1
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Guo Y, Xu S, Pan X, Xin W, Cao W, Ma W, Li L, Shen Q, Li Z. Psoralen protects neurons and alleviates neuroinflammation by regulating microglial M1/M2 polarization via inhibition of the Fyn-PKCδ pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 137:112493. [PMID: 38897126 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is closely associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Psoralen has potential for the treatment of many diseases, however, the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of psoralen have been unclear. This study investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of psoralen and its regulation of microglial M1/M2 polarization. The LPS-induced mice model was used to test anti-neuroinflammatory effects, regulatory effects on microglia polarization, and neuroprotective effects of psoralen in vivo. The LPS-induced BV2 model was used to test the anti-neuroinflammatory effects and the regulatory effects and mechanisms on microglial M1/M2 polarization of psoralen in vitro. PC12 cell model induced by conditioned medium of BV2 cells was used to validate the protective effects of psoralen against neuroinflammation-induced neuronal damage. These results showed that psoralen inhibited the expression of iNOS, CD86, and TNF-α, and increased the expression of Arg-1, CD206, and IL-10. These results indicated that psoralen inhibited the M1 microglial phenotype and promoted the M2 microglial phenotype. Further studies showed that psoralen inhibited the phosphorylation of Fyn and PKCδ, thereby inhibiting activation of the MAPKs and NF-κB pathways and suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia. Furthermore, psoralen reduced oxidative stress, neuronal damage, and apoptosis via inhibition of neuroinflammation. For the first time, this study showed that psoralen protected neurons and alleviated neuroinflammation by regulating microglial M1/M2 polarization, which may be mediated by inhibition of the Fyn-PKCδ pathway. Thus, psoralen may be a potential agent in the treatment of neuroinflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Sai Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohong Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wenyu Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wenli Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wenya Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhipeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China.
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2
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Rodriguez S, Sharma S, Tiarks G, Peterson Z, Jackson K, Thedens D, Wong A, Keffala-Gerhard D, Mahajan VB, Ferguson PJ, Newell EA, Glykys J, Nickl-Jockschat T, Bassuk AG. Neuroprotective effects of naltrexone in a mouse model of post-traumatic seizures. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13507. [PMID: 38867062 PMCID: PMC11169394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) induces neuroinflammatory response that can initiate epileptogenesis, which develops into epilepsy. Recently, we identified anti-convulsive effects of naltrexone, a mu-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist, used to treat drug addiction. While blocking opioid receptors can reduce inflammation, it is unclear if post-TBI seizures can be prevented by blocking MORs. Here, we tested if naltrexone prevents neuroinflammation and/or seizures post-TBI. TBI was induced by a modified Marmarou Weight-Drop (WD) method on 4-week-old C57BL/6J male mice. Mice were placed in two groups: non-telemetry assessing the acute effects or in telemetry monitoring for interictal events and spontaneous seizures both following TBI and naltrexone. Molecular, histological and neuroimaging techniques were used to evaluate neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and fiber track integrity at 8 days and 3 months post-TBI. Peripheral immune responses were assessed through serum chemokine/cytokine measurements. Our results show an increase in MOR expression, nitro-oxidative stress, mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, microgliosis, neurodegeneration, and white matter damage in the neocortex of TBI mice. Video-EEG revealed increased interictal events in TBI mice, with 71% mice developing post-traumatic seizures (PTS). Naltrexone treatment ameliorated neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, reduced interictal events and prevented seizures in all TBI mice, which makes naltrexone a promising candidate against PTS, TBI-associated neuroinflammation and epileptogenesis in a WD model of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Rodriguez
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics , Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 25 South Grand Ave, 2040 MedLabs, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Shaunik Sharma
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics , Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 25 South Grand Ave, 2040 MedLabs, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Grant Tiarks
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics , Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 25 South Grand Ave, 2040 MedLabs, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Zeru Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kyle Jackson
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics , Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 25 South Grand Ave, 2040 MedLabs, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Daniel Thedens
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Angela Wong
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics , Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 25 South Grand Ave, 2040 MedLabs, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - David Keffala-Gerhard
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics , Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 25 South Grand Ave, 2040 MedLabs, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Polly J Ferguson
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics , Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 25 South Grand Ave, 2040 MedLabs, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Newell
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics , Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 25 South Grand Ave, 2040 MedLabs, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Joseph Glykys
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics , Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 25 South Grand Ave, 2040 MedLabs, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Thomas Nickl-Jockschat
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany Center for Intervention and Research on adaptive and maladaptive brain Circuits underlying mental health (C-I-R-C), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics , Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 25 South Grand Ave, 2040 MedLabs, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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3
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Urrutia J, Arrizabalaga-Iriondo A, Sanchez-del-Rey A, Martinez-Ibargüen A, Gallego M, Casis O, Revuelta M. Therapeutic role of voltage-gated potassium channels in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1406709. [PMID: 38827782 PMCID: PMC11140135 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1406709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated ion channels are essential for membrane potential maintenance, homeostasis, electrical signal production and controlling the Ca2+ flow through the membrane. Among all ion channels, the key regulators of neuronal excitability are the voltage-gated potassium channels (KV), the largest family of K+ channels. Due to the ROS high levels in the aging brain, K+ channels might be affected by oxidative agents and be key in aging and neurodegeneration processes. This review provides new insight about channelopathies in the most studied neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington Disease or Spinocerebellar Ataxia. The main affected KV channels in these neurodegenerative diseases are the KV1, KV2.1, KV3, KV4 and KV7. Moreover, in order to prevent or repair the development of these neurodegenerative diseases, previous KV channel modulators have been proposed as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janire Urrutia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ane Arrizabalaga-Iriondo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana Sanchez-del-Rey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Agustín Martinez-Ibargüen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mónica Gallego
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Oscar Casis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Miren Revuelta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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Ramos R, Vale N. Dual Drug Repurposing: The Example of Saracatinib. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4565. [PMID: 38674150 PMCID: PMC11050334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Saracatinib (AZD0530) is a dual Src/Abl inhibitor initially developed by AstraZeneca for cancer treatment; however, data from 2006 to 2024 reveal that this drug has been tested not only for cancer treatment, but also for the treatment of other diseases. Despite the promising pre-clinical results and the tolerability shown in phase I trials, where a maximum tolerated dose of 175 mg was defined, phase II clinical data demonstrated a low therapeutic action against several cancers and an elevated rate of adverse effects. Recently, pre-clinical research aimed at reducing the toxic effects and enhancing the therapeutic performance of saracatinib using nanoparticles and different pharmacological combinations has shown promising results. Concomitantly, saracatinib was repurposed to treat Alzheimer's disease, targeting Fyn. It showed great clinical results and required a lower daily dose than that defined for cancer treatment, 125 mg and 175 mg, respectively. In addition to Alzheimer's disease, this Src inhibitor has also been studied in relation to other health conditions such as pulmonary and liver fibrosis and even for analgesic and anti-allergic functions. Although saracatinib is still not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the large number of alternative uses for saracatinib and the elevated number of pre-clinical and clinical trials performed suggest the huge potential of this drug for the treatment of different kinds of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ramos
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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5
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Zhang Z, Sun L, Guo Y, Zhao J, Li J, Pan X, Li Z. Bavachin ameliorates neuroinflammation and depressive-like behaviors in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice through the inhibition of PKCδ. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 213:52-64. [PMID: 38215890 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Depression and diabetes are closely linked; however, the pathogenesis of depression associated with diabetes is unclear, and there are no clinically effective antidepressant drugs for diabetic patients with depression. Bavachin is an important active ingredient in Fructus Psoraleae. In this study, we evaluated the anti-neuroinflammatory and antidepressant effects associated with diabetes and the molecular mechanisms of bavachin in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes mouse model. We found that bavachin clearly decreased streptozotocin (STZ)-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice. It was further found that bavachin significantly inhibited microglia activation and the phosphorylation level of PKCδ and inhibited the activation of the NF-κB pathway in vivo and in vitro. Knockdown of PKCδ with siRNA-PKCδ partially reversed the inhibitory effect of bavachin on the NF-κB pathway and the level of pro-inflammatory factors. We further found that PKCδ directly bound to bavachin based on molecular docking and pull-down assays. We also found that bavachin improved neuroinflammation-induced neuronal survival and functional impairment and that this effect may be related to activation of the ERK and Akt pathways mediated by the BDNF pathway. Taken together, these data suggested that bavachin, by targeting inhibition PKCδ to inhibit the NF-κB pathway, further reduced the inflammatory response and oxidative stress and subsequently improved diabetic neuronal survival and function and finally ameliorated diabetes-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice. For the first time, we found that bavachin is a potential agent for the treatment of diabetes-associated neuroinflammation and depression and that PKCδ is a potential target for the treatment of diabetes-associated neuroinflammation, including depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Liyan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yaping Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohong Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China.
