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Parrilla GE, Gupta V, Wall RV, Salkar A, Basavarajappa D, Mirzaei M, Chitranshi N, Graham SL, You Y. The role of myelin in neurodegeneration: implications for drug targets and neuroprotection strategies. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:271-292. [PMID: 37983528 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Myelination of axons in the central nervous system offers numerous advantages, including decreased energy expenditure for signal transmission and enhanced signal speed. The myelin sheaths surrounding an axon consist of a multi-layered membrane that is formed by oligodendrocytes, while specific glycoproteins and lipids play various roles in this formation process. As beneficial as myelin can be, its dysregulation and degeneration can prove detrimental. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and changes in cellular metabolism and the extracellular matrix can lead to demyelination of these axons. These factors are hallmark characteristics of certain demyelinating diseases including multiple sclerosis. The effects of demyelination are also implicated in primary degeneration in diseases such as glaucoma and Alzheimer's disease, as well as in processes of secondary degeneration. This reveals a relationship between myelin and secondary processes of neurodegeneration, including resultant degeneration following traumatic injury and transsynaptic degeneration. The role of myelin in primary and secondary degeneration is also of interest in the exploration of strategies and targets for remyelination, including the use of anti-inflammatory molecules or nanoparticles to deliver drugs. Although the use of these methods in animal models of diseases have shown to be effective in promoting remyelination, very few clinical trials in patients have met primary end points. This may be due to shortcomings or considerations that are not met while designing a clinical trial that targets remyelination. Potential solutions include diversifying disease targets and requiring concomitant interventions to promote rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella E Parrilla
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Roshana Vander Wall
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Akanksha Salkar
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Devaraj Basavarajappa
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
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Rupert DD, Shea SD. Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons Regulate Cortical Sensory Plasticity in Adulthood and Development Through Shared Mechanisms. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:886629. [PMID: 35601529 PMCID: PMC9120417 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.886629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin-positive neurons are the largest class of GABAergic, inhibitory neurons in the central nervous system. In the cortex, these fast-spiking cells provide feedforward and feedback synaptic inhibition onto a diverse set of cell types, including pyramidal cells, other inhibitory interneurons, and themselves. Cortical inhibitory networks broadly, and cortical parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (cPVins) specifically, are crucial for regulating sensory plasticity during both development and adulthood. Here we review the functional properties of cPVins that enable plasticity in the cortex of adult mammals and the influence of cPVins on sensory activity at four spatiotemporal scales. First, cPVins regulate developmental critical periods and adult plasticity through molecular and structural interactions with the extracellular matrix. Second, they activate in precise sequence following feedforward excitation to enforce strict temporal limits in response to the presentation of sensory stimuli. Third, they implement gain control to normalize sensory inputs and compress the dynamic range of output. Fourth, they synchronize broad network activity patterns in response to behavioral events and state changes. Much of the evidence for the contribution of cPVins to plasticity comes from classic models that rely on sensory deprivation methods to probe experience-dependent changes in the brain. We support investigating naturally occurring, adaptive cortical plasticity to study cPVin circuits in an ethologically relevant framework, and discuss recent insights from our work on maternal experience-induced auditory cortical plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah D. Rupert
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Stephen D. Shea
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephen D. Shea,
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Disease-specific glycosaminoglycan patterns in the extracellular matrix of human lung and brain. Carbohydr Res 2021; 511:108480. [PMID: 34837849 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of diseases throughout the mammalian organism is characterized by abnormal deposition of various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), including the heterogeneous family of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which contribute considerably to the ECM architecture as part of the so-called proteoglycans. The GAG's unique sulfation pattern, derived from highly dynamic and specific modification processes, has a massive impact on critical mediators such as cytokines and growth factors. Due to the strong connection between the specific sulfation pattern and GAG function, slight alterations of this pattern are often associated with enormous changes at the cell as well as at the organ level. This review aims to investigate the connection between modifications of GAG sulfation patterns and the wide range of pathological conditions, mainly focusing on a range of chronic diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as the respiratory tract.
