score (MGPS) approach to measuring HPA axis-related genetic variation and examined its interaction with ICA to predict interpersonal stress generation in a sample of adolescents aged 14–17 (N = 241, Caucasian subsample n = 192). MGPSs were computed using 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms from HPA axis-related genes (CRHR1, NRC31, NRC32, and FKBP5). ICA significantly predicted greater adolescent interpersonal dependent stress. Additionally, MGPS predicted a stronger association between ICA and interpersonal dependent (but not independent or noninterpersonal dependent) stress. No gene–environment interaction (G×E) effects were found for noninterpersonal CA and MGPS in predicting adolescent interpersonal dependent stress. Effects remained after controlling for current depressive symptoms and following stratification by race. Findings extend existing G×E research on stress generation to HPA axis-related genetic variation and demonstrate effects specific to the interpersonal domain.
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Gerin MI, Viding E, Pingault JB, Puetz VB, Knodt AR, Radtke SR, Brigidi BD, Swartz JR, Hariri AR, McCrory EJ. Heightened amygdala reactivity and increased stress generation predict internalizing symptoms in adults following childhood maltreatment. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 60:752-761. [PMID: 30933355 PMCID: PMC6594878 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment is one of the most potent predictors of future psychopathology, including internalizing disorders. It remains unclear whether heightened amygdala reactivity to threat and elevated stress exposure may be implicated in the pathogenesis and maintenance of internalizing disorders among individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment. METHODS Using data from a sample of 1,144 young adults, we investigated the contribution of baseline threat-related amygdala reactivity and prospective major stressful life events to internalizing symptoms severity 1 year later (on average) in individuals with a history of maltreatment (n = 100) and propensity score matched nonmaltreated peers (n = 96). RESULTS Even after stringently matching for several potentially confounding variables - including baseline internalizing symptoms, socioeconomic status and IQ - childhood maltreatment status predicted increased amygdala reactivity at baseline, elevated post-baseline exposure to major stressful life events and internalizing symptoms at follow-up. We also showed, for the first time, that amygdala reactivity at baseline and also post-baseline exposure to major stressful life events mediated the association between a history of maltreatment and future internalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide support for the view that maltreatment is a potent developmental insult leading to long-lasting neurocognitive recalibrations of the threat processing system. It is possible that such alterations, over time, may impact mental health functioning by compromising the ability to effectively negotiate everyday challenges (stress susceptibility). These alterations were not, however, found to sensitize an individual to the impact of major stressful life events. The results of this study also lend compelling support to the view that increased psychiatric risk, in the context of childhood maltreatment, follows from an increased propensity to experience major stressful life events (stress generation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia I Gerin
- Department of Clinical Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Science, University College London, London, UK,Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
| | - Essi Viding
- Department of Clinical Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jean-Baptiste Pingault
- Department of Clinical Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Science, University College London, London, UK,Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, UK,CESP, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Vanessa B Puetz
- Department of Clinical Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Science, University College London, London, UK,Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
| | - Annchen R. Knodt
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Spenser R. Radtke
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bartholomew D. Brigidi
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Johnna R. Swartz
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ahmad R. Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eamon J McCrory
- Department of Clinical Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Science, University College London, London, UK,Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
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Rosen AL, Handley ED, Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA. The impact of patterns of trauma exposure among low income children with and without histories of child maltreatment. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 80:301-311. [PMID: 29674290 PMCID: PMC5953839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has revealed a large prevalence of trauma experienced by children, creating high risk for the development of psychopathology. Research investigating the negative impacts of child maltreatment and other traumas has typically examined these experiences individually, controlling for co-occurring traumas, or has combined these experiences into a general variable of risk, thereby obscuring the complex relationships among environmental traumas and maltreatment. The current study expands on previous research by elucidating relationships between multiple contexts of overlapping traumas and maltreatment experienced by children, and by categorizing how these experiences join together to impact internalizing and externalizing symptomatology. Participants included 316 maltreated children and 269 nonmaltreated children (M age = 9.4, SD = 0.88) who attended a summer day camp research program for low-income children. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) identified three differential patterns of trauma exposure across children: 1) community violence and loss; 2) pervasive trauma; and 3) low trauma. Covariate analyses demonstrated that child maltreatment was significantly associated with class membership, suggesting that maltreated children were more likely to experience diverse traumas extending beyond their maltreatment experiences (pervasive trauma class). A two-way analysis of variance also demonstrated that trauma latent class membership and child maltreatment each represented unique predictors of internalizing and externalizing symptoms, with each having an independent effect on symptomatology. This investigation provides unique insight into the differential impact of patterns of trauma exposure and child maltreatment, providing support for further research and clinical practice addressing multiple levels of a child's ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L Rosen
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, United States.
