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Conjaerts JAP, Videler AC, Schepman R, Elfeddali I, Rosowsky E, van Alphen SPJ. Clinical Staging for Personality Disorders in Older Adults. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2024:8919887241254467. [PMID: 38809516 DOI: 10.1177/08919887241254467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This scientific research aimed to investigate the feasibility of implementing a clinical staging (CS) model for personality disorders (PDs) in older adults. The CS model could provide valuable insights into the life course of personality pathology, prognosis, and treatment decisions for PDs in older adults. METHODS/DESIGN The study employed an international Delphi methodology with three rounds and involved 21 experts. RESULTS Consensus was achieved on 12 out of 17 statements, confirming the viability of a CS model for PDs in older adults. The proposed model incorporates the Alternative Model for PDs, criterion A, and integrates life course information, distinguishing between chronic PD, re-emergent PD, late-onset PD, and past PD. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that international experts support the implementation of a CS model for PDs in older adults, considering both the severity of personality functioning and the retrospective life course of PD expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen A P Conjaerts
- Clinical Center of Excellence for Personality Disorders in Older Adults, Mondriaan Mental Health Center, Heerlen-Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan C Videler
- Clinical Center of Excellence of Personality Disorders and Developmental Disorders in Older Adults, GGz Breburg Mental Health Center, PersonaCura, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Tranzo department, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Clinical Centre of Excellence Body Mind and Health, GGz Breburg Mental Health Center, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Schepman
- Clinical Center of Excellence of Personality Disorders and Developmental Disorders in Older Adults, GGz Breburg Mental Health Center, PersonaCura, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Iman Elfeddali
- Clinical Center of Excellence of Personality Disorders and Developmental Disorders in Older Adults, GGz Breburg Mental Health Center, PersonaCura, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Tranzo department, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Clinical Centre of Excellence Body Mind and Health, GGz Breburg Mental Health Center, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Erlene Rosowsky
- Department of Clinical Psychology William James College, Newton, MA, USA
| | - Sebastiaan P J van Alphen
- Clinical Center of Excellence for Personality Disorders in Older Adults, Mondriaan Mental Health Center, Heerlen-Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Personality and Psychopathology Research Group (PEPS), Department of Psychology (PE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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Dervic K, Sher L, Galfalvy HC, Grunebaum M, Burke AK, Sullivan G, Sublette ME, Mann JJ, Oquendo MA. Antisuicidal effect of lithum in bipolar disorder: is there an age-specific effect? J Affect Disord 2023; 341:8-11. [PMID: 37619654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our group reported previously a comparable overall antisuicidal effect of lithium and valproate in bipolar patients. We investigated factors associated with higher antisuicidal efficacy of lithium in older individuals. METHODS The age-related antisuicidal effect of lithium and valproate was compared in ninety-four (n = 94) high-risk bipolar suicide attempters who participated in a 2.5-year randomized, double-blind trial. RESULTS Age significantly moderated the effect of lithium vs. valproate on the risk of suicide event during the study (z = -1.98, p = 0.049). We found that those who were 42 years or older (above the 75th percentile), and on lithium had significantly lower risk of suicidal behavior than older patients on valproate (>42y) or younger (<42 y) patients on either medication (interaction HR = 0.09, 95%CI: 0.01-0.89, z = -2.07, p = 0.039). This difference in risk differences was not explained away by age-related differences in the proportion of participants with bipolar II disorder (Fisher's test p = 0.020) or higher lethality of past suicide attempts in younger participants (Wilcoxon test p = 0.024); neither was there any correlation with age in the longitudinally measured blood lithium levels (t = 1.04, df = 36, p = 0.307) or valproate levels (t = -0.50, df = 41, p = 0.621). LIMITATIONS Besides the fact that this is a secondary analysis, a limitation is that the study is not powered to detect suicide deaths or suicide attempts. CONCLUSION Bipolar patients randomized to lithium and older than 42 years had less suicidal behavior compared to same aged patients on valproate or younger patients (<42 y) on either medication. This effect was independent of clinical and sociodemographic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanita Dervic
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Psychosomatics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine/University Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Leo Sher