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6
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Guglietti B, Mustafa S, Corrigan F, Collins-Praino LE. Anatomical distribution of Fyn kinase in the human brain in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 118:105957. [PMID: 38101025 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fyn kinase is an Src family kinase (SFK) widely expressed in many tissues, including the CNS. Recently, Fyn kinase activation has been associated with pathological mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases and, as such, the role of Fyn dysfunction is under investigation. In particular, Fyn is implicated as a major upstream regulator of neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Chronic neuroinflammation has been observed not just in the substantia nigra (SN), but also in several key regions of the brain, with disruption associated with symptoms presentation in PD. This study aimed to characterise the anatomical distribution of Fyn in key brain regions affected in PD, namely the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and SN. METHODS Fresh and fixed post-mortem PD brain samples (n = 10) were collected and compared with neurologically healthy age-matched controls (n = 7) to assess markers of Fyn activity and neuroinflammation. RESULTS Increased Fyn phosphorylation was observed in SN and striatum of post-mortem samples from PD patients compared with controls. No such increase was observed in the prefrontal cortex or hippocampus. In contrast with previous findings, no increase in microglial activation or astrocyte reactivity was observed in PD brains across regions. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicate that Fyn dysfunction may be involved in the pathological processes observed in PD; however, this appears to be independent of inflammatory mechanisms. Further investigations are required to elucidate if increased Fyn activity is a potential cause or consequence of pathological processing in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Guglietti
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sanam Mustafa
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Davies Livestock Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E Collins-Praino
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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7
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Rao NS, Putra M, Meyer C, Almanza A, Thippeswamy T. The effects of Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor, saracatinib, on the markers of epileptogenesis in a mixed-sex cohort of adult rats in the kainic acid model of epilepsy. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1294514. [PMID: 38025259 PMCID: PMC10665569 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1294514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation are key processes of epileptogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). A considerable number (∼30%) of patients with epilepsy are resistant to currently available antiseizure drugs and thus there is a need to develop adjunct therapies to modify disease progression. A vast majority of interventional strategies to treat TLE have utilized males which limits the translational nature of the studies. In this study, we investigated the effects of repeated low-dose kainic acid (KA) injection on the initial status epilepticus (SE) and the effects of Src kinase inhibitor, saracatinib (SAR/AZD0530; 20 mg/kg, oral, daily for 7 days), in a mixed-sex cohort of adult Sprague Dawley rats during early epileptogenesis. There were no sex differences in response to KA-induced SE, and neither did the stage of estrus influence SE severity. KA-induced SE caused significant astrogliosis and microgliosis across the hippocampus, piriform cortex, and amygdala. SAR treatment resulted in a significant reduction of microgliosis across brain regions. Microglial morphometrics such as branch length and the endpoints strongly correlated with CD68 expression in the vehicle-treated group but not in the SAR-treated group, indicating mitigation by SAR. KA-induced SE caused significant neuronal loss, including parvalbumin-positive inhibitory neurons, in both vehicle (VEH) and SAR-treated groups. SAR treatment significantly mitigated FJB-positive neuronal counts as compared to the VEH group. There was an increase in C3-positive reactive astrocytes in the VEH-treated group, and SAR treatment significantly reduced the increase in the piriform cortex. C3-positive astrogliosis significantly correlated with CD68 expression in the amygdala (AMY) of VEH-treated rats, and SAR treatment mitigated this relationship. There was a significant increase of pSrc(Y419)-positive microglia in both KA-treated groups with a statistically insignificant reduction by SAR. KA-induced SE caused the development of classical glial scars in the piriform cortex (PIR) in both KA-treated groups, while SAR treatment led to a 42.17% reduction in the size of glial scars. We did not observe sex differences in any of the parameters in this study. SAR, at the dose tested in the rat kainate model for a week in this study mitigated some of the markers of epileptogenesis in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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8
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Chu E, Mychasiuk R, Tsantikos E, Raftery AL, L’Estrange-Stranieri E, Dill LK, Semple BD, Hibbs ML. Regulation of Microglial Signaling by Lyn and SHIP-1 in the Steady-State Adult Mouse Brain. Cells 2023; 12:2378. [PMID: 37830592 PMCID: PMC10571795 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation and glial activation are associated with the development of many neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychological disorders. Recent evidence suggests that the protein tyrosine kinase Lyn and the lipid phosphatase SH2 domain-containing inositol 5' phosphatase-1 (SHIP-1) regulate neuroimmunological responses, but their homeostatic roles remain unclear. The current study investigated the roles of Lyn and SHIP-1 in microglial responses in the steady-state adult mouse brain. Young adult Lyn-/- and SHIP-1-/- mice underwent a series of neurobehavior tests and postmortem brain analyses. The microglial phenotype and activation state were examined by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, and neuroimmune responses were assessed using gene expression analysis. Lyn-/- mice had an unaltered behavioral phenotype, neuroimmune response, and microglial phenotype, while SHIP-1-/- mice demonstrated reduced explorative activity and exhibited microglia with elevated activation markers but reduced granularity. In addition, expression of several neuroinflammatory genes was increased in SHIP-1-/- mice. In response to LPS stimulation ex vivo, the microglia from both Lyn-/- and SHIP-1-/- showed evidence of hyper-activity with augmented TNF-α production. Together, these findings demonstrate that both Lyn and SHIP-1 have the propensity to control microglial responses, but only SHIP-1 regulates neuroinflammation and microglial activation in the steady-state adult brain, while Lyn activity appears dispensable for maintaining brain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erskine Chu
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (E.T.); (A.L.R.); (E.L.-S.)
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Evelyn Tsantikos
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (E.T.); (A.L.R.); (E.L.-S.)
| | - April L. Raftery
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (E.T.); (A.L.R.); (E.L.-S.)
| | - Elan L’Estrange-Stranieri
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (E.T.); (A.L.R.); (E.L.-S.)
| | - Larissa K. Dill
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Margaret L. Hibbs
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (E.T.); (A.L.R.); (E.L.-S.)
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9
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Jurcau A, Andronie-Cioara FL, Nistor-Cseppento DC, Pascalau N, Rus M, Vasca E, Jurcau MC. The Involvement of Neuroinflammation in the Onset and Progression of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14582. [PMID: 37834030 PMCID: PMC10573049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease exhibiting the fastest growth in incidence in recent years. As with most neurodegenerative diseases, the pathophysiology is incompletely elucidated, but compelling evidence implicates inflammation, both in the central nervous system and in the periphery, in the initiation and progression of the disease, although it is not yet clear what triggers this inflammatory response and where it begins. Gut dysbiosis seems to be a likely candidate for the initiation of the systemic inflammation. The therapies in current use provide only symptomatic relief, but do not interfere with the disease progression. Nonetheless, animal models have shown promising results with therapies that target various vicious neuroinflammatory cascades. Translating these therapeutic strategies into clinical trials is still in its infancy, and a series of issues, such as the exact timing, identifying biomarkers able to identify Parkinson's disease in early and pre-symptomatic stages, or the proper indications of genetic testing in the population at large, will need to be settled in future guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Jurcau
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (A.J.); (D.C.N.-C.)
| | - Felicia Liana Andronie-Cioara
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (A.J.); (D.C.N.-C.)
| | - Delia Carmen Nistor-Cseppento
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (A.J.); (D.C.N.-C.)
| | - Nicoleta Pascalau
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (A.J.); (D.C.N.-C.)
| | - Marius Rus
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Elisabeta Vasca
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine “Vasile Goldis” Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania
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Soheilifar MH, Nobari S, Hakimi M, Adel B, Masoudi-Khoram N, Reyhani E, Neghab HK. Current concepts of microRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms in human pulp tissue-derived stem cells: a snapshot in the regenerative dentistry. Cell Tissue Res 2023:10.1007/s00441-023-03792-4. [PMID: 37247032 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
One of the most studied class of non-coding RNAs is microRNAs (miRNAs) which regulate more than 60% of human genes. A network of miRNA gene interactions participates in stem cell self-renewal, proliferation, migration, apoptosis, immunomodulation, and differentiation. Human pulp tissue-derived stem cells (PSCs) are an attractive source of dental mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which comprise human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) obtained from the dental pulp of permanent teeth and stem cells isolated from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) that would be a therapeutic opportunity in stomatognathic system reconstruction and repair of other damaged tissues. The regenerative capacity of hDPSCs and SHEDs is mediated by osteogenic, odontogenic, myogenic, neurogenic, angiogenic differentiation, and immunomodulatory function. Multi-lineage differentiation of PSCs can be induced or inhibited by the interaction of miRNAs with their target genes. Manipulating the expression of functional miRNAs in PSCs by mimicking miRNAs or inhibiting miRNAs emerged as a therapeutic tool in the clinical translation. However, the effectiveness and safety of miRNA-based therapeutics, besides higher stability, biocompatibility, less off-target effects, and immunologic reactions, have received particular attention. This review aimed to comprehensively overview the molecular mechanisms underlying miRNA-modified PSCs as a futuristic therapeutic option in regenerative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sima Nobari
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Hakimi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bashir Adel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Nastaran Masoudi-Khoram
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Reyhani
- Faculty of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hoda Keshmiri Neghab
- Department of Photo Healing and Regeneration, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Rodríguez-Zapata M, Galán-Llario M, Cañeque-Rufo H, Sevillano J, Sánchez-Alonso MG, Zapico JM, Ferrer-Alcón M, Uribarri M, Pascual-Teresa BD, Ramos-Álvarez MDP, Herradón G, Pérez-García C, Gramage E. Implication of the PTN/RPTPβ/ζ Signaling Pathway in Acute Ethanol Neuroinflammation in Both Sexes: A Comparative Study with LPS. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051318. [PMID: 37238989 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Binge drinking during adolescence increases the risk of alcohol use disorder, possibly by involving alterations of neuroimmune responses. Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a cytokine that inhibits Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (RPTP) β/ζ. PTN and MY10, an RPTPβ/ζ pharmacological inhibitor, modulate ethanol behavioral and microglial responses in adult mice. Now, to study the contribution of endogenous PTN and the implication of its receptor RPTPβ/ζ in the neuroinflammatory response in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) after acute ethanol exposure in adolescence, we used MY10 (60 mg/kg) treatment and mice with transgenic PTN overexpression in the brain. Cytokine levels by X-MAP technology and gene expression of neuroinflammatory markers were determined 18 h after ethanol administration (6 g/kg) and compared with determinations performed 18 h after LPS administration (5 g/kg). Our data indicate that Ccl2, Il6, and Tnfa play important roles as mediators of PTN modulatory actions on the effects of ethanol in the adolescent PFC. The data suggest PTN and RPTPβ/ζ as targets to differentially modulate neuroinflammation in different contexts. In this regard, we identified for the first time important sex differences that affect the ability of the PTN/RPTPβ/ζ signaling pathway to modulate ethanol and LPS actions in the adolescent mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rodríguez-Zapata
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
| | - Milagros Galán-Llario
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Cañeque-Rufo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Sevillano
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gracia Sánchez-Alonso
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Zapico
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcel Ferrer-Alcón
- BRAINco Biopharma, S.L., Bizkaia Technology Park, Zamudio, 48170 Vizcaya, Spain
| | - María Uribarri
- BRAINco Biopharma, S.L., Bizkaia Technology Park, Zamudio, 48170 Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Pascual-Teresa
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Del Pilar Ramos-Álvarez
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Herradón
