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Zhong J, He Y, Zhao Q, Luo H, Zhang Q, Tian Y, Liu Y, Yang C, Yin Y, Yu L, Pan L, Tan B. Low-Dose LPS Modulates Microglia/Macrophages Phenotypic Transformation to Amplify Rehabilitation Effects in Chronic Spinal Cord Injured (CSCI) Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:6484-6500. [PMID: 38311654 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in stalled motor function recovery under the chronic phase. One of the reasons due to the presence of ongoing inflammation. Therefore, regulating the status of immune cells may help reopen the window for neural repair, which represents a potential therapeutic target. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether this could be achieved in mice with cervical 5 crush CSCI (4 W) by utilizing a concentration of 0.5 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate microglia/macrophages. Additionally, the mice underwent rehabilitation training for another 6 weeks. Our results showed that systemic injection of LPS enhanced the effects of forelimb rehabilitation training, as evaluated through single pellet grasping (SPG). Electrophysiological studies revealed the restoration of cortical drive to the injured side's forelimb muscles in the training combined with LPS group. Tract tracing studies demonstrated the reconstruction of cortical innervation to the cervical spinal cord. Furthermore, the levels of pro-inflammatory phenotype markers, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS) and CD68, decreased, while the expression of anti-inflammatory phenotype markers, including arginase 1 (ARG-1) and CD206, increased. Importantly, this phenotypic switch in microglia/macrophages was accompanied by an increase in phagocytic activity markers as indicated by BODIPY + IBA1 + staining. Collectively, our data suggests that low-dose LPS improves the effects of rehabilitation training by regulating the phenotypic transformation of microglia/macrophages in CSCI. This study provides a fresh perspective and intervention direction for the clinical treatment of chronic spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yingxi He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Haodong Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Special War Wound, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Special War Wound, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Lehua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Lu Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Botao Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Gaire S, An J, Yang H, Lee KA, Dumre M, Lee EJ, Park SM, Joe EH. Systemic inflammation attenuates the repair of damaged brains through reduced phagocytic activity of monocytes infiltrating the brain. Mol Brain 2024; 17:47. [PMID: 39075534 PMCID: PMC11288066 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-024-01116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined how systemic inflammation affects repair of brain injury. To this end, we created a brain-injury model by stereotaxic injection of ATP, a damage-associated molecular pattern component, into the striatum of mice. Systemic inflammation was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS-ip). An analysis of magnetic resonance images showed that LPS-ip reduced the initial brain injury but slowed injury repair. An immunostaining analysis using the neuronal marker, NeuN, showed that LPS-ip delayed removal of dead/dying neurons, despite the fact that LPS-ip enhanced infiltration of monocytes, which serve to phagocytize dead cells/debris. Notably, infiltrating monocytes showed a widely scattered distribution. Bulk RNAseq analyses showed that LPS-ip decreased expression of genes associated with phagocytosis, with PCR and immunostaining of injured brains confirming reduced levels of Cd68 and Clec7a, markers of phagocytic activity, in monocytes. Collectively, these results suggest that systemic inflammation affects properties of blood monocytes as well as brain cells, resulting in delay in clearing damaged cells and activating repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Gaire
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
| | - Jiawei An
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
| | - Haijie Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
| | - Keon Ah Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
| | - Manisha Dumre
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Lee
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
| | - Sang-Myun Park
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea.
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea.
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 16499, South Korea.
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Chen T, Dai Y, Hu C, Lin Z, Wang S, Yang J, Zeng L, Li S, Li W. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the blood-brain barrier dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:60. [PMID: 39030617 PMCID: PMC11264766 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is vital for neuronal equilibrium and optimal brain function. Disruptions to BBB performance are implicated in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. MAIN BODY Early indicators of multiple neurodegenerative disorders in humans and animal models include impaired BBB stability, regional cerebral blood flow shortfalls, and vascular inflammation associated with BBB dysfunction. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of BBB dysfunction in brain disorders is crucial for elucidating the sustenance of neural computations under pathological conditions and for developing treatments for these diseases. This paper initially explores the cellular and molecular definition of the BBB, along with the signaling pathways regulating BBB stability, cerebral blood flow, and vascular inflammation. Subsequently, we review current insights into BBB dynamics in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. The paper concludes by proposing a unified mechanism whereby BBB dysfunction contributes to neurodegenerative disorders, highlights potential BBB-focused therapeutic strategies and targets, and outlines lessons learned and future research directions. CONCLUSIONS BBB breakdown significantly impacts the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying BBB dysfunction is vital to elucidate how neural computations are sustained under pathological conditions and to devise therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongli Chen
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Dai
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenghao Hu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zihao Lin
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengzhe Wang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Linghui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shanshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Weiyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
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Bagheri SM, Allahtavakoli M, Hakimizadeh E. Neuroprotective effect of ischemic postconditioning against hyperperfusion and its mechanisms of neuroprotection. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 29:31. [PMID: 39239075 PMCID: PMC11376715 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_341_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Background In recent years, stroke and ischemia-reperfusion injury has motivated researchers to find new ways to reduce the complications. Although reperfusion is essential for brain survival, it is like a double-edged sword that may cause further damage to the brain. Ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) refers to the control of blood flow in postischemia-reperfusion that can reduce ischemia-reperfusion injuries. Materials and Methods Articles were collected by searching for the terms: Ischemic postconditioning and neuroprotective and ischemic postconditioning and hyperperfusion. Suitable articles were collected from electronic databases, including ISI Web of Knowledge, Medline/PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, Scopus, Biological Abstract, Chemical Abstract, and Google Scholar. Results New investigations show that IPostC has protection against hyperperfusion by reducing the amount of blood flow during reperfusion and thus reducing infarction volume, preventing the blood-brain barrier damage, and reducing the rate of apoptosis through the activation of innate protective systems. Numerous mechanisms have been suggested for IPostC, which include reduction of free radical production, apoptosis, inflammatory factors, and activation of endogenous protective pathways. Conclusion It seems that postconditioning can prevent damage to the brain by reducing the flow and blood pressure caused by hyperperfusion. It can protect the brain against damages such as stroke and hyperperfusion by activating various endogenous protection systems. In the present review article, we tried to evaluate both useful aspects of IPostC, neuroprotective effects, and fight against hyperperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Majid Bagheri
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Allahtavakoli
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Elham Hakimizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Omodaka S, Kato Y, Sato Y, Falcone-Juengert J, Zhang H, Kanoke A, Eckalbar WL, Endo H, Hsieh CL, Aran D, Liu J. Defective interferon signaling in the circulating monocytes of type 2 diabetic mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.03.597050. [PMID: 38895236 PMCID: PMC11185546 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.03.597050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with poor outcome after stroke. Peripheral monocytes play a critical role in the secondary injury and recovery of damaged brain tissue after stroke, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unclear. To investigate transcriptome changes and molecular networks across monocyte subsets in response to T2DM and stroke, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bulk RNA-sequencing from blood monocytes from four groups of adult mice, consisting of T2DM model db/db and normoglycemic control db/+ mice with or without ischemic stroke. Via scRNAseq we found that T2DM expands the monocyte population at the expense of lymphocytes, which was validated by flow cytometry. Among the monocytes, T2DM also disproportionally increased the inflammatory subsets with Ly6C+ and negative MHC class II expression (MO.6C+II-). Conversely, monocytes from control mice without stroke are enriched with steady-state classical monocyte subset of MO.6C+II+ but with the least percentage of MO.6C+II- subtype. Apart from enhancing inflammation and coagulation, enrichment analysis from both scRNAseq and bulk RNAseq revealed that T2DM specifically suppressed type-1 and type-2 interferon signaling pathways crucial for antigen presentation and the induction of ischemia tolerance. Preconditioning by lipopolysaccharide conferred neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury in db/+ but not in db/db mice and coincided with a lesser induction of brain Interferon-regulatory-factor-3 in the brains of the latter mice. Our results suggest that the increased diversity and altered transcriptome in the monocytes of T2DM mice underlie the worse stroke outcome by exacerbating secondary injury and potentiating stroke-induced immunosuppression. Significance Statement The mechanisms involved in the detrimental diabetic effect on stroke are largely unclear. We show here, for the first time, that peripheral monocytes have disproportionally altered the subsets and changed transcriptome under diabetes and/or stroke conditions. Moreover, genes in the IFN-related signaling pathways are suppressed in the diabetic monocytes, which underscores the immunosuppression and impaired ischemic tolerance under the T2DM condition. Our data raise a possibility that malfunctioned monocytes may systemically and focally affect the host, leading to the poor outcome of diabetes in the setting of stroke. The results yield important clues to molecular mechanisms involved in the detrimental diabetic effect on stroke outcome.
