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Sirajo MU, Maigari YK, Sunusi A, Jibril AN, Lawal IU, Ibrahim BM. Synergistic action of vitamin D3 and A on motor activity regulation in mice model of extrapyramidal syndrome: Correlational insights into astrocyte regulation, cytokine modulation, and dopaminergic activity. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 138:102421. [PMID: 38649035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS) represent neurological side effects of antipsychotic medications, characterized by motor disturbances. While previous studies have indicated the neuroprotective effects of vitamin D and A against EPS, the underlying mechanisms of this protection remain unclear. METHODS Twenty-four adult mice were categorized into four groups: positive and negative control groups, one receiving a dopamine antagonist, and the other receiving both a dopamine antagonist and vitamins D and A. Sections of the corticobasal loop, specifically the motor cortex (M1) and basal nuclei (CPu), were prepared for Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and stained with Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) to visualize reactive astrocytes. ELISA assays for TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4, IL-13, and dopamine levels were performed on homogenized brain sections. RESULTS The EPS group exhibited a significant increase in TNF-α and IL-6 levels in M1 and CPu. Treatment with dopamine agonists and vitamin D&A resulted in significant reductions in IL-6 levels. Only the Vitamin D&A group showed a significant decline in TNF-α. The EPS group recorded significant decreases in IL-4 and IL-13, with IL-13 significantly elevated in the dopamine agonist and Vitamin D&A groups. IL-4 was notably increased in the Vitamin D&A groups. Dopamine concentration significantly declined in the EPS group, with improvements observed in the groups treated with dopamine agonists, and vitamin D&A. Reactive astrocytes were significantly expressed in the M1 and CPu of the EPS group but poorly expressed in other groups. CONCLUSIONS EPS is linked to astrocyte activation, an upsurge in pro-inflammatory cytokines, a decline in anti-inflammatory cytokines, and dopamine in the corticobasal loop. Administration of vitamin D3 and A was found to suppres pro-inflammatory cytokines and repress anti-inflammatory cytokines associated with astrocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujittapha U Sirajo
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Skyline University Nigeria, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
| | - Yahya K Maigari
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
| | - Abdulrashid Sunusi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
| | - Adam N Jibril
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
| | - Isa Usman Lawal
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Skyline University Nigeria, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
| | - Badamasi M Ibrahim
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Skyline University Nigeria, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria.
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2
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Cherian S, Simms G, Chen L, Chu HY. Loss of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Does Not Alter GABAergic Inhibition Mediated by Parvalbumin-Expressing Interneurons in Mouse Primary Motor Cortex. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0010-24.2024. [PMID: 38658137 PMCID: PMC11082919 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0010-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary motor cortex (M1) integrates sensory and cognitive inputs to generate voluntary movement. Its functional impairments have been implicated in the pathophysiology of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Specifically, dopaminergic degeneration and basal ganglia dysfunction entrain M1 neurons into the abnormally synchronized bursting pattern of activity throughout the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical network. However, how degeneration of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons affects the anatomy, microcircuit connectivity, and function of the M1 network remains poorly understood. The present study examined whether and how the loss of dopamine (DA) affects the morphology, cellular excitability, and synaptic physiology of Layer 5 parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) cells in the M1 of mice of both sexes. Here, we reported that loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons does not alter the number, morphology, and physiology of Layer 5 PV+ cells in M1. Moreover, we demonstrated that the number of perisomatic PV+ puncta of M1 pyramidal neurons as well as their functional innervation of cortical pyramidal neurons were not altered following the loss of DA. Together, the present study documents an intact GABAergic inhibitory network formed by PV+ cells following the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Cherian
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Gabriel Simms
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Liqiang Chen
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Hong-Yuan Chu
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
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3
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Guarina L, Le JT, Griffith TN, Santana LF, Cudmore RH. SanPy: Software for the analysis and visualization of whole-cell current-clamp recordings. Biophys J 2024; 123:759-769. [PMID: 38419330 PMCID: PMC10995421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The analysis of action potentials and other membrane voltage fluctuations provides a powerful approach for interrogating the function of excitable cells. However, a major bottleneck in the interpretation of this critical data is the lack of intuitive, agreed-upon software tools for its analysis. Here, we present SanPy, an open-source and freely available software package for the analysis and exploration of whole-cell current-clamp recordings written in Python. SanPy provides a robust computational engine with an application programming interface. Using this, we have developed a cross-platform desktop application with a graphical user interface that does not require programming. SanPy is designed to extract common parameters from action potentials, including threshold time and voltage, peak, half-width, and interval statistics. In addition, several cardiac parameters are measured, including the early diastolic duration and rate. SanPy is built to be fully extensible by providing a plugin architecture for the addition of new file loaders, analysis, and visualizations. A key feature of SanPy is its focus on quality control and data exploration. In the desktop interface, all plots of the data and analysis are linked, allowing simultaneous data visualization from different dimensions with the goal of obtaining ground-truth analysis. We provide documentation for all aspects of SanPy, including several use cases and examples. To test SanPy, we performed analysis on current-clamp recordings from heart and brain cells. Taken together, SanPy is a powerful tool for whole-cell current-clamp analysis and lays the foundation for future extension by the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guarina
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Johnson Tran Le
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Theanne N Griffith
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Luis Fernando Santana
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Robert H Cudmore
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California.
