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Pfarr JK, Meller T, Evermann U, Sahakyan L, Kwapil TR, Nenadić I. Trait schizotypy and the psychosis prodrome: Current standard assessment of extended psychosis spectrum phenotypes. Schizophr Res 2023; 254:208-217. [PMID: 36933416 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Schizotypy has become an increasingly important construct for elaborating psychotic disorders that vary along the schizophrenic spectrum. However, different schizotypy inventories vary in conceptual approach and measurement. In addition, commonly used schizotypy scales have been seen as qualitatively different from screening instruments for prodromal schizophrenia like the Prodromal Questionnaire-16 (PQ-16). Our study investigated the psychometric properties of three schizotypy questionnaires (the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief, Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences, and the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale) as well as the PQ-16 in a cohort of 383 non-clinical subjects. We initially evaluated their factor structure using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and used Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to test a newly proposed composition of factors. PCA results support a three-factor structure of schizotypy that accounts for 71 % of the total variance, but also shows cross-loadings of some schizotypy subscales. CFA of the newly composed schizotypy factors (together with an added neuroticism factor) shows good fit. Analyses including the PQ-16 indicate considerable overlap with measures of trait schizotypy, suggesting that the PQ-16 might not be quantitatively or qualitatively different from schizotypy measurements. Taken together, results indicate that there is good support for a three-factor structure of schizotypy but also that different schizotypy measurements grasp facets of schizotypy differently. This points towards the need for an integrative approach for assessing the construct of schizotypy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia-Katharina Pfarr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, Germany.
| | - Tina Meller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrika Evermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Lili Sahakyan
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States of America; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States of America
| | - Thomas R Kwapil
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, United States of America
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, Germany
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Aliche CJ. The mediating role of positive reappraisal and self-compassion on the relationship between mindfulness and posttraumatic growth in patients with cancer. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00812463221113445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effect of mindfulness in promoting posttraumatic growth has been well established in research, but it remains unclear what psychological mechanisms mediate it. This study examined the mediating roles of positive reappraisal and self-compassion on the relationship between mindfulness and posttraumatic growth in patients with cancer. A random sample of 550 patients drawn from two medical health care institutions in southeast, Nigeria participated in this study. Results of mediation analysis showed that positive reappraisal and self-compassion independently mediated the relationship between mindfulness and posttraumatic growth. These findings underscore the usefulness of mindfulness-based therapies in promoting cognitive emotional processes such as positive reappraisal abilities and self-compassion, which are essential in facilitating posttraumatic growth in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinenye Joseph Aliche
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nigeria
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Bo S, Sharp C, Kongerslev MT, Luyten P, Fonagy P. Improving treatment outcomes for adolescents with borderline personality disorder through a socioecological approach. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2022; 9:16. [PMID: 35701834 PMCID: PMC9199171 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-022-00187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a dearth of studies evaluating treatment efficacy for adolescents diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. The few available randomized controlled trials that have been conducted show modest results and treatments appear to have equivalent effects. The current paper draws on (a) the lessons learnt from the last 50 years of psychotherapy research in general and (b) recent advances in mentalization-based understanding of why treatment works, which together point to the importance of following a socioecological approach in the treatment of personality problems in adolescence - a developmental period that insists on a treatment approach that goes beyond the therapist-client dyad. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we describe such an approach, and offer a clinical case example with a young 16-year old girl diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, to illustrate what a shift toward a more socioecological approach would entail. CONCLUSIONS The clinical impact of the socioecological approach and the potential benefits as illustrated in the current case illustration, offers a framework that justifies and allows for the expansion of service delivery for youth with borderline personality disorder beyond dyadic therapist-client work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Bo
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Ny Oestergade 12, 4000, Roskilde, Region Zealand, Denmark.
| | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Mickey T Kongerslev
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Patrick Luyten
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.,Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.,Anna Freud Centre, London, UK
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Carreiras D, Cunha M, Castilho P. Which self-compassion components mediate the relationship between adverse experiences in childhood and borderline features in adolescents? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2021.1981283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Carreiras
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marina Cunha
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention, Coimbra, Portugal
- Miguel Torga Institute of Higher Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Castilho
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention, Coimbra, Portugal
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Berenson KR, Van De Weert SM, Nicolaou S, Campoverde C, Rafaeli E, Downey G. Reward and Punishment Sensitivity in Borderline and Avoidant Personality Disorders. J Pers Disord 2021; 35:573-588. [PMID: 32163026 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2020_34_475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The authors compared self-reported and behavioral responses to reward and punishment in individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) or avoidant personality disorder (APD) relative to a healthy comparison (HC) group. As predicted, self-reported sensitivity to reward was significantly higher in the BPD group than in the APD and HC groups. Also as predicted, self-reported sensitivity to punishment was significantly elevated in both disordered groups but significantly higher in APD than in BPD. These hypothesized patterns were also evident in responses to behavioral tasks: Participants with BPD made more errors of commission and fewer errors of omission than HC participants on a passive avoidance learning task, and participants with APD showed greater reactivity to losses than other participants on a probabilistic reversal learning task. Results help characterize differences between these two disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy R Berenson
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, Gettsyburg, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Cindy Campoverde
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, Gettsyburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Eshkol Rafaeli
- Department of Psychology, Barnard College, New York, New York, and Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
| | - Geraldine Downey
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Vilkin E, Sprott R. Consensual Non-Monogamy Among Kink-Identified Adults: Characteristics, Relationship Experiences, and Unique Motivations for Polyamory and Open Relationships. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:1521-1536. [PMID: 34128141 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02004-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
People who engage in both kink and consensual non-monogamy (CNM) have received little attention in research. The present article reports on the characteristics, relationship experiences, and unique motivations for engaging in CNM of kinky and consensually non-monogamous individuals using data from two U.S. samples-one large, national (N = 690) quantitative survey, and one qualitative study (N = 70) of adults in Northern California. The results describe the prevalence of universal (e.g., jealousy, sexual desire discrepancy) and population-specific relationship experiences (e.g., kink interest discrepancy, "coming out" about relationship structure). Findings indicate that discrepancies in desire for kink are a common relationship experience for kink-CNM individuals and that managing kink interests is an important motivation for CNM in this particular population. Implications for future research and clinical practice with kinky and consensually non-monogamous individuals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellora Vilkin
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Richard Sprott
- Department of Human Development and Women's Studies, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
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Minor KS, Hardin KL, Beaudette DM, Waters LC, White AL, Gonzenbach V, Robbins ML. Social functioning in schizotypy: How affect influences social behavior in daily life. J Clin Psychol 2020; 76:2212-2221. [PMID: 32613629 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social deficits are already exhibited by people at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Technological advances have made passive detection of social deficits possible at granular levels. METHOD In this real-world study, we tested if schizotypy status (high/low) predicted two types of social behavior: (1) being around other people; and (2) actively socializing with others. We also examined if schizotypy influences relationships between social behavior and affect using subjective and objective instruments. RESULTS Our findings revealed that socializing with others was significantly decreased in the high schizotypy group. Positive affect increased in social situations and predicted later social behavior in those low, but not high, in schizotypy. CONCLUSION Decreased social behavior in schizotypy may be explained, in part, by these individuals being less incentivized than their peers to pursue social situations. Future studies should test this explanation in larger samples exhibiting elevated positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Minor
- Department of Psychology, IUPUI School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kathryn L Hardin
- Department of Psychology, IUPUI School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Danielle M Beaudette