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Chen Q, Wu M, Tang Q, Yan P, Zhu L. Age-Related Alterations in Immune Function and Inflammation: Focus on Ischemic Stroke. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1046-1074. [PMID: 37728582 PMCID: PMC11081165 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging of the global population poses significant scientific challenges. Moreover, the biological process of aging is the most significant risk factor for most chronic illnesses; therefore, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these aging-related challenges is crucial for extending the healthy lifespan of older individuals. Preventing brain aging remains a priority public health goal, and integrative and comprehensive aging analyses have revealed that immunosenescence is a potential cause of age-related brain damage and disease (e.g., stroke). Importantly, the neuroinflammatory and immune systems present two-way contact and thus can affect each other. Emerging evidence supports the numerous effects of immunosenescence- and inflammation-mediated immunity in neurologically injured brains. In this study, we briefly outline how aging alters the pathophysiology and transcriptional amplitude in patients who experienced stroke and then discuss how the immune system and its cellular components and molecular mechanisms are affected by age after stroke. Finally, we highlight emerging interventions with the potential to slow down or reduce aging and prevent stroke onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxin Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Minmin Wu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Qiang Tang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Peiyu Yan
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Luwen Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
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Bolini L, Campos RMP, Spiess DA, Lima-Rosa FL, Dantas DP, Conde L, Mendez-Otero R, Vale AM, Pimentel-Coelho PM. Long-term recruitment of peripheral immune cells to brain scars after a neonatal insult. Glia 2024; 72:546-567. [PMID: 37987116 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Although brain scars in adults have been extensively studied, there is less data available regarding scar formation during the neonatal period, and the involvement of peripheral immune cells in this process remains unexplored in neonates. Using a murine model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and confocal microscopy, we characterized the scarring process and examined the recruitment of peripheral immune cells to cortical and hippocampal scars for up to 1 year post-insult. Regional differences in scar formation were observed, including the presence of reticular fibrotic networks in the cortex and perivascular fibrosis in the hippocampus. We identified chemokines with chronically elevated levels in both regions and demonstrated, through a parabiosis-based strategy, the recruitment of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocyte-derived macrophages to the scars several weeks after the neonatal insult. After 1 year, however, neutrophils and lymphocytes were absent from the scars. Our data indicate that peripheral immune cells are transient components of HIE-induced brain scars, opening up new possibilities for late therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bolini
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Daiane Aparecida Spiess
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Frederico Luis Lima-Rosa
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danillo Pereira Dantas
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Conde
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosalia Mendez-Otero
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andre M Vale
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Lentilhas-Graça J, Santos DJ, Afonso J, Monteiro A, Pinho AG, Mendes VM, Dias MS, Gomes ED, Lima R, Fernandes LS, Fernandes-Amorim F, Pereira IM, de Sousa N, Cibrão JR, Fernandes AM, Serra SC, Rocha LA, Campos J, Pinho TS, Monteiro S, Manadas B, Salgado AJ, Almeida RD, Silva NA. The secretome of macrophages has a differential impact on spinal cord injury recovery according to the polarization protocol. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1354479. [PMID: 38444856 PMCID: PMC10912310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1354479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The inflammatory response after spinal cord injury (SCI) is an important contributor to secondary damage. Infiltrating macrophages can acquire a spectrum of activation states, however, the microenvironment at the SCI site favors macrophage polarization into a pro-inflammatory phenotype, which is one of the reasons why macrophage transplantation has failed. Methods In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of the macrophage secretome for SCI recovery. We investigated the effect of the secretome in vitro using peripheral and CNS-derived neurons and human neural stem cells. Moreover, we perform a pre-clinical trial using a SCI compression mice model and analyzed the recovery of motor, sensory and autonomic functions. Instead of transplanting the cells, we injected the paracrine factors and extracellular vesicles that they secrete, avoiding the loss of the phenotype of the transplanted cells due to local environmental cues. Results We demonstrated that different macrophage phenotypes have a distinct effect on neuronal growth and survival, namely, the alternative activation with IL-10 and TGF-β1 (M(IL-10+TGF-β1)) promotes significant axonal regeneration. We also observed that systemic injection of soluble factors and extracellular vesicles derived from M(IL-10+TGF-β1) macrophages promotes significant functional recovery after compressive SCI and leads to higher survival of spinal cord neurons. Additionally, the M(IL-10+TGF-β1) secretome supported the recovery of bladder function and decreased microglial activation, astrogliosis and fibrotic scar in the spinal cord. Proteomic analysis of the M(IL-10+TGF-β1)-derived secretome identified clusters of proteins involved in axon extension, dendritic spine maintenance, cell polarity establishment, and regulation of astrocytic activation. Discussion Overall, our results demonstrated that macrophages-derived soluble factors and extracellular vesicles might be a promising therapy for SCI with possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Lentilhas-Graça
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo J. Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Afonso
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andreia Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andreia G. Pinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Vera M. Mendes
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta S. Dias
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- iBiMED- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduardo D. Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui Lima
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luís S. Fernandes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernando Fernandes-Amorim
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Inês M. Pereira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nídia de Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jorge R. Cibrão
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Aline M. Fernandes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sofia C. Serra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luís A. Rocha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jonas Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Tiffany S. Pinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Susana Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António J. Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ramiro D. Almeida