| | | | - Dante Cicchetti
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, United States; Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, United States
| | - Fred A Rogosch
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, United States.
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11
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Meyer AE, Curry JF. Pathways from anxiety to stressful events: An expansion of the stress generation hypothesis. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 57:93-116. [PMID: 28865244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John F Curry
- Duke University, United States; Duke University Medical Center, United States
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12
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Edalati H, Krank MD. Childhood Maltreatment and Development of Substance Use Disorders: A Review and a Model of Cognitive Pathways. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2016; 17:454-467. [PMID: 25964275 DOI: 10.1177/1524838015584370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to childhood maltreatment (CM) is associated with increased risk for developing substance use disorders (SUDs). CM exerts negative effects on cognitive abilities including intellectual performance, memory, attention, and executive function. Parallel cognitive impairments have been observed in SUDs. Hence, limited studies have examined the mediating effect of cognitive impairments in the relationship between CM and SUDs. In addition, most studies used concurrent self-report assessments in adult populations. Longitudinal studies that investigated the long-term consequences of CM on psychopathology, including SUDs, throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood are rare. Thus, the underlying developmental pathways between CM and SUDs are not clearly understood. In this article, we review the evidence that cognitive impairments mediate, at least in part, the relationship between CM and development of SUDs and propose a model that explains how CM increases the risk for SUDs through the development of a cognitive framework of vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanie Edalati
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marvin D Krank
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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13
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Hernandez EM, Trout ZM, Liu RT. Vulnerability-specific stress generation: Childhood emotional abuse and the mediating role of depressogenic interpersonal processes. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 62:132-141. [PMID: 27838584 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress generation in depression (i.e. the tendency for depression-prone individuals to experience more life stress that is in part influenced by the individual) has been well established. However, more research is necessary to clarify the role of specific types of life stress in this effect. The current study extends the stress generation hypothesis by examining whether the type of stress involved is contingent upon the nature of the individual's particular vulnerability. Childhood emotional abuse and interpersonal vulnerability factors were predicted to be associated with prospective interpersonal dependent but not non-interpersonal or independent stress. These interpersonal factors were examined as mediators of the association between childhood emotional abuse and interpersonal stress generation. Data were collected from 185 undergraduate participants at two time-points, four months apart. At baseline, participants completed assessments of depressive symptoms, childhood abuse history, interpersonal risk factors (rejection sensitivity, excessive reassurance-seeking, and negative feedback-seeking), and a diagnostic interview for depression. At the follow-up assessment, participants completed a life stress interview. Childhood emotional abuse prospectively predicted greater interpersonal dependent stress, but not non-interpersonal dependent or independent stress. Only rejection sensitivity mediated this relationship. Consistent with the stress generation hypothesis, neither childhood emotional abuse nor the three interpersonal risk factors predicted independent stress. These findings suggest that targeting interpersonal vulnerabilities in clinical settings, particularly rejection sensitivity, among individuals with a history of childhood emotional abuse, may help to reduce the occurrence of interpersonal dependent stress, thus possibly decreasing risk for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M Hernandez
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States.
| | - Zoë M Trout
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States
| | - Richard T Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States.