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Dubik M, Marczynska J, Mørch MT, Webster G, Jensen KN, Wlodarczyk A, Khorooshi R, Owens T. Innate Signaling in the CNS Prevents Demyelination in a Focal EAE Model. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:682451. [PMID: 34149350 PMCID: PMC8209300 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.682451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) is the formation of multifocal demyelinating lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). Stimulation of innate receptors has been shown to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS-like disease in mice. Specifically, targeting Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and NOD-like receptor 2 (NOD2) significantly reduced disease severity. In the present work we have developed a novel focal EAE model to further study the effect of innate signaling on demyelinating pathology. Focal lesions were induced by stereotactic needle insertion into the corpus callosum (CC) of mice previously immunized for EAE. This resulted in focal pathology characterized by infiltration and demyelination in the CC. We find that intrathecal delivery of MIS416, a TLR9 and NOD2 bispecific innate ligand, into the cerebrospinal fluid reduced focal lesions in the CC. This was associated with upregulation of type I and II interferons, interleukin-10, arginase-1, CCL-2 and CXCL-10. Analysis of draining cervical lymph nodes showed upregulation of type II interferons and interleukin 10. Moreover, intrathecal MIS416 altered the composition of early CNS infiltrates, increasing proportions of myeloid and NK cells and reducing T cells at the lesion site. This study contributes to an increased understanding of how innate immune responses can play a protective role, which in turn may lead to additional therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of demyelinating pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dubik
- Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Joanna Marczynska
- Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marlene T Mørch
- Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Gill Webster
- Innate Immunotherapeutics, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kirstine Nolling Jensen
- Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Reza Khorooshi
- Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Tripathi A, Pandit I, Perles A, Zhou Y, Cheng F, Dutta R. Identifying miRNAs in multiple sclerosis gray matter lesions that correlate with atrophy measures. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:1279-1291. [PMID: 33978322 PMCID: PMC8164853 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Though MS was initially considered to be a white matter demyelinating disease, myelin loss in cortical gray matter has been reported in all disease stages. We previously identified microRNAs (miRNAs) in white matter lesions (WMLs) that are detected in serum from MS patients. However, miRNA expression profiles in gray matter lesions (GMLs) from progressive MS brains are understudied. METHODS We used a combination of global miRNAs and gene expression profiling of GMLs and independent validation using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immuno-in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared to matched myelinated gray matter (GM) regions, we identified 82 miRNAs in GMLs, of which 10 were significantly upregulated and 17 were significantly downregulated. Among these 82 miRNAs, 13 were also detected in serum and importantly were associated with brain atrophy in MS patients. The predicted target mRNAs of these miRNAs belonged to pathways associated with axonal guidance, TGF-β signaling, and FOXO signaling. Further, using state-of-the-art human protein-protein interactome network analysis, we mapped the four key GM atrophy-associated miRNAs (hsa-miR-149*, hsa-miR-20a, hsa-miR-29c, and hsa-miR-25) to their target mRNAs that were also changed in GMLs. INTERPRETATION Our study identifies miRNAs altered in GMLs in progressive MS brains that correlate with atrophy measures. As these miRNAs were also detected in sera of MS patients, these could act as markers of GML demyelination in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajai Tripathi
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ishani Pandit
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Aaron Perles
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yadi Zhou
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Solmaz I, Kocak E, Kaplan O, Celebier M, Anlar B. Analysis of plasma protein biomarkers in childhood onset multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 348:577359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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You Y, Barnett MH, Yiannikas C, Parratt J, Matthews J, Graham SL, Klistorner A. Chronic demyelination exacerbates neuroaxonal loss in patients with MS with unilateral optic neuritis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:7/3/e700. [PMID: 32170043 PMCID: PMC7136042 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective To examine the effect of chronic demyelination in the optic nerve of patients with MS on progressive loss of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. Methods Progressive retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) loss, as measured by optical coherence tomography, was longitudinally examined in 51 patients with MS with a history of unilateral optic neuritis (ON) and 25 normal controls. Patients were examined annually with a median of 4-year follow-up. Pairwise intereye comparison was performed between ON and fellow non-ON (NON) eyes of patients with MS using the linear mixed-effects model and survival analysis. The latency asymmetry of multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) was used to determine the level of demyelination in the optic nerve. Results Although both ON and NON eyes demonstrate significantly faster loss of RGC axons compared with normal subjects, ON eyes with severe chronic demyelination show accelerated thinning in the RNFL in the temporal sector of the optic disc (temporal RNFL [tRNFL]) compared with fellow eyes (evidenced by both the linear mixed-effects model and survival analysis). Furthermore, progressive tRNFL thinning is associated with the degree of optic nerve demyelination and reflects the topography of pathology in the optic nerve. More rapid axonal loss in ON eyes is also functionally evidenced by mfVEP amplitude reduction, which correlates with the level of optic nerve demyelination. Conclusions Although the effect of demyelination on axonal survival has been demonstrated in experimental studies, our results provide first clinically meaningful evidence that chronic demyelination is associated with progressive axonal loss in human MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi You
