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Rogalla MM, Quass GL, Yardley H, Martinez-Voigt C, Ford AN, Wallace G, Dileepkumar D, Corfas G, Apostolides PF. Population coding of auditory space in the dorsal inferior colliculus persists with altered binaural cues. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.13.612867. [PMID: 39314270 PMCID: PMC11419156 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.13.612867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Sound localization is critical for real-world hearing, such as segregating overlapping sound streams. For optimal flexibility, central representations of auditory space must adapt to peripheral changes in binaural cue availability, such as following asymmetric hearing loss in adulthood. However, whether the mature auditory system can reliably encode spatial auditory representations upon abrupt changes in binaural input is unclear. Here we use 2-photon Ca2+ imaging in awake head-fixed mice to determine how the higher-order "shell" layers of the inferior colliculus (IC) encode sound source location in the frontal azimuth, under binaural conditions and after acute monaural hearing loss induced by an ear plug ipsilateral to the imaged hemisphere. Spatial receptive fields were typically broad and not exclusively contralateral: Neurons responded reliably to multiple positions in the contra- and ipsi-lateral hemifields, with preferred positions tiling the entire frontal azimuth. Ear plugging broadened receptive fields and reduced spatial selectivity in a subset of neurons, in agreement with an inhibitory influence of ipsilateral sounds. However ear plugging also enhanced spatial tuning and/or unmasked receptive fields in other neurons, shifting the distribution of preferred angles ipsilaterally with minimal impact on the neuronal population's overall spatial resolution; these effects occurred within 2 hours of ear plugging. Consequently, linear classifiers trained on fluorescence data from control and ear-plugged conditions had similar classification accuracy when tested on held out data from within, but not across hearing conditions. Spatially informative neuronal population codes therefore arise rapidly following monaural hearing loss, in absence of overt experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike M Rogalla
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute & Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Gunnar L Quass
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute & Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Harry Yardley
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute & Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Clara Martinez-Voigt
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute & Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Alexander N Ford
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute & Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Gunseli Wallace
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute & Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Deepak Dileepkumar
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute & Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Gabriel Corfas
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute & Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Pierre F Apostolides
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute & Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
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2
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Chen Y, Beech P, Yin Z, Jia S, Zhang J, Yu Z, Liu JK. Decoding dynamic visual scenes across the brain hierarchy. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012297. [PMID: 39093861 PMCID: PMC11324145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the computational mechanisms that underlie the encoding and decoding of environmental stimuli is a crucial investigation in neuroscience. Central to this pursuit is the exploration of how the brain represents visual information across its hierarchical architecture. A prominent challenge resides in discerning the neural underpinnings of the processing of dynamic natural visual scenes. Although considerable research efforts have been made to characterize individual components of the visual pathway, a systematic understanding of the distinctive neural coding associated with visual stimuli, as they traverse this hierarchical landscape, remains elusive. In this study, we leverage the comprehensive Allen Visual Coding-Neuropixels dataset and utilize the capabilities of deep learning neural network models to study neural coding in response to dynamic natural visual scenes across an expansive array of brain regions. Our study reveals that our decoding model adeptly deciphers visual scenes from neural spiking patterns exhibited within each distinct brain area. A compelling observation arises from the comparative analysis of decoding performances, which manifests as a notable encoding proficiency within the visual cortex and subcortical nuclei, in contrast to a relatively reduced encoding activity within hippocampal neurons. Strikingly, our results unveil a robust correlation between our decoding metrics and well-established anatomical and functional hierarchy indexes. These findings corroborate existing knowledge in visual coding related to artificial visual stimuli and illuminate the functional role of these deeper brain regions using dynamic stimuli. Consequently, our results suggest a novel perspective on the utility of decoding neural network models as a metric for quantifying the encoding quality of dynamic natural visual scenes represented by neural responses, thereby advancing our comprehension of visual coding within the complex hierarchy of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peter Beech
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ziwei Yin
- School of Computer Science, Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shanshan Jia
- School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institute for Medical and Engineering Innovation, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaofei Yu
- School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian K. Liu
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Computer Science, Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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3
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Lu Z, Zuo S, Shi M, Fan J, Xie J, Xiao G, Yu L, Wu J, Dai Q. Long-term intravital subcellular imaging with confocal scanning light-field microscopy. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-024-02249-5. [PMID: 38802562 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-024-02249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Long-term observation of subcellular dynamics in living organisms is limited by background fluorescence originating from tissue scattering or dense labeling. Existing confocal approaches face an inevitable tradeoff among parallelization, resolution and phototoxicity. Here we present confocal scanning light-field microscopy (csLFM), which integrates axially elongated line-confocal illumination with the rolling shutter in scanning light-field microscopy (sLFM). csLFM enables high-fidelity, high-speed, three-dimensional (3D) imaging at near-diffraction-limit resolution with both optical sectioning and low phototoxicity. By simultaneous 3D excitation and detection, the excitation intensity can be reduced below 1 mW mm-2, with 15-fold higher signal-to-background ratio over sLFM. We imaged subcellular dynamics over 25,000 timeframes in optically challenging environments in different species, such as migrasome delivery in mouse spleen, retractosome generation in mouse liver and 3D voltage imaging in Drosophila. Moreover, csLFM facilitates high-fidelity, large-scale neural recording with reduced crosstalk, leading to high orientation selectivity to visual stimuli, similar to two-photon microscopy, which aids understanding of neural coding mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Lu
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-dimension & Multi-scale Computational Photography (MMCP), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Zhejiang Hehu Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Hangzhou Zhuoxi Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siqing Zuo
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-dimension & Multi-scale Computational Photography (MMCP), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Fan
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingyu Xie
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guihua Xiao
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-dimension & Multi-scale Computational Photography (MMCP), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Shanghai AI Laboratory, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qionghai Dai
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-dimension & Multi-scale Computational Photography (MMCP), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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4
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Gorin AS, Miao Y, Ahn S, Suresh V, Su Y, Ciftcioglu UM, Sommer FT, Hirsch JA. Local interneurons in the murine visual thalamus have diverse receptive fields and can provide feature selective inhibition to relay cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.10.549394. [PMID: 37609295 PMCID: PMC10441385 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.10.549394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
By influencing the type and quality of information that relay cells transmit, local interneurons in thalamus have a powerful impact on cortex. To define the sensory features that these inhibitory neurons encode, we mapped receptive fields of optogenetically identified cells in the murine dorsolateral geniculate nucleus. Although few in number, local interneurons had diverse types of receptive fields, like their counterpart relay cells. This result differs markedly from visual cortex, where inhibitory cells are typically less selective than excitatory cells. To explore how thalamic interneurons might converge on relay cells, we took a computational approach. Using an evolutionary algorithm to search through a library of interneuron models generated from our results, we show that aggregated output from different groups of local interneurons can simulate the inhibitory component of the relay cell's receptive field. Thus, our work provides proof-of-concept that groups of diverse interneurons can supply feature-specific inhibition to relay cells.