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Hanga C Galfalvy
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Grunebaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ainsley K Burke
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Sublette
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria A Oquendo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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d'Huart D, Seker S, Bürgin D, Birkhölzer M, Boonmann C, Schmid M, Schmeck K. The stability of personality disorders and personality disorder criteria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 102:102284. [PMID: 37116251 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the diagnostic, the dimensional mean-level, and rank-order stability of personality disorders (PDs) and PD criteria over time. EMBASE, PsycInfo, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for peer-reviewed studies published in either English, German, or French between the first publication of the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) in 1980 and December 20, 2022. Inclusion criteria were a prospective longitudinal study design, assessing the stability of PDs or PD criteria over at least two measurement occasions at least one month apart, and using the same assessment at baseline and follow-up. Effect sizes included proportion of enduring cases (i.e., diagnostic stability), test-retest correlations (i.e., dimensional rank-order stability), and within-group standardized mean differences (i.e., dimensional mean-level stability), based on the first and last available measurement occasion. From an initial pool of 1473 studies, 40 were included in our analyses, covering 38,432 participants. 56.7% maintained the diagnosis of any PD, and 45.2% maintained the diagnosis of borderline PD over time. Findings on the dimensional mean-level stability indicate that most PD criteria significantly decreased from baseline to follow-up, except for antisocial, obsessive-compulsive, and schizoid PD criteria. Findings on the dimensional rank-order stability suggested moderate estimates, except for antisocial PD criteria, which were found to be high. Findings indicated that both PDs and PD criteria were only moderately stable, although between study heterogeneity was high, and stability itself depended on several methodological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfine d'Huart
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Delfine.d'
| | - Süheyla Seker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Bürgin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marc Birkhölzer
- Department of Forensic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Boonmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Forensic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland; LUMC Curium - Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Schmid
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Schmeck
- Department of Clinical Research, Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Oitsalu ML, Kreegipuu M, Hutsebaut J. Psychometric evaluation of the Estonian version of the Semi-structured Interview for Personality Functioning DSM-5 (STiP-5.1). Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2022; 9:28. [PMID: 36451191 PMCID: PMC9714151 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-022-00197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders introduced a dimensional perspective on personality disorders. The model assesses functioning in four domains: Identity, Self-Direction, Empathy, and Intimacy. This study evaluates the psychometric properties of the Semi-Structured Interview for Personality Functioning DSM-5 (STiP-5.1) in Estonian. METHOD The sample consists of 131 participants: 58 from the general population and 73 from a mixed clinical sample that is further divided into a mood and anxiety disorder sample and personality disorder sample. All participants completed the STiP-5.1 interview and the Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form (LPFS-BF 2.0). RESULTS The Estonian STiP-5.1 interview has good internal consistency (McDonald's ω between .94-.98) and high convergent validity (correlations with LPFS-BF 2.0 above .7). Interview scores successfully differentiated the general population from the mixed clinical sample (Cohen's d = 2.68), as well as patients with personality disorder from those without (Cohen's d = 1.76). The LPFS-BF 2.0 total score differentiates the general population sample from the mixed clinical sample (Cohen's d = 1.99) but not the personality disorder sample from other clinical sample participants. CONCLUSIONS The properties of the Estonian STiP-5.1 replicate those of other languages, and empirically support a unified personality functioning dimension that can be meaningfully thought of as reflecting impairments in self and interpersonal functioning. Findings of this study will be discussed in the light of the ongoing debate on the dimensionality of personality pathology and the use of self-report versus interview measures for assessing personality pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarja-Liisa Oitsalu
- Department of Psychology, University of Tallinn, Tallinn, Estonia.