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- iBiMED- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno A. Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
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9
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Brea D. Post-stroke immunosuppression: Exploring potential implications beyond infections. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:4269-4281. [PMID: 37857561 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability. It occurs when cerebral blood flow is disrupted via vascular occlusion or rupture, causing tissue damage. Research has extensively examined the role of the immune response in stroke pathophysiology, focusing on infiltrated immune cells and inflammatory molecules. However, the stroke's impact on immune physiology remains underexplored. While initially stroke triggers the activation of peripheral inflammation, a subsequent profound immunosuppression occurs in a matter of hours/days. This response, potentially shielding the brain from excessive inflammation, significantly affects stroke patients. Beyond rendering patients more susceptible to infections, immunosuppression generates diverse consequences by disrupting immune system functions that are crucial for organ homeostasis. This review explores the effects of immunosuppression on stroke patients, shedding light on potential issues in immune organs such as the spleen and bone marrow, as well as non-immune organs like the small intestine, liver and heart. By synthesizing existing literature and offering additional insights, this manuscript highlights the multifaceted impact of post-stroke immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brea
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científcas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Silvin A, Qian J, Ginhoux F. Brain macrophage development, diversity and dysregulation in health and disease. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1277-1289. [PMID: 37365324 PMCID: PMC10616292 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain macrophages include microglia in the parenchyma, border-associated macrophages in the meningeal-choroid plexus-perivascular space, and monocyte-derived macrophages that infiltrate the brain under various disease conditions. The vast heterogeneity of these cells has been elucidated over the last decade using revolutionary multiomics technologies. As such, we can now start to define these various macrophage populations according to their ontogeny and their diverse functional programs during brain development, homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. In this review, we first outline the critical roles played by brain macrophages during development and healthy aging. We then discuss how brain macrophages might undergo reprogramming and contribute to neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune diseases, and glioma. Finally, we speculate about the most recent and ongoing discoveries that are prompting translational attempts to leverage brain macrophages as prognostic markers or therapeutic targets for diseases that affect the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Silvin
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, 94800, France
| | - Jiawen Qian
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, 94800, France.
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138648, Republic of Singapore.
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.
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11
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Huang YW, Zhang Y, Feng C, An YH, Li ZP, Yin XS. Systemic inflammation response index as a clinical outcome evaluating tool and prognostic indicator for hospitalized stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:474. [PMID: 37915088 PMCID: PMC10621190 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke, which is the main element of cerebrovascular disease (CVD), has become the foremost reason for death and disability on a global scale. The systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), a newly developed and comprehensive indicator, has demonstrated promise in forecasting clinical results for diverse ailments. Nevertheless, the uncertainty surrounding the assessment and prediction of clinical outcomes for stroke patients by SIRI persists, and the conflicting findings from the limited studies conducted on this matter further complicate the situation. Consequently, we performed a thorough systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the correlation between SIRI and the clinical results in individuals suffering from stroke. METHODS This research was registered in PROSPERO and carried out following the PRISMA guidelines. A thorough investigation was carried out on PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Furthermore, we conducted a manual search in Chinese databases, such as China national Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WanFang, VIP, and China Biology Medicine (CBM). We assessed the potential for bias in the studies included by utilizing the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) tool. Adverse clinical outcomes were the main focus of the study, with secondary endpoints including mortality, the predictive value of SIRI, SIRI values across various endpoints, and clinical parameters associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in relation to low and high SIRI group. RESULTS Following rigorous evaluation, a grand total of 22 investigations, encompassing a populace of 12,737 individuals, were considered suitable for incorporation in the final analysis. The findings from our meta-analysis indicate a strong and consistent correlation between elevated SIRI levels and adverse functional outcomes, irrespective of the method used to evaluate unfavorable outcomes. Furthermore, increased SIRI values have a strong correlation with mortality rates in both the short and long term. Besides, SIRI is a useful indicator of the severity of SAH. SIRI demonstrates strong predictive ability in identifying unfavorable outcomes and stroke-related pneumonia (SAP), as higher SIRI values are typically linked to negative endpoints. Nevertheless, the meta-analysis indicated that there was no significant increase in the risk of early neurological deterioration (END) and acute hydrocephalus (AHC) in high SIRI group when comparing to low SIRI. CONCLUSION This study could potentially pave the way for groundbreaking insights into the relationship between SIRI and stroke patient outcomes, as it appears to be the first meta-analysis to explore this association. Given the critical role of the inflammatory response in stroke recovery, closely monitoring patients with high SIRI levels could represent a promising strategy for mitigating brain damage post-stroke. Thus, further investigation into SIRI and its impact on clinical outcomes is essential. While our initial findings offer valuable insights into this area, continued research is necessary to fully elucidate the potential of SIRI, ideally through dynamic monitoring and large-scale, multi-center studies. Ultimately, this research has the potential to inform clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes following stroke. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ ; Identifier CRD42023405221.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Cui Feng
- Department of Ultrasound, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yin-Hua An
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Zong-Ping Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiao-Shuang Yin
- Department of Immunology, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan, China.