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5
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Liang Y, Lu R, Borges K, Ji N. Stimulus edges induce orientation tuning in superior colliculus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4756. [PMID: 37553352 PMCID: PMC10409754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Orientation columns exist in the primary visual cortex (V1) of cat and primates but not mouse. Intriguingly, some recent studies reported the presence of orientation and direction columns in the mouse superficial superior colliculus (sSC), while others reported a lack of columnar organization therein. Using in vivo calcium imaging of sSC in the awake mouse brain, we found that the presence of columns is highly stimulus dependent. Specifically, we observed orientation and direction columns formed by sSC neurons retinotopically mapped to the edge of grating stimuli. For both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in sSC, orientation selectivity can be induced by the edge with their preferred orientation perpendicular to the edge orientation. Furthermore, we found that this edge-induced orientation selectivity is associated with saliency encoding. These findings indicate that the tuning properties of sSC neurons are not fixed by circuit architecture but rather dependent on the spatiotemporal properties of the stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Liang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, 20148, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rongwen Lu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, 20148, USA
| | - Katharine Borges
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Na Ji
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, 20148, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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6
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Teh KL, Sibille J, Gehr C, Kremkow J. Retinal waves align the concentric orientation map in mouse superior colliculus to the center of vision. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf4240. [PMID: 37172095 PMCID: PMC10181181 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf4240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in the mouse superior colliculus (SC) are arranged in a concentric orientation map, which is aligned to the center of vision and the optic flow experienced by the mouse. The origin of this map remains unclear. Here, we propose that spontaneous retinal waves during development provide a scaffold to establish the concentric orientation map within the SC and its alignment to the optic flow. We test this hypothesis by modeling the orientation-tuned SC neurons that receive ON/OFF retinal inputs. Our model suggests that the propagation direction bias of stage III retinal waves, together with OFF-delayed responses, shapes the spatial organization of the orientation map. The OFF delay establishes orientation-tuned neurons by segregating their ON/OFF receptive subfields, the wave-like activities form the concentric pattern, and the direction biases align the map to the center of vision. Together, retinal waves may play an instructive role in establishing functional properties of single SC neurons and their spatial organization within maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lun Teh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jérémie Sibille
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Gehr
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Kremkow
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Stacy AK, Schneider NA, Gilman NK, Van Hooser SD. Impact of Acute Visual Experience on Development of LGN Receptive Fields in the Ferret. J Neurosci 2023; 43:3495-3508. [PMID: 37028934 PMCID: PMC10184738 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1461-21.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Selectivity for direction of motion is a key feature of primary visual cortical neurons. Visual experience is required for direction selectivity in carnivore and primate visual cortex, but the circuit mechanisms of its formation remain incompletely understood. Here, we examined how developing lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) neurons may contribute to cortical direction selectivity. Using in vivo electrophysiology techniques, we examined LGN receptive field properties of visually naive female ferrets before and after exposure to 6 h of motion stimuli to assess the effect of acute visual experience on LGN cell development. We found that acute experience with motion stimuli did not significantly affect the weak orientation or direction selectivity of LGN neurons. In addition, we found that neither latency nor sustainedness or transience of LGN neurons significantly changed with acute experience. These results suggest that the direction selectivity that emerges in cortex after acute experience is computed in cortex and cannot be explained by changes in LGN cells.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The development of typical neural circuitry requires experience-independent and experience-dependent factors. In the visual cortex of carnivores and primates, selectivity for motion arises as a result of experience, but we do not understand whether the major brain area that sits between the retina and the visual cortex-the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus-also participates. Here, we found that lateral geniculate neurons do not exhibit changes as a result of several hours of visual experience with moving stimuli at a time when visual cortical neurons undergo a rapid change. We conclude that lateral geniculate neurons do not participate in this plasticity and that changes in cortex are likely responsible for the development of direction selectivity in carnivores and primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Stacy
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
| | - Nathan A Schneider
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
| | - Noah K Gilman
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
| | - Stephen D Van Hooser
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
- Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
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8
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Williams AM, Angeloni CF, Geffen MN. Sound Improves Neuronal Encoding of Visual Stimuli in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2885-2906. [PMID: 36944489 PMCID: PMC10124961 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2444-21.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In everyday life, we integrate visual and auditory information in routine tasks such as navigation and communication. While concurrent sound can improve visual perception, the neuronal correlates of audiovisual integration are not fully understood. Specifically, it remains unclear whether neuronal firing patters in the primary visual cortex (V1) of awake animals demonstrate similar sound-induced improvement in visual discriminability. Furthermore, presentation of sound is associated with movement in the subjects, but little is understood about whether and how sound-associated movement affects audiovisual integration in V1. Here, we investigated how sound and movement interact to modulate V1 visual responses in awake, head-fixed mice and whether this interaction improves neuronal encoding of the visual stimulus. We presented visual drifting gratings with and without simultaneous auditory white noise to awake mice while recording mouse movement and V1 neuronal activity. Sound modulated activity of 80% of light-responsive neurons, with 95% of neurons increasing activity when the auditory stimulus was present. A generalized linear model (GLM) revealed that sound and movement had distinct and complementary effects of the neuronal visual responses. Furthermore, decoding of the visual stimulus from the neuronal activity was improved with sound, an effect that persisted even when controlling for movement. These results demonstrate that sound and movement modulate visual responses in complementary ways, improving neuronal representation of the visual stimulus. This study clarifies the role of movement as a potential confound in neuronal audiovisual responses and expands our knowledge of how multimodal processing is mediated at a neuronal level in the awake brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sound and movement are both known to modulate visual responses in the primary visual cortex; however, sound-induced movement has largely remained unaccounted for as a potential confound in audiovisual studies in awake animals. Here, authors found that sound and movement both modulate visual responses in an important visual brain area, the primary visual cortex, in distinct, yet complementary ways. Furthermore, sound improved encoding of the visual stimulus even when accounting for movement. This study reconciles contrasting theories on the mechanism underlying audiovisual integration and asserts the primary visual cortex as a key brain region participating in tripartite sensory interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Williams
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Christopher F Angeloni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Maria N Geffen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
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9
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Hanson L, Ravi-Chander P, Berson D, Awatramani GB. Hierarchical retinal computations rely on hybrid chemical-electrical signaling. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112030. [PMID: 36696265 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar cells (BCs) are integral to the retinal circuits that extract diverse features from the visual environment. They bridge photoreceptors to ganglion cells, the source of retinal output. Understanding how such circuits encode visual features requires an accounting of the mechanisms that control glutamate release from bipolar cell axons. Here, we demonstrate orientation selectivity in a specific genetically identifiable type of mouse bipolar cell-type 5A (BC5A). Their synaptic terminals respond best when stimulated with vertical bars that are far larger than their dendritic fields. We provide evidence that this selectivity involves enhanced excitation for vertical stimuli that requires gap junctional coupling through connexin36. We also show that this orientation selectivity is detectable postsynaptically in direction-selective ganglion cells, which were not previously thought to be selective for orientation. Together, these results demonstrate how multiple features are extracted by a single hierarchical network, engaging distinct electrical and chemical synaptic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hanson
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada
| | | | - David Berson
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Gautam B Awatramani
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada.
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10
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Haploinsufficiency of Shank3 increases the orientation selectivity of V1 neurons. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22230. [PMID: 36564435 PMCID: PMC9789112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose hallmarks are social deficits, language impairment, repetitive behaviors, and sensory alterations. It has been reported that patients with ASD show differential activity in cortical regions, for instance, increased neuronal activity in visual processing brain areas and atypical visual perception compared with healthy subjects. The causes of these alterations remain unclear, although many studies demonstrate that ASD has a strong genetic correlation. An example is Phelan-McDermid syndrome, caused by a deletion of the Shank3 gene in one allele of chromosome 22. However, the neuronal consequences relating to the haploinsufficiency of Shank3 in the brain remain unknown. Given that sensory abnormalities are often present along with the core symptoms of ASD, our goal was to study the tuning properties of the primary visual cortex to orientation and direction in awake, head-fixed Shank3+/- mice. We recorded neural activity in vivo in response to visual gratings in the primary visual cortex from a mouse model of ASD (Shank3+/- mice) using the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6f, imaged with a two-photon microscope through a cranial window. We found that Shank3+/- mice showed a higher proportion of neurons responsive to drifting gratings stimuli than wild-type mice. Shank3+/- mice also show increased responses to some specific stimuli. Furthermore, analyzing the distributions of neurons for the tuning width, we found that Shank3+/- mice have narrower tuning widths, which was corroborated by analyzing the orientation selectivity. Regarding this, Shank3+/- mice have a higher proportion of selective neurons, specifically neurons showing increased selectivity to orientation but not direction. Thus, the haploinsufficiency of Shank3 modified the neuronal response of the primary visual cortex.
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11
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Natural scene sampling reveals reliable coarse-scale orientation tuning in human V1. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6469. [PMID: 36309512 PMCID: PMC9617970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Orientation selectivity in primate visual cortex is organized into cortical columns. Since cortical columns are at a finer spatial scale than the sampling resolution of standard BOLD fMRI measurements, analysis approaches have been proposed to peer past these spatial resolution limitations. It was recently found that these methods are predominantly sensitive to stimulus vignetting - a form of selectivity arising from an interaction of the oriented stimulus with the aperture edge. Beyond vignetting, it is not clear whether orientation-selective neural responses are detectable in BOLD measurements. Here, we leverage a dataset of visual cortical responses measured using high-field 7T fMRI. Fitting these responses using image-computable models, we compensate for vignetting and nonetheless find reliable tuning for orientation. Results further reveal a coarse-scale map of orientation preference that may constitute the neural basis for known perceptual anisotropies. These findings settle a long-standing debate in human neuroscience, and provide insights into functional organization principles of visual cortex.