- North Estonia Medical Centre, Psychiatric Clinic, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Maie Kreegipuu
- Viljandi Hospital, Psychiatric Clinic, Jämejala, Estonia
| | - Joost Hutsebaut
- Viersprong Institute for Studies On Personality Disorders, Halsteren, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Rossi G, Videler AC, van Alphen SPJ. A meta-structure for DSM-5 and ICD-11 pathological traits and the differentiation of personality functioning at different trait levels in older adults. Aging Ment Health 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35470720 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2068134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Categorical criteria are not well suited to inform personality disorder (PD) diagnoses in older adults. More promising are the ICD-11 and DSM-5 alternative models. Both conceptualize PD by level of severity and maladaptive traits. Severity is conditional for making a PD diagnosis. Trait levels portray stylistic differences in PD expression. Yet, in older adults the hierarchical trait structure is unknown. Neither is the differentiation of the severity criterion from maladaptive traits confirmed. METHODS A series of exploratory factor analyses with progressively greater numbers of factors were conducted to examine the hierarchical trait structure in 293 community dwelling older adults. The on average differentiation of a single higher order personality functioning factor from trait factors at succeeding levels of the hierarchy was estimated with Cohen q effect size. RESULTS Six meaningful trait levels were identified. From the fourth trait level on the general personality functioning factor shared less than 15% variance on average with the trait factors. Trait factors at the sixth level corresponded to both DSM-5 and ICD-11 pathological traits. CONCLUSION A future nosology integrating DSM-5 and ICD-11 trait proposals would be applicable in older adults. Personality functioning can be differentiated from traits, so separate assessment of traits and severity is worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Rossi
- Personality and Psychopathology research group (PEPS), Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences (PE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arjan C Videler
- Clinical Centre of Excellence for Personality Disorders and Autism Spectrum Disorders in Older Adults, PersonaCura, Tilburg, the Netherlands.,Tranzo, Scientific Centre for Care and Wellbeing of the Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan P J van Alphen
- Personality and Psychopathology research group (PEPS), Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences (PE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Clinical Centre of Excellence for Personality Disorders and Autism Spectrum Disorders in Older Adults, PersonaCura, Tilburg, the Netherlands.,Tranzo, Scientific Centre for Care and Wellbeing of the Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands.,Clinical Centre of Excellence for Personality Disorders in Older Adults, Mondriaan, Hospital, Heerlen-Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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Veenstra MS, van Dijk SDM, Bouman R, van Alphen SPJB, van Asselt ADIT, van den Brink RHS, Voshaar RCO. Impact of personality functioning and pathological traits on mental wellbeing of older patients with personality disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:214. [PMID: 35331179 PMCID: PMC8944148 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03857-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although personality disorders are common and consequential, they are largely ignored in geriatric mental healthcare. We examined the relative contributions of different aspects of personality disorders and comorbid mental disorders to the impairment of mental wellbeing in older adults. METHODS Baseline data were used of 138 patients who participated in a randomized controlled trial on schema therapy for geriatric mental health outpatients with a full or subthreshold cluster B or C personality disorder. Personality was assessed according to both the categorical and dimensional model of DSM-5. Aspects of mental wellbeing assessed were; psychological distress, positive mental health, subjective health, and life satisfaction. The current study uses baseline data of the RCT to examine the associations between different aspects of personality pathology and mental wellbeing by multivariate regression analysis, controlling for age, sex, level of education, and number of chronic somatic illnesses. RESULTS The vast majority of patients (79.0%) had one or more mental disorders in addition to personality disorder. Personality pathology was responsible for the core of the mental health burden experienced by patients, and negated the influence of co-occurring mental disorders when entered subsequently in multivariate analysis. Personality dimensions proved to be highly predictive of mental wellbeing, and this contrasted with absence of influence of personality disorder diagnosis. Although the personality functioning dimensions - and in particular Identity integration (large effect size with partial eta-squared = 0.36) - were the primary predictors of mental wellbeing, personality trait dimensions added significant predictive value to that (Disinhibition 0.25 and Negative affect 0.24). CONCLUSIONS Personality disorders seriously affect the mental wellbeing of patients, and this overshadows the impact of comorbid mental disorders. In particular personality functioning and pathological traits of the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) of DSM-5 contribute to this impact on mental wellbeing. Alertness for and treatment of personality disorders in geriatric mental healthcare seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine S. Veenstra