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4
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Cieslak PE, Drabik S, Gugula A, Trenk A, Gorkowska M, Przybylska K, Szumiec L, Kreiner G, Rodriguez Parkitna J, Blasiak A. Dopamine Receptor-Expressing Neurons Are Differently Distributed throughout Layers of the Motor Cortex to Control Dexterity. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0490-23.2023. [PMID: 38423792 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0490-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The motor cortex comprises the primary descending circuits for flexible control of voluntary movements and is critically involved in motor skill learning. Motor skill learning is impaired in patients with Parkinson's disease, but the precise mechanisms of motor control and skill learning are still not well understood. Here we have used transgenic mice, electrophysiology, in situ hybridization, and neural tract-tracing methods to target genetically defined cell types expressing D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the motor cortex. We observed that putative D1 and D2 dopamine receptor-expressing neurons (D1+ and D2+, respectively) are organized in highly segregated, nonoverlapping populations. Moreover, based on ex vivo patch-clamp recordings, we showed that D1+ and D2+ cells have distinct morphological and electrophysiological properties. Finally, we observed that chemogenetic inhibition of D2+, but not D1+, neurons disrupts skilled forelimb reaching in adult mice. Overall, these results demonstrate that dopamine receptor-expressing cells in the motor cortex are highly segregated and play a specialized role in manual dexterity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw E Cieslak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Sylwia Drabik
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Anna Gugula
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Trenk
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Martyna Gorkowska
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Kinga Przybylska
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Lukasz Szumiec
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow 31-343, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow 31-343, Poland
| | - Jan Rodriguez Parkitna
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow 31-343, Poland
| | - Anna Blasiak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
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5
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Crosser JT, Brinkman BAW. Applications of information geometry to spiking neural network activity. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:024302. [PMID: 38491696 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.024302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The space of possible behaviors that complex biological systems may exhibit is unimaginably vast, and these systems often appear to be stochastic, whether due to variable noisy environmental inputs or intrinsically generated chaos. The brain is a prominent example of a biological system with complex behaviors. The number of possible patterns of spikes emitted by a local brain circuit is combinatorially large, although the brain may not make use of all of them. Understanding which of these possible patterns are actually used by the brain, and how those sets of patterns change as properties of neural circuitry change is a major goal in neuroscience. Recently, tools from information geometry have been used to study embeddings of probabilistic models onto a hierarchy of model manifolds that encode how model outputs change as a function of their parameters, giving a quantitative notion of "distances" between outputs. We apply this method to a network model of excitatory and inhibitory neural populations to understand how the competition between membrane and synaptic response timescales shapes the network's information geometry. The hyperbolic embedding allows us to identify the statistical parameters to which the model behavior is most sensitive, and demonstrate how the ranking of these coordinates changes with the balance of excitation and inhibition in the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Crosser
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA and Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Braden A W Brinkman
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA and Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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6
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Guarina L, Le JT, Griffith TN, Santana LF, Cudmore RH. SanPy: A whole-cell electrophysiology analysis pipeline. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.06.539660. [PMID: 37214972 PMCID: PMC10197560 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.06.539660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of action potentials and other membrane voltage fluctuations provide a powerful approach for interrogating the function of excitable cells. Yet, a major bottleneck in the interpretation of this critical data is the lack of intuitive, agreed upon software tools for its analysis. Here, we present SanPy, a Python-based open-source and freely available software pipeline for the analysis and exploration of whole-cell current-clamp recordings. SanPy provides a robust computational engine with an application programming interface. Using this, we have developed a cross-platform graphical user interface that does not require programming. SanPy is designed to extract common parameters from action potentials including threshold time and voltage, peak, half-width, and interval statistics. In addition, several cardiac parameters are measured including the early diastolic duration and rate. SanPy is built to be fully extensible by providing a plugin architecture for the addition of new file loaders, analysis, and visualizations. A key feature of SanPy is its focus on quality control and data exploration. In the desktop interface, all plots of the data and analysis are linked allowing simultaneous data visualization from different dimensions with the goal of obtaining ground truth analysis. We provide documentation for all aspects of SanPy including several use cases and examples. To test SanPy, we have performed analysis on current-clamp recordings from heart and brain cells. Taken together, SanPy is a powerful tool for whole-cell current-clamp analysis and lays the foundation for future extension by the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guarina