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12
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Kolypetri P, Weiner HL. Monocyte regulation by gut microbial signals. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1044-1057. [PMID: 37271658 PMCID: PMC10524398 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes are innate immune cells that sense environmental changes and participate in the immunoregulation of autoimmune, neurologic, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases as well as cancer. Recent studies have suggested that the gut microbiome shapes the biology of monocytes via microbial signals at extraintestinal sites. Interestingly, in chronic diseases, communication between microbial signals and monocytes can either promote or inhibit disease activity, suggesting that some of these pathways can be harnessed for clinical therapies. In this review, we discuss the newer concepts of regulation of monocyte homeostasis and function by gut microbial signals during steady state and inflammation. We also highlight the therapeutic potential of microbial signal-based approaches for modulation in the context of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayota Kolypetri
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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13
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Stephens R, Grainger JR, Smith CJ, Allan SM. Systemic innate myeloid responses to acute ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. Semin Immunopathol 2023; 45:281-294. [PMID: 36346451 PMCID: PMC9641697 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Acute ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke account for significant disability and morbidity burdens worldwide. The myeloid arm of the peripheral innate immune system is critical in the immunological response to acute ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. Neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DC) contribute to the evolution of pathogenic local and systemic inflammation, whilst maintaining a critical role in ongoing immunity protecting against secondary infections. This review aims to summarise the key alterations to myeloid immunity in acute ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). By integrating clinical and preclinical research, we discover how myeloid immunity is affected across multiple organ systems including the brain, blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lung, and evaluate how these perturbations associate with real-world outcomes including infection. These findings are placed in the context of the rapidly developing field of human immunology, which offers a wealth of opportunity for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Stephens
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John R Grainger
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Craig J Smith
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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14
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Monsour M, Borlongan CV. The central role of peripheral inflammation in ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:622-641. [PMID: 36601776 PMCID: PMC10108194 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221149509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke pathology and its treatments conventionally focus on the brain. Probing inflammation, a critical secondary cell death mechanism in stroke, has been largely relegated to the brain. To this end, peripheral inflammation has emerged as an equally potent contributor to the onset and progression of stroke secondary cell death. Here, we review novel concepts on peripheral organs displaying robust inflammatory response to stroke. These inflammation-plagued organs include the spleen, cervical lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, gastrointestinal system, and adrenal glands, likely converging their inflammatory effects through B and T-cells. Recognizing the significant impact of this systemic inflammation, we also discuss innovative stroke therapeutics directed at sequestration of peripheral inflammation. This review paper challenges the paradigm of a brain-centered disease pathology and treatment and offers a peripheral approach to our stroke understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Monsour
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair,
Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani
College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair,
Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani
College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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15
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Wei HP, Peng ZF, Shao KM, Zhang PH, Chen L, Hu JA, Chai H, Liu JM. cPKCγ Inhibits Caspase-9-Initiated Neuronal Apoptosis in an Ischemia Reperfusion Model In Vitro Through p38 MAPK-p90RSK-Bad Pathway. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:362-374. [PMID: 36152136 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Strokes are one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world. Previously we have found that conventional protein kinase Cγ (cPKCγ) plays neuroprotective role in ischemic strokes. Further, we found that cPKCγ knockdown increased the level of cleaved (cl)-Caspase-3. However, the precise mechanisms underlying cPKCγ-mediated neuronal death remain unclear. To this end, a model incorporating 1 h oxygen-glucose deprivation/24 h reoxygenation (1 h OGD/24 h R) was established in cortical neurons. We found that cPKCγ knockdown remarkably increased neuronal death after OGD. We also found that cPKCγ knockdown increased the level of cl-Caspase-3 through the upstream initiators Capsases-9 (not Caspase-8/12) in OGD-treated neurons. Overexpression of cPKCγ could decrease neuronal death and cl-Caspase-3 and -9 levels. Moreover, cPKCγ knockdown further reduced the phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK, p90RSK, and Bad. In addition, the protein levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl were decreased after cPKCγ knockdown, whereas that of Bax was increased. In conclusion, our results suggest that cPKCγ partly alleviates ischemic injury through activating the p38 MAPK-p90RSK-Bad pathway and inhibiting Caspase-9 initiated apoptosis. This may have potential as a therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ping Wei
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen Street, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
| | - Zhi-Feng Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Xingyun Street, Pingcheng District, Datong, 037009, Shanxi, China
| | - Kang-Mei Shao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen Street, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Pei-Hao Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen Street, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen Street, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Jin-An Hu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen Street, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Hui Chai
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen Street, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Jin-Mei Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen Street, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
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16
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Dang H, Mao W, Wang S, Sha J, Lu M, Cong L, Meng X, Li H. Systemic inflammation response index as a prognostic predictor in patients with acute ischemic stroke: A propensity score matching analysis. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1049241. [PMID: 36703636 PMCID: PMC9871574 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1049241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute ischemic stroke (AIS), the most common type of stroke, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A growing number of studies have demonstrated that inflammation is a critical mechanism in AIS. Being an easily available and effective inflammatory marker, the systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) shows a high association with mortality in patients with cancer and intracerebral hemorrhage. In this study, we evaluated the potential prognostic role of SIRI in critically ill patients with AIS. Methods Clinic data were extracted from the Medical Information Mart data for the Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database. The optimal cutoff value of SIRI was determined by X-tile software. The primary outcome was the 90-day all-cause mortality, and the secondary outcomes were 30-day and 1-year all-cause mortality of patients with AIS. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to assess the association between SIRI levels and all-cause mortality, and survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Furthermore, a 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) method was performed to balance the influence of potential confounding factors. Results A total of 2,043 patients were included in our study. X-tile software indicated that the optimal cutoff value of the SIRI for 90-day mortality was 4.57. After PSM, 444 pairs of score-matched patients were generated. Cox proportional hazard model showed that after adjusting for possible confounders, high SIRI level (≥4.57) was independently associated with the 90-day all-cause mortality in the cohort before PSM (HR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.30-1.89, p < 0.001) and the PSM subset (HR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.16-1.86, p = 0.001). The survival curves showed that patients with SIRI ≥4.57 had a significantly lower 90-day survival rate in the cohort before PSM (56.7 vs. 77.3%, p < 0.001) and the PSM subset (61.0 vs. 71.8%, p = 0.001). Consistently, AIS patients with high SIRI levels (≥4.57) presented a significantly high risk of 30-day and 1-year all-cause mortality before and after PSM. Conclusion A higher SIRI (≥4.57) was associated with a higher risk of 90-day, 30-day, and 1-year mortality and was an independent risk factor of mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Stroke and Neurological Rare Disease, Urumqi, China
| | - Wenjuan Mao
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Stroke and Neurological Rare Disease, Urumqi, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Stroke and Neurological Rare Disease, Urumqi, China
| | - Jing Sha
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Stroke and Neurological Rare Disease, Urumqi, China
| | - Mingjia Lu
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Stroke and Neurological Rare Disease, Urumqi, China
| | - Li Cong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuegang Meng
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Stroke and Neurological Rare Disease, Urumqi, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Stroke and Neurological Rare Disease, Urumqi, China,*Correspondence: Hongyan Li ✉
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17
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Chen H, Liu F, Sun D, Zhang J, Luo S, Liao Q, Tian F. The potential risk factors of early-onset post-stroke depression from immuno-inflammatory perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1000631. [PMID: 36225923 PMCID: PMC9549963 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mounting evidence strongly uncovered that peripheral immuno-inflammatory response induced by acute stroke is associated with the appearance of post-stroke depression (PSD), but the mechanism remains unclear. Methods 103 stroke patients were assessed at 2 weeks after onset using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition and then divided into PSD and non-PSD groups. Polymorphisms of inflammatory molecules (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interferon-γ [IFN-γ] and C-reactive protein [CRP]), complete blood count parameters, splenic attenuation (SA) and splenic volume (SV) on unenhanced chest computed tomography, demographic and other clinical characteristics were obtained. Binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the associations between inflammation-related factors and the occurrence of PSD at 2 weeks after stroke. Results 49 patients were diagnosed with PSD at 2 weeks after onset (early-onset PSD). The C/T genotypes of CRP rs2794520 and rs1205 were less in PSD group than non-PSD group (both adjusted odds ratio = 3.364; 95%CI: 1.039-10.898; p = 0.043). For CRP rs3091244, the frequency of G allele was higher (80.61% vs. 13.89%) while the frequency of A allele was lower (6.12% vs. 71.30%) in PSD patients than non-PSD patients (χ2 = 104.380; p<0.001). SA of PSD patients was lower than that of non-PSD patients in the presence of CRP rs2794520 C/T genotype and rs1205 C/T genotype (both t = 2.122; p = 0.039). Peripheral monocyte count was less in PSD group than non-PSD group (adjusted odds ratio = 0.057; 95%CI: 0.005-0.686; p = 0.024). Conclusions CRP polymorphisms, SA based on CRP genotype, and peripheral monocytes are associated with the risk of early-onset PSD, suggesting peripheral immuno-inflammatory activities elicited by stroke in its aetiology.