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Silvia D. M. van Dijk
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Renske Bouman
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Antoinette D. I. Thea van Asselt
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Epidemiology and Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob H. S. van den Brink
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Richard C. Oude Voshaar
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Ouwens MA, Videler AC, van Alphen SPJ. Clinical Staging as a Novel Approach for Selecting Psychological Treatment Levels for Older Adults with Borderline Personality Disorder. Clin Gerontol 2022:1-7. [PMID: 35189784 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2022.2041143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this paper, a novel approach is presented for selecting psychological treatment levels for older adults with borderline personality disorder (BPD). BPD tends to be a lifelong disorder persisting into old age, with a specific presentation of BPD symptoms in later life, which is illustrated by three different clinical cases. METHODS Recently, a clinical staging and health management model for BPD was presented to assist in selecting appropriate treatment approaches. RESULTS We combined this clinical staging model for BPD across the lifespan with psychotherapeutic treatment levels for older adults with personality disorders. CONCLUSIONS This may allow for a more accurate treatment selection for older adults with BPD and was applied to the three clinical cases. Finally, implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machteld A Ouwens
- PersonaCura, GGz Breburg, Clinical Center of Excellence for Personality Disorders and Autism Spectrum Disorders in Older Adults, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Tranzo, Scientific Center for Care and Wellbeing of the Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences of Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan C Videler
- PersonaCura, GGz Breburg, Clinical Center of Excellence for Personality Disorders and Autism Spectrum Disorders in Older Adults, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Tranzo, Scientific Center for Care and Wellbeing of the Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences of Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan P J van Alphen
- PersonaCura, GGz Breburg, Clinical Center of Excellence for Personality Disorders and Autism Spectrum Disorders in Older Adults, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Mondriaan Mental Health Center, Clinical Center of Excellence for Personality Disorders in Older Adults, Heerlen-Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department Psychology (PE), Personality and Psychopathology Research Group (PEPS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology of the Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences of Tilburg University, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Heissler R, Doubková N, Hutsebaut J, Preiss M. Semi-structured interview for personality functioning DSM-5 (STiP-5.1): Psychometric evaluation of the Czech version. Personal Ment Health 2021; 15:198-207. [PMID: 33818001 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders introduced a dimensional perspective on personality disorders and their assessment by measuring personality functioning in the following domains: Identity, Self-Direction, Empathy, and Intimacy. This study provides a replication of the psychometric evaluation of the Semi-Structured Interview for Personality Functioning DSM-5 (STiP-5.1) within a mixed clinical sample and a community sample. The sample consisted of 188 adults: 86 participants from the general population and 102 people from a mixed clinical sample. All participants completed the STiP-5.1 and Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form (LPFS-BF 2.0). Results showed good internal consistency (McDonald's ω = 0.89-0.94) and promising convergent validity (correlations with LPFS-BF 2.0 above 0.6) of the STiP-5.1. Its scores differentiated participants within the community sample from those in the mixed clinical sample with large effect sizes (rrb = 0.77-0.88). Moreover, the impairment in personality functioning was more pronounced in people with personality disorders than in other psychiatric disorders (medium effect size, rrb = 0.46-0.57), supporting the notion of a continuum of personality functioning impairment. The STiP-5.1 therefore offers an instrument with satisfactory psychometric properties for the assessment of personality functioning both for research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Heissler
- Clinical Research of Mental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Doubková
- Clinical Research of Mental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Education, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Joost Hutsebaut
- Viersprong Institute for Studies on Personality Disorders, Halsteren, The Netherlands
| | - Marek Preiss
- Clinical Research of Mental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Department of Psychology, University of New York in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Tyrer P, Howard R. Late-onset personality disorder: a condition still steeped in ignorance. BJPSYCH ADVANCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1192/bja.2020.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARYPersonality disorder is likely to be common in late life, but our ignorance is such that, at present, we can only speculate about its frequency and importance. The only firm evidence we have is that antisocial personality features tend to be attenuated in older age and obsessional and detached features accentuated. Differentiating personality change following organic disease from personality disorder requires more attention as it is important for good clinical management.