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Estudios de las Adicciones, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Estudios de las Adicciones, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Gramage
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Estudios de las Adicciones, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Zhou X, Zhao R, Lv M, Xu X, Liu W, Li X, Gao Y, Zhao Z, Zhang Z, Li Y, Xu R, Wan Q, Cui Y. ACSL4 promotes microglia-mediated neuroinflammation by regulating lipid metabolism and VGLL4 expression. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 109:331-343. [PMID: 36791893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) is an important isozyme in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism. The role of ACSL4 in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation of microglia, and the effects of ACSL4-mediated inflammation on the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) are unknown. In this study, we found that ACSL4 expression was increased after LPS stimulation. Knocking down ACSL4 in microglia decreased proinflammatory cytokine production. Mechanistically, ACSL4 reduced vestigial-like family member 4(VGLL4) expression to promote NF-κB signal transduction; and ACSL4 regulated lipid composition after LPS stimulation. In addition, knocking down ACSL4 alleviated neuroinflammation in a systemic LPS model and acute l-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model. These data revealed ACSL4 to be a novel regulator that promotes microglia-mediated neuroinflammation by regulating VGLL4 expression and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Mengfei Lv
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenhao Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yunyi Gao
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaolong Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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13
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Portugal CC, Almeida TO, Socodato R, Relvas JB. Src family kinases (SFKs): critical regulators of microglial homeostatic functions and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. FEBS J 2022; 289:7760-7775. [PMID: 34510775 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
c-Src was the first protein kinase to be described as capable of phosphorylating tyrosine residues. Subsequent identification of other tyrosine-phosphorylating protein kinases with a similar structure to c-Src gave rise to the concept of Src family kinases (SFKs). Microglia are the resident innate immune cell population of the CNS. Under physiological conditions, microglia actively participate in brain tissue homeostasis, continuously patrolling the neuronal parenchyma and exerting neuroprotective actions. Activation of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) receptors induces microglial proliferation, migration toward pathological foci, phagocytosis, and changes in gene expression, concurrent with the secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. A significant body of literature shows that SFK stimulation positively associates with microglial activation and neuropathological conditions, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Here, we review essential microglial homeostatic functions regulated by SFKs, including phagocytosis, environmental sensing, and secretion of inflammatory mediators. In addition, we discuss the potential of SFK modulation for microglial homeostasis in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila C Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago O Almeida
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Doutoramento em Ciências Biomédicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Renato Socodato
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - João B Relvas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
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14
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Regulatory Effects of Fyn on Trophoblast Cell Behaviors and Function. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:6006981. [PMID: 36330453 PMCID: PMC9626209 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6006981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Fyn has been proven to be involved in various cell behaviors and pathophysiological processes. However, the expression and roles of Fyn in trophoblasts remain unclear. Here, we aimed to evaluate the participation of Fyn in trophoblast behavior and function, and the related mechanisms were briefly explored. Fyn expression in the HTR-8/SVneo, JEG-3, and JAR cell lines was evaluated by immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. Fyn expression in human hydatidiform moles was also determined by immunohistochemistry and western blot. To explore the effects of Fyn, HTR-8/SVneo and JEG-3 cells were transfected with Fyn shRNA or overexpression plasmid or treated with the Fyn activity inhibitor SU6656 or ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126. The migration, proliferation, and apoptosis of trophoblast cells were assessed using transwell assays, flow cytometry, and cell counting kit-8 assays, respectively. The production of primary inflammatory cytokines, HLA-G and active matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) 2/9, and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and STAT3 were evaluated by ELISA, western blot, or gelatin zymography. The results showed that Fyn was expressed by trophoblast cells, mainly in the cytoplasm and membrane. Fyn expression and activity levels both increased in order from HTR-8/SVneo and JAR to JEG-3. The overexpression of Fyn promoted the proliferation and migration of trophoblast cells and inhibited their apoptosis, while the opposite effects were observed for Fyn knockdown and inhibition. Fyn regulated inflammatory cytokine production in trophoblast cells by promoting TGF-β and IL-4 secretion while inhibiting IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion. Moreover, HLA-G expression in JEG-3 was positively regulated by Fyn. Fyn also facilitated the expression of active MMP2/9 and the activation of ERK1/2 and STAT3. Besides, it was confirmed that Fyn regulated trophoblast cell activities through ERK1/2 signal pathway by using U0126. Our study first detected the expression of Fyn in trophoblast cells. Fyn played pivotal roles in trophoblast cell behaviors and function, ERK1/2 was one of its targets, and MMP2/9 and STAT3 may also be involved in the regulatory mechanism.
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15
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Khot M, Sood A, Tryphena KP, Khan S, Srivastava S, Singh SB, Khatri DK. NLRP3 inflammasomes: A potential target to improve mitochondrial biogenesis in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 934:175300. [PMID: 36167151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative condition for which no approved treatment exists to prevent collective neuronal death. There is ample evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and associated caspase activity underlie the pathology observed. Neurons rely on mitochondrial activity since they have such high energy consumption. Therefore, it is not surprising that mitochondrial alterations favour neuronal degeneration. In particular, mitochondrial dysregulation contributes to PD, based on the observation that mitochondrial toxins can cause parkinsonism in humans and animal models. Also, it is known that inflammatory cytokine-mediated neuroinflammation is the key pathogenic mechanism in neuronal loss. In recent years, the research has focussed on mitochondria being the platform for nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Mitochondrial dysfunction and NLRP3 activation are emerging as critical players in inducing and sustaining neuroinflammation. Moreover, mitochondrial-derived ROS and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) could serve as the priming signal for forming inflammasome complexes responsible for the activation, maturation, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1(IL-1) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). The current review takes a more comprehensive approach to elucidating the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant NLRP3 activation in PD. In addition, we focus on some inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammatory pathways to alleviate the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Khot
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Anika Sood
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Sabiya Khan
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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16
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Fyn Signaling in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Potential and Therapeutic Implications. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:9112127. [PMID: 36157893 PMCID: PMC9499810 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9112127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke caused by arterial occlusion is the most common type of stroke and is one of the leading causes of disability and death, with the incidence increasing each year. Fyn is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the Src family of kinases (SFKs), which is related to many normal and pathological processes of the nervous system, including neurodevelopment and disease progression. In recent years, more and more evidence suggests that Fyn may be closely related to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, including energy metabolism disorders, excitatory neurotoxicity, intracellular calcium homeostasis, free radical production, and the activation of apoptotic genes. This paper reviews the role of Fyn in the pathological process of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, including neuroexcitotoxicity and neuroinflammation, to explore how Fyn affects specific signal cascades and leads to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, Fyn also promotes the production of superoxide and endogenous NO, so as to quickly react to produce peroxynitrite, which may also mediate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, which is discussed in this paper. Finally, we revealed the treatment methods related to Fyn inhibitors and discussed its potential as a clinical treatment for ischemic stroke.
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17
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Sarkar S. Microglial ion channels: Key players in non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105861. [PMID: 36115552 PMCID: PMC9617777 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a critical pathophysiological hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Microglia, the first responders of the brain, are the drivers of this neuroinflammation. Microglial activation, leading to induction of pro-inflammatory factors, like Interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), nitrites, and others, have been shown to induce neurodegeneration. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to reduce the risk of developing PD, but the mechanism underlying the microglial activation is still under active research. Recently, microglial ion channels have come to the forefront as potential drug targets in multiple neurodegenerative disorders, including AD and PD. Microglia expresses a variety of ion channels, including potassium channels, calcium channels, chloride channels, sodium channels, and proton channels. The diversity of channels present on microglia is responsible for the dynamic nature of these immune cells of the brain. These ion channels regulate microglial proliferation, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, antigen recognition and presentation, apoptosis, and cell signaling leading to inflammation, among other critical functions. Understanding the role of these ion channels and the signaling mechanism these channels regulate under pathological conditions is an active area of research. This review will be focusing on the roles of different microglial ion channels, and their potential role in regulating microglial functions in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvarish Sarkar
- Dept. of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Chrysin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuron damage and behavioral deficits in mice through inhibition of Fyn. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109118. [PMID: 35963156 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fyn, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, plays an important role in microglial-mediated neuroinflammation and may serve as a candidate therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric diseases. In this study, we discovered that chrysin, a natural flavonoid compound, suppressed the activation of Fyn kinase and further alleviated neuroinflammation-induced neuron damage and behavior deficits. Functionally, chrysin improved lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced memory impairment and depressive behaviors in mice, it also protected against LPS-induced neuronal degeneration and loss and synaptic defects in mice. Our study demonstrated that chrysin inhibited the activation of microglia and reduced the expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β. Furthermore, our data indicated that chrysin blocked phosphorylation of Fyn and activation of NF-κB. Transfection with siRNA-Fyn validated that knockdown of Fyn partly abolished the inhibitory effect of chrysin on the expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB activation. Taken together, our findings revealed that chrysin alleviated LPS-induced neuron damage and behavioral deficits by inhibiting the expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway, which might be mediated by inhibition of Fyn.
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19
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Src Family Kinases: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Acute Kidney Injury. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070984. [PMID: 35883540 PMCID: PMC9312434 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases and play a key role in regulating signal transduction. The mechanism of SFKs in various tumors has been widely studied, and there are more and more studies on its role in the kidney. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a disease with complex pathogenesis, including oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. In addition, fibrosis has a significant impact on the progression of AKI to developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). The mortality rate of this disease is very high, and there is no effective treatment drug at present. In recent years, some studies have found that SFKs, especially Src, Fyn, and Lyn, are involved in the pathogenesis of AKI. In this paper, the structure, function, and role of SFKs in AKI are discussed. SFKs play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of AKI, making them promising molecular targets for the treatment of AKI.
