1
|
Van Swol JM, Thompson EB, Joffe JA, Nguyen SA, Berman EL. Akinetopsia: A Systematic Review. J Neuroophthalmol 2024; 44:e483-e488. [PMID: 37938052 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000002032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Selective motion blindness, also known as akinetopsia, is infrequently reported in the literature. Hence, little is known about the condition including its causes, time course, pathophysiology, and current diagnostic methods. In this investigation, we comprehensively surveyed the literature using a systematic review to identify each reported case of the condition. The purpose of this study was to provide an exhaustive catalog of every published occurrence to date to identify and discuss trends, commonalities, and differences among them. Our results revealed distinct characteristics for the various etiologies of this phenomenon in addition to a shared pathophysiologic pathway among them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Van Swol
- Department of Ophthalmology (JMVS), Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas; College of Medicine (EBT), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; College of Medicine (JAJ), University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, South Carolina; and Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (SAN) and Ophthalmology-Neuro-Ophthalmology (EB), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu S, Xie T, Lv Z, Leng YB, Zhang YQ, Xu R, Qin J, Zhou Y, Roy VAL, Han ST. Hierarchies in Visual Pathway: Functions and Inspired Artificial Vision. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2301986. [PMID: 37435995 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of artificial intelligence has posed a challenge to machine vision based on conventional complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits owing to its high latency and inefficient power consumption originating from the data shuffling between memory and computation units. Gaining more insights into the function of every part of the visual pathway for visual perception can bring the capabilities of machine vision in terms of robustness and generality. Hardware acceleration of more energy-efficient and biorealistic artificial vision highly necessitates neuromorphic devices and circuits that are able to mimic the function of each part of the visual pathway. In this paper, we review the structure and function of the entire class of visual neurons from the retina to the primate visual cortex within reach (Chapter 2) are reviewed. Based on the extraction of biological principles, the recent hardware-implemented visual neurons located in different parts of the visual pathway are discussed in detail in Chapters 3 and 4. Furthermore, valuable applications of inspired artificial vision in different scenarios (Chapter 5) are provided. The functional description of the visual pathway and its inspired neuromorphic devices/circuits are expected to provide valuable insights for the design of next-generation artificial visual perception systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirui Zhu
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xie
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ziyu Lv
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Bing Leng
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Qi Zhang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Runze Xu
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jingrun Qin
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Vellaisamy A L Roy
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Su-Ting Han
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Takami A, Kawajiri T, Komiyama T, Aoyama C, Shimegi S. Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation over hMT+ inhibits visual motion discriminability. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1109. [PMID: 38212348 PMCID: PMC10784584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Visuomotor performance acting on a moving target is fundamentally based on visual motion discriminability, and its neural basis is presumed to be human MT (hMT+), a motion vision center of the dorsal visual pathway. In this study, we investigated whether and how the accuracy and speed of motion discrimination are affected by applying transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) to hMT+, which reduces cortical excitability. Sixteen participants performed a motion direction discrimination (MDD) task using a random dot kinematogram before (Pre-test) and during (During-test) application of the tSMS over left hMT+. The correct rate of the MDD task was significantly lower in the During-test compared to the Pre-test, an effect not seen with the sham condition. The inhibition effects were observed only for the right visual field corresponding to hMT+ in the stimulated hemisphere. On the other hand, no modulatory effect of tSMS was observed in the reaction time. We, therefore, demonstrated the inhibitory effect of tSMS on the left hMT+ impairs the accuracy but not the speed of motion information processing in the contralateral visual field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Takami
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Kawajiri
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Komiyama
- Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chisa Aoyama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimegi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.
- Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Murray GE, Norton DJ. Reduced visual context effects in global motion processing in depression. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291513. [PMID: 37703305 PMCID: PMC10499266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Research supports abnormal inhibitory visual motion processing in adults with remitted and current depression, but all studies to date have used paradigms with simple grating stimuli. Global motion processing, where multiple motion signals must be integrated, has not been explored in depression, nor have inhibitory processes within that domain. Depressed participants (n = 46) and healthy controls (n = 28) completed a direction discrimination task featuring a random dot pattern stimulus. Various signal (rightward or leftward dots) to noise (dots with randomly assigned directions) ratios modulated task difficulty. Metrics of global center surround suppression and facilitation were calculated. Accuracy in the baseline condition (i.e., no surrounding annulus) was not significantly different between depressed and healthy participants. Global center surround suppression and facilitation were not significantly different between healthy and depressed participants overall. When limiting the sample to unmedicated individuals, depressed participants (n = 27) showed a reduced global center surround suppression effect compared to controls, and there was no difference in global center surround facilitation. While global motion processing is intact in depression, abnormal center surround suppression effects in depression do extend to global motion stimuli. These alterations may be mitigated by the psychotropic medications taken by some subjects in our depressed sample. Future studies should explore the mechanisms underlying these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Murray
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States of America
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Norton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States of America
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Gordon College, Wenham, MA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A comparison of equivalent noise methods in investigating local and global form and motion integration. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:152-165. [PMID: 36380147 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Static and dynamic cues within certain spatiotemporal proximity are used to evoke respective global percepts of form and motion. The limiting factors in this process are, first, internal noise, which indexes local orientation/direction detection, and, second, sampling efficiency, which relates to the processing and the representation of global orientation/direction. These parameters are quantified using the equivalent noise (EN) paradigm. EN has been implemented with just two levels: high and low noise. However, when using this simplified version, one must assume the shape of the overall noise dependence, as the intermediate points are missing. Here, we investigated whether two distinct EN methods, the 8-point and the simplified 2-point version, reveal comparable parameter estimates. This was performed for three different types of stimuli: random dot kinematograms, and static and dynamic translational Glass patterns, to investigate how constant internal noise estimates are, and how sampling efficiency might vary over tasks. The results indicated substantial compatibility between estimates over a wide range of external noise levels sampled with eight data points, and a simplified version producing two highly informative data points. Our findings support the use of a simplified procedure to estimate essential form-motion integration parameters, paving the way for rapid and critical applications to populations that cannot tolerate protracted measurements.
Collapse
|
6
|
Geller WN, Liu K, Warren SL. Specificity of anhedonic alterations in resting-state network connectivity and structure: A transdiagnostic approach. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 317:111349. [PMID: 34399282 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anhedonia is a prominent characteristic of depression and related pathology that is associated with a prolonged course of mood disturbance and treatment resistance. However, the neurobiological mechanisms of anhedonia are poorly understood as few studies have disentangled the specific effects of anhedonia from other co-occurring symptoms. Here, we take a transdiagnostic, dimensional approach to distinguish anhedonia alterations from other internalizing symptoms on intrinsic functional brain circuits. 53 adults with varying degrees of anxiety and/or depression completed resting-state fMRI. Neural networks were identified through independent components analysis. Dual regression was used to characterize within-network functional connectivity alterations associated with individual differences in anhedonia. Modulation of between-network functional connectivity by anhedonia was tested using region-of-interest to region-of-interest correlational analyses. Anhedonia was associated with visual network hyperconnectivity and expansion of the visual, dorsal attention, and default networks. Additionally, anhedonia was associated with decreased between-network connectivity among default, salience, dorsal attention, somatomotor, and visual networks. Findings suggest that anhedonia is associated with aberrant connectivity and structural alterations in resting-state networks that contribute to impairments in reward learning, low motivation, and negativity bias characteristic of depression. Results reveal dissociable effects of anhedonia on resting-state network dynamics, characterizing possible neurocircuit mechanisms for intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney N Geller
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, 1791 Arastradero Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Kevin Liu
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, 1791 Arastradero Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Stacie L Warren
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, 1791 Arastradero Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Resolving visual motion through perceptual gaps. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:978-991. [PMID: 34489180 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Perceptual gaps can be caused by objects in the foreground temporarily occluding objects in the background or by eyeblinks, which briefly but frequently interrupt visual information. Resolving visual motion across perceptual gaps is particularly challenging, as object position changes during the gap. We examine how visual motion is maintained and updated through externally driven (occlusion) and internally driven (eyeblinks) perceptual gaps. Focusing on both phenomenology and potential mechanisms such as suppression, extrapolation, and integration, we present a framework for how perceptual gaps are resolved over space and time. We finish by highlighting critical questions and directions for future work.