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Peri JM, Muñoz-Champel A, Torrubia R, Gutiérrez F. The General Criteria for Personality Disorders Assessed by Interview: Do They Still Have a Role to Play? J Pers Disord 2019; 33:515-S9. [PMID: 30307831 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2018_32_356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
On the path to developing dimensional models of personality disorder (PD), we are at risk of leaving key diagnostic aspects behind. The general criteria for PD may be important ones because they reflect the defining aspects of personality pathology: long duration, independence from psychopathological states, and harmfulness. We assessed these criteria by interview in a sample of 362 psychiatric outpatients after administering the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+. The result was a 42.5% fall in self-reported endorsements, due to misinterpretations (11.5%), short duration of traits or contamination by state psychopathology (9.8%), and traits being non-harmful (21.2%). However, not all personality traits and disorders underwent correction to the same extent, and ultimately, the interview did not improve the prediction of clinical variables. These findings raise doubts about the practical relevance of the general criteria for PD and support the role of self-report questionnaires for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Peri
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Muñoz-Champel
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
| | - Rafael Torrubia
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
| | - Fernando Gutiérrez
- Personality Disorder Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, and Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona
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Khasho D, van Alphen S, Heijnen-Kohl S, Ouwens M, Arntz A, Videler A. The effectiveness of individual schema therapy in older adults with borderline personality disorder: Protocol of a multiple-baseline study. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2019; 14:100330. [PMID: 30775612 PMCID: PMC6365387 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of borderline personality disorder (BPD) has been examined extensively in adults up to the age of fifty in the past quarter of a century, but there is still a world to discover in treating BPD in older adults. The aim of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy in older adults with BPD. METHODS/DESIGN A multiple baseline design is used in which participants are randomly assigned to baseline length. The primary outcome measure is assessed weekly and consists of the credibility of negative core beliefs. Secondary outcome measures are quality of life, psychological distress, early maladaptive schemas, schema modes, severity of BPD symptoms and meeting the criteria for BPD. Ten older adults (age > 60 years) with BPD are treated with schema therapy, with weekly sessions during one year. This treatment phase is preceded by a baseline phase varying from 4 to 8 weeks. After treatment, there is a 6-month follow-up phase with monthly booster sessions. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study of the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic treatment for BPD in older adults. Because of the different manifestation of BPD in later life, besides section II DSM-5 criteria, the alternative, dimensional model for personality disorders of DSM-5 is used to assess BPD in older adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION The Netherlands National Trial Register NTR7107. Registered 11 March 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.A. Khasho
- GGz Breburg, Postbus 770, 5000 AT, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - S.P.J. van Alphen
- Mondriaan, Postbus 4436, 6401 CX, Heerlen, the Netherlands
- Tilburg University, Postbus 901535000 LE Tilburg, the Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2 B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | | | - M.A. Ouwens
- GGz Breburg, Postbus 770, 5000 AT, Tilburg, the Netherlands
- Tranzo Department, Tilburg University, Postbus 901535000 LE Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - A. Arntz
- University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15933, 1001 NK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A.C. Videler
- GGz Breburg, Postbus 770, 5000 AT, Tilburg, the Netherlands
- Tranzo Department, Tilburg University, Postbus 901535000 LE Tilburg, the Netherlands
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update of a life span perspective on borderline personality disorder (BPD). We address the life span course of BPD, and discuss possible implications for assessment, treatment, and research. RECENT FINDINGS BPD first manifests itself in adolescence and can be distinguished reliably from normal adolescent development. The course of BPD from adolescence to late life is characterized by a symptomatic switch from affective dysregulation, impulsivity, and suicidality to maladaptive interpersonal functioning and enduring functional impairments, with subsequent remission and relapse. Dimensional models of BPD appear more age neutral and more useful across the entire life span. There is a need for age-specific interventions across the life span. BPD symptoms and impairments tend to wax and wane from adolescence up to old age, and presentation depends on contextual factors. Our understanding of the onset and early course of BPD is growing, but knowledge of BPD in late life is limited. Although the categorical criteria of DSM allow for reliable diagnosis of BPD in adolescence, dimensional models appear both more age neutral, and useful up to late life. To account for the fluctuating expression of BPD, and to guide development and selection of treatment across the life span, a clinical staging model for BPD holds promise.
