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Blum K, Bowirrat A, Sunder K, Thanos PK, Hanna C, Gold MS, Dennen CA, Elman I, Murphy KT, Makale MT. Dopamine Dysregulation in Reward and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brain Sci 2024; 14:733. [PMID: 39061473 PMCID: PMC11274922 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is primarily characterized by core deficits in social skills, communication, and cognition and by repetitive stereotyped behaviors. These manifestations are variable between individuals, and ASD pathogenesis is complex, with over a thousand implicated genes, many epigenetic factors, and multiple environmental influences. The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) mediated brain reward system is held to play a key role, but the rapidly expanding literature reveals intricate, nuanced signaling involving a wide array of mesolimbic loci, neurotransmitters and receptor subtypes, and neuronal variants. How altered DA signaling may constitute a downstream convergence of the manifold causal origins of ASD is not well understood. A clear working framework of ASD pathogenesis may help delineate common stages and potential diagnostic and interventional opportunities. Hence, we summarize the known natural history of ASD in the context of emerging data and perspectives to update ASD reward signaling. Then, against this backdrop, we proffer a provisional framework that organizes ASD pathogenesis into successive levels, including (1) genetic and epigenetic changes, (2) disrupted mesolimbic reward signaling pathways, (3) dysregulated neurotransmitter/DA signaling, and finally, (4) altered neurocognitive and social behavior and possible antagonist/agonist based ASD interventions. This subdivision of ASD into a logical progression of potentially addressable parts may help facilitate the rational formulation of diagnostics and targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Exercise Sports, Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Sunder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA 92264, USA
- Division of Personalized Neuromodulations, PeakLogic, LLC, Del Mar, CA 92130, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | | | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Colin Hanna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Catherine A. Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA 19145, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University School of Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kevin T. Murphy
- Division of Personalized Neuromodulations, PeakLogic, LLC, Del Mar, CA 92130, USA
| | - Milan T. Makale
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Kulkarni S, Saha M, Slosberg J, Singh A, Nagaraj S, Becker L, Zhang C, Bukowski A, Wang Z, Liu G, Leser JM, Kumar M, Bakhshi S, Anderson MJ, Lewandoski M, Vincent E, Goff LA, Pasricha PJ. Age-associated changes in lineage composition of the enteric nervous system regulate gut health and disease. eLife 2023; 12:RP88051. [PMID: 38108810 PMCID: PMC10727506 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS), a collection of neural cells contained in the wall of the gut, is of fundamental importance to gastrointestinal and systemic health. According to the prevailing paradigm, the ENS arises from progenitor cells migrating from the neural crest and remains largely unchanged thereafter. Here, we show that the lineage composition of maturing ENS changes with time, with a decline in the canonical lineage of neural-crest derived neurons and their replacement by a newly identified lineage of mesoderm-derived neurons. Single cell transcriptomics and immunochemical approaches establish a distinct expression profile of mesoderm-derived neurons. The dynamic balance between the proportions of neurons from these two different lineages in the post-natal gut is dependent on the availability of their respective trophic signals, GDNF-RET and HGF-MET. With increasing age, the mesoderm-derived neurons become the dominant form of neurons in the ENS, a change associated with significant functional effects on intestinal motility which can be reversed by GDNF supplementation. Transcriptomic analyses of human gut tissues show reduced GDNF-RET signaling in patients with intestinal dysmotility which is associated with reduction in neural crest-derived neuronal markers and concomitant increase in transcriptional patterns specific to mesoderm-derived neurons. Normal intestinal function in the adult gastrointestinal tract therefore appears to require an optimal balance between these two distinct lineages within the ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Kulkarni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Dept of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonUnited States
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Monalee Saha
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jared Slosberg
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Alpana Singh
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Sushma Nagaraj
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Laren Becker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Stanford University – School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Chengxiu Zhang
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Alicia Bukowski
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Zhuolun Wang
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Guosheng Liu
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jenna M Leser
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Mithra Kumar
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Shriya Bakhshi
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Matthew J Anderson
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteFrederickUnited States
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteFrederickUnited States
| | - Elizabeth Vincent
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Loyal A Goff
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Kavli Neurodiscovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University – School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
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Markicevic M, Sturman O, Bohacek J, Rudin M, Zerbi V, Fulcher BD, Wenderoth N. Neuromodulation of striatal D1 cells shapes BOLD fluctuations in anatomically connected thalamic and cortical regions. eLife 2023; 12:e78620. [PMID: 37824184 PMCID: PMC10569790 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the brain's macroscale dynamics are shaped by underlying microscale mechanisms is a key problem in neuroscience. In animal models, we can now investigate this relationship in unprecedented detail by directly manipulating cellular-level properties while measuring the whole-brain response using resting-state fMRI. Here, we focused on understanding how blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) dynamics, measured within a structurally well-defined striato-thalamo-cortical circuit in mice, are shaped by chemogenetically exciting or inhibiting D1 medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the right dorsomedial caudate putamen (CPdm). We characterize changes in both the BOLD dynamics of individual cortical and subcortical brain areas, and patterns of inter-regional coupling (functional connectivity) between pairs of areas. Using a classification approach based on a large and diverse set of time-series properties, we found that CPdm neuromodulation alters BOLD dynamics within thalamic subregions that project back to dorsomedial striatum. In the cortex, changes in local dynamics were strongest in unimodal regions (which process information from a single sensory modality) and weakened along a hierarchical gradient towards transmodal regions. In contrast, a decrease in functional connectivity was observed only for cortico-striatal connections after D1 excitation. Our results show that targeted cellular-level manipulations affect local BOLD dynamics at the macroscale, such as by making BOLD dynamics more predictable over time by increasing its self-correlation structure. This contributes to ongoing attempts to understand the influence of structure-function relationships in shaping inter-regional communication at subcortical and cortical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Markicevic
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, HEST, ETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, School of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Oliver Sturman
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute for Neuroscience, HEST, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Johannes Bohacek
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute for Neuroscience, HEST, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Markus Rudin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Valerio Zerbi
- Neuro-X Institute, School of Engineering (STI), EPFLLausanneSwitzerland
- CIBM Centre for Biomedical ImagingLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Ben D Fulcher
- School of Physics, The University of SydneyCamperdownAustralia
| | - Nicole Wenderoth
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, HEST, ETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Future Health Technologies, Singapore-ETH Centre, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE)SingaporeSingapore
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Hu Y, Ma TC, Alberico SL, Ding Y, Jin L, Kang UJ. Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Projections to the Pedunculopontine Nucleus Modulate Dyskinesia. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1850-1860. [PMID: 37461292 PMCID: PMC10932617 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term use of levodopa for Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment is often hindered by development of motor complications, including levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and globus pallidus internal segment (GPi) are the output nuclei of the basal ganglia. Dysregulation of SNr and GPi activity contributes to PD pathophysiology and LID. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether direct modulation of SNr GABAergic neurons and SNr projections to the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) regulates PD symptoms and LID in a mouse model. METHODS We expressed Cre-recombinase activated channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or halorhodopsin adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV2) vectors selectively in SNr GABAergic neurons of Vgat-IRES-Cre mice in a 6-hydroxydopamine model of PD to investigate whether direct optogenetic modulation of SNr neurons or their projections to the PPN regulates PD symptoms and LID expression. The forepaw stepping task, mouse LID rating scale, and open-field locomotion were used to assess akinesia and LID to test the effect of SNr modulation. RESULTS Akinesia was improved by suppressing SNr neuron activity with halorhodopsin. LID was significantly reduced by increasing SNr neuronal activity with ChR2, which did not interfere with the antiakinetic effect of levodopa. Optical stimulation of ChR2 in SNr projections to the PPN recapitulated direct SNr stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of SNr GABAergic neurons alters akinesia and LID expression in a manner consistent with the rate model of basal ganglia circuitry. Moreover, the projections from SNr to PPN likely mediate the antidyskinetic effect of increasing SNr neuronal activity, identifying a potential novel role for the PPN in LID. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Thong C. Ma
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Yunmin Ding
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lingjing Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Un Jung Kang
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Partanen J, Achim K. Neurons gating behavior—developmental, molecular and functional features of neurons in the Substantia Nigra pars reticulata. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:976209. [PMID: 36148148 PMCID: PMC9485944 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.976209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Substantia Nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) is the major information output site of the basal ganglia network and instrumental for the activation and adjustment of movement, regulation of the behavioral state and response to reward. Due to both overlapping and unique input and output connections, the SNpr might also have signal integration capacity and contribute to action selection. How the SNpr regulates these multiple functions remains incompletely understood. The SNpr is located in the ventral midbrain and is composed primarily of inhibitory GABAergic projection neurons that are heterogeneous in their properties. In addition, the SNpr contains smaller populations of other neurons, including glutamatergic neurons. Here, we discuss regionalization of the SNpr, in particular the division of the SNpr neurons to anterior (aSNpr) and posterior (pSNpr) subtypes, which display differences in many of their features. We hypothesize that unique developmental and molecular characteristics of the SNpr neuron subtypes correlate with both region-specific connections and notable functional specializations of the SNpr. Variation in both the genetic control of the SNpr neuron development as well as signals regulating cell migration and axon guidance may contribute to the functional diversity of the SNpr neurons. Therefore, insights into the various aspects of differentiation of the SNpr neurons can increase our understanding of fundamental brain functions and their defects in neurological and psychiatric disorders, including movement and mood disorders, as well as epilepsy.