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Johnson Tran Le
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Theanne N Griffith
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Luis Fernando Santana
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Robert H Cudmore
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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7
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Chen L, Daniels S, Dvorak R, Chu HY. Reduced thalamic excitation to motor cortical pyramidal tract neurons in parkinsonism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg3038. [PMID: 37611096 PMCID: PMC10446482 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons alters the connectivity and functionality of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits in Parkinson's disease (PD). Particularly, the aberrant outputs of the primary motor cortex (M1) contribute to parkinsonian motor deficits. However, cortical adaptations at cellular and synaptic levels in parkinsonism remain poorly understood. Using multidisciplinary approaches, we found that DA degeneration induces cell subtype- and input-specific reduction of thalamic excitation to M1 pyramidal tract (PT) neurons. At molecular level, we identified that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a key role in mediating the reduced thalamocortical excitation to PT neurons. At circuit level, we showed that the reduced thalamocortical transmission in parkinsonian mice can be rescued by chemogenetically suppressing basal ganglia outputs. Together, our data suggest that cell subtype- and synapse-specific adaptations in M1 contribute to altered cortical outputs in parkinsonism and are important aspects of PD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Chen
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815
| | - Samuel Daniels
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Rachel Dvorak
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Hong-Yuan Chu
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815
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8
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Swanson OK, Yevoo PE, Richard D, Maffei A. Altered Thalamocortical Signaling in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6021-6034. [PMID: 37527923 PMCID: PMC10451150 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2871-20.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the primary motor cortex (M1) is important for the execution of skilled movements and motor learning, and its dysfunction contributes to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). A well-accepted idea in PD research, albeit not tested experimentally, is that the loss of midbrain dopamine leads to decreased activation of M1 by the motor thalamus. Here, we report that midbrain dopamine loss altered motor thalamus input in a laminar- and cell type-specific fashion and induced laminar-specific changes in intracortical synaptic transmission. Frequency-dependent changes in synaptic dynamics were also observed. Our results demonstrate that loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons alters thalamocortical activation of M1 in both male and female mice, and provide novel insights into circuit mechanisms for motor cortex dysfunction in a mouse model of PD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Loss of midbrain dopamine neurons increases inhibition from the basal ganglia to the motor thalamus, suggesting that it may ultimately lead to reduced activation of primary motor cortex (M1). In contrast with this line of thinking, analysis of M1 activity in patients and animal models of Parkinson's disease report hyperactivation of this region. Our results are the first report that midbrain dopamine loss alters the input-output function of M1 through laminar and cell type specific effects. These findings support and expand on the idea that loss of midbrain dopamine reduces motor cortex activation and provide experimental evidence that reconciles reduced thalamocortical input with reports of altered activation of motor cortex in patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia K Swanson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Priscilla E Yevoo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Dave Richard
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Arianna Maffei
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
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9
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Schiff HC, Kogan JF, Isaac M, Czarnecki LA, Fontanini A, Maffei A. Experience-dependent plasticity of gustatory insular cortex circuits and taste preferences. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade6561. [PMID: 36630501 PMCID: PMC9833665 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade6561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Early experience with food influences taste preference in adulthood. How gustatory experience influences development of taste preferences and refinement of cortical circuits has not been investigated. Here, we exposed weanling mice to an array of taste solutions and determined the effects on the preference for sweet in adulthood. We demonstrate an experience-dependent shift in sucrose preference persisting several weeks following the termination of exposure. A shift in sucrose palatability, altered neural responsiveness to sucrose, and inhibitory synaptic plasticity in the gustatory portion of the insular cortex (GC) were also induced. The modulation of sweet preference occurred within a restricted developmental window, but restoration of the capacity for inhibitory plasticity in adult GC reactivated the sensitivity of sucrose preference to taste experience. Our results establish a fundamental link between gustatory experience, sweet preference, inhibitory plasticity, and cortical circuit function and highlight the importance of early life nutrition in setting taste preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary C. Schiff