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Santangelo PS, Koenig J, Kockler TD, Eid M, Holtmann J, Koudela-Hamila S, Parzer P, Resch F, Bohus M, Kaess M, Ebner-Priemer UW. Affective instability across the lifespan in borderline personality disorder - a cross-sectional e-diary study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2018; 138:409-419. [PMID: 30146733 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies suggest that affective instability is inversely related to greater age in borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, existing studies relied on retrospective self-reports of perceived instability. We examined affective instability in everyday life in patients with BPD and healthy controls (HCs) by age in a cross-sectional e-diary study. METHODS Two hundred and sixty female participants between 14 and 53 years of age (130 patients with BPD and 130 HCs) carried an e-diary over 4 days. The e-diaries emitted a prompting signal in approximately hourly intervals asking participants to rate their current affective state, that is valence (ranging from pleasant to unpleasant) and tense arousal (ranging from calm/relaxed to restless/under tension). RESULTS Multilevel analyses revealed a significant interaction of age and group predicting affective instability (valence: F(1,255.6) = 7.59; P < 0.01; tense arousal: F(1,252) = 6.08; P < 0.01), suggesting that affective instability significantly declines with greater age in patients with BPD. Controlling for the number of comorbid disorders and BPD severity did not change the results, illustrating an inverse relationship between age and affective instability in BPD (significant interaction of age*group for valence: F(1,238.7) = 5.74; P < 0.02 and tense arousal: F(1,235.2) = 5.28; P < 0.02). CONCLUSION Affective instability during daily life declines with greater age in BPD. This decline is irrespective of comorbidity and BPD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Santangelo
- Chair of Applied Psychology/Mental mHealth Lab, Institute of Sport and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Koenig
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T D Kockler
- Chair of Applied Psychology/Mental mHealth Lab, Institute of Sport and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Eid
- Department of Educational Science and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Holtmann
- Department of Educational Science and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Koudela-Hamila
- Chair of Applied Psychology/Mental mHealth Lab, Institute of Sport and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Parzer
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Resch
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Bohus
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Kaess
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - U W Ebner-Priemer
- Chair of Applied Psychology/Mental mHealth Lab, Institute of Sport and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Beatson J, Broadbear JH, Sivakumaran H, George K, Kotler E, Moss F, Rao S. Missed diagnosis: The emerging crisis of borderline personality disorder in older people. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2016; 50:1139-1145. [PMID: 27056175 DOI: 10.1177/0004867416640100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical experience suggests a growing prevalence of borderline personality disorder in aged residential care and psychiatric facilities with attendant difficulties in their management. This paper reviews the literature concerning the prevalence, phenomenology and diagnosis of borderline personality disorder in old age. The aim is to elucidate the phenomenological differences in old age and thus improve identification of the disorder. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases, employing the search terms including 'personality disorder', 'borderline personality disorder', 'aged care', 'gerontology', 'geriatric psychiatry' and 'life span'. The search included articles in English involving participants 65+ years. Long-term prospective studies of borderline personality disorder, long-term follow-up studies and studies involving older adults from 50+ years were also examined. RESULTS There is a paucity of literature on borderline personality disorder in the elderly. No diagnostic or rating instruments have been developed for borderline personality disorder in the elderly. The phenomenology of borderline personality disorder in the aged population differs in several respects from that seen in younger adults, causing some of the difficulties in reaching a diagnosis. Escalations of symptoms and maladaptive behaviours usually occur when the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder is either not made or delayed. Improved identification of borderline personality disorder in older patients, together with staff education concerning the phenomenology, aetiology and management of these patients, is urgently needed. CONCLUSION Diagnostic instruments for borderline personality disorder in the elderly need to be developed. In the interim, suggestions are offered concerning patient symptoms and behaviours that could trigger psychiatric assessment and advice concerning management. A screening tool is proposed to assist in the timely diagnosis of borderline personality disorder in older people. Timely identification of these patients is needed so that they can receive the skilled help, understanding and treatment needed to alleviate suffering in the twilight of their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Beatson
- Statewide Service for Personality Disorder, Eastern Health, Ringwood East, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Hemalatha Sivakumaran
- Aged Persons Mental Health Service, Peter James Centre, Eastern Health, Forest Hill, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Eli Kotler
- Aged Psychiatry Service, Caulfield Hospital, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Francine Moss