- Department of Psychology, IUPUI School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lesley C Waters
- Department of Psychology, IUPUI School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Anna L White
- Department of Psychology, IUPUI School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Megan L Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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Lilienfeld SO, Watts AL, Murphy B, Costello TH, Bowes SM, Smith SF, Latzman RD, Haslam N, Tabb K. Personality Disorders as Emergent Interpersonal Syndromes: Psychopathic Personality as a Case Example. J Pers Disord 2019; 33:577-622. [PMID: 31621543 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2019.33.5.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Personality disorders have long been bedeviled by a host of conceptual and methodological quandaries. Starting from the assumption that personality disorders are inherently interpersonal conditions that reflect folk concepts of social impairment, the authors contend that a subset of personality disorders, rather than traditional syndromes, are emergent interpersonal syndromes (EISs): interpersonally malignant configurations (statistical interactions) of distinct personality dimensions that may be only modestly, weakly, or even negatively correlated. Preliminary support for this perspective derives from a surprising source, namely, largely forgotten research on the intercorrelations among the subscales of select MMPI/MMPI-2 clinical scales. Using psychopathic personality as a case example, the authors offer provisional evidence for the EIS hypothesis from four lines of research and delineate its implications for personality disorder theory, research, and classification. Conceptualizing some personality disorders as EISs elucidates long-standing quandaries and controversies in the psychopathology literature and affords fruitful avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott O Lilienfeld
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nick Haslam
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Zouraraki C, Karagiannopoulou L, Karamaouna P, Pallis EG, Giakoumaki SG. Schizotypal traits, neurocognition, and paternal age in unaffected first degree relatives of patients with familial or sporadic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2019; 273:422-429. [PMID: 30684787 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies comparing cognitive processes between familial and sporadic schizophrenia have yielded inconsistent findings. In this study we examined differences in neurocognition and schizotypal traits in unaffected relatives of schizophrenia-spectrum patients with either the familial (multiplex) or the sporadic (simplex) subtype of the disorder, taking paternal age at birth into consideration. Simplex (n = 65; SR), multiplex (n = 35; MR) relatives and controls (n = 114) were compared on several cognitive functions and schizotypal traits; between-group differences were evaluated with and without including paternal age in the analyses. SR and MR had higher negative and paranoid traits compared with controls, but paternal age abolished the differences between the SR and control groups. When taking into account schizotypal traits and participants' age, controls outperformed MR in strategy formation and set-shifting and SR in psychomotor speed, set-shifting and executive working memory. After including paternal age in the analyses, controls outperformed MR in strategy formation, working memory and executive working memory and both groups in psychomotor speed and set-shifting. These findings suggest that multiplex relatives present with a "riskier" personality and cognitive profile when considering the effects of paternal age. Nevertheless, simplex relatives are impaired in fundamental cognitive processes, thus highlighting the detrimental effects of paternal age on neurocognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Zouraraki
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece.
| | - Leda Karagiannopoulou
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece
| | - Penny Karamaouna
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece
| | - Eleftherios G Pallis
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Stella G Giakoumaki
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece
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Stevenson J, Haliburn J, Halovic S, Korner A, McLean L. Mobilizing self through short-term dynamic interpersonal psychotherapy: a preliminary report. PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02668734.2018.1558415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Stevenson
- Psychological medicine, Westmead Hospital, Wentworthville, Australia
| | - Joan Haliburn
- Psychological medicine, Westmead Hospital, Wentworthville, Australia
| | - Shaun Halovic
- Psychological Medicine, Cumberland Hospital, Wentworthville, Australia
| | - Anthony Korner
- Psychological Medicine, Cumberland Hospital, Wentworthville, Australia
| | - Loyola McLean
- Westmead Psychotherapy Program for complex traumatic disorders - Psychological Medicine, Cumberland Hospital, Wentworthville, Australia
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Nelson SM, Huprich SK, Meehan KB, Siefert C, Haggerty G, Sexton J, Dauphin VB, Macaluso M, Zackula R, Baade L, Jackson J. Convergent and Discriminant Validity and Utility of the DSM–5 Levels of Personality Functioning Questionnaire (DLOPFQ): Associations with Medical Health Care Provider Ratings and Measures of Physical Health. J Pers Assess 2019; 100:671-679. [DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2018.1492415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - James Sexton
- Professional Psychology Department, George Washington University, USA
| | | | - Matthew Macaluso
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, USA
| | - Rosalee Zackula
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, USA
| | - Lyle Baade