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Villalobos CA, Basso MA. Optogenetic activation of the inhibitory nigro-collicular circuit evokes contralateral orienting movements in mice. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110699. [PMID: 35443172 PMCID: PMC10144672 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that increasing inhibition from the basal ganglia (BG) to the superior colliculus (SC) through the substantia nigra pars reticulata (nigra) using in vivo optogenetic activation of GABAergic terminals in mice produces contralateral orienting movements. These movements are unexpected because decreases, and not increases, in nigral activity are generally associated with the initiation of orienting movements. We found that, in slice recordings, the same optogenetic stimulation of nigral terminals producing movements in vivo evokes post-inhibitory rebound depolarization followed by Na+ spikes in SC output neurons. Moreover, blocking T-type Ca2+ channels in slices prevent post-inhibitory rebound and subsequent Na+ spiking in SC output neurons and also reduce the likelihood of contralateral orienting in vivo. On the basis of these results, we propose that, in addition to the permissive role, the BG may play an active role in the generation of orienting movements in mice by driving post-inhibitory rebound depolarization in SC output neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio A Villalobos
- Fuster Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Michele A Basso
- Fuster Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Mapping Motor Pathways in Parkinson’s Disease Patients with Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulator: A Diffusion MRI Tractography Study. Neurol Ther 2022; 11:659-677. [PMID: 35165822 PMCID: PMC9095781 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-022-00331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study assessed the safety of postoperative diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with on-state deep brain stimulation (DBS) and the feasibility of reconstruction of the white matter tracts in the vicinity of the stimulation site of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). The association between the impact of DBS on the nigrostriatal pathway (NSP) and the treatment effect on motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD) was then evaluated. Methods Thirty-one PD patients implanted with STN-DBS (mean age: 66 years; 25 male) were scanned on a 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner using the DTI sequence with DBS on. Twenty-three of them were scanned a second time with DBS off. The NSP, dentato-rubro-thalamic tract (DRTT), and hyperdirect pathway (HDP) were generated using both deterministic and probabilistic tractography methods. The DBS-on-state and off-state tractography results were validated and compared. Afterward, the relationships between the characteristics of the reconstructed white matter tracts and the clinical assessment of PD symptoms and the DBS effect were further examined. Results No adverse events related to DTI were identified in either the DBS-on-state or off-state. Overall, the NSP was best reconstructed, followed by the DRTT and HDP, using the probabilistic tractography method. The connection probability of the left NSP was significantly lower than that of the right side (p < 0.05), and a negative correlation (r = −0.39, p = 0.042) was identified between the preoperative symptom severity in the medication-on state and the connection probability of the left NSP in the DBS-on-state images. Furthermore, the distance from the estimated left-side volume of tissue activated (VTA) by STN-DBS to the ipsilateral NSP was significantly shorter in the DBS-responsive group compared to the DBS-non-responsive group (p = 0.046). Conclusions DTI scanning is safe and delineation of white matter pathway is feasible for PD patients implanted with the DBS device. Postoperative DTI is a useful technique to strengthen our current understanding of the therapeutic effect of DBS for PD and has the potential to refine target selection strategies for brain stimulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40120-022-00331-1. For some more seriously affected Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, drugs are no longer effective in treating their symptoms. An alternate treatment is to use deep brain stimulation (DBS), a commonly used neurosurgical therapy for PD patients. For those DBS treatments targeting the subthalamic nucleus (STN), the electrical stimulation used may impact nearby white matter tracts and alter the effectiveness of the DBS treatment. The nigrostriatal pathway (NSP), dentato-rubro-thalamic tract, and hyperdirect pathway are three white matter tracts near the STN. They are all relevant to motor symptoms in PD. This study examined whether imaging these tracts using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is safe and feasible in the presence of DBS leads. The relationships between the fiber-tracking characteristics and distance to the DBS leads were then evaluated. For this purpose, 31 PD patients with stimulation-on were scanned on a 1.5 T MRI scanner using a diffusion tensor imaging sequence. A total of 23 subjects underwent another scan using the same sequence with stimulation-off. No adverse events related to diffusion tensor imaging were found. Among the white matter tracts near the STN, the NSP was best delineated, followed by the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract and the hyperdirect pathway. The connection probability of the left NSP was significantly lower than that of the right side as were the subject’s motor symptoms. The closer the distance between the NSP and the stimulation location, the better the DBS outcome. These findings indicate that imaging white matter tracts with DBS on is safe and useful in mapping DBS outcomes.
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A nigra-subthalamic circuit is involved in acute and chronic pain states. Pain 2022; 163:1952-1966. [PMID: 35082251 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The basal ganglia modulate somatosensory pain pathways but it is unclear whether a common circuit exists to mitigate hyperalgesia in pain states induced by peripheral nociceptive stimuli. As a key output nucleus of the basal ganglia, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) may be a candidate for this role. To test this possibility, we optogenetically modulated SNr GABAergic neurons and examined pain thresholds in freely behaving male mice in inflammatory and neuropathic pain states as well as comorbid depression in chronic pain. We observed that stimulation of either SNr GABAergic neurons or their projections to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) significantly alleviated nociceptive responses in all pain states on the contralateral side and comorbid depression in chronic pain, and that this analgesic effect was eliminated when SNr-STN GABAergic projection was blocked. However, SNr modulation did not affect baseline pain thresholds. We also found that SNr-STN GABAergic projection was attenuated in pain states, resulting in disinhibition of STN neurons. Thus, impairment of the SNr-STN GABAergic circuit may be a common pathophysiology for the maintenance of hyperalgesia in both inflammatory and neuropathic pain states and the comorbid depression in chronic pain; compensating this circuit has potential to effectively treat related pain conditions.