Collapse
|
8
|
Baig A, Buckley D, Codina C. Behavioural Adaptation to Hereditary Macular Dystrophy: A Systematic Review on the Effect of Early Onset Central Field Loss on Peripheral Visual Abilities. Br Ir Orthopt J 2021; 17:104-118. [PMID: 34278226 PMCID: PMC8269784 DOI: 10.22599/bioj.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Hereditary macular dystrophies (HMD) result in early onset central field loss. Evidence for cortical plasticity has been found in HMD, which may enhance peripheral visual abilities to meet the increased demands and reliance on the peripheral field, as has been found in congenitally deaf adults and habitual action video-game players. This is a qualitative synthesis of the literature on the effect of early onset central field loss on peripheral visual abilities. The knowledge gained may help in developing rehabilitative strategies that enable optimisation of remaining peripheral vision. Methods: A systematic search performed on the Web of Science and PubMED databases yielded 728 records published between 1809 to 2020, of which seven case-control studies were eligible for qualitative synthesis. Results: The search highlighted an overall paucity of literature, which lacked validity due to small heterogeneous samples and deficiencies in reporting of methods and population characteristics. A range of peripheral visual abilities at different eccentricities were studied. Superior performance of HMD observers in the peripheral field or similarities between the preferred retinal loci (PRL) and normal fovea were observed in four of seven studies. Findings were often based on studies including a single observer. Further larger rigorous studies are required in this area. Conclusions: Spontaneous perceptual learning through reliance on and repeated use of the peripheral field and PRL may result in some specific superior peripheral visual abilities. However, worse performance in some tasks could reflect unexpected rod disease, lack of intensive training, or persistent limitations due to the need for cones for specific tasks. Perceptual learning through training regimes could enable patients to optimise use of the PRL and remaining peripheral vision. However, further studies are needed to design optimal training regimes.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ionta S. Visual Neuropsychology in Development: Anatomo-Functional Brain Mechanisms of Action/Perception Binding in Health and Disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:689912. [PMID: 34135745 PMCID: PMC8203289 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.689912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision is the main entrance for environmental input to the human brain. Even if vision is our most used sensory modality, its importance is not limited to environmental exploration. Rather it has strong links to motor competences, further extending to cognitive and social aspects of human life. These multifaceted relationships are particularly important in developmental age and become dramatically evident in presence of complex deficits originating from visual aberrancies. The present review summarizes the available neuropsychological evidence on the development of visual competences, with a particular focus on the associated visuo-motor integration skills in health and disease. With the aim of supporting future research and interventional settings, the goal of the present review is to constitute a solid base to help the translation of neuropsychological hypotheses into straightforward empirical investigations and rehabilitation/training protocols. This approach will further increase the impact, ameliorate the acceptance, and ease the use and implementation of lab-derived intervention protocols in real-life situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Ionta
- Sensory-Motor Lab (SeMoLa), Department of Ophthalmology-University of Lausanne, Jules Gonin Eye Hospital-Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Neural Selectivity for Visual Motion in Macaque Area V3A. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0383-20.2020. [PMID: 33303620 PMCID: PMC7814481 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0383-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The processing of visual motion is conducted by dedicated pathways in the primate brain. These pathways originate with populations of direction-selective neurons in the primary visual cortex, which projects to dorsal structures like the middle temporal (MT) and medial superior temporal (MST) areas. Anatomical and imaging studies have suggested that area V3A might also be specialized for motion processing, but there have been very few studies of single-neuron direction selectivity in this area. We have therefore performed electrophysiological recordings from V3A neurons in two macaque monkeys (one male and one female) and measured responses to a large battery of motion stimuli that includes translation motion, as well as more complex optic flow patterns. For comparison, we simultaneously recorded the responses of MT neurons to the same stimuli. Surprisingly, we find that overall levels of direction selectivity are similar in V3A and MT and moreover that the population of V3A neurons exhibits somewhat greater selectivity for optic flow patterns. These results suggest that V3A should be considered as part of the motion processing machinery of the visual cortex, in both human and non-human primates.