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12
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Chan KH, Shik HT, Kwok KW, Kee CS, Leung TW. Bi-directional Refractive Compensation for With-the-Rule and Against-the-Rule Astigmatism in Young Adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:15. [PMID: 36155745 PMCID: PMC9526370 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.10.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effect of imposing astigmatism on the refractive states of young adults. Methods Nineteen visually healthy low-astigmatic young adults (age = 20.94 ± 0.37 years; spherical-equivalent errors [M] = -1.47 ± 0.23 diopters [D]; cylindrical errors = -0.32 ± 0.05 D) were recruited. They were asked to wear a trial frame with treated and control lenses while watching a video for an hour. In three separate visits, the treated eye was exposed to one of three defocused conditions in random sequence: (1) with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism = +3.00 DC × 180 degrees; (2) against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism = +3.00 DC × 90 degrees; and (3) spherical defocus (SPH) = +3.00 DS. The control eye was fully corrected optically. Before and after watching the video, non-cycloplegic autorefraction was performed over the trial lenses. Refractive errors were decomposed into M, J0, and J45 astigmatism. Interocular differences in refractions (treated eye - control eye) were analyzed. Results After participants watched the video with monocular astigmatic defocus for an hour, the magnitude of the J0 astigmatism was significantly reduced by 0.25 ± 0.10 D in both WTR (from +1.53 ± 0.07 D to +1.28 ± 0.09 D) and 0.39 ± 0.15 D in ATR conditions (from -1.33 ± 0.06 D to -0.94 ± 0.18 D), suggesting an active compensation. In contrast, changes in J0 astigmatism were not significant in the SPH condition. No compensatory changes in J45 astigmatism or M were found under any conditions. Conclusions Watching a video for an hour with astigmatic defocus induced bidirectional, compensatory changes in astigmatic components, suggesting that refractive components of young adults are moldable to compensate for orientation-specific astigmatic blur over a short period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Ho Chan
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Special Administration Region of the People's, Republic of China.,Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Special Administration Region of the People's, Republic of China
| | - Ho-Tin Shik
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Special Administration Region of the People's, Republic of China
| | - Kwan William Kwok
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Special Administration Region of the People's, Republic of China
| | - Chea-Su Kee
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Special Administration Region of the People's, Republic of China.,Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Special Administration Region of the People's, Republic of China
| | - Tsz-Wing Leung
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Special Administration Region of the People's, Republic of China.,Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Special Administration Region of the People's, Republic of China.,Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Special Administration Region of the People's, Republic of China
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13
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Chen H, Wang M, Xia L, Dong J, Xu G, Wang Z, Feng L, Zhou Y. New Evidence of Central Nervous System Damage in Diabetes: Impairment of Fine Visual Discrimination. Diabetes 2022; 71:1772-1784. [PMID: 35612428 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes can damage both the peripheral sensory organs, causing retinopathy, and the central visual system, leading to contrast sensitivity and impaired color vision in patients without retinopathy. Orientation discrimination is important for shape recognition by the visual system. Our psychophysical findings in this study show diminished orientation discrimination in patients with diabetes without retinopathy. To reveal the underlying mechanism, we established a diabetic mouse model and recorded in vivo electrophysiological data in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and primary visual cortex (V1). Reduced orientation selectivity was observed in both individual and populations of neurons in V1 and dLGN, which increased in severity with disease duration. This diabetes-associated neuronal dysfunction appeared earlier in the V1 than dLGN. Additionally, neuronal activity and signal-to-noise ratio are reduced in V1 neurons of diabetic mice, leading to a decreased capacity for information processing by V1 neurons. Notably, the V1 in diabetic mice exhibits reduced excitatory neuronal activity and lower levels of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Our findings show that altered responses of both populations of and single V1 neurons may impair fine vision, thus expanding our understanding of the underlying causes of diabetes-related impairment of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Menghan Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Jiong Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Guangwei Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lixia Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
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14
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Jiang Q, Litvina EY, Acarón Ledesma H, Shu G, Sonoda T, Wei W, Chen C. Functional convergence of on-off direction-selective ganglion cells in the visual thalamus. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3110-3120.e6. [PMID: 35793680 PMCID: PMC9438454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the mouse visual system, multiple types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) each encode distinct features of the visual space. A clear understanding of how this information is parsed in their downstream target, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), remains elusive. Here, we characterized retinogeniculate connectivity in Cart-IRES2-Cre-D and BD-CreER2 mice, which labels subsets of on-off direction-selective ganglion cells (ooDSGCs) tuned to the vertical directions and to only ventral motion, respectively. Our immunohistochemical, electrophysiological, and optogenetic experiments reveal that only a small fraction (<15%) of thalamocortical (TC) neurons in the dLGN receives primary retinal drive from these subtypes of ooDSGCs. The majority of the functionally identifiable ooDSGC inputs in the dLGN are weak and converge together with inputs from other RGC types. Yet our modeling indicates that this mixing is not random: BD-CreER+ ooDSGC inputs converge less frequently with ooDSGCs tuned to the opposite direction than with non-CART-Cre+ RGC types. Taken together, these results indicate that convergence of distinct information lines in dLGN follows specific rules of organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufen Jiang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth Y Litvina
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 6001 Executive Boulevard Suite 3309, Bethesda, MD 20824, USA
| | - Héctor Acarón Ledesma
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guanhua Shu
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Takuma Sonoda
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, 947 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chinfei Chen
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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15
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Krizan JM, Kerschensteiner D. Vision: Rules of thalamic mixology. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R779-R781. [PMID: 35882198 PMCID: PMC9888587 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The retina generates rich feature representations of the visual world that pass through the thalamus on their way to cortex and perception. A new study reveals rules that govern the separation and combination of retinal inputs in the thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Krizan
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel Kerschensteiner
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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16
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Sokhadze G, Whyland KL, Bickford ME, Guido W. The organization of cholinergic projections in the visual thalamus of the mouse. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:1081-1098. [PMID: 34448209 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic projections from the brainstem serve as important modulators of activity in visual thalamic nuclei such as the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). While these projections have been studied in several mammals, a comprehensive examination of their organization in the mouse is lacking. We used the retrograde transport of viruses or cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) injected in the dLGN, immunocytochemical labeling with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), brain nitric oxide synthase (BNOS), and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), ChAT-Cre mice crossed with a reporter line (Ai9), as well as brainstem virus injections in ChAT-Cre mice to examine the pattern of thalamic innervation from cholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg), laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg), and the parabigeminal nucleus (PBG). Retrograde tracing demonstrated that the dLGN receives input from the PPTg, LDTg, and PBG. Viral tracing in ChAT-Cre mice and retrograde tracing combined with immunocytochemistry revealed that many of these inputs originate from cholinergic neurons in the PBG and PPTg. Most notable was an extensive cholinergic projection from the PBG which innervated most of the contralateral dLGN, with an especially dense concentration in the dorsolateral shell, as well as a small region in the dorsomedial pole of the ipsilateral dLGN. The PPTg was found to provide a sparse somewhat diffuse innervation of the ipsilateral dLGN. Neurons in the PPTg co-expressed ChAT, BNOS, and VAChT, whereas PBG neurons expressed ChAT, but not BNOS or VAChT. These results highlight the presence of distinct cholinergic populations that innervate the mouse dLGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guela Sokhadze
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kyle L Whyland
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Martha E Bickford
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - William Guido
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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17
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Abstract
Retinal circuits transform the pixel representation of photoreceptors into the feature representations of ganglion cells, whose axons transmit these representations to the brain. Functional, morphological, and transcriptomic surveys have identified more than 40 retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types in mice. RGCs extract features of varying complexity; some simply signal local differences in brightness (i.e., luminance contrast), whereas others detect specific motion trajectories. To understand the retina, we need to know how retinal circuits give rise to the diverse RGC feature representations. A catalog of the RGC feature set, in turn, is fundamental to understanding visual processing in the brain. Anterograde tracing indicates that RGCs innervate more than 50 areas in the mouse brain. Current maps connecting RGC types to brain areas are rudimentary, as is our understanding of how retinal signals are transformed downstream to guide behavior. In this article, I review the feature selectivities of mouse RGCs, how they arise, and how they are utilized downstream. Not only is knowledge of the behavioral purpose of RGC signals critical for understanding the retinal contributions to vision; it can also guide us to the most relevant areas of visual feature space. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 8 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kerschensteiner
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Biomedical Engineering; and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA;
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18