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Cheung V, Chung P, Bjorni M, Shvareva VA, Lopez YC, Feinberg EH. Virally encoded connectivity transgenic overlay RNA sequencing (VECTORseq) defines projection neurons involved in sensorimotor integration. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110131. [PMID: 34936877 PMCID: PMC8719358 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavior arises from concerted activity throughout the brain. Consequently, a major focus of modern neuroscience is defining the physiology and behavioral roles of projection neurons linking different brain areas. Single-cell RNA sequencing has facilitated these efforts by revealing molecular determinants of cellular physiology and markers that enable genetically targeted perturbations such as optogenetics, but existing methods for sequencing defined projection populations are low throughput, painstaking, and costly. We developed a straightforward, multiplexed approach, virally encoded connectivity transgenic overlay RNA sequencing (VECTORseq). VECTORseq repurposes commercial retrogradely infecting viruses typically used to express functional transgenes (e.g., recombinases and fluorescent proteins) by treating viral transgene mRNA as barcodes within single-cell datasets. VECTORseq is compatible with different viral families, resolves multiple populations with different projection targets in one sequencing run, and identifies cortical and subcortical excitatory and inhibitory projection populations. Our study provides a roadmap for high-throughput identification of neuronal subtypes based on connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Cheung
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Philip Chung
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Max Bjorni
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Varvara A Shvareva
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yesenia C Lopez
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Evan H Feinberg
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Sanna F, Bratzu J, Angioni L, Pina Sorighe M, Cocco C, Argiolas A, Melis MR. Oxytocin-conjugated saporin injected into the substantia nigra of male rats alters the activity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system: A behavioral and neurochemical study. Brain Res 2021; 1773:147705. [PMID: 34744015 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Saporin conjugated to oxytocin (OXY-SAP) destroys neurons expressing oxytocinergic receptors. When injected unilaterally in the substantia nigra of male rats, OXY-SAP causes a dose-dependent decrease up to 55 % in nigral Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactivity compared to control mock peptide BLANK-SAP- and PBS-treated rats or the contralateral substantia nigra. TH decrease was parallel to a dopamine content decrease in the ipsilateral striatum compared to BLANK-SAP- or PBS-treated rats or the contralateral striatum. OXY-SAP-treated rats showed a small but significant increase of locomotor activity 28 days after intranigral injection in the Open field test compared to BLANK-SAP- or PBS-treated rats, in line with an inhibitory role of nigral oxytocin on locomotor activity. OXY-SAP-, but not BLANK-SAP- or PBS-treated rats, also showed marked dose-dependent rotational turning ipsilateral to the injected substantia nigra when challenged with d-amphetamine, but not with apomorphine. Under isoflurane anesthesia OXY-SAP-treated rats showed levels of extracellular dopamine in the dialysate from the ipsilateral striatum only half those of BLANK-SAP- or PBS-treated rats or the contralateral striatum. When treated with d-amphetamine, OXY-SAP_60/120 rats showed increased extracellular dopamine levels in the dialysate from the ipsilateral striatum two third/one third only of those found in BLANK-SAP- or PBS-treated rats or the contralateral striatum, respectively. These results show that OXY-SAP destroys nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons expressing oxytocin receptors leading to a reduced striatal dopamine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Jessica Bratzu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Laura Angioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuro-Endocrine-Fluorescence (NEF) Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Maria Pina Sorighe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Cristina Cocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuro-Endocrine-Fluorescence (NEF) Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Antonio Argiolas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Centre of Excellence for the Neurobiology of Addictions, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Cagliari Section, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Centre of Excellence for the Neurobiology of Addictions, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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Macpherson T, Matsumoto M, Gomi H, Morimoto J, Uchibe E, Hikida T. Parallel and hierarchical neural mechanisms for adaptive and predictive behavioral control. Neural Netw 2021; 144:507-521. [PMID: 34601363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our brain can be recognized as a network of largely hierarchically organized neural circuits that operate to control specific functions, but when acting in parallel, enable the performance of complex and simultaneous behaviors. Indeed, many of our daily actions require concurrent information processing in sensorimotor, associative, and limbic circuits that are dynamically and hierarchically modulated by sensory information and previous learning. This organization of information processing in biological organisms has served as a major inspiration for artificial intelligence and has helped to create in silico systems capable of matching or even outperforming humans in several specific tasks, including visual recognition and strategy-based games. However, the development of human-like robots that are able to move as quickly as humans and respond flexibly in various situations remains a major challenge and indicates an area where further use of parallel and hierarchical architectures may hold promise. In this article we review several important neural and behavioral mechanisms organizing hierarchical and predictive processing for the acquisition and realization of flexible behavioral control. Then, inspired by the organizational features of brain circuits, we introduce a multi-timescale parallel and hierarchical learning framework for the realization of versatile and agile movement in humanoid robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Macpherson
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Matsumoto
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Gomi
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Co., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun Morimoto
- Department of Brain Robot Interface, ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan; Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Uchibe
- Department of Brain Robot Interface, ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Hikida
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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12
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A Thalamic Reticular Circuit for Head Direction Cell Tuning and Spatial Navigation. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107747. [PMID: 32521272 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As we navigate in space, external landmarks and internal information guide our movement. Circuit and synaptic mechanisms that integrate these cues with head-direction (HD) signals remain, however, unclear. We identify an excitatory synaptic projection from the presubiculum (PreS) and the multisensory-associative retrosplenial cortex (RSC) to the anterodorsal thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), so far classically implied in gating sensory information flow. In vitro, projections to TRN involve AMPA/NMDA-type glutamate receptors that initiate TRN cell burst discharge and feedforward inhibition of anterior thalamic nuclei. In vivo, chemogenetic anterodorsal TRN inhibition modulates PreS/RSC-induced anterior thalamic firing dynamics, broadens the tuning of thalamic HD cells, and leads to preferential use of allo- over egocentric search strategies in the Morris water maze. TRN-dependent thalamic inhibition is thus an integral part of limbic navigational circuits wherein it coordinates external sensory and internal HD signals to regulate the choice of search strategies during spatial navigation.