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Hanson JL, Hariri AR, Williamson DE. Blunted Ventral Striatum Development in Adolescence Reflects Emotional Neglect and Predicts Depressive Symptoms. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:598-605. [PMID: 26092778 PMCID: PMC4593720 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional neglect is associated with multiple negative outcomes, particularly increased risk for depression. Motivated by increasing evidence of reward-related ventral striatum (VS) dysfunction in depression, we investigated the role of developmental changes in VS activity on the emergence of depressive symptomatology as a function of emotional neglect. METHODS We examined relationships between longitudinal neuroimaging of reward-related VS activity, assessments of mood, and measures of emotional neglect in 106 participants first scanned between ages 11 to 15 and then 2 years later. RESULTS We found that greater levels of emotional neglect were associated with blunted development of reward-related VS activity between the first and second assessments (as indexed by lower residualized change scores). Additionally, we found that decreases in this reward-related VS activity were related to greater depressive symptomatology and partially mediated the association between emotional neglect and subsequent depressive symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide an important demonstration that blunted development of reward-related VS activity as a function of emotional neglect predicts the emergence of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Further, our results are consistent with emerging evidence for the importance of reward-related VS dysfunction in the etiology and pathophysiology of depression. These results are a first step toward developing the ability to predict, prevent, and treat stress-related psychopathology through the targeting of specific neural phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Hanson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, 417 Chapel Drive, Duke West Campus, Sociology-Psychology Building, Room 07A, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Douglas E Williamson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229
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15
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The prevalence and impact of early childhood trauma in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:664-9. [PMID: 23421962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although some studies have found high rates of early childhood trauma in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), the role of early trauma in this condition remains controversial. METHODS This study examined the prevalence of early childhood trauma and its impact on daily fatigue and pain levels over a 14-day period in a sample of 90 carefully screened CFS patients using a diary method approach. Data were analyzed using multilevel analysis. RESULTS More than half of the patients (54.4%) had experienced at least one type of early trauma, with the majority of these patients reporting multiple traumas. Prevalence rates were particularly high for emotional trauma (i.e., emotional abuse and/or emotional neglect) (46.7%). Moreover, total trauma scores and emotional abuse significantly predicted higher levels of daily fatigue and pain over the 14-day period, even when controlling for demographic features and depressed mood. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate that early childhood trauma predicts increasing levels of core symptoms of CFS in the daily flow of life. Moreover, findings of this study suggest that emotional trauma may be particularly important in CFS.
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Liu RT, Choi JY, Boland EM, Mastin BM, Alloy LB. Childhood abuse and stress generation: the mediational effect of depressogenic cognitive styles. Psychiatry Res 2013; 206:217-22. [PMID: 23273609 PMCID: PMC4081492 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
According to the stress generation hypothesis (Hammen, 1991), depressed and depression-prone individuals experience higher rates of negative life events influenced by their own behaviors and characteristics (i.e., dependent events), which in part may account for the often recurrent nature of depression. Relatively little is known about the interrelation between stress generation predictors, and distal risk factors for this phenomenon. This study examined whether childhood emotional, sexual, and physical abuse, each uniquely predicted negative dependent events in individuals with a history of depression. The role of negative inferential styles as a potential mediator was also assessed. A sample of 66 adults with a history of depression completed self-report measures of childhood abuse history and negative inferential styles at baseline. The "contextual threat" method was used to assess the occurrence of negative life events over a 4-month prospective follow-up period. Childhood emotional abuse, but not sexual or physical abuse, prospectively predicted greater stress generation. Negative inferential styles mediated this relation. These findings suggest that targeting negative cognitive styles in clinical settings, especially in patients with a history of childhood emotional abuse, may be important for reducing the occurrence of negative life events, thereby possibly decreasing risk for depression recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, 1011 Veterans Memorial Parkway, East Providence, RI 02915, USA,Corresponding author. (R.T. Liu)
| | - Jimmy Y. Choi
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Elaine M. Boland
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Becky M. Mastin