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Spacek MA, Crombie D, Bauer Y, Born G, Liu X, Katzner S, Busse L. Robust effects of corticothalamic feedback and behavioral state on movie responses in mouse dLGN. eLife 2022; 11:e70469. [PMID: 35315775 PMCID: PMC9020820 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus receive a substantial proportion of modulatory inputs from corticothalamic (CT) feedback and brain stem nuclei. Hypothesizing that these modulatory influences might be differentially engaged depending on the visual stimulus and behavioral state, we performed in vivo extracellular recordings from mouse dLGN while optogenetically suppressing CT feedback and monitoring behavioral state by locomotion and pupil dilation. For naturalistic movie clips, we found CT feedback to consistently increase dLGN response gain and promote tonic firing. In contrast, for gratings, CT feedback effects on firing rates were mixed. For both stimulus types, the neural signatures of CT feedback closely resembled those of behavioral state, yet effects of behavioral state on responses to movies persisted even when CT feedback was suppressed. We conclude that CT feedback modulates visual information on its way to cortex in a stimulus-dependent manner, but largely independently of behavioral state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Spacek
- Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, LMU MunichPlanegg-MartinsriedGermany
| | - Davide Crombie
- Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, LMU MunichPlanegg-MartinsriedGermany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Yannik Bauer
- Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, LMU MunichPlanegg-MartinsriedGermany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Gregory Born
- Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, LMU MunichPlanegg-MartinsriedGermany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, LMU MunichPlanegg-MartinsriedGermany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Steffen Katzner
- Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, LMU MunichPlanegg-MartinsriedGermany
| | - Laura Busse
- Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, LMU MunichPlanegg-MartinsriedGermany
- Bernstein Centre for Computational NeuroscienceMunichGermany
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19
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Barbera D, Priebe NJ, Glickfeld LL. Feedforward mechanisms of cross-orientation interactions in mouse V1. Neuron 2022; 110:297-311.e4. [PMID: 34735779 PMCID: PMC8920535 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sensory neurons are modulated by context. For example, in mouse primary visual cortex (V1), neuronal responses to the preferred orientation are modulated by the presence of superimposed orientations ("plaids"). The effects of this modulation are diverse; some neurons are suppressed, while others have larger responses to a plaid than its components. We investigated whether this diversity could be explained by a unified circuit mechanism. We report that this masking is maintained during suppression of cortical activity, arguing against cortical mechanisms. Instead, the heterogeneity of plaid responses is explained by an interaction between stimulus geometry and orientation tuning. Highly selective neurons are uniformly suppressed by plaids, whereas the effects in weakly selective neurons depend on the spatial configuration of the stimulus, transitioning systematically between suppression and facilitation. Thus, the diverse responses emerge as a consequence of the spatial structure of feedforward inputs, with no need to invoke cortical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Barbera
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nicholas J Priebe
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Lindsey L Glickfeld
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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20
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Stacy AK, Van Hooser SD. Development of Functional Properties in the Early Visual System: New Appreciations of the Roles of Lateral Geniculate Nucleus. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 53:3-35. [PMID: 35112333 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the years following Hubel and Wiesel's first reports on ocular dominance plasticity and amblyopia, much attention has been focused on understanding the role of cortical circuits in developmental and experience-dependent plasticity. Initial studies found few differences between retinal ganglion cells and neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus and uncovered little evidence for an impact of altered visual experience on the functional properties of lateral geniculate nucleus neurons. In the last two decades, however, studies have revealed that the connectivity between the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus is much richer than was previously appreciated, even revealing visual plasticity - including ocular dominance plasticity - in lateral geniculate nucleus neurons. Here we review the development of the early visual system and the impact of experience with a distinct focus on recent discoveries about lateral geniculate nucleus, its connectivity, and evidence for its plasticity and rigidity during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Stacy
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
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21
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Gămănuţ R, Shimaoka D. Anatomical and functional connectomes underlying hierarchical visual processing in mouse visual system. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:1297-1315. [PMID: 34846596 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, there has been a surge in interest in the rodent visual system resulting from the discovery of visual processing functions shared with primates V1, and of a complex anatomical structure in the extrastriate visual cortex. This surprisingly intricate visual system was elucidated by recent investigations using rapidly growing genetic tools primarily available in the mouse. Here, we examine the structural and functional connections of visual areas that have been identified in mice mostly during the past decade, and the impact of these findings on our understanding of brain functions associated with vision. Special attention is paid to structure-function relationships arising from the hierarchical organization, which is a prominent feature of the primate visual system. Recent evidence supports the existence of a hierarchical organization in rodents that contains levels that are poorly resolved relative to those observed in primates. This shallowness of the hierarchy indicates that the mouse visual system incorporates abundant non-hierarchical processing. Thus, the mouse visual system provides a unique opportunity to study non-hierarchical processing and its relation to hierarchical processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Răzvan Gămănuţ
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daisuke Shimaoka
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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22
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Schmidt KE, Wolf F. Punctuated evolution of visual cortical circuits? Evidence from the large rodent Dasyprocta leporina, and the tiny primate Microcebus murinus. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 71:110-118. [PMID: 34823047 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports of the lack of periodic orientation columns in a very large rodent species, the red-rumped agouti, and the existence of incompressible hypercolumns in the lineage of primates, as demonstrated in one of the smallest primates, the mouse lemur, strengthen the interpretation that salt-and-pepper and columns-and-pinwheel mosaics are two distinct functional layouts. These layouts do neither depend on lifestyle nor scale with body size, brain size, absolute neuron numbers, binocular overlap, or visual acuity, but are primarily distinguishable by phylogenetic traits. The predictive value of other biological signatures such as V1 neuronal surface density and the central-peripheral density ratio of retinal ganglion cells are reconsidered, and experiments elucidating the intracortical connectivity in rodents are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin E Schmidt
- Neurobiology of Vision Lab, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59078 970, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Fred Wolf
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Herrmann-Rein-Strasse, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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23
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Zhuang J, Wang Y, Ouellette ND, Turschak EE, Larsen RS, Takasaki KT, Daigle TL, Tasic B, Waters J, Zeng H, Reid RC. Laminar distribution and arbor density of two functional classes of thalamic inputs to primary visual cortex. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109826. [PMID: 34644562 PMCID: PMC8572142 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion/direction-sensitive and location-sensitive neurons are the two major functional types in mouse visual thalamus that project to the primary visual cortex (V1). It is under debate whether motion/direction-sensitive inputs preferentially target the superficial layers in V1, as opposed to the location-sensitive inputs, which preferentially target the middle layers. Here, by using calcium imaging to measure the activity of motion/direction-sensitive and location-sensitive axons in V1, we find evidence against these cell-type-specific laminar biases at the population level. Furthermore, using an approach to reconstruct axon arbors with identified in vivo response types, we show that, at the single-axon level, the motion/direction-sensitive axons project more densely to the middle layers than the location-sensitive axons. Overall, our results demonstrate that motion/direction-sensitive thalamic neurons project extensively to the middle layers of V1 at both the population and single-cell levels, providing further insight into the organization of thalamocortical projection in the mouse visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhuang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Yun Wang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Rylan S Larsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Tanya L Daigle
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bosiljka Tasic
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jack Waters
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - R Clay Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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24
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Niell CM, Scanziani M. How Cortical Circuits Implement Cortical Computations: Mouse Visual Cortex as a Model. Annu Rev Neurosci 2021; 44:517-546. [PMID: 33914591 PMCID: PMC9925090 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-102320-085825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mouse, as a model organism to study the brain, gives us unprecedented experimental access to the mammalian cerebral cortex. By determining the cortex's cellular composition, revealing the interaction between its different components, and systematically perturbing these components, we are obtaining mechanistic insight into some of the most basic properties of cortical function. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of how circuits of cortical neurons implement computations, as revealed by the study of mouse primary visual cortex. Further, we discuss how studying the mouse has broadened our understanding of the range of computations performed by visual cortex. Finally, we address how future approaches will fulfill the promise of the mouse in elucidating fundamental operations of cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristopher M. Niell
- Department of Biology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Massimo Scanziani
- Department of Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA;
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25
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Harris E, Mihai D, Hare J. How Convolutional Neural Network Architecture Biases Learned Opponency and Color Tuning. Neural Comput 2021; 33:858-898. [PMID: 33400902 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Recent work suggests that changing convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture by introducing a bottleneck in the second layer can yield changes in learned function. To understand this relationship fully requires a way of quantitatively comparing trained networks. The fields of electrophysiology and psychophysics have developed a wealth of methods for characterizing visual systems that permit such comparisons. Inspired by these methods, we propose an approach to obtaining spatial and color tuning curves for convolutional neurons that can be used to classify cells in terms of their spatial and color opponency. We perform these classifications for a range of CNNs with different depths and bottleneck widths. Our key finding is that networks with a bottleneck show a strong functional organization: almost all cells in the bottleneck layer become both spatially and color opponent, and cells in the layer following the bottleneck become nonopponent. The color tuning data can further be used to form a rich understanding of how color a network encodes color. As a concrete demonstration, we show that shallower networks without a bottleneck learn a complex nonlinear color system, whereas deeper networks with tight bottlenecks learn a simple channel opponent code in the bottleneck layer. We develop a method of obtaining a hue sensitivity curve for a trained CNN that enables high-level insights that complement the low-level findings from the color tuning data. We go on to train a series of networks under different conditions to ascertain the robustness of the discussed results. Ultimately our methods and findings coalesce with prior art, strengthening our ability to interpret trained CNNs and furthering our understanding of the connection between architecture and learned representation. Trained models and code for all experiments are available at https://github.com/ecs-vlc/opponency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Harris