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18
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Monocytes maintain central nervous system homeostasis following helminth-induced inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201645119. [PMID: 36070344 PMCID: PMC9478671 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201645119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune interactions are crucial for regulating immunity and inflammation. Recent studies have revealed that the central nervous system (CNS) senses peripheral inflammation and responds by releasing molecules that limit immune cell activation, thereby promoting tolerance and tissue integrity. However, the extent to which this is a bidirectional process, and whether peripheral immune cells also promote tolerance mechanisms in the CNS remains poorly defined. Here we report that helminth-induced type 2 inflammation promotes monocyte responses in the brain that are required to inhibit excessive microglial activation and host death. Mechanistically, infection-induced monocytes express YM1 that is sufficient to inhibit tumor necrosis factor production from activated microglia. Importantly, neuroprotective monocytes persist in the brain, and infected mice are protected from subsequent lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation months after infection-induced inflammation has resolved. These studies demonstrate that infiltrating monocytes promote CNS homeostasis in response to inflammation in the periphery and demonstrate that a peripheral infection can alter the immunologic landscape of the host brain.
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19
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Li S, Wang Y, Wu M, Younis MH, Olson AP, Barnhart TE, Engle JW, Zhu X, Cai W. Spleen-Targeted Glabridin-Loaded Nanoparticles Regulate Polarization of Monocyte/Macrophage (M o /M φ ) for the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204976. [PMID: 35973230 PMCID: PMC9594991 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury, the infiltration of monocyte/macrophages (Mo /Mφ ) into the ischemic penumbra causes inflammatory damage but also regulates tissue repair in the penumbra. The regulation and balance of Mo /Mφ polarization is considered as a potential therapeutic target for treating cerebral I-R injury. Herein, these findings demonstrate that glabridin (Gla)-loaded nanoparticles (i.e., NPGla -5k) can effectively inhibit M1-polarization and enhance M2-polarization of Mo /Mφ . Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging shows that NPGla -5k can selectively accumulate in the spleen following intravenous injection. Spleen-targeted Cy5-NPGla -5k can co-localize with peripheral macrophages in the penumbra at 24 h after tail-vein injection. Interestingly, NPGla -5k treatment can reduce inflammatory damage, protect dying neurons, and improve nervous system function. The protective effect of spleen-targeted NPGla -5k against cerebral I-R injury in mice encourages an exploration of their use for clinical treatment of patients with cerebral I-R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Miaojin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Muhsin H Younis
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Aeli P Olson
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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Chen Z, Liu H, Ye Y, Chen D, Lu Q, Lu X, Huang C. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-triggered innate immune tolerance against chronic stress-induced behavioral abnormalities in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108924. [PMID: 35704970 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pre-stimulation of the innate immune is considered a potential strategy to prevent chronic stress-induced behavioral abnormalities in animals. In this study, we investigated whether granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), an immunostimulant used in the clinic to treat diseases of the hematopoietic system, can prevent chronic stress-induced behavioral abnormalities in mice. Our results showed that a single intraperitoneal injection of GM-CSF (100 μg/kg) one day before stress exposure prevented the depression- and anxiety-like behaviors induced by chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) in mice, including preventing the CSDS-induced increase in the immobility time in the tail suspension test and forced swimming test and decrease in the time spent in the interaction zone in the social interaction test, as well as preventing the CSDS-induced decrease in the time spent (i) in open arms in the elevated plus maze test, (ii) on the illuminated side in the light-dark test, and (iii) in the central region of the open field test. The single GM-CSF preinjection (100 μg/kg) also prevented the CSDS-induced increase in the expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex of the mice. Further analysis showed that the preventive effect of GM-CSF on CSDS-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors and neuroinflammatory responses was abolished by pretreatment with minocycline (an innate immune inhibitor). These results indicate that a single low dose of GM-CSF before injection could be a potential way to prevent behavioral abnormalities induced by chronic stress in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6 Haierxiang North Road, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yancheng First Hopital, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #66 Renmin South Road, Yancheng 224008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongjian Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6 Haierxiang North Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, #60 Middle Qingnian Road, Nantong 226006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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21
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Lu J, Huang C, Lu Q, Lu X. Therapeutic and Prophylactic Effects of Amphotericin B Liposomes on Chronic Social Defeat Stress-Induced Behavioral Abnormalities in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:918177. [PMID: 35910388 PMCID: PMC9335357 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.918177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, innate immune system stimulants, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), were reported to prevent and reverse chronic stress-induced behavioral abnormalities, suggesting that innate immune stimulation could be a potential strategy for the treatment and prevention of mental disorders. Amphotericin B liposome is a clinically available antifungal medication that can stimulate macrophages and microglia. We hypothesize that amphotericin B liposome may be used to prevent and reverse behavioral abnormalities triggered by chronic stress. As expected, our results showed that a single injection of amphotericin B liposome (1 mg/kg) immediately after stress cessation reversed the decrease in time spent in the interaction zone in the social interaction test (SIT) and the increase in immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST) in mice caused by chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). In addition, a single injection of amphotericin B liposomes (1 mg/kg) 1 day before stress exposure was found to prevent the CSDS-induced decrease in time spent in the interaction zone in the SIT and the increase in immobility time in the TST and FST in mice. Pretreatment with minocycline to inhibit the innate immune response was able to abolish the reversal effect of post-stress injection of amphotericin B liposomes on CSDS-induced behavioral abnormalities and the prophylactic effect of pre-stress injection of amphotericin B liposomes on CSDS-induced behavioral abnormalities. These results demonstrate that amphotericin B liposomes have both therapeutic and prophylactic effects on chronic stress-induced behavioral abnormalities in mice by mobilizing the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Taizhou, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Taizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiashu Lu,
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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22
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The Role of CCL2/CCR2 Axis in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Treatment: From Animal Experiments to Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073485. [PMID: 35408846 PMCID: PMC8998625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a member of the monocyte chemokine protein family, which binds to its receptor CCR2 to induce monocyte infiltration and mediate inflammation. The CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway participates in the transduction of neuroinflammatory information between all types of cells in the central nervous system. Animal studies and clinical trials have shown that CCL2/CCR2 mediate the pathological process of ischemic stroke, and a higher CCL2 level in serum is associated with a higher risk of any form of stroke. In the acute phase of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, the expression of CCL2/CCR2 is increased in the ischemic penumbra, which promotes neuroinflammation and enhances brain injury. In the later phase, it participates in the migration of neuroblasts to the ischemic area and promotes the recovery of neurological function. CCL2/CCR2 gene knockout or activity inhibition can reduce the nerve inflammation and brain injury induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, suggesting that the development of drugs regulating the activity of the CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway could be used to prevent and treat the cell injury in the acute phase and promote the recovery of neurological function in the chronic phase in ischemic stroke patients.