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20
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Hooshmand K, Halliday GM, Pineda SS, Sutherland GT, Guennewig B. Overlap between Central and Peripheral Transcriptomes in Parkinson’s Disease but Not Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095200. [PMID: 35563596 PMCID: PMC9104085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most neurodegenerative disorders take decades to develop, and their early detection is challenged by confounding non-pathological ageing processes. Therefore, the discovery of genes and molecular pathways in both peripheral and brain tissues that are highly predictive of disease evolution is necessary. To find genes that influence Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis, human RNA-Seq transcriptomic data from Brodmann Area 9 (BA9) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), whole blood (WB), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were analysed using a combination of differential gene expression and a random forest-based machine learning algorithm. The results suggest that there is little overlap between PD and AD, and the AD brain signature is unique mainly compared to blood-based samples. Moreover, the AD-BA9 was characterised by changes in ‘nervous system development’ with Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C (Mef2C), encoding a transcription factor that induces microglia activation, a prominent feature. The peripheral AD transcriptome was associated with alterations in ‘viral process’, and FYN, which has been previously shown to link amyloid-beta and tau, was the prominent feature. However, in the absence of any overlap with the central transcriptome, it is unclear whether peripheral FYN levels reflect AD severity or progression. In PD, central and peripheral signatures are characterised by anomalies in ‘exocytosis’ and specific genes related to the SNARE complex, including Vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2), Syntaxin 1A (STX1A), and p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1). This is consistent with our current understanding of the physiological role of alpha-synuclein and how alpha-synuclein oligomers compromise vesicle docking and neurotransmission. Overall, the results describe distinct disease-specific pathomechanisms, both within the brain and peripherally, for the two most common neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosar Hooshmand
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (K.H.); (G.M.H.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Glenda M. Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (K.H.); (G.M.H.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Sandy S. Pineda
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (K.H.); (G.M.H.); (S.S.P.)
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Greg T. Sutherland
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia;
| | - Boris Guennewig
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (K.H.); (G.M.H.); (S.S.P.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Kim SR, Park Y, Li M, Kim YK, Lee S, Son SY, Lee S, Lee JS, Lee CH, Park HH, Lee JY, Hong S, Cho YC, Kim JW, Yoo HM, Cho N, Lee HS, Lee SH. Anti-inflammatory effect of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle leaves in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated astrocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 286:114258. [PMID: 34271112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Activated astrocytes are involved in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Traditionally, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, widely distributed in East Asia, has been used as a medicine for the treatment of fever, gastric diseases, and inflammation. Although A. altissima has been reported to play an anti-inflammatory role in peripheral tissues or cells, its role in the central nervous system (CNS) remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of action of A. altissima in primary astrocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS A nitrite assay was used to measure nitric oxide (NO) production, and the tetrazolium salt 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to determine cytotoxicity. The expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were determined with western blotting. Reverse-transcription PCR was used to assess the expression of inflammatory cytokines. The levels of reactive oxygen species were measured using 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. Luciferase assay and immunocytochemistry were used for assessing nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) transcription and p65 localization, respectively. Memory and social interaction were analyzed using the Y-maze and three-chamber tests, respectively. RESULTS The ethanol extract of A. altissima leaves (AAE) inhibited iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated astrocytes. Moreover, AAE reduced the transcription of various proinflammatory mediators, hindered NF-κB activation, and suppressed extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation without p38 activation. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis revealed that AAE comprised ethyl gallate, quercetin, and kaempferol, along with luteolin, which has anti-inflammatory properties, and repressed LPS-induced nitrite levels and the nuclear translocation of p65. Finally, oral administration of AAE attenuated LPS-induced memory and social impairment in mice and repressed LPS-induced ERK and JNK activation in the cortices of mice. CONCLUSION AAE could have therapeutic uses in the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases via suppression of astrocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Rae Kim
- Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongun Park
- Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Mo Li
- Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Kyeong Kim
- Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmin Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Young Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22755, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22755, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Lee
- Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungguan Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chang Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Min Yoo
- Center for Bioanalysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Namki Cho
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Medrano-Jiménez E, Meza-Sosa KF, Urbán-Aragón JA, Secundino I, Pedraza-Alva G, Pérez-Martínez L. Microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease: The role of flavonoids and microRNAs. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:47-77. [PMID: 35293018 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr1021-531r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of senile dementia and is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and neuronal degeneration. Microglial activation is an important pathologic hallmark of AD. During disease progression, microglial cells switch from an alternative or anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective profile (M2) to a classic or proinflammatory and neurotoxic profile (M1). Phenotypically, M1 microglia is characterized by the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways that cause increased expression of proinflammatory genes, including those coding for cytokines and chemokines. This microglia-mediated neuroinflammation contributes to neuronal cell death. Recent studies in microglial cells have shown that a group of plant-derived compounds, known as flavonoids, possess anti-inflammatory properties and therefore exert a neuroprotective effect through regulating microglia activation. Here, we discuss how flavonoids can promote the switch from an inflammatory M1 phenotype to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in microglia and how this represents a valuable opportunity for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to blunt neuroinflammation and boost neuronal recovery in AD. We also review how certain flavonoids can inhibit neuroinflammation through their action on the expression of microglia-specific microRNAs (miRNAs), which also constitute a key therapeutic approach in different neuropathologies involving an inflammatory component, including AD. Finally, we propose novel targets of microglia-specific miRNAs that may be considered for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Medrano-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Karla F Meza-Sosa
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - José A Urbán-Aragón
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ismael Secundino
- Universidad De La Salle Bajío, Facultad de Odontología y Escuela de Veterinaria, León-Guanajuato, México
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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23
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Gage M, Putra M, Wachter L, Dishman K, Gard M, Gomez-Estrada C, Thippeswamy T. Saracatinib, a Src Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, as a Disease Modifier in the Rat DFP Model: Sex Differences, Neurobehavior, Gliosis, Neurodegeneration, and Nitro-Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:61. [PMID: 35052568 PMCID: PMC8773289 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), an organophosphate nerve agent (OPNA), exposure causes status epilepticus (SE) and epileptogenesis. In this study, we tested the protective effects of saracatinib (AZD0530), a Src kinase inhibitor, in mixed-sex or male-only Sprague Dawley rats exposed to 4-5 mg/kg DFP followed by 2 mg/kg atropine and 25 mg/kg 2-pralidoxime. Midazolam (3 mg/kg) was given to the mixed-sex cohort (1 h post-DFP) and male-only cohort (~30 min post-DFP). Saracatinib (20 mg/kg, oral, daily for 7 days) or vehicle was given two hours later and euthanized eight days or ten weeks post-DFP. Brain immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed increased microgliosis, astrogliosis, and neurodegeneration in DFP-treated animals. In the 10-week post-DFP male-only group, there were no significant differences between groups in the novel object recognition, Morris water maze, rotarod, or forced swim test. Brain IHC revealed significant mitigation by saracatinib in contrast to vehicle-treated DFP animals in microgliosis, astrogliosis, neurodegeneration, and nitro-oxidative stressors, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, GP91phox, and 3-Nitrotyrosine. These findings suggest the protective effects of saracatinib on brain pathology seem to depend on the initial SE severity. Further studies on dose optimization, including extended treatment regimen depending on the SE severity, are required to determine its disease-modifying potential in OPNA models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.G.); (M.P.); (L.W.); (K.D.); (M.G.); (C.G.-E.)
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Marotta G, Basagni F, Rosini M, Minarini A. Role of Fyn Kinase Inhibitors in Switching Neuroinflammatory Pathways. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:4738-4755. [PMID: 34939537 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666211221153719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fyn kinase is a member of the Src non-receptor tyrosine kinase family. Fyn is involved in multiple signaling pathways extending from cell proliferation and differentiation to cell adhesion and cell motility, and it has been found to be overexpressed in various types of cancers. In the central nervous system, Fyn exerts several different functions such as axon-glial signal transduction, oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination, and it is implicated in neuroinflammatory processes. Based on these premises, Fyn emerges as an attractive target in cancer and neurodegenerative disease therapy, particularly Alzheimer disease (AD), based on its activation by Aβ via cellular prion protein and its interaction with tau protein. However, Fyn is also a challenging target since the Fyn inhibitors discovered so far, due to the relevant homology of Fyn with other kinases, suffer from off-target effects. This review covers the efforts performed in the last decade to identify and optimize small molecules that effectively inhibit Fyn, both in enzymatic and in cell assays, including drug repositioning practices, as an opportunity of therapeutic intervention in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giambattista Marotta
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126-Bologna. Italy
| | - Filippo Basagni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126-Bologna. Italy
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126-Bologna. Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126-Bologna. Italy
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25
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Tan C, Liu X, Zhang X, Peng W, Wang H, Zhou W, Jiang J, Mo L, Chen Y, Chen L. Fyn kinase regulates dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis in animal and cell models of high glucose (HG) treatment. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:58. [PMID: 34863087 PMCID: PMC8642997 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High glucose (HG) is linked to dopaminergic neuron loss and related Parkinson’s disease (PD), but the mechanism is unclear. Results Rats and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were used to investigate the effect of HG on dopaminergic neuronal apoptotic death. We found that a 40-day HG diet elevated cleaved caspase 3 levels and activated Fyn and mTOR/S6K signaling in the substantia nigra of rats. In vitro, 6 days of HG treatment activated Fyn, enhanced binding between Fyn and mTOR, activated mTOR/S6K signaling, and induced neuronal apoptotic death. The proapoptotic effect of HG was rescued by either the Fyn inhibitor PP1 or the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. PP1 inhibited mTOR/S6K signaling, but rapamycin was unable to modulate Fyn activation. Conclusions HG induces dopaminergic neuronal apoptotic death via the Fyn/mTOR/S6K pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | | | - Wuxue Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Lijuan Mo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yangmei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Lifen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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26
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Su R, Zhou T. Alpha-Synuclein Induced Immune Cells Activation and Associated Therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:769506. [PMID: 34803660 PMCID: PMC8602361 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.769506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder closely related to immunity. An important aspect of the pathogenesis of PD is the interaction between α-synuclein and a series of immune cells. Studies have shown that accumulation of α-synuclein can induce an autoimmune response that accelerates the progression of PD. This study discusses the mechanisms underlying the interaction between α-synuclein and the immune system. During the development of PD, abnormally accumulated α-synuclein becomes an autoimmune antigen that binds to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that activate microglia, which differentiate into the microglia type 1 (M1) subtype. The microglia activate intracellular inflammatory pathways, induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and promote the differentiation of cluster of differentiation 4 + (CD4 +) T cells into proinflammatory T helper type 1 (Th1) and T helper type 17 (Th17) subtypes. Given the important role of α-synuclein in the immune system of the patients with PD, identifying potential targets of immunotherapy related to α-synuclein is critical for slowing disease progression. An enhanced understanding of immune-associated mechanisms in PD can guide the development of associated therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichen Su
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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27
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Nie L, Jiang L, Quinn JP, Grubb BD, Wang M. TRPA1-Mediated Src Family Kinases Activity Facilitates Cortical Spreading Depression Susceptibility and Trigeminovascular System Sensitization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12273. [PMID: 34830154 PMCID: PMC8620265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) plays a role in migraine and is proposed as a promising target for migraine therapy. However, TRPA1-induced signaling in migraine pathogenesis is poorly understood. In this study, we explored the hypothesis that Src family kinases (SFKs) transmit TRPA1 signaling in regulating cortical spreading depression (CSD), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release and neuroinflammation. CSD was monitored in mouse brain slices via intrinsic optical imaging, and in rats using electrophysiology. CGRP level and IL-1β gene expression in mouse trigeminal ganglia (TG) was detected using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay and Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction respectively. The results showed a SFKs activator, pYEEI (EPQY(PO3H2)EEEIPIYL), reversed the reduced cortical susceptibility to CSD by an anti-TRPA1 antibody in mouse brain slices. Additionally, the increased cytosolic phosphorylated SFKs at Y416 induced by CSD in rat ipsilateral cerebral cortices was attenuated by pretreatment of the anti-TRPA1 antibody perfused into contralateral ventricles. In mouse TG, a SFKs inhibitor, saracatinib, restored the CGRP release and IL-1β mRNA level increased by a TRPA1 activator, umbellulone. Moreover, umbellulone promoted SFKs phosphorylation, which was reduced by a PKA inhibitor, PKI (14-22) Amide. These data reveal a novel mechanism of migraine pathogenesis by which TRPA1 transmits signaling to SFKs via PKA facilitating CSD susceptibility and trigeminovascular system sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdi Nie
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), Suzhou 215123, China; (L.N.); (L.J.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (J.P.Q.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Liwen Jiang
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), Suzhou 215123, China; (L.N.); (L.J.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (J.P.Q.); (B.D.G.)