- Vision Learning and Control, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1B J, U.K.,
| | - Daniela Mihai
- Vision Learning and Control, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1B J, U.K.,
| | - Jonathon Hare
- Vision Learning and Control, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1B J, U.K.,
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26
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Jang J, Song M, Paik SB. Retino-Cortical Mapping Ratio Predicts Columnar and Salt-and-Pepper Organization in Mammalian Visual Cortex. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3270-3279.e3. [PMID: 32160536 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian primary visual cortex, neural tuning to stimulus orientation is organized in either columnar or salt-and-pepper patterns across species. For decades, this sharp contrast has spawned fundamental questions about the origin of functional architectures in visual cortex. However, it is unknown whether these patterns reflect disparate developmental mechanisms across mammalian taxa or simply originate from variation of biological parameters under a universal development process. In this work, after the analysis of data from eight mammalian species, we show that cortical organization is predictable by a single factor, the retino-cortical mapping ratio. Groups of species with or without columnar clustering are distinguished by the feedforward sampling ratio, and model simulations with controlled mapping conditions reproduce both types of organization. Prediction from the Nyquist theorem explains this parametric division of the patterns with high accuracy. Our results imply that evolutionary variation of physical parameters may induce development of distinct functional circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeson Jang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Song
- Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Bum Paik
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhang X, Li S, Wu W, Li X, Yang Y. A sex-dependent delayed maturation of visual plasticity induced by adverse experiences in early childhood. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100256. [PMID: 33344711 PMCID: PMC7739182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse experiences in early life have a long-term impact on the development of brain, which in turn increases the susceptibility to mental illness during adulthood, especially in female subjects. However, whether and how the visual cortex is affected by these adverse experiences as well as the mechanisms underlying the sex difference are largely unknown. Here, we established a new mouse model of early-life chronic mild stress (ECMS) without anxiety or depression-like behavior in adulthood. ECMS mice showed normal maturation of visual acuity and orientation/direction selectivity, whereas their visual cortical neurons preferred lower spatial frequency (SF) and higher temporal frequency (TF) than control mice. Meanwhile the development of ocular dominance (OD) plasticity was delayed. Specifically, compared with control mice, ECMS mice in the early stage of the critical period (CP) showed a reduction in GABA synthesis enzyme expression as well as lower OD plasticity which could be occluded by diazepam. In contrast, ECMS mice in the late stage of CP showed stronger OD plasticity, accompanied by higher expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor NR2B subunit. Interestingly, only female ECMS mice at adulthood maintained juvenile-like OD plasticity as well as high NR2B expressions. Artificial increase in estradiol level in ECMS males via estradiol supplementary diminished this sex difference. Lastly, OD plasticity was abolished in adult ECMS females either performed with the bilateral ovariectomy in prepuberty, or directly infused with NR2B antagonist Ro 25–6981 into the visual cortex. Overall, our study demonstrates that early adverse experiences have a lasting effect on visual development of mice in a sex-dependent manner, which is mediated by the estradiol-NR2B pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenni Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Sitong Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yupeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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28
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Okigawa S, Yamaguchi M, Ito KN, Takeuchi RF, Morimoto N, Osakada F. Cell type- and layer-specific convergence in core and shell neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:2099-2124. [PMID: 33236346 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over 40 distinct types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) generate parallel processing pathways in the visual system. In mice, two subdivisions of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), the core and the shell, organize distinct parallel channels to transmit visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex (V1). To investigate how the dLGN core and shell differentially integrate visual information and other modalities, we mapped synaptic input sources to each dLGN subdivision at the cell-type level with G-deleted rabies viral vectors. The monosynaptic circuit tracing revealed that dLGN core neurons received inputs from alpha-RGCs, Layer 6 neurons of the V1, the superficial and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (SC), the internal ventral LGN, the lower layer of the external ventral LGN (vLGNe), the intergeniculate leaf, the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), and the pretectal nucleus (PT). Conversely, shell neurons received inputs from alpha-RGCs and direction-selective ganglion cells of the retina, Layer 6 neurons of the V1, the superficial layer of the SC, the superficial and lower layers of the vLGNe, the TRN, the PT, and the parabigeminal nucleus. The present study provides anatomical evidence of the cell type- and layer-specific convergence in dLGN core and shell neurons. These findings suggest that dLGN core neurons integrate and process more multimodal information along with visual information than shell neurons and that LGN core and shell neurons integrate different types of information, send their own convergent information to discrete populations of the V1, and differentially contribute to visual perception and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayumi Okigawa
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kei N Ito
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryosuke F Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nao Morimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,PRESTO/CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
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29
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Liang L, Chen C. Organization, Function, and Development of the Mouse Retinogeniculate Synapse. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2020; 6:261-285. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-121219-081753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Visual information is encoded in distinct retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types in the eye tuned to specific features of the visual space. These streams of information project to the visual thalamus, the first station of the image-forming pathway. In the mouse, this connection between RGCs and thalamocortical neurons, the retinogeniculate synapse, has become a powerful experimental model for understanding how circuits in the thalamus are constructed to process these incoming lines of information. Using modern molecular and genetic tools, recent studies have suggested a more complex circuit organization than was previously understood. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the structural and functional organization of the retinogeniculate synapse in the mouse. We discuss a framework by which a seemingly complex circuit can effectively integrate and parse information to downstream stations of the visual pathway. Finally, we review how activity and visual experience can sculpt this exquisite connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liang
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Chinfei Chen
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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30
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Li B, Zou Y, Yin X, Tang X, Fan H. Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the lateral geniculate body of monocular form deprivation amblyopic kittens. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020; 31:2724-2730. [PMID: 32873060 DOI: 10.1177/1120672120953341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study compared the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the lateral geniculate body between form deprivation amblyopia kittens and normal kittens to examine the significance of BDNF in the lateral geniculate body in the pathogenesis of amblyopia. METHODS Twenty kittens were divided into control group (n = 10) and deprivation group (n = 10). A black opaque eye mask was placed to cover the right eye of the deprivation group. Pattern visual-evoked potentials (PVEPs) were detected weekly in all kittens .After the kittens in the deprivation group developed monocular amblyopia, the lateral geniculate bodies of all kittens were removed. The expression of BDNF in the lateral geniculate body of the two groups was compared by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. RESULTS The latency of the P100 wave in the right eye of the deprivation group was longer than that of the left eye and that of the right eye of the control group (p < 0.05), and the amplitude decreased (p < 0.05). The number and average optical density of BDNF-positive cells in the deprivation group were lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05), and the expression of BDNF in the deprivation group was lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The expression of BDNF in the lateral geniculate body of the amblyopic kittens decreased, and the decrease in BDNF promoted the development of amblyopia. These results demonstrate that BDNF in the lateral geniculate body plays an important role in visual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Department of Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yunchun Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Department of Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Ximin Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Department of Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiuping Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Department of Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Haobo Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Department of Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
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31
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Distributed and retinotopically asymmetric processing of coherent motion in mouse visual cortex. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3565. [PMID: 32678087 PMCID: PMC7366664 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of visual motion is important for a range of ethological behaviors in mammals. In primates, specific visual cortical regions are specialized for processing of coherent visual motion. However, whether mouse visual cortex has a similar organization remains unclear, despite powerful genetic tools available for measuring population neural activity. Here, we use widefield and 2-photon calcium imaging of transgenic mice to measure mesoscale and cellular responses to coherent motion. Imaging of primary visual cortex (V1) and higher visual areas (HVAs) during presentation of natural movies and random dot kinematograms (RDKs) reveals varied responsiveness to coherent motion, with stronger responses in dorsal stream areas compared to ventral stream areas. Moreover, there is considerable anisotropy within visual areas, such that neurons representing the lower visual field are more responsive to coherent motion. These results indicate that processing of visual motion in mouse cortex is distributed heterogeneously both across and within visual areas.