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13
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Ma RE, Murdoch JB, Bogner W, Andronesi O, Dydak U. Atlas-based GABA mapping with 3D MEGA-MRSI: Cross-correlation to single-voxel MRS. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4275. [PMID: 32078755 PMCID: PMC7438238 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to develop and validate a new atlas-based metabolite quantification pipeline for edited magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MEGA-MRSI) that enables group comparisons of brain structure-specific GABA levels. By using brain structure masks segmented from high-resolution MPRAGE images and coregistering these to MEGA-LASER 3D MRSI data, an automated regional quantification of neurochemical levels is demonstrated for the example of the thalamus. Thalamic gamma-aminobutyric acid + coedited macromolecules (GABA+) levels from 21 healthy subjects scanned at 3 T were cross-validated both against a single-voxel MEGA-PRESS acquisition in the same subjects and same scan sessions, as well as alternative MRSI processing techniques (ROI approach, four-voxel approach) using Pearson correlation analysis. In addition, reproducibility was compared across the MRSI processing techniques in test-retest data from 14 subjects. The atlas-based approach showed a significant correlation with SV MEGA-PRESS (correlation coefficient r [GABA+] = 0.63, P < 0.0001). However, the actual values for GABA+, NAA, tCr, GABA+/tCr and tNAA/tCr obtained from the atlas-based approach showed an offset to SV MEGA-PRESS levels, likely due to the fact that on average the thalamus mask used for the atlas-based approach only occupied 30% of the SVS volume, ie, somewhat different anatomies were sampled. Furthermore, the new atlas-based approach showed highly reproducible GABA+/tCr values with a low median coefficient of variance of 6.3%. In conclusion, the atlas-based metabolite quantification approach enables a more brain structure-specific comparison of GABA+ and other neurochemical levels across populations, even when using an MRSI technique with only cm-level resolution. This approach was successfully cross-validated against the typically used SVS technique as well as other different MRSI analysis methods, indicating the robustness of this quantification approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyun E. Ma
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Wolfgang Bogner
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ovidiu Andronesi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ulrike Dydak
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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14
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Lai YY, Kodama T, Hsieh KC, Nguyen D, Siegel JM. Substantia nigra pars reticulata-mediated sleep and motor activity regulation. Sleep 2021; 44:5893883. [PMID: 32808987 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) is a major output nucleus of the basal ganglia. Animal studies have shown that lesions of the SNR cause hyposomnia and motor hyperactivity, indicating that the SNR may play a role in the control of sleep and motor activity. METHODS Eight 8- to 10-week-old adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. After 3 days of baseline polysomnographic recording, dialysates were collected from the lateral SNR across natural sleep-wake states. Muscimol and bicuculline were microinfused into the lateral SNR. RESULTS We found that GABA release in the lateral SNR is negatively correlated with slow wave sleep (SWS; R = -0.266, p < 0.01, n = 240) and positively correlated with waking (R = 0.265, p < 0.01, n = 240) in rats. Microinfusion of muscimol into the lateral SNR decreased sleep time and sleep quality, as well as eliciting motor hyperactivity in wake and increased periodic leg movement in SWS, while bicuculline infused into the lateral SNR increased sleep and decreased motor activity in SWS in rats. Muscimol infusion skewed the distribution of inter-movement intervals, with most between 10 and 20 s, while a flat distribution of intervals between 10 and 90 s was seen in baseline conditions. CONCLUSIONS Activation of the lateral SNR is important for inducing sleep and inhibiting motor activity prior to and during sleep, and thus to the maintenance of sleep. Abnormal function of the lateral SNR may cause hyposomnia and motor hyperactivity in quiet wake and in sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yang Lai
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.,VA Greater Los Angeles HealthCare System, North Hills, CA.,Greater Los Angeles Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Tohru Kodama
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.,Physiological Psychology Lab, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kung-Chiao Hsieh
- VA Greater Los Angeles HealthCare System, North Hills, CA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Darian Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jerome M Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.,VA Greater Los Angeles HealthCare System, North Hills, CA
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15
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Dana A, Shams A, Allafan N, Bahrami A. The relationship between attention and static balance disturbance in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:5107-5115. [PMID: 33774761 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Balance disturbance is one of the main complications of the Parkinson's disease (PD). As studies have shown that impairments in some cognitive processes can lead to balance problems, we investigated the relationship between focused and divided attention and static balance in patients with PD and a healthy control group. METHODS We included 111 patients with PD (M age = 49.41, SD = 6.33 years) and 142 healthy individuals (M age = 50.62, SD = 6.07 years). All participants were evaluated with the Trails Making Test A and B (TMT), and all participants' balance was evaluated with a Wii Balance Board, from which we measured the antero-posterior (AP), medio-lateral (ML), and total center of pressure (COP) velocity. We compared the two groups in terms of TMT-A, TMT-B, and COP velocity tests in both eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions with independent t-tests, and we calculated Pearson's correlation coefficients between the balance board-derived outcomes and the TMT scores. RESULTS The two groups differed significantly on TMT-A and TMT-B scores, in total and ML COP velocity in both eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions, and in AP COP velocity only in eyes-open condition. Among patients with PD, TMT-A and TMT-B scores were positively correlated with total, ML, and AP COP velocity, in both eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. CONCLUSIONS Associated attention deficits may be among the causes of balance disturbances in patients with PD, though both attention and balance may have a common root in brain circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Dana
- Department of Physical Education, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Amir Shams
- Department of Motor Behavior, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Allafan
- Department of Sport Medicine and Health, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Bahrami
- Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran
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16
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Crunelli V, Lőrincz ML, McCafferty C, Lambert RC, Leresche N, Di Giovanni G, David F. Clinical and experimental insight into pathophysiology, comorbidity and therapy of absence seizures. Brain 2020; 143:2341-2368. [PMID: 32437558 PMCID: PMC7447525 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Absence seizures in children and teenagers are generally considered relatively benign because of their non-convulsive nature and the large incidence of remittance in early adulthood. Recent studies, however, show that 30% of children with absence seizures are pharmaco-resistant and 60% are affected by severe neuropsychiatric comorbid conditions, including impairments in attention, cognition, memory and mood. In particular, attention deficits can be detected before the epilepsy diagnosis, may persist even when seizures are pharmacologically controlled and are aggravated by valproic acid monotherapy. New functional MRI-magnetoencephalography and functional MRI-EEG studies provide conclusive evidence that changes in blood oxygenation level-dependent signal amplitude and frequency in children with absence seizures can be detected in specific cortical networks at least 1 min before the start of a seizure, spike-wave discharges are not generalized at seizure onset and abnormal cortical network states remain during interictal periods. From a neurobiological perspective, recent electrical recordings and imaging of large neuronal ensembles with single-cell resolution in non-anaesthetized models show that, in contrast to the predominant opinion, cortical mechanisms, rather than an exclusively thalamic rhythmogenesis, are key in driving seizure ictogenesis and determining spike-wave frequency. Though synchronous ictal firing characterizes cortical and thalamic activity at the population level, individual cortico-thalamic and thalamocortical neurons are sparsely recruited to successive seizures and consecutive paroxysmal cycles within a seizure. New evidence strengthens previous findings on the essential role for basal ganglia networks in absence seizures, in particular the ictal increase in firing of substantia nigra GABAergic neurons. Thus, a key feature of thalamic ictogenesis is the powerful increase in the inhibition of thalamocortical neurons that originates at least from two sources, substantia nigra and thalamic reticular nucleus. This undoubtedly provides a major contribution to the ictal decrease in total firing and the ictal increase of T-type calcium channel-mediated burst firing of thalamocortical neurons, though the latter is not essential for seizure expression. Moreover, in some children and animal models with absence seizures, the ictal increase in thalamic inhibition is enhanced by the loss-of-function of the astrocytic GABA transporter GAT-1 that does not necessarily derive from a mutation in its gene. Together, these novel clinical and experimental findings bring about paradigm-shifting views of our understanding of absence seizures and demand careful choice of initial monotherapy and continuous neuropsychiatric evaluation of affected children. These issues are discussed here to focus future clinical and experimental research and help to identify novel therapeutic targets for treating both absence seizures and their comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Crunelli