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Joshua F. Kogan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Maria Isaac
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Alfredo Fontanini
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Arianna Maffei
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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10
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Brietzke C, Cesario JCS, Hettinga FJ, Pires FO. The reward for placebos: mechanisms underpinning placebo-induced effects on motor performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2321-2329. [PMID: 36006479 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Different from the most popular thinking, the placebo effect is not a purely psychological phenomenon. A body of knowledge from multidisciplinary fields has shown that the expectation of a potential benefit when receiving a treatment induces a cascade of neurochemical-electrophysiological alterations in brain reward areas, including motor-related ones. Alterations in the dopamine, opioid, and glutamate metabolism are the neural representation converting reward-derived declarative forms into an attractive and wanted behavior, thereby changing the activation in reward subcortical and cortical structures involved in motor planning, motor execution, and emotional-cognitive attributes of decision-making. We propose that the expectation of receiving a treatment that is beneficial to motor performance triggers a cascade of activations in brain reward areas that travels from motor planning and motor command areas, passing through corticospinal pathways until driving the skeletal muscles, therefore facilitating the motor performance. Although alternative explanations cannot be totally ruled out, this mechanistic route is robust in explaining the results of placebo-induced effects on motor performance and could lead to novel insights and applications in the exercise sciences. Factors such as sex differences in reward-related mechanisms and aversion-induced nocebo effects should also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Julio Cesar Silva Cesario
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Flavio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil. .,Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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11
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Cuskelly A, Hoedt EC, Harms L, Talley NJ, Tadros MA, Keely S, Hodgson DM. Neonatal immune challenge influences the microbiota and behaviour in a sexually dimorphic manner. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 103:232-242. [PMID: 35491004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is comorbidity between anxiety disorders and gastrointestinal disorders, with both linked to adverse early life events. The microbiome gut-brain-axis, a bidirectional communication system, is plastic throughout the neonatal period and is a possible mediator of this relationship. Here, we used a well-established neonatal rodent immune activation model to investigate the long-term effect of neonatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure on adult behaviour and the relationship to microbiome composition. Wistar rats were injected with LPS (0.05 mg/kg) or saline (equivolume) on postnatal days 3 and 5. In adulthood, behavioural tests were performed to assess anxiety-like behaviour, and microbiota sequencing was performed on stool samples. There were distinctly different behavioural phenotypes for LPS-exposed males and females. LPS-exposed males displayed typical anxiety-like behaviours with significantly decreased social interaction (F(1,22) = 7.576, p = 0.009) and increased defecation relative to saline controls (F(1,23) = 8.623, p = 0.005). LPS-exposed females displayed a different behavioural phenotype with significantly increased social interaction (F(1,22) = 6.094, p = 0.018), and exploration (F(1,24) = 6.359, p = 0.015), compared to saline controls. With respect to microbiota profiling data, Bacteroidota was significantly increased for LPS-exposed females (F(1,14) = 4.931p = 0.035) and Proteobacteria was decreased for LPS-exposed rats of both sexes versus controls (F(1,30) = 4.923p = 0.035). Furthermore, alterations in predicted functional pathways for neurotransmitters in faeces were observed with a decrease in the relative abundance of D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism in LPS exposed females compared to control females (p < 0.05). This suggests that neonatal immune activation alters both later life behaviour and adult gut microbiota in sex-specific ways. These findings highlight the importance of sex in determining the impact of neonatal immune activation on social behaviour and the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cuskelly
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Viruses, Infection, Immunity, Vaccine and Asthma (VIVA) Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
| | - E C Hoedt
- Viruses, Infection, Immunity, Vaccine and Asthma (VIVA) Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Digestive Health, HMRI, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - L Harms
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - N J Talley
- Viruses, Infection, Immunity, Vaccine and Asthma (VIVA) Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Digestive Health, HMRI, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - M A Tadros
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - S Keely
- Viruses, Infection, Immunity, Vaccine and Asthma (VIVA) Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Digestive Health, HMRI, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - D M Hodgson
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Viruses, Infection, Immunity, Vaccine and Asthma (VIVA) Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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