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32
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Yunzab M, Cloherty SL, Ibbotson MR. Comparison of contrast-dependent phase sensitivity in primary visual cortex of mouse, cat and macaque. Neuroreport 2019; 30:960-965. [PMID: 31469724 PMCID: PMC6735947 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurones in the primary visual cortex (V1) are classified into simple and complex types. Simple cells are phase-sensitive, that is, they modulate their responses according to the position and brightness polarity of edges in their receptive fields. Complex cells are phase invariant, that is, they respond to edges in their receptive fields regardless of location or brightness polarity. Simple and complex cells are quantified by the degree of sensitivity to the spatial phases of drifting sinusoidal gratings. Some V1 complex cells become more phase-sensitive at low contrasts. Here we use a standardized analysis method for data derived from grating stimuli developed for macaques to reanalyse data previously collected from cats, and also collect and analyse the responses of 73 mouse V1 neurons. The analysis provides the first consistent comparative study of contrast-dependent phase sensitivity in V1 of mouse, cat and macaque monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molis Yunzab
- National Vision Research Institute, Australian College of Optometry, Carlton
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville
| | - Shaun L. Cloherty
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael R. Ibbotson
- National Vision Research Institute, Australian College of Optometry, Carlton
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville
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33
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Li YT, Fang Q, Zhang LI, Tao HW. Spatial Asymmetry and Short-Term Suppression Underlie Direction Selectivity of Synaptic Excitation in the Mouse Visual Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2059-2070. [PMID: 28498898 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Direction selectivity (DS) of neuronal responses is fundamental for motion detection. With in vivo whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings from layer (L)4 neurons in the mouse visual cortex, we observed a strong correlation between DS and spatial asymmetry in the distribution of excitatory input strengths. This raises an interesting possibility that the latter may contribute to DS. The preferred direction of excitatory input was found from the stronger to weaker side of its spatial receptive field. A simple linear summation of asymmetrically distributed excitatory responses to stationary flash stimuli however failed to predict the correct directionality: it at best resulted in weak DS with preferred direction opposite to what was observed experimentally. Further studies with sequential 2 flash-bar stimulation revealed a short-term suppression of excitatory input evoked by the late bar. More importantly, the level of the suppression positively correlated with the relative amplitude of the early-bar response. Implementing this amplitude-dependent suppressive interaction can successfully predict DS of excitatory input. Our results suggest that via nonlinear temporal interactions, the spatial asymmetry can be transformed into differential temporal integration of inputs under opposite directional movements. This mechanism may contribute to the DS of excitatory inputs to L4 neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Tang Li
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Qi Fang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Li I Zhang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Huizhong Whit Tao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Cell and Neurobiolog, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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34
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Procyk CA, Allen AE, Martial FP, Lucas RJ. Visual responses in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus at early stages of retinal degeneration in rd1 PDE6β mice. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1753-1764. [PMID: 31461375 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00231.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degenerations encompass a wide range of diseases that result in the death of rod and cone photoreceptors, eventually leading to irreversible blindness. Low vision survives at early stages of degeneration, at which point it could rely on residual populations of rod/cone photoreceptors as well as the inner retinal photoreceptor, melanopsin. To date, the impact of partial retinal degeneration on visual responses in the primary visual thalamus (dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, dLGN) remains unknown, as does their relative reliance on surviving rod and cone photoreceptors vs. melanopsin. To answer these questions, we recorded visually evoked responses in the dLGN of anesthetized rd1 mice using in vivo electrophysiology at an age (3-5 wk) at which cones are partially degenerate and rods are absent. We found that excitatory (ON) responses to light had lower amplitude and longer latency in rd1 mice compared with age-matched visually intact controls; however, contrast sensitivity and spatial receptive field size were largely unaffected at this early stage of degeneration. Responses were retained when those wavelengths to which melanopsin is most sensitive were depleted, indicating that they were driven primarily by surviving cones. Inhibitory responses appeared absent in the rd1 thalamus, as did light-evoked gamma oscillations in firing. This description of fundamental features of the dLGN visual response at this intermediate stage of retinal degeneration provides a context for emerging attempts to restore vision by introducing ectopic photoreception to the degenerate retina.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides new therapeutically relevant insights to visual responses in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus during progressive retinal degeneration. Using in vivo electrophysiology, we demonstrate that visual responses have lower amplitude and longer latency during degeneration, but contrast sensitivity and spatial receptive fields remain unaffected. Such visual responses are driven predominantly by surviving cones rather than melanopsin photoreceptors. The functional integrity of this visual pathway is encouraging for emerging attempts at visual restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Procyk
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Annette E Allen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Franck P Martial
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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35
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Abstract
Recent data have shown that sleep plays a beneficial role for cognitive functions such as declarative memory consolidation and perceptual learning. In this article, we review recent findings on the role of sleep in promoting adaptive visual response changes in the lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex following novel visual experiences. We discuss these findings in the context of what is currently known about how sleep affects the activity and function of thalamocortical circuits and current hypotheses regarding how sleep facilitates synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn M Durkin
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sara J Aton
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
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36
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Román Rosón M, Bauer Y, Kotkat AH, Berens P, Euler T, Busse L. Mouse dLGN Receives Functional Input from a Diverse Population of Retinal Ganglion Cells with Limited Convergence. Neuron 2019; 102:462-476.e8. [PMID: 30799020 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mouse vision is based on the parallel output of more than 30 functional types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Little is known about how representations of visual information change between retina and dorsolateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus, the main relay between retina and cortex. Here, we functionally characterized responses of retrogradely labeled dLGN-projecting RGCs and dLGN neurons to the same set of visual stimuli. We found that many of the previously identified functional RGC types innervate dLGN, which maintained a high degree of functional diversity. Using a linear model to assess functional connectivity between RGC types and dLGN neurons, we found that responses of dLGN neurons could be predicted as linear combination of inputs from on average five RGC types, but only two of those had the strongest functional impact. Thus, mouse dLGN receives functional input from a diverse population of RGC types with limited convergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Román Rosón
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Division of Neurobiology, Department Biology II, LMU Munich, 82151 Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Neural & Behavioural Sciences, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yannik Bauer
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Division of Neurobiology, Department Biology II, LMU Munich, 82151 Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience (GSN), LMU Munich, 82151 Munich, Germany
| | - Ann H Kotkat
- Division of Neurobiology, Department Biology II, LMU Munich, 82151 Munich, Germany; ENB Elite Master of Science Program in Neuroengineering, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Berens
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Bernstein Centre for Computational Neuroscience, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Euler
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Bernstein Centre for Computational Neuroscience, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Laura Busse
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Division of Neurobiology, Department Biology II, LMU Munich, 82151 Munich, Germany; Bernstein Centre for Computational Neuroscience, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Bernstein Centre for Computational Neuroscience, 82151 Munich, Germany.