- St Vincent's Aged Persons Mental Health Service, St George's Health Service, Kew, VIC, Australia
| | - Sathya Rao
- Statewide Service for Personality Disorder, Eastern Health, Ringwood East, VIC, Australia
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15
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Bornstein RF. Personality Assessment in the Diagnostic Manuals: On Mindfulness, Multiple Methods, and Test Score Discontinuities. J Pers Assess 2015; 97:446-55. [PMID: 25856565 PMCID: PMC4545313 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2015.1027346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent controversies have illuminated the strengths and limitations of different frameworks for conceptualizing personality pathology (e.g., trait perspectives, categorical models), and stimulated debate regarding how best to diagnose personality disorders (PDs) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.), and in other diagnostic systems (i.e., the International Classification of Diseases, the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual). In this article I argue that regardless of how PDs are conceptualized and which diagnostic system is employed, multimethod assessment must play a central role in PD diagnosis. By complementing self-reports with evidence from other domains (e.g., performance-based tests), a broader range of psychological processes are engaged in the patient, and the impact of self-perception and self-presentation biases can be better understood. By providing the assessor with evidence drawn from multiple modalities, some of which provide converging patterns and some of which yield divergent results, a multimethod assessment compels the assessor to engage this evidence more deeply. The mindful processing that ensues can help minimize the deleterious impact of naturally occurring information processing bias and distortion on the part of the clinician (e.g., heuristics, attribution errors), bringing greater clarity to the synthesis and integration of assessment data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Bornstein
- a Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies, Adelphi University
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16
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Abstract
The pervasive effect of personality disorder is often overlooked in clinical practice, both as an important moderator of mental state and physical disorders, and as a disorder that should be recognised and managed in its own right. Contemporary research has shown that maladaptive personality (when personality traits are extreme and associated with clinical distress or psychosocial impairment) is common, can be recognised early in life, evolves continuously across the lifespan, and is more plastic than previously believed. These new insights offer opportunities to intervene to support more adaptive development than before, and research shows that such intervention can be effective. Further research is needed to improve classification, assessment, and diagnosis of personality disorder across the lifespan; to understand the complex interplay between changes in personality traits and clinical presentation over time; and to promote more effective intervention at the earliest possible stage of the disorder than is done at present. Recognition of how personality disorder relates to age and developmental stage can improve care of all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles Newton-Howes
- University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Imperial College, Hammersmith, London, UK.
| | | | - Andrew Chanen
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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17
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Horn M, Potvin S, Allaire JF, Côté G, Gobbi G, Benkirane K, Vachon J, Dumais A. Male inmate profiles and their biological correlates. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2014; 59:441-9. [PMID: 25161069 PMCID: PMC4143301 DOI: 10.1177/070674371405900807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Borderline and antisocial personality disorders (PDs) share common clinical features (impulsivity, aggressiveness, substance use disorders [SUDs], and suicidal behaviours) that are greatly overrepresented in prison populations. These disorders have been associated biologically with testosterone and cortisol levels. However, the associations are ambiguous and the subject of controversy, perhaps because these heterogeneous disorders have been addressed as unitary constructs. A consideration of profiles of people, rather than of exclusive diagnoses, might yield clearer relationships. METHODS In our study, multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis were employed to identify subgroups among 545 newly convicted inmates. The groups were then compared in terms of clinical features and biological markers, including levels of cortisol, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and sulfoconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA-S). RESULTS Four clusters with differing psychiatric, criminal, and biological profiles emerged. Clinically, one group had intermediate scores for each of the tested clinical features. Another group comprised people with little comorbidity. Two others displayed severe impulsivity, PD, and SUD. Biologically, cortisol levels were lowest in the last 2 groups and highest in the group with less comorbidity. In keeping with previous findings reported in the literature, testosterone was higher in a younger population with severe psychiatric symptoms. However, some apparently comparable behavioural outcomes were found to be related to distinct biological profiles. No differences were observed for estradiol, progesterone, or DHEA-S levels. CONCLUSIONS The results not only confirm the importance of biological markers in the study of personality features but also demonstrate the need to consider the role of comorbidities and steroid coregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Horn