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23
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Amantea D, La Russa D, Frisina M, Giordano F, Di Santo C, Panno ML, Pignataro G, Bagetta G. Ischemic Preconditioning Modulates the Peripheral Innate Immune System to Promote Anti-Inflammatory and Protective Responses in Mice Subjected to Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:825834. [PMID: 35359933 PMCID: PMC8962743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.825834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of tolerance triggered by a sublethal ischemic episode (preconditioning, PC) involves a complex crosstalk between neurons, astrocytes and microglia, although the role of the peripheral immune system in this context is largely unexplored. Here, we report that severe cerebral ischemia caused by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in adult male mice elevates blood counts of inflammatory neutrophils and monocytes, and plasma levels of miRNA-329-5p. These inflammatory responses are prevented by ischemic PC induced by 15 min MCAo, 72h before the severe insult (1h MCAo). As compared with sham-operated animals, mice subjected to either ischemic PC, MCAo or a combination of both (PC+MCAo) display spleen contraction. However, protein levels of Ym1 (a marker of polarization of myeloid cells towards M2/N2 protective phenotypes) are elevated only in spleen from the experimental groups PC and PC+MCAo, but not MCAo. Conversely, Ym1 protein levels only increase in circulating leukocytes from mice subjected to 1h MCAo, but not in preconditioned animals, which is coincident with a dramatic elevation of Ym1 expression in the ipsilateral cortex. By immunofluorescence analysis, we observe that expression of Ym1 occurs in amoeboid-shaped myeloid cells, mainly representing inflammatory monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils. As a result of its immune-regulatory functions, ischemic PC prevents elevation of mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β in the ipsilateral cortex, while not affecting IL-10 mRNA increase induced by MCAo. Overall, the elevated anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory ratio observed in the brain of mice pre-exposed to PC is associated with reduced brain infarct volume and ischemic edema, and with amelioration of functional outcome. These findings reaffirm the crucial and dualistic role of the innate immune system in ischemic stroke pathobiology, extending these concepts to the context of ischemic tolerance and underscoring their relevance for the identification of novel therapeutic targets for effective stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Amantea
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Daniele La Russa
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Marialaura Frisina
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Francesca Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Chiara Di Santo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Panno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, “Federico II” University, Naples, Italy
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
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24
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Yu H, Cai Y, Zhong A, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Xu S. The "Dialogue" Between Central and Peripheral Immunity After Ischemic Stroke: Focus on Spleen. Front Immunol 2022; 12:792522. [PMID: 34975893 PMCID: PMC8717871 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.792522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response generated by the body after the incidence of ischemic stroke, runs through the comprehensive process of aftermath. During this process of ischemic stroke, the central neuroinflammation and peripheral immune response seriously affect the prognosis of patients, which has been the focus of research in recent years. As this research scenario progressed, the "dialogue" between central nervous inflammation and peripheral immune response after ischemic stroke has become more closely related. It's worth noting that the spleen, as an important peripheral immune organ, plays a pivotal role in this dialogue. Multiple mechanisms have previously been reported for brain-spleen crosstalk after ischemic stroke. Further, neuroinflammation in the brain can affect the peripheral immune state by activating/inhibiting spleen function. However, the activation of the peripheral immune inflammatory response can work reversibly in the spleen. It further affects intracerebral neuroinflammation through the injured blood-brain barrier. Therefore, paying close attention to the role of spleen as the pivot between central and peripheral immunity in ischemic stroke may help to provide a new target for immune intervention in the treatment of ischemic stroke. In the present review, we reviewed the important role of spleen in central neuroinflammation and peripheral immune response after ischemic stroke. We summarized the relevant studies and reports on spleen as the target of immune intervention which can provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Yu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yichen Cai
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Aiqin Zhong
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunsha Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese, Tianjin, China
| | - Junping Zhang
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
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25
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Li F, Lu X, Ma Y, Gu Y, Ye T, Huang C. Monophosphoryl Lipid A Tolerance Against Chronic Stress-Induced Depression-Like Behaviors in Mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 25:399-411. [PMID: 35015863 PMCID: PMC9154281 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Our recent studies reported that a single injection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) before stress exposure prevents depression-like behaviors in stressed mice. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) is a derivative of LPS that lacks the undesirable properties of LPS. We hypothesize that MPL can exert a prophylactic effect on depression. METHODS The experimental mice were pre-injected with MPL before stress exposure. Depression in mice was induced through chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). Behavioral tests were conducted to identify depression-like behaviors. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and biochemical assays were performed to examine the gene and protein expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS A single MPL injection 1 day before stress exposure at the dosages of 400, 800, and 1600 μg/kg but not 200 μg/kg prevented CSDS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. This effect of MPL, however, vanished with the extension of the interval time between drug injection and stress exposure from 1 day or 5 days to 10 days, which was rescued by a second MPL injection 10 days after the first MPL injection or by a 4× MPL injection 10 days before stress exposure. A single MPL injection (800 μg/kg) before stress exposure prevented CSDS-induced increases in the gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Pre-inhibiting the innate immune stimulation by minocycline pretreatment (40 mg/kg) abrogated the preventive effect of MPL on CSDS-induced depression-like behaviors and neuroinflammatory responses in animal brains. CONCLUSIONS MPL, through innate immune stimulation, prevents stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice by preventing neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Correspondence: Chao Huang, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China ()
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26
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Abstract