Collapse
|
11
|
De Castro V, Smith AT, Beer AL, Leguen C, Vayssière N, Héjja-Brichard Y, Audurier P, Cottereau BR, Durand JB. Connectivity of the Cingulate Sulcus Visual Area (CSv) in Macaque Monkeys. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:1347-1364. [PMID: 33067998 PMCID: PMC7786354 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the posterior cingulate cortex contains an area sensitive to visual cues to self-motion. This cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv) is structurally and functionally connected with several (multi)sensory and (pre)motor areas recruited during locomotion. In nonhuman primates, electrophysiology has shown that the cingulate cortex is also related to spatial navigation. Recently, functional MRI in macaque monkeys identified a cingulate area with similar visual properties to human CSv. In order to bridge the gap between human and nonhuman primate research, we examined the structural and functional connectivity of putative CSv in three macaque monkeys adopting the same approach as in humans based on diffusion MRI and resting-state functional MRI. The results showed that putative monkey CSv connects with several visuo-vestibular areas (e.g., VIP/FEFsem/VPS/MSTd) as well as somatosensory cortex (e.g., dorsal aspects of areas 3/1/2), all known to process sensory signals that can be triggered by self-motion. Additionally, strong connections are observed with (pre)motor areas located in the dorsal prefrontal cortex (e.g., F3/F2/F1) and within the anterior cingulate cortex (e.g., area 24). This connectivity pattern is strikingly reminiscent of that described for human CSv, suggesting that the sensorimotor control of locomotion relies on similar organizational principles in human and nonhuman primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V De Castro
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - A T Smith
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - A L Beer
- Institut für Psychologie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Leguen
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - N Vayssière
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Y Héjja-Brichard
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - P Audurier
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - B R Cottereau
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - J B Durand
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The neural mechanisms underlying directional and apparent circular motion assessed with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Neuropsychologia 2020; 149:107656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
13
|
Asher JM, Hibbard PB. No effect of feedback, level of processing or stimulus presentation protocol on perceptual learning when easy and difficult trials are interleaved. Vision Res 2020; 176:100-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
14
|
Kanno S, Shinohara M, Kanno K, Gomi Y, Uchiyama M, Nishio Y, Baba T, Hosokai Y, Takeda A, Fukuda H, Mori E, Suzuki K. Neural substrates underlying progressive micrographia in Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01669. [PMID: 32558361 PMCID: PMC7428504 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neural substrates associated with the development of micrographia remain unknown. We aimed to elucidate the neural substrates underlying micrographia in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. METHODS Forty PD patients and 20 healthy controls underwent handwriting tests that involved free writing and copying. We measured the size of each letter and the resting cerebral glucose metabolic rate of the PD patients and another group of age- and sex-matched 14 healthy controls (HCs), who had not participated in the writing tests, using resting-state 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. RESULTS In the PD patients, the prevalence of consistent micrographia (CM) associated with free writing was 2.5% for both tasks. Alternatively, the prevalence of progressive micrographia (PM) was 15% for free writing and 17.5% for copying. In the PD patients, there was no significant difference in the letter sizes between these tasks, whereas the variability of the letter sizes for copying was significantly different from that for free writing. The means and decrements in letter sizes in either task were not significantly correlated with the severity of brady/hypokinesia in the PD patients. For free writing, the PD patients with PM showed glucose hypometabolism in the anterior part of the right middle cingulate cortex, including the rostral cingulate motor area, compared with those without PM. For copying, the PD patients with PM showed glucose hypometabolism in the right superior occipital gyrus, including V3A, compared with those without PM. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that PM in free writing in PD patients is caused by the difficulty of monitoring whether the actual handwriting movements are desirable for maintaining letter size during self-paced handwriting. By contrast, PM in copying in PD patients is evoked by a lack of visual information about the personal handwriting and hand motions that are used as cues for maintaining letter sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigenori Kanno
- Department of Behavioural Neurology and Cognitive NeuroscienceTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Mayumi Shinohara
- Department of Behavioural Neurology and Cognitive NeuroscienceTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Kasumi Kanno
- Department of Behavioural Neurology and Cognitive NeuroscienceTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Yukihiro Gomi
- Department of Behavioural Neurology and Cognitive NeuroscienceTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
- Department of Occupational TherapyInternational University of Health and WelfareNaritaJapan
| | - Makoto Uchiyama
- Department of Behavioural Neurology and Cognitive NeuroscienceTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing SciencesNiigata University of Health and WelfareNiigataJapan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nishio