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.,Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - Magor L Lőrincz
- Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cian McCafferty
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Régis C Lambert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neuroscience Paris Seine and Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Leresche
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neuroscience Paris Seine and Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.,Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - François David
- Cerebral dynamics, learning and plasticity, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center - UMR 8002, Paris, France
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17
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Moore C, Xu M, Bohlen JK, Meshul CK. Differential ultrastructural alterations in the Vglut2 glutamatergic input to the substantia nigra pars compacta/pars reticulata following nigrostriatal dopamine loss in a progressive mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:2061-2077. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Moore
- Research ServicesVA Medical Center/Portland Portland OR USA
| | - Mo Xu
- Research ServicesVA Medical Center/Portland Portland OR USA
| | | | - Charles K. Meshul
- Research ServicesVA Medical Center/Portland Portland OR USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Pathology Oregon Heath & Science University Portland OR USA
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18
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Di Giovanni G, Grandi LC, Fedele E, Orban G, Salvadè A, Song W, Cuboni E, Stefani A, Kaelin-Lang A, Galati S. Acute and Chronic Dopaminergic Depletion Differently Affect Motor Thalamic Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082734. [PMID: 32326424 PMCID: PMC7215393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The motor thalamus (MTh) plays a crucial role in the basal ganglia (BG)-cortical loop in motor information codification. Despite this, there is limited evidence of MTh functionality in normal and Parkinsonian conditions. To shed light on the functional properties of the MTh, we examined the effects of acute and chronic dopamine (DA) depletion on the neuronal firing of MTh neurons, cortical/MTh interplay and MTh extracellular concentrations of glutamate (GLU) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in two states of DA depletion: acute depletion induced by the tetrodotoxin (TTX) and chronic denervation obtained by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), both infused into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) in anesthetized rats. The acute TTX DA depletion caused a clear-cut reduction in MTh neuronal activity without changes in burst content, whereas the chronic 6-OHDA depletion did not modify the firing rate but increased the burst firing. The phase correlation analysis underscored that the 6-OHDA chronic DA depletion affected the MTh-cortical activity coupling compared to the acute TTX-induced DA depletion state. The TTX acute DA depletion caused a clear-cut increase of the MTh GABA concentration and no change of GLU levels. On the other hand, the 6-OHDA-induced chronic DA depletion led to a significant reduction of local GABA and an increase of GLU levels in the MTh. These data show that MTh is affected by DA depletion and support the hypothesis that a rebalancing of MTh in the chronic condition counterbalances the profound alteration arising after acute DA depletion state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Laura Clara Grandi
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, 6900 Taverne, Switzerland
| | - Ernesto Fedele
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gergely Orban
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, 6900 Taverne, Switzerland
| | - Agnese Salvadè
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, 6900 Taverne, Switzerland
| | - Wei Song
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, 6900 Taverne, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Cuboni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Alessandro Stefani
- Department of system medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alain Kaelin-Lang
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, 6900 Taverne, Switzerland
- Medical Faculty, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Galati
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, 6900 Taverne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Center for Movement Disorders, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
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19
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Synaptic and cellular plasticity in Parkinson's disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:447-452. [PMID: 32112041 PMCID: PMC7470833 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, which causes a tremendous socioeconomic burden. PD patients are suffering from debilitating motor and nonmotor symptoms. Cardinal motor symptoms of PD, including akinesia, bradykinesia, resting tremor, and rigidity, are caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. In addition, decreased amounts of dopamine (DA) level in the basal ganglia induces numerous adaptive changes at the cellular and synaptic levels in the basal ganglia circuits. These cellular and synaptic adaptations are believed to underlie the emergence and propagation of correlated, rhythmic pattern of activity throughout the interconnected cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical network. The widespread pathological pattern of brain activity is closely linked to the devastating motor symptoms of PD. Accumulating evidence suggests that both dopaminergic degeneration and the associated abnormal cellular and circuit activity in the basal ganglia drive the motor symptoms of PD. In this short review I summarize the recent advances in our understanding of synaptic and cellular alterations in two basal ganglia nuclei (i.e. the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus) following a complete loss of DA, and in our conceptual understanding of the cellular and circuit bases for the pathological pattern of brain activity in parkinsonian state.
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20
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A disinhibitory nigra-parafascicular pathway amplifies seizure in temporal lobe epilepsy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:923. [PMID: 32066723 PMCID: PMC7026152 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise circuit of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) involved in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is still unclear. Here we found that optogenetic or chemogenetic activation of SNr parvalbumin+ (PV) GABAergic neurons amplifies seizure activities in kindling- and kainic acid-induced TLE models, whereas selective inhibition of these neurons alleviates seizure activities. The severity of seizures is bidirectionally regulated by optogenetic manipulation of SNr PV fibers projecting to the parafascicular nucleus (PF). Electrophysiology combined with rabies virus-assisted circuit mapping shows that SNr PV neurons directly project to and functionally inhibit posterior PF GABAergic neurons. Activity of these neurons also regulates seizure activity. Collectively, our results reveal that a long-range SNr-PF disinhibitory circuit participates in regulating seizure in TLE and inactivation of this circuit can alleviate severity of epileptic seizures. These findings provide a better understanding of pathological changes from a circuit perspective and suggest a possibility to precisely control epilepsy. The neural circuits through which the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) exerts its role in epilepsy control are not known. Here the authors reveal that a long-range SNr-parafascicular nucleus disinhibitory circuit participates in regulating seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy and inhibition of this circuit can alleviate severity of epileptic seizures.
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21
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Blockade of the dopaminergic neurotransmission with AMPT and reserpine induces a differential expression of genes of the dopaminergic phenotype in substantia nigra. Neuropharmacology 2019; 166:107920. [PMID: 31870855 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons have the ability to release Dopamine from their axons as well as from their soma and dendrites. This somatodendritically-released Dopamine induces an autoinhibition of Dopaminergic neurons mediated by D2 autoreceptors, and the stimulation of neighbor GABAergic neurons mediated by D1 receptors (D1r). Here, our results suggest that the somatodendritic release of Dopamine in the substantia nigra (SN) may stimulate GABAergic neurons that project their axons into the hippocampus. Using semiquantitative multiplex RT-PCR we show that chronic blockade of the Dopaminergic neurotransmission with both AMPT and reserpine specifically decreases the expression levels of D1r, remarkably this may be the result of an antagonistic effect between AMPT and reserpine, as they induced the expression of a different set of genes when treated by separate. Furthermore, using anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques, we found that the GABAergic neurons that express D1r also project their axons in to the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Finally, we also found that the same treatment that decreases the expression levels of D1r in SN, also induces an impairment in the performance in an appetitive learning task that requires the coding of reward as well as navigational skills. Overall, our findings show the presence of a GABAergic interconnection between the SNr and the hippocampus mediated by D1r.