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren B. Alloy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Bodell LP, Hames JL, Holm-Denoma JM, Smith AR, Gordon KH, Joiner TE. Does the stress generation hypothesis apply to eating disorders?: an examination of stress generation in eating, depressive, and anxiety symptoms. J Affect Disord 2012; 142:139-42. [PMID: 22840622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stress generation hypothesis posits that individuals actively contribute to stress in their lives. Although stress generation has been studied frequently in the context of depression, few studies have examined whether this stress generation process is unique to depression or whether it occurs in other disorders. Although evidence suggests that stress contributes to the development of eating disorders, it is unclear whether eating disorders contribute to subsequent stress. METHODS A prospective design was used to examine the influence of eating disorder symptoms on negative life stressors. Two hundred and ninety female undergraduates completed questionnaires at two time points that examined eating disorder, depressive and anxiety symptoms and the presence of negative life events. RESULTS Regression analyses found that while eating disorder symptoms (i.e. bulimic symptoms and drive for thinness) were independent, significant predictors of negative life events, they did not predict negative life events above and beyond symptoms of depression. LIMITATIONS Limitations include the use of self-report measures and a college-based sample, which may limit generalizability of the results. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that if stress generation is present in individuals with symptoms of eating disorders, it is likely attributable to symptoms of depression. Thus, it may be important for clinicians to target depressive symptoms in order to reduce the frequency of negative life stressors among individuals with eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay P Bodell
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, 1107 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Palusci VJ, Ondersma SJ. Services and recurrence after psychological maltreatment confirmed by child protective services. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2012; 17:153-163. [PMID: 22329945 DOI: 10.1177/1077559511433817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recurrence rates of psychological maltreatment (PM) and the services that may reduce those rates have not been systematically evaluated. The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System was used for 2003-2007 to study a cohort of children in 18 states with PM reports first confirmed by child protective services (CPS) during 2003. PM recurrence rates after counseling and other referrals were assessed while controlling for factors associated with service referral and other maltreatment. A total of 11,646 children had a first CPS-confirmed report with PM, and 9.2% of them had a second-confirmed PM report within 5 years. Fewer than one fourth of families were referred for services after PM, with service referrals being more likely for families with poverty, drug or alcohol problems, or other violence. Controlling for these factors, counseling referral was associated with a 54% reduction in PM recurrence, but other services were not associated with statistically significant reductions. Few families in which PM was confirmed receive any services, and most services provided were not associated with reductions in PM recurrence. Clarification of key services associated with efficacious prevention of PM is needed.
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Feinstein BA, Bhatia V, Hershenberg R, Davila J. Another Venue for Problematic Interpersonal Behavior: The Effects of Depressive and Anxious Symptoms on Social Networking Experiences. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2012.31.4.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Depression is a heterogeneous disorder with lifetime prevalence of "major depressive disorder" estimated to be 16.2%. Although the disorder is common and impairs functioning, it often goes untreated, with less than adequate response even when treated. We review research indicating the likely value of utilizing currently available, well-validated, couple- and family-based treatments with depressed individuals, and we provide empirically based treatment decision rules to guide effective application of marital and family interventions for depression in clinical practice. We suggest that traditional forms of couple-based intervention may be most appropriate for discordant, depressed couples, whereas nondiscordant, or mildly distressed, depressed couples may respond well to forms of intervention that have become available more recently and which focus on strengthening the dyad as a source of support. We also discuss parent training as an intervention for depression and describe briefly the directions for future research to enhance couple-based treatment for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R H Beach
- Owens Institute for Behavioral Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7419, USA.
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Barrocas AL, Hankin BL. Developmental pathways to depressive symptoms in adolescence: a multi-wave prospective study of negative emotionality, stressors, and anxiety. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 39:489-500. [PMID: 21249517 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-010-9482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined two potential developmental pathways through which the temperament risk factor of negative emotionality (NE) leads to prospective increases in depressive symptoms through the mediating role of stressors and anxious symptoms in a sample of early to middle adolescents (N = 350, 6th-10th graders). The primary hypothesized model was that baseline NE leads to increased stressors, which results in increases in anxious arousal, which culminates with elevated depressive symptoms. An alternate model hypothesized that baseline NE leads to increased anxious arousal, which results in increases in stressors, and this culminates in elevated depressive symptoms. Youth completed self-report measures of NE, stressors, anxious arousal, and depressive symptoms at four time-points. Path analysis supported the primary model and showed that the mediating influence of stressors and anxious arousal explained 78% of the association between NE and prospective elevations in depressive symptoms. The alternate model was not supported. Neither gender nor age were moderators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Barrocas
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 South Race Street, Denver, CO 80208, USA.