- Department of Behavioural Neurology and Cognitive NeuroscienceTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
- Department of General PsychiatryTokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa HospitalSetagayaJapan
| | - Toru Baba
- Department of Behavioural Neurology and Cognitive NeuroscienceTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
- Department of NeurologySendai Nishitaga HospitalSendaiJapan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hosokai
- Department of Behavioural Neurology and Cognitive NeuroscienceTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
- Department of Radiological ScienceInternational University of Health and WelfareOtawaraJapan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Department of NeurologySendai Nishitaga HospitalSendaiJapan
| | - Hiroshi Fukuda
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and RadiologyInstitute of Development, Aging and CancerTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Division of RadiologyTohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Etsuro Mori
- Department of Behavioural Neurology and Cognitive NeuroscienceTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
- Department of Behavioural Neurology and Cognitive NeuropsychiatryOsaka University United Graduate School of Child DevelopmentSuitaJapan
| | - Kyoko Suzuki
- Department of Behavioural Neurology and Cognitive NeuroscienceTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jones RG, Briggs RG, Conner AK, Bonney PA, Fletcher LR, Ahsan SA, Chakraborty AR, Nix CE, Jacobs CC, Lack AM, Griffin DT, Teo C, Sughrue ME. Measuring graphical strength within the connectome: A neuroanatomic, parcellation-based study. J Neurol Sci 2020; 408:116529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.116529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
16
|
Asher JM, Romei V, Hibbard PB. Spatial Frequency Tuning and Transfer of Perceptual Learning for Motion Coherence Reflects the Tuning Properties of Global Motion Processing. Vision (Basel) 2019; 3:vision3030044. [PMID: 31735845 PMCID: PMC6802806 DOI: 10.3390/vision3030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceptual learning is typically highly specific to the stimuli and task used during training. However, recently, it has been shown that training on global motion can transfer to untrained tasks, reflecting the generalising properties of mechanisms at this level of processing. We investigated (i) if feedback was required for learning in a motion coherence task, (ii) the transfer across the spatial frequency of training on a global motion coherence task and (iii) the transfer of this training to a measure of contrast sensitivity. For our first experiment, two groups, with and without feedback, trained for ten days on a broadband motion coherence task. Results indicated that feedback was a requirement for robust learning. For the second experiment, training consisted of five days of direction discrimination using one of three motion coherence stimuli (where individual elements were comprised of either broadband Gaussian blobs or low- or high-frequency random-dot Gabor patches), with trial-by-trial auditory feedback. A pre- and post-training assessment was conducted for each of the three types of global motion coherence conditions and high and low spatial frequency contrast sensitivity (both without feedback). Our training paradigm was successful at eliciting improvement in the trained tasks over the five days. Post-training assessments found evidence of transfer for the motion coherence task exclusively for the group trained on low spatial frequency elements. For the contrast sensitivity tasks, improved performance was observed for low- and high-frequency stimuli, following motion coherence training with broadband stimuli, and for low-frequency stimuli, following low-frequency training. Our findings are consistent with perceptual learning, which depends on the global stage of motion processing in higher cortical areas, which is broadly tuned for spatial frequency, with a preference for low frequencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi M. Asher
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK; (V.R.); (P.B.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vincenzo Romei
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK; (V.R.); (P.B.H.)
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Campus di Cesena, Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Paul B. Hibbard
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK; (V.R.); (P.B.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Billino
- Abteilung Allgemeine Psychologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Karin S. Pilz
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Baker CM, Burks JD, Briggs RG, Stafford J, Conner AK, Glenn CA, Sali G, McCoy TM, Battiste JD, O’Donoghue DL, Sughrue ME. A Connectomic Atlas of the Human Cerebrum-Chapter 9: The Occipital Lobe. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2018; 15:S372-S406. [PMID: 30260435 PMCID: PMC6888039 DOI: 10.1093/ons/opy263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this supplement, we build on work previously published under the Human Connectome Project. Specifically, we seek to show a comprehensive anatomic atlas of the human cerebrum demonstrating all 180 distinct regions comprising the cerebral cortex. The location, functional connectivity, and structural connectivity of these regions are outlined, and where possible a discussion is included of the functional significance of these areas. In part 9, we specifically address regions relevant to the occipital lobe and the visual system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cordell M Baker
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Joshua D Burks
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Robert G Briggs
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jordan Stafford
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Andrew K Conner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Chad A Glenn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Goksel Sali