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22
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Youssef AM, Azqueta-Gavaldon M, Silva KE, Barakat N, Lopez N, Mahmud F, Lebel A, Sethna NF, Zurakowski D, Simons LE, Kraft E, Borsook D. Shifting brain circuits in pain chronicity. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:4381-4396. [PMID: 31298464 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of brain changes to a specific pain condition in pediatric and adult patients allows for insights into potential mechanisms of pain chronicity and possibly long-term brain changes. Here we focused on the primary somatosensory system (SS) involved in pain processing, namely the ventroposterolateral thalamus (VPL) and the primary somatosensory cortex (SI). We evaluated, using MRI, three specific processes: (a) somatotopy of changes in the SS for different pain origins (viz., foot vs. arm); (b) differences in acute (ankle sprain versus complex regional pain syndrome-CRPS); and (c) differences of the effects of CRPS on SS in pediatric versus adult patients. In all cases, age- and sex-matched individuals were used as controls. Our results suggest a shift in concurrent gray matter density (GMD) and resting functional connectivity strengths (rFC) across pediatric and adult CRPS with (a) differential patterns of GMD (VPL) and rFC (SI) on SS in pediatric vs. adult patterns that are consistent with upper and lower limb somatotopical organization; and (b) widespread GMD alterations in pediatric CRPS from sensory, emotional and descending modulatory processes to more confined sensory-emotional changes in adult CRPS and rFC patterns from sensory-sensory alterations in pediatric populations to a sensory-emotional change in adult populations. These results support the idea that pediatric and adult CRPS are differentially represented and may reflect underlying differences in pain chronification across age groups that may contribute to the well-known differences between child and adult pain vulnerability and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Youssef
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Monica Azqueta-Gavaldon
- Department of Orthopedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical Centre of University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Pain Unit, Medical Centre of University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katie E Silva
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nadia Barakat
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Natalia Lopez
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Farah Mahmud
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alyssa Lebel
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Navil F Sethna
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Zurakowski
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura E Simons
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Eduard Kraft
- Department of Orthopedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical Centre of University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Pain Unit, Medical Centre of University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - David Borsook
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Cipresso P, Pedroli E, Serino S, Semonella M, Tuena C, Colombo D, Pallavicini F, Riva G. Assessment of Unilateral Spatial Neglect Using a Free Mobile Application for Italian Clinicians. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2241. [PMID: 30524341 PMCID: PMC6262901 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Unilateral Spatial Neglect (USN) is traditionally assessed with paper-and-pencil tests or computer-based tests. Thanks to the wide-spreading of mobile devices, and the extensive capabilities that they have in dealing complex elements, it is possible to provide clinicians with tools for cognitive assessment. Contemporary 3D engine is, in general generally, able to deploy complex 3D environments for iOS, Android and Windows mobile, i.e., most of the mobile phone and tablet operative systems. Results: This brand-new scenario and pressing requests from professionals, pushed us to build an application for the assessment of USN. Our first attempt was to replicate the classic cognitive tests, traditionally used at this purpose. Ecological assessment is difficult in real scenarios so we implemented virtual environments to assess patients' abilities in realistic situations. At the moment, the application is available only for iPad and iPhone for free, from the Apple Store, under the name of "Neglect App." The App contains traditional tests (e.g., barrage with and without distractors) and ecological tests (e.g., to distribute the tea in a table to close people). Scoring of each test is available to the clinicians through a database with the executed ecological tasks, that are stored locally. Conclusion: In conclusion, Neglect App is an advanced mobile platform for the assessment of Neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Cipresso
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Pedroli
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Serino
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Michelle Semonella
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cosimo Tuena
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Desirée Colombo
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Federica Pallavicini
- "Riccardo Massa" Department of Human Sciences for Education, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
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24
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Saunders A, Macosko EZ, Wysoker A, Goldman M, Krienen FM, de Rivera H, Bien E, Baum M, Bortolin L, Wang S, Goeva A, Nemesh J, Kamitaki N, Brumbaugh S, Kulp D, McCarroll SA. Molecular Diversity and Specializations among the Cells of the Adult Mouse Brain. Cell 2018; 174:1015-1030.e16. [PMID: 30096299 PMCID: PMC6447408 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 928] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian brain is composed of diverse, specialized cell populations. To systematically ascertain and learn from these cellular specializations, we used Drop-seq to profile RNA expression in 690,000 individual cells sampled from 9 regions of the adult mouse brain. We identified 565 transcriptionally distinct groups of cells using computational approaches developed to distinguish biological from technical signals. Cross-region analysis of these 565 cell populations revealed features of brain organization, including a gene-expression module for synthesizing axonal and presynaptic components, patterns in the co-deployment of voltage-gated ion channels, functional distinctions among the cells of the vasculature and specialization of glutamatergic neurons across cortical regions. Systematic neuronal classifications for two complex basal ganglia nuclei and the striatum revealed a rare population of spiny projection neurons. This adult mouse brain cell atlas, accessible through interactive online software (DropViz), serves as a reference for development, disease, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpiar Saunders
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Evan Z Macosko
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Alec Wysoker
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Melissa Goldman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Fenna M Krienen
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Heather de Rivera
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bien
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Matthew Baum
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Laura Bortolin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Shuyu Wang
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Aleksandrina Goeva
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - James Nemesh
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nolan Kamitaki
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sara Brumbaugh
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David Kulp
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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25
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Fifel K, Meijer JH, Deboer T. Circadian and Homeostatic Modulation of Multi-Unit Activity in Midbrain Dopaminergic Structures. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7765. [PMID: 29773830 PMCID: PMC5958140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the link between sleep disturbances and dopamine (DA)-related neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders is well established, the impact of sleep alterations on neuronal activity of midbrain DA-ergic structures is currently unknown. Here, using wildtype C57Bl mice, we investigated the circadian- and sleep-related modulation of electrical neuronal activity in midbrain ventral-tegmental-area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN). We found no significant circadian modulation of activity in SN while VTA displayed a low amplitude but significant circadian modulation with increased firing rates during the active phase. Combining neural activity recordings with electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings revealed a strong vigilance state dependent modulation of neuronal activity with increased activity during wakefulness and rapid eye movement sleep relative to non-rapid eye movement sleep in both SN and VTA. Six-hours of sleep deprivation induced a significant depression of neuronal activity in both areas. Surprisingly, these alterations lasted for up to 48 hours and persisted even after the normalization of cortical EEG waves. Our results show that sleep and sleep disturbances significantly affect neuronal activity in midbrain DA structures. We propose that these changes in neuronal activity underlie the well-known relationship between sleep alterations and several disorders involving dysfunction of the DA circuitry such as addiction and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Fifel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Neurophysiology unit, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Johanna H Meijer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Neurophysiology unit, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Deboer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Neurophysiology unit, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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26
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Kim J, Kim Y, Nakajima R, Shin A, Jeong M, Park AH, Jeong Y, Jo S, Yang S, Park H, Cho SH, Cho KH, Shim I, Chung JH, Paik SB, Augustine GJ, Kim D. Inhibitory Basal Ganglia Inputs Induce Excitatory Motor Signals in the Thalamus. Neuron 2017; 95:1181-1196.e8. [PMID: 28858620 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Basal ganglia (BG) circuits orchestrate complex motor behaviors predominantly via inhibitory synaptic outputs. Although these inhibitory BG outputs are known to reduce the excitability of postsynaptic target neurons, precisely how this change impairs motor performance remains poorly understood. Here, we show that optogenetic photostimulation of inhibitory BG inputs from the globus pallidus induces a surge of action potentials in the ventrolateral thalamic (VL) neurons and muscle contractions during the post-inhibitory period. Reduction of the neuronal population with this post-inhibitory rebound firing by knockout of T-type Ca2+ channels or photoinhibition abolishes multiple motor responses induced by the inhibitory BG input. In a low dopamine state, the number of VL neurons showing post-inhibitory firing increases, while reducing the number of active VL neurons via photoinhibition of BG input, effectively prevents Parkinson disease (PD)-like motor symptoms. Thus, BG inhibitory input generates excitatory motor signals in the thalamus and, in excess, promotes PD-like motor abnormalities. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongjin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Center for Neuroscience, KIST, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryuichi Nakajima
- Center for Functional Connectomics, KIST, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Hyung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongcheol Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonmi Jo
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkyoung Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Park
- School of Computing, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Cho
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Cho
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Bum Paik
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - George J Augustine
- Center for Functional Connectomics, KIST, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Daesoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Sil’kis IG, Markevich VA. The influence of acetylcholine, dopamine, and GABA on the functioning of the corticostriatal neuronal network in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases: A hypothetical mechanism. NEUROCHEM J+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712416040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Effects of thalamic hemorrhagic lesions on explicit and implicit learning during the acquisition and retrieval phases in an animal model of central post-stroke pain. Behav Brain Res 2016; 317:251-262. [PMID: 27681112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke has many symptoms, including central pain, learning and memory impairments, motor deficits, language problems, emotional disturbances, and social maladjustment. Lesions of the ventral basal complex (VBC) of the thalamus elicit thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, forming an animal model of central post-stroke pain (CPSP). However, no research has yet examined the involvement of learning and memory in CPSP using an animal model. The present study examined whether VBC lesions affect motor function, conditioned place preference (CPP; implicit memory), and spatial learning (explicit memory) in the acquisition and retrieval phases. The results showed that rats with VBC lesions exhibited thermal hyperalgesia in the acquisition and retrieval phases, indicating that these lesions can induce CPSP. During these phases, the rats with VBC lesions exhibited enhanced (morphine-induced) CPP learning. These lesions did not affect the rats' total distance travelled, time spent, or velocity in the spatial learning tasks. The lesions also did not affect motor function in the rotarod task. Altogether, VBC lesions resulted in CPSP and facilitated CPP (implicit memory). However, the lesions did not affect spatial learning (explicit memory) or motor function. The relationship between CPSP and learning and memory is important for patients who suffer from such central pain. The implications of the present study may provide insights into helping reduce CPSP and its associated symptoms.