- From the Save Sight Institute (Y.Y., A.K.), The University of Sydney; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Y.Y., S.L.G., A.K.), Macquarie University; Brain and Mind Centre (M.H.B.), The University of Sydney; Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Centre (M.H.B., A.K.); Department of Neurology (C.Y., J.P.), Royal North Shore Hospital; and Sydney Informatics and Data Science Hub (J.M.), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Michael H Barnett
- From the Save Sight Institute (Y.Y., A.K.), The University of Sydney; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Y.Y., S.L.G., A.K.), Macquarie University; Brain and Mind Centre (M.H.B.), The University of Sydney; Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Centre (M.H.B., A.K.); Department of Neurology (C.Y., J.P.), Royal North Shore Hospital; and Sydney Informatics and Data Science Hub (J.M.), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Con Yiannikas
- From the Save Sight Institute (Y.Y., A.K.), The University of Sydney; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Y.Y., S.L.G., A.K.), Macquarie University; Brain and Mind Centre (M.H.B.), The University of Sydney; Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Centre (M.H.B., A.K.); Department of Neurology (C.Y., J.P.), Royal North Shore Hospital; and Sydney Informatics and Data Science Hub (J.M.), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John Parratt
- From the Save Sight Institute (Y.Y., A.K.), The University of Sydney; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Y.Y., S.L.G., A.K.), Macquarie University; Brain and Mind Centre (M.H.B.), The University of Sydney; Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Centre (M.H.B., A.K.); Department of Neurology (C.Y., J.P.), Royal North Shore Hospital; and Sydney Informatics and Data Science Hub (J.M.), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jim Matthews
- From the Save Sight Institute (Y.Y., A.K.), The University of Sydney; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Y.Y., S.L.G., A.K.), Macquarie University; Brain and Mind Centre (M.H.B.), The University of Sydney; Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Centre (M.H.B., A.K.); Department of Neurology (C.Y., J.P.), Royal North Shore Hospital; and Sydney Informatics and Data Science Hub (J.M.), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- From the Save Sight Institute (Y.Y., A.K.), The University of Sydney; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Y.Y., S.L.G., A.K.), Macquarie University; Brain and Mind Centre (M.H.B.), The University of Sydney; Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Centre (M.H.B., A.K.); Department of Neurology (C.Y., J.P.), Royal North Shore Hospital; and Sydney Informatics and Data Science Hub (J.M.), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander Klistorner
- From the Save Sight Institute (Y.Y., A.K.), The University of Sydney; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Y.Y., S.L.G., A.K.), Macquarie University; Brain and Mind Centre (M.H.B.), The University of Sydney; Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Centre (M.H.B., A.K.); Department of Neurology (C.Y., J.P.), Royal North Shore Hospital; and Sydney Informatics and Data Science Hub (J.M.), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Regulation of Oligodendrocyte Functions: Targeting Lipid Metabolism and Extracellular Matrix for Myelin Repair. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020470. [PMID: 32046349 PMCID: PMC7073561 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is an essential structure that protects axons, provides metabolic support to neurons and allows fast nerve transmission. Several neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, are characterized by myelin damage, which is responsible of severe functional impairment. Myelin repair requires the timely recruitment of adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) at the lesion sites, their differentiation and maturation into myelinating oligodendrocytes. As a consequence, OPCs undergo profound changes in their morphology, functions, and interactions with other cells and extracellular environment, thus requiring the reorganization of both their lipid metabolism and their membrane composition, which is substantially different compared to other plasma membranes. Despite the growing knowledge in oligodendroglia biology and in the mechanisms involved in OPC-mediated regeneration, the identification of strategies to promote remyelination still remains a challenge. Here, we describe how altered lipid metabolism in oligodendrocytes influences the pathogenesis of demyelination, and we show that several FDA-approved drugs with a previously unknown remyelination potential do act on cholesterol and lipid biosynthetic pathways. Since the interplay between myelin lipids and axons is strictly coordinated by the extracellular matrix (ECM), we also discuss the role of different ECM components, and report the last findings on new ECM-modifiers able to foster endogenous remyelination.
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Wood T, Nance E. Disease-directed engineering for physiology-driven treatment interventions in neurological disorders. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:040901. [PMID: 31673672 PMCID: PMC6811362 DOI: 10.1063/1.5117299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disease is killing us. While there have long been attempts to develop therapies for both acute and chronic neurological diseases, no current treatments are curative. Additionally, therapeutic development for neurological disease takes 15 years and often costs several billion dollars. More than 96% of these therapies will fail in late stage clinical trials. Engineering novel treatment interventions for neurological disease can improve outcomes and quality of life for millions; however, therapeutics should be designed with the underlying physiology and pathology in mind. In this perspective, we aim to unpack the importance of, and need to understand, the physiology of neurological disease. We first dive into the normal physiological considerations that should guide experimental design, and then assess the pathophysiological factors of acute and chronic neurological disease that should direct treatment design. We provide an analysis of a nanobased therapeutic intervention that proved successful in translation due to incorporation of physiology at all stages of the research process. We also provide an opinion on the importance of keeping a high-level view to designing and administering treatment interventions. Finally, we close with an implementation strategy for applying a disease-directed engineering approach. Our assessment encourages embracing the complexity of neurological disease, as well as increasing efforts to provide system-level thinking in our development of therapeutics for neurological disease.
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