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Tressie M McCoy
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - James D Battiste
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Daniel L O’Donoghue
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Michael E Sughrue
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Insights from perceptual, sensory, and motor functioning in autism and cerebellar primary disturbances: Are there reliable markers for these disorders? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:263-279. [PMID: 30268434 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of cerebellar circuitry alterations in the pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been widely investigated in the last decades. Yet, experimental studies on neurocognitive markers of ASD have not been attentively compared with similar studies in patients with cerebellar primary disturbances (e.g., malformations, agenesis, degeneration, etc). Addressing this neglected issue could be useful to underline unexpected areas of overlap and/or underestimated differences between these sets of conditions. In fact, ASD and cerebellar primary disturbances (notably, Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome, CCAS) can share atypical manifestations in perceptual, sensory, and motor functions, but neural subcircuits involved in these anomalies/difficulties could be distinct. Here, we specifically deal with this issue focusing on four paradigmatic neurocognitive functions: visual and biological motion perception, multisensory integration, and high stages of the motor hierarchy. From a research perspective, this represents an essential challenge to more deeply understand neurocognitive markers of ASD and of cerebellar primary disturbances/CCAS. Although we cannot assume definitive conclusions, and beyond phenotypical similarities between ASD and CCAS, clinical and experimental evidence described in this work argues that ASD and CCAS are distinct phenomena. ASD and CCAS seem to be characterized by different pathophysiological mechanisms and mediated by distinct neural nodes. In parallel, from a clinical perspective, this characterization may furnish insights to tackle the distinction between autistic functioning/autistic phenotype (in ASD) and dysmetria of thought/autistic-like phenotype (in CCAS).
Collapse
|
20
|
Nagy AJ, Takeuchi Y, Berényi A. Coding of self-motion-induced and self-independent visual motion in the rat dorsomedial striatum. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004712. [PMID: 29939998 PMCID: PMC6034886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary development of vision has provided us with the capacity to detect moving objects. Concordant shifts of visual features suggest movements of the observer, whereas discordant changes are more likely to be indicating independently moving objects, such as predators or prey. Such distinction helps us to focus attention, adapt our behavior, and adjust our motor patterns to meet behavioral challenges. However, the neural basis of distinguishing self-induced and self-independent visual motions is not clarified in unrestrained animals yet. In this study, we investigated the presence and origin of motion-related visual information in the striatum of rats, a hub of action selection and procedural memory. We found that while almost half of the neurons in the dorsomedial striatum are sensitive to visual motion congruent with locomotion (and that many of them also code for spatial location), only a small subset of them are composed of fast-firing interneurons that could also perceive self-independent visual stimuli. These latter cells receive their visual input at least partially from the secondary visual cortex (V2). This differential visual sensitivity may be an important support in adjusting behavior to salient environmental events. It emphasizes the importance of investigating visual motion perception in unrestrained animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anett J. Nagy
- MTA-SZTE “Momentum” Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Yuichi Takeuchi
- MTA-SZTE “Momentum” Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Antal Berényi
- MTA-SZTE “Momentum” Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fornaciai M, Togoli I, Arrighi R. Motion-induced compression of perceived numerosity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6966. [PMID: 29725026 PMCID: PMC5934405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recently proposed that space, time, and number might share a common representation in the brain. Evidence supporting this idea comes from adaptation studies demonstrating that prolonged exposure to a given stimulus feature distorts the perception of different characteristics. For example, visual motion adaptation affects both perceived position and duration of subsequent stimuli presented in the adapted location. Here, we tested whether motion adaptation also affects perceived numerosity, by testing the effect of adaptation to translating or rotating stimuli moving either at high (20 Hz) or low (5 Hz) speed. Adaptation to fast translational motion yielded a robust reduction in the apparent numerosity of the adapted stimulus (~25%) while adaptation to slow translational or circular motion (either 20 Hz or 5 Hz) yielded a weaker but still significant compression. Control experiments suggested that none of these results could be accounted for in terms of stimulus masking. Taken together, our results are consistent with the extant literature supporting the idea of a generalized magnitude system underlying the representation of numerosity, space and time via common metrics. However, as changes in perceived numerosity co-varied with both adapting motion profile and speed, our evidence also suggests complex and asymmetric interactions between different magnitude representations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fornaciai
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Irene Togoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, via di San Salvi 12, Firenze, 50139, Italy