| | - John P. Quinn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (J.P.Q.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Blair D. Grubb
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (J.P.Q.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Minyan Wang
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), Suzhou 215123, China; (L.N.); (L.J.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (J.P.Q.); (B.D.G.)
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Cross-regulation of notch/AKT and serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) in IL-4-stimulated human macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108312. [PMID: 34741867 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling regulates the responses of macrophages to different stimuli in a context-dependent manner. The roles of Notch signaling in proinflammatory macrophages are well characterized, whereas its involvement, if any, in IL-4-stimulated macrophages (M(IL-4)) is still unclear. We observed that Notch signaling is functional in human M(IL-4). We performed transcriptome analysis of the Notch1 intracellular domain (NIC1)-overexpressing human monocytic cell line THP-1 with or without IL-4 stimulation to understand the global impact of Notch signaling in M(IL-4). The results revealed that NIC1-overexpressing THP-1 upregulated proinflammatory-associated genes and target genes of IL-4 signaling. We identified serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) as one of the genes increased by NIC1 overexpression in M(IL-4). To dissect the signaling pathway leading to SGK1 upregulation, we pretreated THP-1-derived macrophages with specific inhibitors of Notch (DAPT), AKT (LY294002) or ERK (U0126). Among these inhibitors, only LY294002 decreased the SGK1 mRNA levels in M(IL-4), indicating that the AKT pathway plays a key role in SGK1 transcription in M(IL-4). Furthermore, treatment of THP-1-derived macrophages with the SGK1 inhibitor (GSK650394) suppressed AKT phosphorylation, but not STAT6, in response to IL-4, indicating that SGK1 positively regulates AKT pathway in M(IL-4). Finally, GSK650394 treatment of human M(IL-4) increased the levels of PPARG mRNA and its protein, indicating a negative role of SGK1 in M(IL-4) function. Overall, we report that the Notch signaling and AKT pathways cooperatively regulate SGK1 expression in M(IL-4) where SGK1, in turn, plays an important role in suppressing IL-4-induced PPARγ expression.
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Gage M, Putra M, Gomez-Estrada C, Golden M, Wachter L, Gard M, Thippeswamy T. Differential Impact of Severity and Duration of Status Epilepticus, Medical Countermeasures, and a Disease-Modifier, Saracatinib, on Brain Regions in the Rat Diisopropylfluorophosphate Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:772868. [PMID: 34720886 PMCID: PMC8555467 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.772868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute organophosphate (OP) toxicity poses a significant threat to both military and civilian personnel as it can lead to a variety of cholinergic symptoms including the development of status epilepticus (SE). Depending on its severity, SE can lead to a spectrum of neurological changes including neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this study, we determined the impact of SE severity and duration on disease promoting parameters such as gliosis and neurodegeneration and the efficacy of a disease modifier, saracatinib (AZD0530), a Src/Fyn tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Animals were exposed to 4 mg/kg diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP, s.c.) followed by medical countermeasures. We had five experimental groups: controls (no DFP), animals with no continuous convulsive seizures (CS), animals with ∼20-min continuous CS, 31-60-min continuous CS, and > 60-min continuous CS. These groups were then assessed for astrogliosis, microgliosis, and neurodegeneration 8 days after DFP exposure. The 31-60-min and > 60-min groups, but not ∼20-min group, had significantly upregulated gliosis and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus compared to controls. In the piriform cortex and amygdala, however, all three continuous CS groups had significant upregulation in both gliosis and neurodegeneration. In a separate cohort of animals that had ∼20 and > 60-min of continuous CS, we administered saracatinib for 7 days beginning three hours after DFP. There was bodyweight loss and mortality irrespective of the initial SE severity and duration. However, in survived animals, saracatinib prevented spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) during the first week in both severity groups. In the ∼20-min CS group, compared to the vehicle, saracatinib significantly reduced neurodegeneration in the piriform cortex and amygdala. There were no significant differences in the measured parameters between the naïve control and saracatinib on its own (without DFP) groups. Overall, this study demonstrates the differential effects of the initial SE severity and duration on the localization of gliosis and neurodegeneration. We have also demonstrated the disease-modifying potential of saracatinib. However, its’ dosing regimen should be optimized based on initial severity and duration of CS during SE to maximize therapeutic effects and minimize toxicity in the DFP model as well as in other OP models such as soman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Gage
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Marson Putra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Crystal Gomez-Estrada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Madison Golden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Logan Wachter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Megan Gard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Khan N, Hu Y, Lowell CA, Rothstein TL. Signal Integration by Translocation and Phosphorylation of PKCδ in the B Cell Alternate Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2288-2296. [PMID: 34588218 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B cell signaling for activation via the BCR occurs as an isolated event only in vitro; in real life, BCR signaling takes place within a complex milieu that involves interactions with agents that trigger additional receptors. Chief among these is IL-4. We have shown that BCR signaling is reprogrammed by IL-4 receptor engagement and that this reprogramming involves creation of a new, signalosome-independent, Lyn-dependent alternate signaling pathway in B cells isolated from BALB/cByJ mice. A unique aspect of the alternate pathway is protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) phosphorylation. In dissecting this pathway, we unexpectedly found that Lyn is associated with IL-4Rα, that IL-4 induces Lyn activation, and that Lyn immunoprecipitated from IL-4-treated B cells capably phosphorylates PKCδ in a cell-free system. However, PKCδ phosphorylation does not occur in the absence of BCR triggering in vivo. This raised the question of why IL-4 alone failed to produce PKCδ phosphorylation. We considered the possibility that Lyn and PKCδ may be spatially separated. As expected, before any treatment, Lyn is located primarily in the membrane fraction, whereas PKCδ is located mainly in the cytosol fraction. However, when anti-Ig follows IL-4 treatment, PKCδ is found in the membrane fraction and phosphorylated. This translocation of PKCδ to the membrane fraction is not affected by loss of Lyn, although PKCδ phosphorylation requires Lyn. Thus, PKCδ phosphorylation through the alternate pathway represents the result of signal integration, whereby neither IL-4 nor anti-Ig working alone produces this outcome, but together they achieve this result by Lyn activation (IL-4) and PKCδ translocation (IL-4 followed by anti-Ig).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Khan
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI
| | - Yongmei Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; and
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; and
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI; .,Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI
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31
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Vavougios GD, Breza M, Mavridis T, Krogfelt KA. FYN, SARS-CoV-2, and IFITM3 in the neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease. BRAIN DISORDERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2021.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Guglietti B, Sivasankar S, Mustafa S, Corrigan F, Collins-Praino LE. Fyn Kinase Activity and Its Role in Neurodegenerative Disease Pathology: a Potential Universal Target? Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5986-6005. [PMID: 34432266 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fyn is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the Src family of kinases (SFKs) which has been implicated in several integral functions throughout the central nervous system (CNS), including myelination and synaptic transmission. More recently, Fyn dysfunction has been associated with pathological processes observed in neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Neurodegenerative diseases are amongst the leading cause of death and disability worldwide and, due to the ageing population, prevalence is predicted to rise in the coming years. Symptoms across neurodegenerative diseases are both debilitating and degenerative in nature and, concerningly, there are currently no disease-modifying therapies to prevent their progression. As such, it is important to identify potential new therapeutic targets. This review will outline the role of Fyn in normal/homeostatic processes, as well as degenerative/pathological mechanisms associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as demyelination, pathological protein aggregation, neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Guglietti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SG31, Helen Mayo South, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Srisankavi Sivasankar
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SG31, Helen Mayo South, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Sanam Mustafa
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SG31, Helen Mayo South, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SG31, Helen Mayo South, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E Collins-Praino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SG31, Helen Mayo South, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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Malovic E, Ealy A, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Emerging Roles of N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) Epitranscriptomics in Toxicology. Toxicol Sci 2021; 181:13-22. [PMID: 33616673 PMCID: PMC8599717 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epitranscriptomics, the study of chemically modified RNAs, is a burgeoning field being explored in a variety of scientific disciplines. Of the currently known epitranscriptomic modifications, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is the most abundant. The m6A modification is predominantly regulated by 3 tiers of protein modulators classified as writers, erasers, and readers. Depending upon cellular needs, these proteins function to deposit, remove, or read the methyl modifications on cognate mRNAs. Many environmental chemicals including heavy metals, pesticides, and other toxic pollutants, are all known to perturb transcription and translation machinery to exert their toxic responses. As such, we herein review how the m6A modification may be affected under different toxicological paradigms. Furthermore, we discuss how toxicants can affect the 3 tiers of regulation directly, and how these effects influence the m6A-modified mRNAs. Lastly, we highlight the disparities between published findings and theories, especially those concerning the m6A reader tier of regulation. In the far-reaching field of toxicology, m6A epitranscriptomics provides another enticing avenue to explore new mechanisms and therapies for a diverse range of environmentally linked disorders and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Malovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Alyssa Ealy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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34