The gut microbiome influences many host physiologies, spanning gastrointestinal function, metabolism, immune homeostasis, neuroactivity, and behavior. Many microbial effects on the host are orchestrated by bidirectional interactions between the microbiome and immune system. Imbalances in this dialogue can lead to immune dysfunction and immune-mediated conditions in distal organs including the brain. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and dysregulated neuroimmune responses are common comorbidities of neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurological disorders, highlighting the importance of the gut microbiome–neuroimmune axis as a regulator of central nervous system homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent evidence supporting a role for the gut microbiome in regulating the neuroimmune landscape in health and disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis W. Yu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA;, ,
| | - Gulistan Agirman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA;, ,
| | - Elaine Y. Hsiao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA;, ,
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27
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Garcia-Bonilla L, Iadecola C, Anrather J. Inflammation and Immune Response. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Hamner MA, McDonough A, Gong DC, Todd LJ, Rojas G, Hodecker S, Ransom CB, Reh TA, Ransom BR, Weinstein JR. Microglial depletion abolishes ischemic preconditioning in white matter. Glia 2021; 70:661-674. [PMID: 34939240 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a phenomenon whereby a brief, non-injurious ischemic exposure enhances tolerance to a subsequent ischemic challenge. The mechanism of IPC has mainly been studied in rodent stroke models where gray matter (GM) constitutes about 85% of the cerebrum. In humans, white matter (WM) is 50% of cerebral volume and is a critical component of stroke damage. We developed a novel CNS WM IPC model using the mouse optic nerve (MON) and identified the involved immune signaling pathways. Here we tested the hypothesis that microglia are necessary for WM IPC. Microglia were depleted by treatment with the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor PLX5622. MONs were exposed to transient ischemia in vivo, acutely isolated 72 h later, and subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) to simulate a severe ischemic injury (i.e., stroke). Functional and structural axonal recovery was assessed by recording compound action potentials (CAPs) and by microscopy using quantitative stereology. Microglia depletion eliminated IPC-mediated protection. In control mice, CAP recovery was improved in preconditioned MONs compared with non-preconditioned MONs, however, in PLX5622-treated mice, we observed no difference in CAP recovery between preconditioned and non-preconditioned MONs. Microgliadepletion also abolished IPC protective effects on axonal integrity and survival of mature (APC+ ) oligodendrocytes after OGD. IPC-mediated protection was independent of retinal injury suggesting it results from mechanistic processes intrinsic to ischemia-exposed WM. We conclude that preconditioned microglia are critical for IPC in WM. The "preconditioned microglia" phenotype might protect against other CNS pathologies and is a neurotherapeutic horizon worth exploring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Hamner
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ashley McDonough
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Davin C Gong
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Levi J Todd
- Department of Biological Structure, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - German Rojas
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sibylle Hodecker
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher B Ransom
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bruce R Ransom
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Neuroscience Department, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jonathan R Weinstein
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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29
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Torres-Querol C, Quintana-Luque M, Arque G, Purroy F. Preclinical evidence of remote ischemic conditioning in ischemic stroke, a metanalysis update. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23706. [PMID: 34887465 PMCID: PMC8660795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is a promising therapeutic approach for ischemic stroke patients. It has been proven that RIC reduces infarct size and improves functional outcomes. RIC can be applied either before ischemia (pre-conditioning; RIPreC), during ischemia (per-conditioning; RIPerC) or after ischemia (post-conditioning; RIPostC). Our aim was to systematically determine the efficacy of RIC in reducing infarct volumes and define the cellular pathways involved in preclinical animal models of ischemic stroke. A systematic search in three databases yielded 50 peer-review articles. Data were analyzed using random effects models and results expressed as percentage of reduction in infarct size (95% CI). A meta-regression was also performed to evaluate the effects of covariates on the pooled effect-size. 95.3% of analyzed experiments were carried out in rodents. Thirty-nine out of the 64 experiments studied RIPostC (61%), sixteen examined RIPreC (25%) and nine tested RIPerC (14%). In all studies, RIC was shown to reduce infarct volume (- 38.36%; CI - 42.09 to - 34.62%) when compared to controls. There was a significant interaction caused by species. Short cycles in mice significantly reduces infarct volume while in rats the opposite occurs. RIPreC was shown to be the most effective strategy in mice. The present meta-analysis suggests that RIC is more efficient in transient ischemia, using a smaller number of RIC cycles, applying larger length of limb occlusion, and employing barbiturates anesthetics. There is a preclinical evidence for RIC, it is safe and effective. However, the exact cellular pathways and underlying mechanisms are still not fully determined, and its definition will be crucial for the understanding of RIC mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral Torres-Querol
- Clinical Neurosciences Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Quintana-Luque
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gloria Arque
- Clinical Neurosciences Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
- Experimental Medicine Department, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Francisco Purroy
- Clinical Neurosciences Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain.
- Medicine Department, Universitat de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain.
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Clinical Neurosciences Group IRBLleida, Avda Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
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30
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Histamine in the Crosstalk Between Innate Immune Cells and Neurons: Relevance for Brain Homeostasis and Disease. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 59:261-288. [PMID: 34432259 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Histamine is a biogenic amine playing a central role in allergy and peripheral inflammatory reactions and acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the brain. In the adult, histamine is produced mainly by mast cells and hypothalamic neurons, which project their axons throughout the brain. Thus, histamine exerts a range of functions, including wakefulness control, learning and memory, neurogenesis, and regulation of glial activity. Histamine is also known to modulate innate immune responses induced by brain-resident microglia cells and peripheral circulating monocytes, and monocyte-derived cells (macrophages and dendritic cells). In physiological conditions, histamine per se causes mainly a pro-inflammatory phenotype while counteracting lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation both in microglia, monocytes, and monocyte-derived cells. In turn, the activation of the innate immune system can profoundly affect neuronal survival and function, which plays a critical role in the onset and development of brain disorders. Therefore, the dual role of histamine/antihistamines in microglia and monocytes/macrophages is relevant for identifying novel putative therapeutic strategies for brain diseases. This review focuses on the effects of histamine in innate immune responses and the impact on neuronal survival, function, and differentiation/maturation, both in physiological and acute (ischemic stroke) and chronic neurodegenerative conditions (Parkinson's disease).