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, USA
| | - Jennifer Jackson
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, USA
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Barron D, Voracek M, Tran US, Ong HS, Morgan KD, Towell T, Swami V. A reassessment of the higher-order factor structure of the German Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ-G) in German-speaking adults. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269:328-336. [PMID: 30173038 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) is a widely-used self-report instrument for the assessment of schizotypal personality traits. However, the factor structure of scores on English and non-English translations of the SPQ has been a matter of debate. With little previous factorial evaluation of the German version of the SPQ (SPQ-G), we re-assessed the higher-order factor structure of the measure. A total of 2,428 German-speaking adults from Central Europe (CE) and the United Kingdom (UK) completed the SPQ-G. Confirmatory factor analysis - testing proposed 2-, 3-, and 4-factor models of SPQ-G scores - indicated that the 4-factor solution had best fit. Partial measurement invariance across cultural group (CE and UK) and sex was obtained for the 4-factor model. Further analyses showed CE participants had significantly higher scores than UK participants on one schizotypal facet. These results suggest that scores on the SPQ-G are best explained in terms of a higher-order, 4-factor solution in German migrant and non-migrant adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Barron
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Martin Voracek
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, School of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich S Tran
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, School of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hui San Ong
- School of Data Sciences, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Kevin D Morgan
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Tony Towell
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Viren Swami
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia; Department of Psychology, Anglia Ruskin, Cambridge, UK
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Changes in Attachment Representation in Psychotherapy: Is Reflective Functioning the Crucial Factor? ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOSOMATISCHE MEDIZIN UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2018; 64:222-236. [DOI: 10.13109/zptm.2018.64.3.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review the existing literature on gene-environment interactions (G×E) and epigenetic changes primarily in borderline personality disorder (BPD) but also in antisocial, schizotypal, and avoidant personality disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Research supports that susceptibility genes to BPD or its underlying traits may be expressed under certain environmental conditions such as physical or childhood sexual abuse. Epigenetic modifications of neurodevelopment- and stress-related genes are suggested to underlie the relationship between early life adversary and borderline personality disorder. Only limited studies have investigated the role of gene-environment interactions and epigenetic changes in the genesis of antisocial, schizotypal, and avoidant personality disorders. Considering the lack of pharmacological treatment for most personality disorders, the emerging evidence on the critical role of G×E and epigenetic changes in the genesis of personality disorders could help develop more biologically oriented therapeutic approaches. Future studies should explore the potential of this new therapeutic dimension.
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Abplanalp SJ, Buck B, Gonzenbach V, Janela C, Lysaker PH, Minor KS. Using lexical analysis to identify emotional distress in psychometric schizotypy. Psychiatry Res 2017; 255:412-417. [PMID: 28667929 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Through the use of lexical analysis software, researchers have demonstrated a greater frequency of negative affect word use in those with schizophrenia and schizotypy compared to the general population. In addition, those with schizotypy endorse greater emotional distress than healthy controls. In this study, our aim was to expand on previous findings in schizotypy to determine whether negative affect word use could be linked to emotional distress. Schizotypy (n=33) and non-schizotypy groups (n=33) completed an open-ended, semi-structured interview and negative affect word use was analyzed using a validated lexical analysis instrument. Emotional distress was assessed using subjective questionnaires of depression and psychological quality of life (QOL). When groups were compared, those with schizotypy used significantly more negative affect words; endorsed greater depression; and reported lower QOL. Within schizotypy, a trend level association between depression and negative affect word use was observed; QOL and negative affect word use showed a significant inverse association. Our findings offer preliminary evidence of the potential effectiveness of lexical analysis as an objective, behavior-based method for identifying emotional distress throughout the schizophrenia-spectrum. Utilizing lexical analysis in schizotypy offers promise for providing researchers with an assessment capable of objectively detecting emotional distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Abplanalp
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Benjamin Buck
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Virgilio Gonzenbach
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Carlos Janela
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Paul H Lysaker
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kyle S Minor
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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