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37
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Pattadkal JJ, Mato G, van Vreeswijk C, Priebe NJ, Hansel D. Emergent Orientation Selectivity from Random Networks in Mouse Visual Cortex. Cell Rep 2018; 24:2042-2050.e6. [PMID: 30134166 PMCID: PMC6179374 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The connectivity principles underlying the emergence of orientation selectivity in primary visual cortex (V1) of mammals lacking an orientation map (such as rodents and lagomorphs) are poorly understood. We present a computational model in which random connectivity gives rise to orientation selectivity that matches experimental observations. The model predicts that mouse V1 neurons should exhibit intricate receptive fields in the two-dimensional frequency domain, causing a shift in orientation preferences with spatial frequency. We find evidence for these features in mouse V1 using calcium imaging and intracellular whole-cell recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagruti J Pattadkal
- Center for Perceptual Systems and Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - German Mato
- Centro Atomico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, CNEA and CONICET, 8400 Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Carl van Vreeswijk
- Center of Neurophysics, Physiology and Pathologies, CNRS-UMR8119, 45 Rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris, France
| | - Nicholas J Priebe
- Center for Perceptual Systems and Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - David Hansel
- Center of Neurophysics, Physiology and Pathologies, CNRS-UMR8119, 45 Rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris, France.
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38
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Shi X, Jin Y, Cang J. Transformation of Feature Selectivity From Membrane Potential to Spikes in the Mouse Superior Colliculus. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:163. [PMID: 29970991 PMCID: PMC6018398 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the visual system display varying degrees of selectivity for stimulus features such as orientation and direction. Such feature selectivity is generated and processed by intricate circuit and synaptic mechanisms. A key factor in this process is the input-output transformation from membrane potential (Vm) to spikes in individual neurons. Here, we use in vivo whole-cell recording to study Vm-to-spike transformation of visual feature selectivity in the superficial neurons of the mouse superior colliculus (SC). As expected from the spike threshold effect, direction and orientation selectivity increase from Vm to spike responses. The degree of this increase is highly variable, and interestingly, it is correlated with the receptive field size of the recorded neurons. We find that the relationships between Vm and spike rate and between Vm dynamics and spike initiation are also correlated with receptive field size, which likely contribute to the observed input-output transformation of feature selectivity. Together, our findings provide useful information for understanding information processing and visual transformation in the mouse SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.,Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjiao Jin
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.,General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianhua Cang
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.,Department of Biology and Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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39
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Ahmadlou M, Tafreshiha A, Heimel JA. Visual Cortex Limits Pop-Out in the Superior Colliculus of Awake Mice. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5772-5783. [PMID: 29029071 PMCID: PMC5939206 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We detect objects more readily if they differ from their surroundings in motion, color, or texture. This increased saliency is thought to be related to increased responses in the visual cortex. The superior colliculus is another brain area involved in vision and especially in directing gaze and attention. In this study, we show that differences in texture orientation also increase responses in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus that receive retinal and cortical input. We found that gratings evoke more neural response when surrounded by orthogonal gratings than when surrounded by parallel gratings, particularly in the awake mouse. This pop-out is not originating from the visual cortex, and silencing visual cortex increased the relative difference in response. A model shows that this can result from retinotopically matched excitation from visual cortex to the superior colliculus. We suggest that the perceptual saliency of a stimulus differing from its surround in a low-level feature like grating orientation could depend on visual processing in the superior colliculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Ahmadlou
- Department of Cortical Structure and Function, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Azadeh Tafreshiha
- Department of Cortical Structure and Function, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Alexander Heimel
- Department of Cortical Structure and Function, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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Guido W. Development, form, and function of the mouse visual thalamus. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:211-225. [PMID: 29641300 PMCID: PMC6093956 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00651.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus is the exclusive relay of retinal information en route to the visual cortex. Although much of our understanding about dLGN comes from studies done in higher mammals, such as the cat and primate, the mouse as a model organism has moved to the forefront as a tractable experimental platform to examine cell type-specific relations. This review highlights our current knowledge about the development, structure, and function of the mouse dLGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Guido
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville, Kentucky
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41
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Liang L, Fratzl A, Goldey G, Ramesh RN, Sugden AU, Morgan JL, Chen C, Andermann ML. A Fine-Scale Functional Logic to Convergence from Retina to Thalamus. Cell 2018; 173:1343-1355.e24. [PMID: 29856953 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Numerous well-defined classes of retinal ganglion cells innervate the thalamus to guide image-forming vision, yet the rules governing their convergence and divergence remain unknown. Using two-photon calcium imaging in awake mouse thalamus, we observed a functional arrangement of retinal ganglion cell axonal boutons in which coarse-scale retinotopic ordering gives way to fine-scale organization based on shared preferences for other visual features. Specifically, at the ∼6 μm scale, clusters of boutons from different axons often showed similar preferences for either one or multiple features, including axis and direction of motion, spatial frequency, and changes in luminance. Conversely, individual axons could "de-multiplex" information channels by participating in multiple, functionally distinct bouton clusters. Finally, ultrastructural analyses demonstrated that retinal axonal boutons in a local cluster often target the same dendritic domain. These data suggest that functionally specific convergence and divergence of retinal axons may impart diverse, robust, and often novel feature selectivity to visual thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alex Fratzl
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Laboratory of Synaptic Mechanisms, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Glenn Goldey
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rohan N Ramesh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arthur U Sugden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Josh L Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chinfei Chen
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Mark L Andermann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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42
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Cang J, Savier E, Barchini J, Liu X. Visual Function, Organization, and Development of the Mouse Superior Colliculus. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2018; 4:239-262. [PMID: 29852095 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-091517-034142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The superior colliculus (SC) is the most prominent visual center in mice. Studies over the past decade have greatly advanced our understanding of the function, organization, and development of the mouse SC, which has rapidly become a popular model in vision research. These studies have described the diverse and cell-type-specific visual response properties in the mouse SC, revealed their laminar and topographic organizations, and linked the mouse SC and downstream pathways with visually guided behaviors. Here, we summarize these findings, compare them with the rich literature of SC studies in other species, and highlight important gaps and exciting future directions. Given its clear importance in mouse vision and the available modern neuroscience tools, the mouse SC holds great promise for understanding the cellular, circuit, and developmental mechanisms that underlie visual processing, sensorimotor transformation, and, ultimately, behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Cang
- Department of Biology and Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA;
| | - Elise Savier
- Department of Biology and Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA;
| | - Jad Barchini
- Department of Functional Architecture and Development of Cerebral Cortex, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Department of Biology and Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA;
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43
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Cortical direction selectivity emerges at convergence of thalamic synapses. Nature 2018; 558:80-86. [PMID: 29795349 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Detecting the direction of motion of an object is essential for our representation of the visual environment. The visual cortex is one of the main stages in the mammalian nervous system in which the direction of motion may be computed de novo. Experiments and theories indicate that cortical neurons respond selectively to motion direction by combining inputs that provide information about distinct spatial locations with distinct time delays. Despite the importance of this spatiotemporal offset for direction selectivity, its origin and cellular mechanisms are not fully understood. We show that approximately 80 ± 10 thalamic neurons, which respond with distinct time courses to stimuli in distinct locations, excite mouse visual cortical neurons during visual stimulation. The integration of thalamic inputs with the appropriate spatiotemporal offset provides cortical neurons with a primordial bias for direction selectivity. These data show how cortical neurons selectively combine the spatiotemporal response diversity of thalamic neurons to extract fundamental features of the visual world.