| | - Roberto Arrighi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, via di San Salvi 12, Firenze, 50139, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Decoding rule search domain in the left inferior frontal gyrus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194054. [PMID: 29547623 PMCID: PMC5856266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the left hemisphere has been thought to extract mainly verbal patterns of information, but recent evidence has shown that the left Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG) is active during inductive reasoning in both the verbal and spatial domains. We aimed to understand whether the left IFG supports inductive reasoning in a domain-specific or domain-general fashion. To do this we used Multi-Voxel Pattern Analysis to decode the representation of domain during a rule search task. Thirteen participants were asked to extract the rule underlying streams of letters presented in different spatial locations. Each rule was either verbal (letters forming words) or spatial (positions forming geometric figures). Our results show that domain was decodable in the left prefrontal cortex, suggesting that this region represents domain-specific information, rather than processes common to the two domains. A replication study with the same participants tested two years later confirmed these findings, though the individual representations changed, providing evidence for the flexible nature of representations. This study extends our knowledge on the neural basis of goal-directed behaviors and on how information relevant for rule extraction is flexibly mapped in the prefrontal cortex.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ma Z, Watamaniuk SNJ, Heinen SJ. Illusory motion reveals velocity matching, not foveation, drives smooth pursuit of large objects. J Vis 2017; 17:20. [PMID: 29090315 PMCID: PMC5665499 DOI: 10.1167/17.12.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
When small objects move in a scene, we keep them foveated with smooth pursuit eye movements. Although large objects such as people and animals are common, it is nonetheless unknown how we pursue them since they cannot be foveated. It might be that the brain calculates an object's centroid, and then centers the eyes on it during pursuit as a foveation mechanism might. Alternatively, the brain merely matches the velocity by motion integration. We test these alternatives with an illusory motion stimulus that translates at a speed different from its retinal motion. The stimulus was a Gabor array that translated at a fixed velocity, with component Gabors that drifted with motion consistent or inconsistent with the translation. Velocity matching predicts different pursuit behaviors across drift conditions, while centroid matching predicts no difference. We also tested whether pursuit can segregate and ignore irrelevant local drifts when motion and centroid information are consistent by surrounding the Gabors with solid frames. Finally, observers judged the global translational speed of the Gabors to determine whether smooth pursuit and motion perception share mechanisms. We found that consistent Gabor motion enhanced pursuit gain while inconsistent, opposite motion diminished it, drawing the eyes away from the center of the stimulus and supporting a motion-based pursuit drive. Catch-up saccades tended to counter the position offset, directing the eyes opposite to the deviation caused by the pursuit gain change. Surrounding the Gabors with visible frames canceled both the gain increase and the compensatory saccades. Perceived speed was modulated analogous to pursuit gain. The results suggest that smooth pursuit of large stimuli depends on the magnitude of integrated retinal motion information, not its retinal location, and that the position system might be unnecessary for generating smooth velocity to large pursuit targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ma
- Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Stephen J Heinen
- The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhu JE, Ma WJ. Orientation-dependent biases in length judgments of isolated stimuli. J Vis 2017; 17:20. [PMID: 28245499 DOI: 10.1167/17.2.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical line segments tend to be perceived as longer than horizontal ones of the same length, but this may in part be due to configuration effects. To minimize such effects, we used isolated line segments in a two-interval, forced choice paradigm, not limiting ourselves to horizontal and vertical. We fitted psychometric curves using a Bayesian method that assumes that, for a given subject, the lapse rate is the same across all conditions. The closer a line segment's orientation was to vertical, the longer it was perceived to be. Moreover, subjects tended to report the standard line (in the second interval) as longer. The data were well described by a model that contains both an orientation-dependent and an interval-dependent multiplicative bias. Using this model, we estimated that a vertical line was on average perceived as 9.2% ± 2.1% longer than a horizontal line, and a second-interval line was on average perceived as 2.4% ± 0.9% longer than a first-interval line. Moving from a descriptive to an explanatory model, we hypothesized that anisotropy in the polar angle of lines in three dimensions underlies the horizontal-vertical illusion, specifically, that line segments more often have a polar angle of 90° (corresponding to the ground plane) than any other polar angle. This model qualitatively accounts not only for the empirical relationship between projected length and projected orientation that predicts the horizontal-vertical illusion, but also for the empirical distribution of projected orientation in photographs of natural scenes and for paradoxical results reported earlier for slanted surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jielei Emma Zhu
- Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY,
| | - Wei Ji Ma
- Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY,
| |
Collapse
|