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Desimone A, Hong J, Brockie ST, Yu W, Laliberte AM, Fehlings MG. The influence of ApoE4 on the clinical outcomes and pathophysiology of degenerative cervical myelopathy. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e149227. [PMID: 34369386 PMCID: PMC8410082 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is the most common cause of nontraumatic spinal cord injury in adults worldwide. Surgical decompression is generally effective in improving neurological outcomes and halting progression of myelopathic deterioration. However, a subset of patients experience suboptimal neurological outcomes. Given the emerging evidence that apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) allelic status influences neurodegenerative conditions, we examined whether the presence of the ApoE4 allele may account for the clinical heterogeneity of treatment outcomes in patients with DCM. Our results demonstrate that human ApoE4+ DCM patients have a significantly lower extent of improvement after decompression surgery. Functional analysis of our DCM mouse model in targeted-replacement mice expressing human ApoE4 revealed delayed gait recovery, forelimb grip strength, and hind limb mechanical sensitivity after decompression surgery, compared with their ApoE3 counterparts. This was accompanied by an exacerbated proinflammatory response resulting in higher concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, CCL3, and CXCL9. At the site of injury, there was a significant decrease in gray matter area, an increase in the activation of microglia/macrophages, and increased astrogliosis after decompression surgery in the ApoE4 mice. Our study is the first to our knowledge to investigate the pathophysiological underpinnings of ApoE4 in DCM, which suggests a possible personalized medicine approach for the treatment of DCM in ApoE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Desimone
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences
| | - James Hong
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences
| | - Sydney T Brockie
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences
| | - Wenru Yu
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex M Laliberte
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, and.,Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Sharma S, Carlson S, Gregory-Flores A, Hinojo-Perez A, Olson A, Thippeswamy T. Mechanisms of disease-modifying effect of saracatinib (AZD0530), a Src/Fyn tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in the rat kainate model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 156:105410. [PMID: 34087381 PMCID: PMC8325782 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated the role of the Fyn-PKCδ signaling pathway in status epilepticus (SE)-induced neuroinflammation and epileptogenesis in experimental models of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In this study, we show a significant disease-modifying effect and the mechanisms of a Fyn/Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor, saracatinib (SAR, also known as AZD0530), in the rat kainate (KA) model of TLE. SAR treatment for a week, starting the first dose (25 mg/kg, oral) 4 h after the onset of SE, significantly reduced spontaneously recurring seizures and epileptiform spikes during the four months of continuous video-EEG monitoring. Immunohistochemistry of brain sections and Western blot analyses of hippocampal lysates at 8-day (8d) and 4-month post-SE revealed a significant reduction of SE-induced astrogliosis, microgliosis, neurodegeneration, phosphorylated Fyn/Src-419 and PKCδ-tyr311, in SAR-treated group when compared with the vehicle control. We also found the suppression of nitroxidative stress markers such as iNOS, 3-NT, 4-HNE, and gp91phox in the hippocampus, and nitrite and ROS levels in the serum of the SAR-treated group at 8d post-SE. The qRT-PCR (hippocampus) and ELISA (serum) revealed a significant reduction of key proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β mRNA in the hippocampus and their protein levels in serum, in addition to IL-6 and IL-12, in the SAR-treated group at 8d in contrast to the vehicle-treated group. These findings suggest that SAR targets some of the key biomarkers of epileptogenesis and modulates neuroinflammatory and nitroxidative pathways that mediate the development of epilepsy. Therefore, SAR can be developed as a potential disease-modifying agent to prevent the development and progression of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunik Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | - Steven Carlson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | - Adriana Gregory-Flores
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | - Andy Hinojo-Perez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | - Ashley Olson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
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36
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Samidurai M, Palanisamy BN, Bargues-Carot A, Hepker M, Kondru N, Manne S, Zenitsky G, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy AG, Kanthasamy A. PKC Delta Activation Promotes Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ERS) and NLR Family Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 (NLRP3) Inflammasome Activation Subsequent to Asynuclein-Induced Microglial Activation: Involvement of Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein (TXNIP)/Thioredoxin (Trx) Redoxisome Pathway. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:661505. [PMID: 34276337 PMCID: PMC8283807 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.661505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A classical hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis is the accumulation of misfolded alpha-synuclein (αSyn) within Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, although its role in microglial dysfunction and resultant dopaminergic (DAergic) neurotoxicity is still elusive. Previously, we identified that protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) is activated in post mortem PD brains and experimental Parkinsonism and that it participates in reactive microgliosis; however, the relationship between PKCδ activation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and the reactive microglial activation state in the context of α-synucleinopathy is largely unknown. Herein, we show that oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, and PKCδ activation increased concomitantly with ERS markers, including the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF-4), serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (p-IRE1α), p-eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) as well as increased generation of neurotoxic cytokines, including IL-1β in aggregated αSynagg-stimulated primary microglia. Importantly, in mouse primary microglia-treated with αSynagg we observed increased expression of Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), an endogenous inhibitor of the thioredoxin (Trx) pathway, a major antioxidant protein system. Additionally, αSynagg promoted interaction between NLRP3 and TXNIP in these cells. In vitro knockdown of PKCδ using siRNA reduced ERS and led to reduced expression of TXNIP and the NLRP3 activation response in αSynagg-stimulated mouse microglial cells (MMCs). Additionally, attenuation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS) via mito-apocynin and amelioration of ERS via the eIF2α inhibitor salubrinal (SAL) reduced the induction of the ERS/TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling axis, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction and ERS may act in concert to promote the αSynagg-induced microglial activation response. Likewise, knockdown of TXNIP by siRNA attenuated the αSynagg-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation response. Finally, unilateral injection of αSyn preformed fibrils (αSynPFF) into the striatum of wild-type mice induced a significant increase in the expression of nigral p-PKCδ, ERS markers, and upregulation of the TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling axis prior to delayed loss of TH+ neurons. Together, our results suggest that inhibition of ERS and its downstream signaling mediators TXNIP and NLRP3 might represent novel therapeutic avenues for ameliorating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in PD and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Samidurai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bharathi N Palanisamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Alejandra Bargues-Carot
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Monica Hepker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Naveen Kondru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sireesha Manne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Gary Zenitsky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Huajun Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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del Campo M, Fernández-Calle R, Vicente-Rodríguez M, Martín Martínez S, Gramage E, Zapico JM, Haro M, Herradon G. Role of Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase β/ζ in Neuron-Microglia Communication in a Cellular Model of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136646. [PMID: 34206170 PMCID: PMC8269034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a neurotrophic factor that regulates glial responses in animal models of different types of central nervous system (CNS) injuries. PTN is upregulated in the brain in different pathologies characterized by exacerbated neuroinflammation, including Parkinson’s disease. PTN is an endogenous inhibitor of Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (RPTP) β/ζ, which is abundantly expressed in the CNS. Using a specific inhibitor of RPTPβ/ζ (MY10), we aimed to assess whether the PTN/RPTPβ/ζ axis is involved in neuronal and glial injury induced by the toxin MPP+. Treatment with the RPTPβ/ζ inhibitor MY10 alone decreased the viability of both SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and BV2 microglial cultures, suggesting that normal RPTPβ/ζ function is involved in neuronal and microglial viability. We observed that PTN partially decreased the cytotoxicity induced by MPP+ in SH-SY5Y cells underpinning the neuroprotective function of PTN. However, MY10 did not seem to modulate the SH-SY5Y cell loss induced by MPP+. Interestingly, we observed that media from SH-SY5Y cells treated with MPP+ and MY10 decreases microglial viability but may elicit a neuroprotective response of microglia by upregulating Ptn expression. The data suggest a neurotrophic role of microglia in response to neuronal injury through upregulation of Ptn levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta del Campo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Spain; (M.d.C.); (R.F.-C.); (M.V.-R.); (S.M.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Rosalía Fernández-Calle
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Spain; (M.d.C.); (R.F.-C.); (M.V.-R.); (S.M.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Marta Vicente-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Spain; (M.d.C.); (R.F.-C.); (M.V.-R.); (S.M.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Sara Martín Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Spain; (M.d.C.); (R.F.-C.); (M.V.-R.); (S.M.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Esther Gramage
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Spain; (M.d.C.); (R.F.-C.); (M.V.-R.); (S.M.M.); (E.G.)