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29
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Angioni L, Cocco C, Ferri GL, Argiolas A, Melis MR, Sanna F. Involvement of nigral oxytocin in locomotor activity: A behavioral, immunohistochemical and lesion study in male rats. Horm Behav 2016; 83:23-38. [PMID: 27189764 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin is involved in the control of different behaviors, from sexual behavior and food consumption to empathy, social and affective behaviors. An imbalance of central oxytocinergic neurotransmission has been also associated with different mental pathologies, from depression, anxiety and anorexia/bulimia to schizophrenia, autism and drug dependence. This study shows that oxytocin may also play a role in the control of locomotor activity. Accordingly, intraperitoneal oxytocin (0.5-2000μg/kg) reduced locomotor activity of adult male rats. This effect was abolished by d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)(2)-Orn(8)-vasotocin, an oxytocin receptor antagonist, given into the lateral ventricles at the dose of 2μg/rat, which was ineffective on locomotor activity. Oxytocin (50-200ng/site) also reduced and d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)(2)-Orn(8)-vasotocin (2μg/site) increased locomotor activity when injected bilaterally into the substantia nigra, a key area in the control of locomotor activity. Conversely, the destruction of nigral neurons bearing oxytocin receptors by the recently characterized neurotoxin oxytocin-saporin injected into the substantia nigra, increased basal locomotor activity. Since oxytocin-saporin injected into the substantia nigra caused a marked reduction of neurons immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (e.g., nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons) and for vesicular glutamate transporters VGluT1, VGluT2 and VGluT3 (e.g., glutamatergic neurons), but not for glutamic acid decarboxylase (e.g., GABAergic neurons), together these findings suggest that oxytocin influences locomotor activity by acting on receptors localized presynaptically in nigral glutamatergic nerve terminals (which control the activity of nigral GABAergic efferent neurons projecting to brain stem nuclei controlling locomotor activity), rather than on receptors localized in the cell bodies/dendrites of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Angioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cytomorphology, NEF Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Cristina Cocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cytomorphology, NEF Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Gian-Luca Ferri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cytomorphology, NEF Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Antonio Argiolas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Neuropsychobiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Neuropsychobiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Neuropsychobiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
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30
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Hegeman DJ, Hong ES, Hernández VM, Chan CS. The external globus pallidus: progress and perspectives. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1239-65. [PMID: 26841063 PMCID: PMC4874844 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The external globus pallidus (GPe) of the basal ganglia is in a unique and powerful position to influence processing of motor information by virtue of its widespread projections to all basal ganglia nuclei. Despite the clinical importance of the GPe in common motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease, there is only limited information about its cellular composition and organizational principles. In this review, recent advances in the understanding of the diversity in the molecular profile, anatomy, physiology and corresponding behaviour during movement of GPe neurons are described. Importantly, this study attempts to build consensus and highlight commonalities of the cellular classification based on existing but contentious literature. Additionally, an analysis of the literature concerning the intricate reciprocal loops formed between the GPe and major synaptic partners, including both the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus, is provided. In conclusion, the GPe has emerged as a crucial node in the basal ganglia macrocircuit. While subtleties in the cellular makeup and synaptic connection of the GPe create new challenges, modern research tools have shown promise in untangling such complexity, and will provide better understanding of the roles of the GPe in encoding movements and their associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hegeman
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ellie S Hong
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Vivian M Hernández
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - C Savio Chan
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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31
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Bechard AR, Cacodcar N, King MA, Lewis MH. How does environmental enrichment reduce repetitive motor behaviors? Neuronal activation and dendritic morphology in the indirect basal ganglia pathway of a mouse model. Behav Brain Res 2015; 299:122-31. [PMID: 26620495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive motor behaviors are observed in many neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorders, Tourette syndrome, fronto-temporal dementia). Despite their clinical importance, the neurobiology underlying these highly stereotyped, apparently functionless behaviors is poorly understood. Identification of mechanisms that mediate the development of repetitive behaviors will aid in the discovery of new therapeutic targets and treatment development. Using a deer mouse model, we have shown that decreased indirect basal ganglia pathway activity is associated with high levels of repetitive behavior. Environmental enrichment (EE) markedly attenuates the development of such aberrant behaviors in mice, although mechanisms driving this effect are unknown. We hypothesized that EE would reduce repetitive motor behaviors by increasing indirect basal ganglia pathway function. We assessed neuronal activation and dendritic spine density in basal ganglia of adult deer mice reared in EE and standard housing. Significant increases in neuronal activation and dendritic spine densities were observed only in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus (GP), and only for those mice that exhibited an EE-induced decrease in repetitive motor behavior. As the STN and GP lie within the indirect pathway, these data suggest that EE-induced attenuation of repetitive motor behaviors is associated with increased functional activation of the indirect basal ganglia pathway. These results are consistent with our other findings highlighting the importance of the indirect pathway in mediating repetitive motor behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Bechard
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Nadia Cacodcar
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael A King
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark H Lewis
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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32
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Garcia-Munoz M, Arbuthnott GW. Basal ganglia-thalamus and the "crowning enigma". Front Neural Circuits 2015; 9:71. [PMID: 26582979 PMCID: PMC4631818 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2015.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When Hubel (1982) referred to layer 1 of primary visual cortex as "… a 'crowning mystery' to keep area-17 physiologists busy for years to come …" he could have been talking about any cortical area. In the 80's and 90's there were no methods to examine this neuropile on the surface of the cortex: a tangled web of axons and dendrites from a variety of different places with unknown specificities and doubtful connections to the cortical output neurons some hundreds of microns below. Recently, three changes have made the crowning enigma less of an impossible mission: the clear presence of neurons in layer 1 (L1), the active conduction of voltage along apical dendrites and optogenetic methods that might allow us to look at one source of input at a time. For all of those reasons alone, it seems it is time to take seriously the function of L1. The functional properties of this layer will need to wait for more experiments but already L1 cells are GAD67 positive, i.e., inhibitory! They could reverse the sign of the thalamic glutamate (GLU) input for the entire cortex. It is at least possible that in the near future normal activity of individual sources of L1 could be detected using genetic tools. We are at the outset of important times in the exploration of thalamic functions and perhaps the solution to the crowning enigma is within sight. Our review looks forward to that solution from the solid basis of the anatomy of the basal ganglia output to motor thalamus. We will focus on L1, its afferents, intrinsic neurons and its influence on responses of pyramidal neurons in layers 2/3 and 5. Since L1 is present in the whole cortex we will provide a general overview considering evidence mainly from the somatosensory (S1) cortex before focusing on motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gordon W Arbuthnott