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Connolly NP, Eberhart NK, Hammen CL, Brennan PA. Specificity of Stress Generation: A Comparison of Adolescents with Depressive, Anxiety, and Comorbid Diagnoses. Int J Cogn Ther 2010; 3:368-379. [PMID: 22724042 PMCID: PMC3378060 DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2010.3.4.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with a history of depression experience more stress that is dependent in part on their own actions. However, it is unclear whether stress generation is a unique feature of depression, or a universal process that is also present in other types of psychopathology, such as anxiety disorders. The current study addressed this issue by comparing adolescents with a history of "pure" (i.e., non-comorbid) depressive disorders, pure anxiety disorders, comorbid depression and anxiety, and no disorder, on their levels of dependent and independent stress. Results indicated that adolescents with pure depression experienced more dependent stress than adolescents with pure anxiety, and adolescents with any internalizing diagnosis experienced more dependent stress than controls. Further, adolescents with comorbid depression and anxiety reported the highest levels of stress generation. The results suggest that while stress generation may be more strongly associated with depression than anxiety in adolescence, it is not unique to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole P. Connolly
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563
| | - Nicole K. Eberhart
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138
| | - Constance L. Hammen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563
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Wu SM, Andersen BL. Stress generation over the course of breast cancer survivorship. J Behav Med 2010; 33:250-7. [PMID: 20204490 PMCID: PMC3901403 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-010-9255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Depressive symptoms are frequently elevated following breast cancer diagnosis. The stress generation hypothesis states that people with depression generate stressful events and these stressors lead to subsequent depression. This study tested the stress generation hypothesis over the first 5 years of cancer survivorship. Women with stage II or III breast cancer (N = 113) were accrued. Five mediation models were constructed, one for each year. Each model tested whether stressful events in each year mediated the relationship between depression at the beginning and end of that year. Stress generation was observed in the first 2 years following cancer diagnosis but not from 2 to 5 years after diagnosis. The relationship of depression to future stress in breast cancer patients may be moderated by phase of survivorship. Screening and treatment of depressive symptoms in cancer survivors may need to consider the generation of stressful events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salene M. Wu
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 159 Psychology Building, 1835 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Barbara L. Andersen
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 159 Psychology Building, 1835 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Hazel NA, Hammen C, Brennan PA, Najman J. Early childhood adversity and adolescent depression: the mediating role of continued stress. Psychol Med 2008; 38:581-589. [PMID: 18261247 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291708002857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While various conceptualizations of the link between childhood adversity and later depression have been offered, most have not accounted for the possibility that early adversity predicts continuing stress proximal to depression onset. Thus, the present study tested the possible mediating role of recent stress in the association between early adversity and depression in late adolescence. METHOD Study questions were examined in a longitudinal community sample of 705 youth who were contemporaneously assessed for early adversity exposure prior to age 5 years, chronic and episodic stress at age 15 years, and major depression prior to age 15 years and between 15 and 20 years. RESULTS Total youth stress burden at age 15 years mediated the effect of early adversity on depression between ages 15 and 20 years, and none of the observed relationships were moderated by onset of depression prior to age 15 years. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that continued stress exposure proximal to depression onset largely accounts for the association between early adversity and depression in late adolescence. Intervention should thus focus on disrupting the continuity of stressful conditions across childhood and adolescence. Future studies of the neurobiological and psychosocial mechanisms of the link between early experiences and depression should explore whether the effects of early experiences are independent of continuing adversity proximal to depressive onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Hazel
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 , USA
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