| | - José María Zapico
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Spain; (J.M.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - María Haro
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Spain; (J.M.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Gonzalo Herradon
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Spain; (M.d.C.); (R.F.-C.); (M.V.-R.); (S.M.M.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-3724700 (ext. 14840)
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Kaduševičius E. Novel Applications of NSAIDs: Insight and Future Perspectives in Cardiovascular, Neurodegenerative, Diabetes and Cancer Disease Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6637. [PMID: 34205719 PMCID: PMC8235426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Once it became clear that inflammation takes place in the modulation of different degenerative disease including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, diabetes and cancer the researchers has started intensive programs evaluating potential role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the prevention or therapy of these diseases. This review discusses the novel mechanism of action of NSAIDs and its potential use in the pharmacotherapy of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, diabetes and cancer diseases. Many different molecular and cellular factors which are not yet fully understood play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammation, axonal damage, demyelination, atherosclerosis, carcinogenesis thus further NSAID studies for a new potential indications based on precise pharmacotherapy model are warranted since NSAIDs are a heterogeneous group of medicines with relative different pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics profiles. Hopefully the new data from studies will fill in the gap between experimental and clinical results and translate our knowledge into successful disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmundas Kaduševičius
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 9 A. Mickeviciaus Street, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Chen Z, Wu H, Zhang M. Long non-coding RNA: An underlying bridge linking neuroinflammation and central nervous system diseases. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105101. [PMID: 34139298 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are responsible for a large proportion of morbidity and mortality worldwide. CNS diseases caused by intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli stimulate the resident immune cells including microglia and astrocyte, resulting in neuroinflammation that exacerbates the progression of diseases. Recent evidence reveals the aberrant expression patterns of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the damaged tissues following CNS diseases. It was also proposed that lncRNAs possessed immune-modulatory activities by directly or indirectly affecting various effector proteins including transcriptional factor, acetylase, protein kinase, phosphatase, etc. In addition, lncRNAs can form a sophisticated network by interacting with other molecules to regulate the expression or activation of downstream immune response pathways. However, the major roles of lncRNAs in CNS pathophysiologies are still elusive, especially in neuroinflammation. Herein, we tend to review some potential roles of lncRNAs in modulating neuroinflammation based on current evidence in various CNS diseases, in order to provide novel explanations for the initiation and progression of CNS diseases and help to establish therapeutic strategies targeting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Haiyue Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Briner A, Götz J, Polanco JC. Fyn Kinase Controls Tau Aggregation In Vivo. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108045. [PMID: 32814048 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a proteinopathy exhibiting aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) as amyloid plaques and tau as neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), whereas primary tauopathies display only a tau pathology. Aβ toxicity is mediated by Fyn kinase in a tau-dependent process; however, whether Fyn controls tau pathology in diseases that lack Aβ pathology remains unexplored. To address this, we generate the Tg/Fyn-/- mouse, which couples mutant tau overexpression with Fyn knockout. Surprisingly, Tg/Fyn-/- mice exhibit a near-complete ablation of NFTs, alongside reduced tau hyperphosphorylation, altered tau solubility, and diminished synaptic tau accumulation. Furthermore, Tg/Fyn-/- brain lysates elicit less tau seeding in tau biosensor cells. Lastly, the fibrillization of tau is boosted by its pseudophosphorylation at the Fyn epitope Y18. Together, this identifies Fyn as a key regulator of tau pathology independently of Aβ-induced toxicity and thereby represents a potentially valuable therapeutic target for not only AD but also tauopathies more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Briner
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jürgen Götz
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Juan Carlos Polanco
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Sarkar S. Mechanism of Gene-Environment Interactions Driving Glial Activation in Parkinson's Diseases. Curr Environ Health Rep 2021; 8:203-211. [PMID: 34043217 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-021-00320-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent motor disorder and is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) region of the brain. Though the pathology of PD is well established, the cause of this neuronal loss is not well understood. Approximately 90% of PD cases are sporadic, and the environment plays a significant role in disease pathogenesis. The etiology of PD is highly complex, with neuroinflammation being one of the most critical factors implicated in PD. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation and its interaction with environmental factors are unclear. RECENT FINDINGS Astroglia and microglia are the two principal cells that play an essential role in maintaining neuronal health in many ways, including through immunological means. Exposure to environmental stressors from various sources affects these glial cells leading to chronic and sustained inflammation. Recent epidemiological studies have identified an interaction among environmental factors and glial genes in Parkinson's disease. Mechanistic studies have shown that exposure to pesticides like rotenone and paraquat, neurotoxic metals like manganese and lead, and even diesel exhaust fumes induce glial activation by regulating various key inflammatory pathways, including the inflammasomes, NOX pathways, and others. This review aims to discuss the recent advances in understanding the mechanism of glial induction in response to environmental stressors and discuss the potential role of gene-environment interaction in driving glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvarish Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Quantitative proteomic analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2021; 174:106674. [PMID: 34029912 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is a great need for biomarkers in epilepsy, particularly markers of epileptogenesis. A first seizure will lead to epilepsy in 20-45 % of cases, but biomarkers that can identify these individuals are missing. The purpose of this study was to identify potential biomarkers of epilepsy/epileptogenesis in a cohort of adults with new-onset seizures, using quantitative proteomic analysis. Plasma was collected from 55 adults with new-onset seizures and sufficient follow-up to identify epilepsy. After a follow up period of two years, 63.6 % of the cohort had a diagnosis of epilepsy, whereas 36.4 % of patients only had a single seizure. Plasma proteins were extracted and labelled with tandem mass tags, then analyzed using mass spectrometry approach. Proteins that were up- or downregulated by ≥20 % and with a p-value of <0.05 were considered as differentially expressed and were also annotated to their processes and pathways. Several proteins were differentially expressed in the epilepsy group compared to controls. A total of 1075 proteins were detected, out of which 41 proteins were found to be significantly dysregulated in epilepsy patients. Many of these have been identified in experimental studies of epilepogenesis. We report plasma proteome profiling in new-onset epilepsy in a pilot study with 55 individuals. The identified proteins could be involved in pathways associated with epileptogenesis. The results should be seen as hypothesis-generating and targeted, confirmatory studies are needed.
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Zhan J, Fegg FN, Kaddatz H, Rühling S, Frenz J, Denecke B, Amor S, Ponsaerts P, Hochstrasser T, Kipp M. Focal white matter lesions induce long-lasting axonal degeneration, neuroinflammation and behavioral deficits. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 155:105371. [PMID: 33932559 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with episodes of inflammatory demyelination and remyelination. While remyelination has been linked with functional recovery in MS patients, there is evidence of ongoing tissue damage despite complete myelin repair. In this study, we investigated the long-term consequences of an acute demyelinating white matter CNS lesion. For this purpose, acute demyelination was induced by 5-week-cuprizone intoxication in male C57BL/6 J mice, and the tissues were examined after a 7-month recovery period. While myelination and oligodendrocyte densities appeared normal, ongoing axonal degeneration and glia cell activation were found in the remyelinated corpus callosum. Neuropathologies were paralleled by subtle gait abnormalities evaluated using DigiGait™ high speed ventral plane videography. Gene array analyses revealed increased expression levels of various inflammation related genes, among protein kinase c delta (PRKCD). Immunofluorescence stains revealed predominant microglia/macrophages PRKCD expression in both, cuprizone tissues and post-mortem MS lesions. These results support the hypothesis that chronic microglia/macrophages driven tissue injury represents a key aspect of progressive neurodegeneration and functional decline in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangshan Zhan
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany; Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Nepomuk Fegg
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany; Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannes Kaddatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany; Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rühling
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany; Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Frenz
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany; Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Denecke
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Aachen (IZKF Aachen), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, VUMC site, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Tanja Hochstrasser
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany; Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Center, Gelsheimer Strasse 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany.