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa, Japan
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33
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Morello F, Partanen J. Diversity and development of local inhibitory and excitatory neurons associated with dopaminergic nuclei. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3693-701. [PMID: 26453835 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For regulation of voluntary movement and motivation the midbrain dopaminergic system receives input from a variety of brain regions. Often this input is mediated by local non-dopaminergic neurons within or closely associated with the dopaminergic nuclei. In addition to the dopaminergic neurons, some of these non-dopaminergic neurons also send functionally important output from the ventral midbrain to forebrain targets. The aim of this review is to introduce subtypes of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons, which are located in the dopaminergic nuclei or the adjacent brainstem and are important for the regulation of the dopaminergic pathways. In addition, we discuss recent studies beginning to reveal mechanisms for their development, which may hold the key to understanding the diversity of these neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Morello
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Partanen
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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34
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Villalba RM, Mathai A, Smith Y. Morphological changes of glutamatergic synapses in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:117. [PMID: 26441550 PMCID: PMC4585113 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) are the main entry doors for extrinsic inputs to reach the basal ganglia (BG) circuitry. The cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem are the key sources of glutamatergic inputs to these nuclei. There is anatomical, functional and neurochemical evidence that glutamatergic neurotransmission is altered in the striatum and STN of animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and that these changes may contribute to aberrant network neuronal activity in the BG-thalamocortical circuitry. Postmortem studies of animal models and PD patients have revealed significant pathology of glutamatergic synapses, dendritic spines and microcircuits in the striatum of parkinsonians. More recent findings have also demonstrated a significant breakdown of the glutamatergic corticosubthalamic system in parkinsonian monkeys. In this review, we will discuss evidence for synaptic glutamatergic dysfunction and pathology of cortical and thalamic inputs to the striatum and STN in models of PD. The potential functional implication of these alterations on synaptic integration, processing and transmission of extrinsic information through the BG circuits will be considered. Finally, the significance of these pathological changes in the pathophysiology of motor and non-motor symptoms in PD will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Villalba
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Abraham Mathai
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
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35
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Inhibitory synaptic transmission from the substantia nigra pars reticulata to the ventral medial thalamus in mice. Neurosci Res 2015; 97:26-35. [PMID: 25887794 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop circuit is involved in variety of motor, association and limbic functions. The basal ganglia receive neural information from various areas of the cerebral cortex and transfer them back to the frontal and motor cortex via the ventral medial (VM), and the anterior-ventral lateral thalamic complex. The projection from the basal ganglia to the thalamus is GABAergic, and, therefore, the output from the basal ganglia cannot directly evoke excitation in the thalamic nuclei. The mechanism underlying the information transfer via the inhibitory projection remains unclear. To address this issue, we recorded electrophysiological properties of nigro-thalamic synapses from the VM neuron. We developed a nigro-thalamic slice preparation, in which the projection from the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) to VM nucleus is stored, to enable the selective activation of the projection from the SNr. We characterized synaptic properties and membrane properties of the VM neuron, and developed a VM neuron model to simulate the impacts of SNr inputs on VM neuron activity. Neural simulation suggested that the inhibitory projection from SNr can control neural activity in two ways: a disinhibition from the spontaneous nigral inhibition and a β-band synchronization evoked by combination of excitation and inhibition of SNr activity.
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36
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Esber GR, Torres-Tristani K, Holland PC. Amygdalo-striatal interaction in the enhancement of stimulus salience in associative learning. Behav Neurosci 2015; 129:87-95. [PMID: 25730120 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Function of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is critical to 2 aspects of attention in associative learning: the conditioning of orienting responses (ORs) to cues paired with food, and the enhancement of cue salience by the surprising omission of expected events. Such salience enhancements have been found to depend on interactions within a circuit that includes CeA, the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), the substantia innominata (SI), and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). The acquisition and expression of conditioned ORs requires interactions among CeA, SNc, and the dorsal lateral striatum (DLS), but not SI or PPC. Here, we considered whether CeA-DLS interactions are also important in surprise-induced salience enhancements in a serial prediction task. Rats received unilateral lesions of CeA and DLS, either contralaterally, which disrupted interactions between those structures, or ipsilaterally, which produced comparable damage to each structure but permitted interactions between them in 1 hemisphere. Rats with ipsilateral lesions of CeA and DLS showed the salience enhancements normally observed in this task, but rats with contralateral lesions of those structures did not. Thus, convergence of information processing by CeA and DLS is essential for surprise-induced salience enhancements, as well as for conditioned ORs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem R Esber
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse
| | | | - Peter C Holland
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
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37
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Miyamoto Y, Fukuda T. Immunohistochemical study on the neuronal diversity and three-dimensional organization of the mouse entopeduncular nucleus. Neurosci Res 2015; 94:37-49. [PMID: 25722090 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The entopeduncular nucleus (EPN) is one of the major output nuclei of the basal ganglia in rodents. Previous studies have divided it into rostral and caudal halves, with the former containing somatostatin (SOM)-immunoreactive neurons and the latter dominated by parvalbumin (PV)-containing neurons, respectively. However, it is unclear whether this simple rostrocaudal segmentation is appropriate, and the possibility of the existence of other neuronal populations remains to be investigated. In this study the cytoarchitecture of the mouse EPN was analyzed immunohistochemically. Substance P (SP)-immunoreactivity determined the extent of the EPN, which was 800 μm-long along the rostrocaudal axis. PV-positive neurons were concentrated in the caudal two-thirds of this range. PV-negative neurons were abundant in the rostral half but were further located caudally around the PV neuron-rich core. PV(+)/SOM(-) and PV(-)/SOM(+) neurons constituted 28.6% and 45.7% of EPN neurons, respectively, whereas the remaining population (25.7%) exhibited neither immunoreactivity. Eleven percent of EPN neurons lacked immunoreactivity for glutamic acid decarboxylase, indicating their non-GABAergic nature. Three-dimensional reconstruction revealed that PV-rich/SP-poor core was surrounded by PV-poor/SP-rich shell region. Therefore, presumptive thalamus-targeting PV neurons are outnumbered by other populations, and the regional heterogeneity shown here might be related to functionally distinct pathways through the basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Miyamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takaichi Fukuda
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
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