- Researcher, Philippe-Pinel Institute of Montreal, Mental Health University Institute of Montreal, Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Psychiatrist and Researcher, University Medical Centre, Functional Neuroscience and Disorders Laboratory, Lille North of France University, Lille, France
| | - Stephane Potvin
- Researcher, Mental Health University Institute of Montreal, Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec
| | | | - Gilles Côté
- Director, Research Centre, Philippe-Pinel Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Karim Benkirane
- Clinical Biochemist, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Jeanne Vachon
- Research Coordinator, Philippe-Pinel Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Alexandre Dumais
- Psychiatrist and Researcher, Philippe-Pinel Institute of Montreal, Mental Health University Institute of Montreal, Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec
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18
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Cooper LD, Balsis S, Oltmanns TF. Aging: empirical contribution. A longitudinal analysis of personality disorder dimensions and personality traits in a community sample of older adults: perspectives from selves and informants. J Pers Disord 2014; 28:151-65. [PMID: 24344895 PMCID: PMC4368160 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2014.28.1.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Research has indicated that personality disorders (PDs) and normal-range personality traits generally "get better" with time, as evidenced by mean-level decreases in PD traits and mean-level increases in broad factors such as emotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. One limitation of many of these studies is their reliance on self reported data. In the current study, the authors analyzed the 2.5-year course of PD dimensions and normal personality traits in a representative sample of adults approaching later life (originally ages 55-65) by using a semistructured diagnostic interview as well as self- and informant-reported data from two personality inventories. Consistent with previous literature, many self-reported PD traits showed mean-level decreases over time, and self-reported normal-range personality traits generally showed positive aging effects (e.g., mean-level increases in emotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness). Surprisingly, however, informant-reported PD traits often demonstrated small but significant increases over time, and informant-reported normal-range personality generally "worsened" with age (e.g., mean-level decreases in extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness). Informant reports may challenge the finding that personality and PDs tend to "improve" over time.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Durability has traditionally been considered to be a defining feature of personality disorders, but recent studies have challenged this notion. We review the most recent findings on the stability and course of personality pathology. RECENT FINDINGS Personality disorders seem to remit more often and faster than previously thought, and their relapse rate is low. However, the recent optimism regarding these disorders is mitigated by the existence of highly heterogeneous trajectories among patients and traits, the identification of certain methodological shortcomings, and the maintenance of psychosocial impairment long after symptomatic relief. The causes of personality improvement are largely unknown, but involve intermingled genetic and environmental effects. SUMMARY Recent follow-up studies of patients with personality pathology are changing orthodox conceptions of their inevitably negative prognosis. The current taxonomies must be reviewed and future research should be integrated with adjacent fields. Treatments need to target the enduring real-life hardships of these patients, apart from their acute symptoms.
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20
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Disney KL. Dependent personality disorder: A critical review. Clin Psychol Rev 2013; 33:1184-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Schmeck K, Schlüter-Müller S, Foelsch PA, Doering S. The role of identity in the DSM-5 classification of personality disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2013; 7:27. [PMID: 23902698 PMCID: PMC3848950 DOI: 10.1186/1753-2000-7-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual DSM-5 the definition of personality disorder diagnoses has not been changed from that in the DSM-IV-TR. However, an alternative model for diagnosing personality disorders where the construct "identity" has been integrated as a central diagnostic criterion for personality disorders has been placed in section III of the manual. The alternative model's hybrid nature leads to the simultaneous use of diagnoses and the newly developed "Level of Personality Functioning-Scale" (a dimensional tool to define the severity of the disorder). Pathological personality traits are assessed in five broad domains which are divided into 25 trait facets. With this dimensional approach, the new classification system gives, both clinicians and researchers, the opportunity to describe the patient in much more detail than previously possible. The relevance of identity problems in assessing and understanding personality pathology is illustrated using the new classification system applied in two case examples of adolescents with a severe personality disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Schmeck
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Psychiatric University Hospitals, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Schlüter-Müller
- Practice for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Frankfurt, Germany, and University of Applied Sciences FHNW, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Doering
- Department of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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