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Saminathan H, Ghosh A, Zhang D, Song C, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Fyn Kinase-Mediated PKCδ Y311 Phosphorylation Induces Dopaminergic Degeneration in Cell Culture and Animal Models: Implications for the Identification of a New Pharmacological Target for Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:631375. [PMID: 33995031 PMCID: PMC8113680 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.631375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis are some of the key etiological factors responsible for dopamin(DA)ergic degeneration during Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the downstream molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration are largely unknown. Recently, a genome-wide association study revealed the FYN gene to be associated with PD, suggesting that Fyn kinase could be a pharmacological target for PD. In this study, we report that Fyn-mediated PKCδ tyrosine (Y311) phosphorylation is a key event preceding its proteolytic activation in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of Parkinsonism. MPP+/MPTP induced Fyn kinase activation in N27 DAergic neuronal cells and the mouse substantia nigra. PKCδ-Y311 phosphorylation by activated Fyn initiates the apoptotic caspase-signaling cascade during DAergic degeneration. Pharmacological attenuation of Fyn activity protected DAergic neurons from MPP+-induced degeneration in primary mesencephalic neuronal cultures. We further employed Fyn wild-type and Fyn knockout (KO) mice to confirm whether Fyn is a valid pharmacological target of DAergic neurodegeneration. Primary mesencephalic neurons from Fyn KO mice were greatly protected from MPP+-induced DAergic cell death, neurite loss and DA reuptake loss. Furthermore, Fyn KO mice were significantly protected from MPTP-induced PKCδ-Y311 phosphorylation, behavioral deficits and nigral DAergic degeneration. This study thus unveils a mechanism by which Fyn regulates PKCδ's pro-apoptotic function and DAergic degeneration. Pharmacological inhibitors directed at Fyn activation could prove to be a novel therapeutic target in the delay or halting of selective DAergic degeneration during PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anumantha G. Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Our understanding of PD biology has been enriched by the identification of genes involved in its rare, inheritable forms, termed PARK genes. These genes encode proteins including α-syn, LRRK2, VPS35, parkin, PINK1, and DJ1, which can cause monogenetic PD when mutated. Investigating the cellular functions of these proteins has been instrumental in identifying signaling pathways that mediate pathology in PD and neuroprotective mechanisms active during homeostatic and pathological conditions. It is now evident that many PD-associated proteins perform multiple functions in PD-associated signaling pathways in neurons. Furthermore, several PARK proteins contribute to non-cell-autonomous mechanisms of neuron death, such as neuroinflammation. A comprehensive understanding of cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous pathways involved in PD is essential for developing therapeutics that may slow or halt its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Panicker
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Preston Ge
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA.,Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA.,Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA
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46
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Low CYB, Lee JH, Lim FTW, Lee C, Ballard C, Francis PT, Lai MKP, Tan MGK. Isoform-specific upregulation of FynT kinase expression is associated with tauopathy and glial activation in Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body dementias. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:253-266. [PMID: 33128789 PMCID: PMC8017997 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cumulative data suggest the involvement of Fyn tyrosine kinase in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously, our group has shown increased immunoreactivities of the FynT isoform in AD neocortex (with no change in the alternatively spliced FynB isoform) which associated with neurofibrillary degeneration and reactive astrogliosis. Since both the aforementioned neuropathological features are also variably found in Lewy Body dementias (LBD), we investigated potential perturbations of Fyn expression in the post-mortem neocortex of patients with AD, as well as those diagnosed as having one of the two main subgroups of LBD: Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We found selective upregulation of FynT expression in AD, PDD, and DLB which also correlated with cognitive impairment. Furthermore, increased FynT expression correlated with hallmark neuropathological lesions, soluble β-amyloid, and phosphorylated tau, as well as markers of microglia and astrocyte activation. In line with the human post-mortem studies, cortical FynT expression in aged mice transgenic for human P301S tau was upregulated and further correlated with accumulation of aggregated phosphorylated tau as well as with microglial and astrocytic markers. Our findings provide further evidence for the involvement of FynT in neurodegenerative dementias, likely via effects on tauopathy and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Y. B. Low
- Department of Clinical Translational ResearchSingapore General HospitalOutramSingapore
| | - Jasinda H. Lee
- Department of PharmacologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineKent RidgeSingapore
| | - Frances T. W. Lim
- Department of Clinical Translational ResearchSingapore General HospitalOutramSingapore
| | - Chingli Lee
- Department of Clinical Translational ResearchSingapore General HospitalOutramSingapore
| | - Clive Ballard
- Institute for Health ResearchUniversity of Exeter Medical SchoolExeterUK
| | - Paul T. Francis
- Institute for Health ResearchUniversity of Exeter Medical SchoolExeterUK
- Wolfson Centre for Age‐Related DiseasesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Mitchell K. P. Lai
- Department of PharmacologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineKent RidgeSingapore
- Institute for Health ResearchUniversity of Exeter Medical SchoolExeterUK
- Wolfson Centre for Age‐Related DiseasesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Michelle G. K. Tan
- Department of Clinical Translational ResearchSingapore General HospitalOutramSingapore
- Department of PharmacologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineKent RidgeSingapore
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Sarkar S, Nguyen HM, Malovic E, Luo J, Langley M, Palanisamy BN, Singh N, Manne S, Neal M, Gabrielle M, Abdalla A, Anantharam P, Rokad D, Panicker N, Singh V, Ay M, Charli A, Harischandra D, Jin LW, Jin H, Rangaraju S, Anantharam V, Wulff H, Kanthasamy AG. Kv1.3 modulates neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4195-4212. [PMID: 32597830 DOI: 10.1172/jci136174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the key cellular targets contributing to sustained microglial activation in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), and optimal modulation of these targets can provide potential treatments to halt disease progression. Here, we demonstrated that microglial Kv1.3, a voltage-gated potassium channel, was transcriptionally upregulated in response to aggregated α-synuclein (αSynAgg) stimulation in primary microglial cultures and animal models of PD, as well as in postmortem human PD brains. Patch-clamp electrophysiological studies confirmed that the observed Kv1.3 upregulation translated to increased Kv1.3 channel activity. The kinase Fyn, a risk factor for PD, modulated transcriptional upregulation and posttranslational modification of microglial Kv1.3. Multiple state-of-the-art analyses, including Duolink proximity ligation assay imaging, revealed that Fyn directly bound to Kv1.3 and posttranslationally modified its channel activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated the functional relevance of Kv1.3 in augmenting the neuroinflammatory response by using Kv1.3-KO primary microglia and the Kv1.3-specific small-molecule inhibitor PAP-1, thus highlighting the importance of Kv1.3 in neuroinflammation. Administration of PAP-1 significantly inhibited neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in multiple animal models of PD. Collectively, our results imply that Fyn-dependent regulation of Kv1.3 channels plays an obligatory role in accentuating the neuroinflammatory response in PD and identify Kv1.3 as a potential therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvarish Sarkar
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Hai M Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | - Emir Malovic
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jie Luo
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Monica Langley
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Bharathi N Palanisamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Neeraj Singh
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Sireesha Manne
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Matthew Neal
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Michelle Gabrielle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed Abdalla
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Poojya Anantharam
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medicine Building, ISU, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Dharmin Rokad
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Nikhil Panicker
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Vikrant Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | - Muhammet Ay
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Adhithiya Charli
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Dilshan Harischandra
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- M.I.N.D. Institute, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | - Huajun Jin
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Srikant Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa, USA
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Lee JH, Kim HJ, Kim JU, Yook TH, Kim KH, Lee JY, Yang G. A Novel Treatment Strategy by Natural Products in NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031324. [PMID: 33525754 PMCID: PMC7866084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Many studies have demonstrated that the release of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated proinflammatory cytokines by the excessive activation of microglia is associated with the pathogenesis of AD and PD and suggested that the NLRP3 inflammasome plays an important role in AD and PD development. In both diseases, various stimuli, such as Aβ and α-synuclein, accelerate the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and induce pyroptosis through the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, caspase-1, etc., where neuroinflammation contributes to gradual progression and deterioration. However, despite intensive research, the exact function and regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome has not yet been clearly identified. Moreover, there have not yet been any experiments of clinical use, although many studies have recently been conducted to improve treatment of inflammatory diseases using various inhibitors for NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. However, recent studies have reported that various natural products show improvement effects in the in vivo models of AD and PD through the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Therefore, the present review provides an overview of natural extraction studies aimed at the prevention or treatment of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neurological disorders. It is suggested that the discovery and development of these various natural products could be a potential strategy for NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated AD and PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Lee
- College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54986, Korea; (J.H.L.); (H.J.K.); (J.U.K.); (T.H.Y.); (K.H.K.)
| | - Hong Jun Kim
- College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54986, Korea; (J.H.L.); (H.J.K.); (J.U.K.); (T.H.Y.); (K.H.K.)
| | - Jong Uk Kim
- College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54986, Korea; (J.H.L.); (H.J.K.); (J.U.K.); (T.H.Y.); (K.H.K.)
| | - Tae Han Yook
- College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54986, Korea; (J.H.L.); (H.J.K.); (J.U.K.); (T.H.Y.); (K.H.K.)
| | - Kyeong Han Kim
- College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54986, Korea; (J.H.L.); (H.J.K.); (J.U.K.); (T.H.Y.); (K.H.K.)
| | - Joo Young Lee
- BK21plus Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea;
| | - Gabsik Yang
- College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54986, Korea; (J.H.L.); (H.J.K.); (J.U.K.); (T.H.Y.); (K.H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-290-9030
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Zhang L, Wang L, Xiao H, Gan H, Chen H, Zheng S, Jian D, Zhai X, Jiang N, Jing Z, Liang P. Tyrosine kinase Fyn promotes apoptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats by activating Drp1 signaling. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:359-371. [PMID: 33409551 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase Fyn is a member of the Src kinase family, which is involved in neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Its role in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is not fully understood. In this study, we found that Fyn was significantly elevated in human brain tissue after ICH. Accordingly, we investigated the role of Fyn in a rat ICH model, which was constructed by injecting blood into the right basal ganglia. In this model, Fyn expression was significantly upregulated in brain tissue adjacent to the hematoma. SiRNA-induced Fyn knockdown was neuroprotective for secondary cerebral damage, as demonstrated by reduced brain edema, suppression of the modified neurological severity score, and mitigation of blood-brain barrier permeability and neuronal damage. Fyn downregulation reduced apoptosis following ICH, as indicated by downregulation of apoptosis-related proteins AIF, Cyt.c, caspase 3, and Bax; upregulation of anti-apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2; and decreased tunnel staining. Mdivi-1, a Drp1 inhibitor, reversed Fyn overexpression induced pro-apoptosis. However, Fyn did not significantly affect inflammation-related proteins NF-κB, TNF-α, caspase 1, MPO, IL-1β, or IL-18 after ICH. Fyn activated Drp1 signaling by phosphorylating Drp1 at serine 616, which increased apoptosis after ICH in rats. This study clarifies the relationship between Fyn, apoptosis, and inflammation following ICH and provides a new strategy for exploring the prevention and treatment of ICH. KEY MESSAGES: ICH induced an increase in Fyn expression in human and rat cerebral tissues. Knockdown of Fyn prevented cerebral damage following ICH. Inhibition of Fyn had no significant effects on inflammatory responses. However, the downregulation of Fyn exerted neuroprotective effects on apoptosis. Fyn perturbed ICH-induced cell apoptosis by interacting with and phosphorylating (Ser616) Drp1 in a rat ICH model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Gan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyue Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. .,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China. .,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ning Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Jing
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Gage MC, Thippeswamy T. Inhibitors of Src Family Kinases, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, and NADPH Oxidase as Potential CNS Drug Targets for Neurological Diseases. CNS Drugs 2021; 35:1-20. [PMID: 33515429 PMCID: PMC7893831 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurological diseases share common neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. Both phenotypic and molecular changes in microglia, astrocytes, and neurons contribute to the progression of disease and present potential targets for disease modification. Src family kinases (SFKs) are present in both neurons and glial cells and are upregulated following neurological insults in both human and animal models. In neurons, SFKs interact with post-synaptic protein domains to mediate hyperexcitability and neurotoxicity. SFKs are upstream of signaling cascades that lead to the modulation of neurotransmitter receptors and the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as producers of free radicals through the activation of glia. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS-II) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2), the major mediators of reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (RNS/ROS) production in the brain, are also upregulated along with the pro-inflammatory cytokines following neurological insult and contribute to disease progression. Persistent neuronal hyperexcitability, RNS/ROS, and cytokines can exacerbate neurodegeneration, a common pathognomonic feature of the most prevalent neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. Using a wide variety of preclinical disease models, inhibitors of the SFK-iNOS-NOX2 signaling axis have been tested to cure or modify disease progression. In this review, we discuss the SFK-iNOS-NOX2 signaling pathway and their inhibitors as potential CNS targets for major neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C. Gage
- Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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