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44
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Li H, Fang Q, Ge Y, Li Z, Meng J, Zhu J, Yu H. Relationship between the Dynamics of Orientation Tuning and Spatiotemporal Receptive Field Structures of Cat LGN Neurons. Neuroscience 2018; 377:26-39. [PMID: 29481999 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple cells in the cat primary visual cortex usually have elongated receptive fields (RFs), and their orientation selectivity can be largely predicted by their RFs. As to the relay cells in cats' lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), they also have weak but significant orientation bias (OB). It is thus of interest to investigate the fine spatiotemporal receptive field (STRF) properties in LGN, compare them with the dynamics of orientation tuning, and examine the dynamic relationship between STRF and orientation sensitivity in LGN. We mapped the STRFs of the LGN neurons in cats with white noise and characterized the dynamics of the orientation tuning by flashing gratings. We found that most of the LGN neurons showed elongated RFs and that the elongation axes were consistent with the preferred orientations. STRFs and the dynamics of orientation tuning were closely correlated temporally: the elongation of RFs and OB emerged, peaked and decayed at the same pace, with unchanged elongation axis of RF and preferred orientation but consistently changing aspect ratio of RF and OB strength across time. Importantly, the above consistency between RF and orientation tuning was not influenced by the ablation of the primary visual cortex. Furthermore, biased orientation tuning emerged 20-30 ms earlier than those in the primary visual cortex. These data demonstrated that similar to the primary visual cortex, the orientation sensitivity was closely reflected by the RF properties in LGN. However, the elongated RF and OB in LGN did not originate from the primary visual cortex feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Li
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yijun Ge
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianjun Meng
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianbing Zhu
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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45
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Refinement of Spatial Receptive Fields in the Developing Mouse Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Is Coordinated with Excitatory and Inhibitory Remodeling. J Neurosci 2018; 38:4531-4542. [PMID: 29661964 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2857-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptive field properties of individual visual neurons are dictated by the precise patterns of synaptic connections they receive, including the arrangement of inputs in visual space and features such as polarity (On vs Off). The inputs from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in the mouse undergo significant refinement during development. However, it is unknown how this refinement corresponds to the establishment of functional visual response properties. Here we conducted in vivo and in vitro recordings in the mouse LGN, beginning just after natural eye opening, to determine how receptive fields develop as excitatory and feedforward inhibitory retinal afferents refine. Experiments used both male and female subjects. For in vivo assessment of receptive fields, we performed multisite extracellular recordings in awake mice. Spatial receptive fields at eye-opening were >2 times larger than in adulthood, and decreased in size over the subsequent week. This topographic refinement was accompanied by other spatial changes, such as a decrease in spot size preference and an increase in surround suppression. Notably, the degree of specificity in terms of On/Off and sustained/transient responses appeared to be established already at eye opening and did not change. We performed in vitro recordings of the synaptic responses evoked by optic tract stimulation across the same time period. These recordings revealed a pairing of decreased excitatory and increased feedforward inhibitory convergence, providing a potential mechanism to explain the spatial receptive field refinement.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The development of precise patterns of retinogeniculate connectivity has been a powerful model system for understanding the mechanisms underlying the activity-dependent refinement of sensory systems. Here we link the maturation of spatial receptive field properties in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to the remodeling of retinal and inhibitory feedforward convergence onto LGN neurons. These findings should thus provide a starting point for testing the cell type-specific plasticity mechanisms that lead to refinement of different excitatory and inhibitory inputs, and for determining the effect of these mechanisms on the establishment of mature receptive fields in the LGN.
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46
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Antinucci P, Hindges R. Orientation-Selective Retinal Circuits in Vertebrates. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:11. [PMID: 29467629 PMCID: PMC5808299 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual information is already processed in the retina before it is transmitted to higher visual centers in the brain. This includes the extraction of salient features from visual scenes, such as motion directionality or contrast, through neurons belonging to distinct neural circuits. Some retinal neurons are tuned to the orientation of elongated visual stimuli. Such ‘orientation-selective’ neurons are present in the retinae of most, if not all, vertebrate species analyzed to date, with species-specific differences in frequency and degree of tuning. In some cases, orientation-selective neurons have very stereotyped functional and morphological properties suggesting that they represent distinct cell types. In this review, we describe the retinal cell types underlying orientation selectivity found in various vertebrate species, and highlight their commonalities and differences. In addition, we discuss recent studies that revealed the cellular, synaptic and circuit mechanisms at the basis of retinal orientation selectivity. Finally, we outline the significance of these findings in shaping our current understanding of how this fundamental neural computation is implemented in the visual systems of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paride Antinucci
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Hindges
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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47
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Seabrook TA, Burbridge TJ, Crair MC, Huberman AD. Architecture, Function, and Assembly of the Mouse Visual System. Annu Rev Neurosci 2018; 40:499-538. [PMID: 28772103 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-033842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vision is the sense humans rely on most to navigate the world, make decisions, and perform complex tasks. Understanding how humans see thus represents one of the most fundamental and important goals of neuroscience. The use of the mouse as a model for parsing how vision works at a fundamental level started approximately a decade ago, ushered in by the mouse's convenient size, relatively low cost, and, above all, amenability to genetic perturbations. In the course of that effort, a large cadre of new and powerful tools for in vivo labeling, monitoring, and manipulation of neurons were applied to this species. As a consequence, a significant body of work now exists on the architecture, function, and development of mouse central visual pathways. Excitingly, much of that work includes causal testing of the role of specific cell types and circuits in visual perception and behavior-something rare to find in studies of the visual system of other species. Indeed, one could argue that more information is now available about the mouse visual system than any other sensory system, in any species, including humans. As such, the mouse visual system has become a platform for multilevel analysis of the mammalian central nervous system generally. Here we review the mouse visual system structure, function, and development literature and comment on the similarities and differences between the visual system of this and other model species. We also make it a point to highlight the aspects of mouse visual circuitry that remain opaque and that are in need of additional experimentation to enrich our understanding of how vision works on a broad scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania A Seabrook
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Timothy J Burbridge
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
| | - Michael C Crair
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
| | - Andrew D Huberman
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94303; .,Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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48
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King JL, Crowder NA. Adaptation to stimulus orientation in mouse primary visual cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:346-357. [PMID: 29357122 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Information processing in the visual system is shaped by recent stimulus history, such that prolonged viewing of an adapting stimulus can alter the perception of subsequently presented test stimuli. In the tilt-after-effect, the perceived orientation of a grating is often repelled away from the orientation of a previously viewed adapting grating. A possible neural correlate for the tilt-after-effect has been described in cat and macaque primary visual cortex (V1), where adaptation produces repulsive shifts in the orientation tuning curves of V1 neurons. We investigated adaptation to stimulus orientation in mouse V1 to determine whether known species differences in orientation processing, notably V1 functional architecture and proportion of tightly tuned cells, are important for these repulsive shifts. Unlike the consistent repulsion reported in other species, we found that repulsion was only about twice as common as attraction in our mouse data. Furthermore, adapted responses were attenuated across all orientations. A simple model that captured key physiological findings reported in cats and mice indicated that the greater proportion of broadly tuned neurons in mice may explain the observed species differences in adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L King
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nathan A Crowder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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49
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Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the emergence of orientation selectivity in the visual cortex have been, and continue to be, the subjects of intense scrutiny. Orientation selectivity reflects a dramatic change in the representation of the visual world: Whereas afferent thalamic neurons are generally orientation insensitive, neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) are extremely sensitive to stimulus orientation. This profound change in the receptive field structure along the visual pathway has positioned V1 as a model system for studying the circuitry that underlies neural computations across the neocortex. The neocortex is characterized anatomically by the relative uniformity of its circuitry despite its role in processing distinct signals from region to region. A combination of physiological, anatomical, and theoretical studies has shed some light on the circuitry components necessary for generating orientation selectivity in V1. This targeted effort has led to critical insights, as well as controversies, concerning how neural circuits in the neocortex perform computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Priebe
- Center for Learning and Memory, Center for Perceptual Systems, Department of Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712;
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50
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Orientation Selectivity in the Retina: ON Cell Types and Mechanisms. J Neurosci 2018; 36:8064-6. [PMID: 27488626 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1527-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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