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31
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Brea D, Poon C, Benakis C, Lubitz G, Murphy M, Iadecola C, Anrather J. Stroke affects intestinal immune cell trafficking to the central nervous system. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 96:295-302. [PMID: 33989742 PMCID: PMC8672365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is an acute neurological disease with a strong inflammatory component that can be regulated by the intestinal microbiota and intestinal immune cells. Although stroke has been shown to alter immune cell populations in the gut, the dynamics of cell trafficking have not been elucidated. To study the trafficking of gut-derived immune cells after stroke, we used mice expressing the photoconvertible protein Kikume Green-Red, which turns form green to red when exposed to violet light. Mice underwent laparotomy and the small intestine was exposed to violet laser light. Immune cells were isolated from the small intestine immediately after photoconversion and 2 days later. Percentage of immune cells (CD45+KikR+) that expressed the red variant of the protein (KikR) was higher immediately after photoconversion than 2 days later, indicating cell egress from the small intestine. To investigate whether intestinal immune cells traffic to the periphery and/or the central nervous system (CNS) after stroke, we analyzed KikR+ immune cells (2 days after photoconversion) in peripheral lymphoid organs, meninges and brain, 3 and 14 days after transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (tMCAo) or sham-surgery. Although migration was observed in naïve and sham animals, stroke induced a higher mobilization of gut KikR+ immune cells, especially at 3 days after stroke, to all the organs analyzed. Notably, we detected a significant migration of CD45hi immune cells from the gut to the brain and meninges at 3 days after stroke. Comparison of cell trafficking between organs revealed a significant preference of intestinal CD11c+ cells to migrate from the small intestine to brain and meninges after stroke. We conclude that stroke increases immune cell trafficking from the small intestine to peripheral lymphoid organs and the CNS where they might contribute to post-stroke inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brea
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
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32
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Garcia-Bonilla L, Sciortino R, Shahanoor Z, Racchumi G, Janakiraman M, Montaner J, Zhou P, Anrather J, Iadecola C. Role of microglial and endothelial CD36 in post-ischemic inflammasome activation and interleukin-1β-induced endothelial activation. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:489-501. [PMID: 33872708 PMCID: PMC8187325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is associated with an acute inflammatory response that contributes to the resulting injury. The innate immunity receptor CD36, expressed in microglia and endothelium, and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are involved in the mechanisms of ischemic injury. Since CD36 has been implicated in activation of the inflammasome, the main source of IL-1β, we investigated whether CD36 mediates brain injury through the inflammasome and IL-1β. We found that active caspase-1, a key inflammasome component, is decreased in microglia of CD36-deficient mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, an effect associated with a reduction in brain IL-1β. Conditional deletion of CD36 either in microglia or endothelium reduced ischemic injury in mice, attesting to the pathogenic involvement of CD36 in both cell types. Application of an ischemic brain extract to primary brain endothelial cell cultures from wild type (WT) mice induced IL-1β-dependent endothelial activation, reflected by increases in the cytokine colony stimulating factor-3, a response markedly attenuated in CD36-deficient endothelia. Similarly, the increase in colony stimulating factor-3 induced by recombinant IL-1β was attenuated in CD36-deficient compared to WT endothelia. We conclude that microglial CD36 is a key determinant of post-ischemic IL-1β production by regulating caspase-1 activity, whereas endothelial CD36 is required for the full expression of the endothelial activation induced by IL-1β. The data identify microglial and endothelial CD36 as critical upstream components of the acute inflammatory response to cerebral ischemia and viable putative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Garcia-Bonilla
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Rose Sciortino
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ziasmin Shahanoor
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Gianfranco Racchumi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Mathangi Janakiraman
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Lab, Vall d́Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ping Zhou
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Ji J, Xiang H, Lu X, Tan P, Yang R, Ye T, Chen Z, Chen D, He H, Chen J, Ma Y, Huang C. A prophylactic effect of macrophage-colony stimulating factor on chronic stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Neuropharmacology 2021; 193:108621. [PMID: 34062163 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune activation has been shown to reduce the severity of nervous system disorders such as brain ischemia and traumatic brain damage. Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), a drug that is used to treat hematological system disease, is an enhancer of the innate immune response. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of M-CSF preconditioning on chronic social defeat stress (CSDS)-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Results showed that a single M-CSF injection 1 day before stress exposure at the dose of 100 and 500 μg/kg, or a single M-CSF injection (100 μg/kg) 1 or 5 days but not 10 days before stress exposure prevented CSDS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Further analysis showed that a second M-CSF injection 10 days after the first M-CSF injection and a 2 × or 4 × M-CSF injections 10 days before stress exposure also prevented CSDS-induced depression-like behaviors. Molecular studies revealed that a single M-CSF injection prior to stress exposure skewed the neuroinflammatory responses in the brain in CSDS-exposed mice towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. These behavioral and molecular actions of M-CSF were correlated with innate immune stimulation, as pre-inhibiting the innate immune activation by minocycline pretreatment (40 mg/kg) abrogated the preventive effect of M-CSF on CSDS-induced depression-like behaviors and neuroinflammatory responses. These results provide evidence to show that innate immune activation by M-CSF pretreatment may prevent chronic stress-induced depression-like behaviors via preventing the development of neuroinflammatory response in the brain, which may help to develop novel strategies for the prevention of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haitao Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, #118 Wansheng Street, Suzhou, 215028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pingping Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu Province, #20Xisi Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongjian Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiyan He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinliang Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaoying Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Hansen RB, Laursen CCH, Nawaz N, Madsen JS, Nielsen HH, Kruuse C, Møller A, Degn M, Lambertsen KL. Leukocyte TNFR1 and TNFR2 Expression Contributes to the Peripheral Immune Response in Cases with Ischemic Stroke. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040861. [PMID: 33918875 PMCID: PMC8069317 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and 2 (TNFR1 and TNFR2) have been found in brain parenchyma of stroke patients, and plasma levels are increased in the acute phase of stroke. We evaluated associations between TNFR1 and TNFR2 plasma levels and stroke severity, infarct size, and functional outcome. Furthermore, we examined cellular expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 on leukocyte subpopulations to explore the origin of the increased receptor levels. Blood samples were taken from 33 acute ischemic stroke patients and 10 healthy controls. TNFR1 and TNFR2 plasma concentrations were measured and correlated against the Scandinavian Stroke Scale at admission, infarct volume, and the modified Rankin Scale score three months after stroke onset. Classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes as well as neutrophils were purified, and cellular expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 was examined using flow cytometry. TNFR1 and TNFR2 plasma levels were both increased after ischemic stroke, but we found no correlation with patient outcome measurements. Compared to healthy controls, ischemic stroke patients had decreased non-classical monocyte and neutrophil populations expressing TNFR1 and increased neutrophils expressing TNFR2, and decreased non-classical populations co-expressing both TNFR1 and TNFR2. This study supports the hypothesis of an acute immunological response orchestrated by the peripheral immune system following an ischemic stroke. However, the origin of the increased TNFR1 and TNFR2 plasma levels could not be clearly linked to peripheral monocytes or neutrophils. Future studies are needed and will help clarify the potential role as treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke B. Hansen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.B.H.); (C.C.H.L.); (N.N.); (H.H.N.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Cathrine C. H. Laursen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.B.H.); (C.C.H.L.); (N.N.); (H.H.N.)
- Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Niala Nawaz
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.B.H.); (C.C.H.L.); (N.N.); (H.H.N.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonna S. Madsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark;
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle H. Nielsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.B.H.); (C.C.H.L.); (N.N.); (H.H.N.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina Kruuse
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Neurology, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Arne Møller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Matilda Degn
- Pediatric Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (K.L.L.); Tel.: +45-6061-0084 (M.D.); +45-6550-3806 (K.L.L.)
| | - Kate L. Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.B.H.); (C.C.H.L.); (N.N.); (H.H.N.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- OPEN—Open Patient data Explorative Network, Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (K.L.L.); Tel.: +45-6061-0084 (M.D.); +45-6550-3806 (K.L.L.)
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Celorrio M, Abellanas MA, Rhodes J, Goodwin V, Moritz J, Vadivelu S, Wang L, Rodgers R, Xiao S, Anabayan I, Payne C, Perry AM, Baldridge MT, Aymerich MS, Steed A, Friess SH. Gut microbial dysbiosis after traumatic brain injury modulates the immune response and impairs neurogenesis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:40. [PMID: 33691793 PMCID: PMC7944629 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the gut microbiota on traumatic brain injury (TBI) is presently unknown. This knowledge gap is of paramount clinical significance as TBI patients are highly susceptible to alterations in the gut microbiota by antibiotic exposure. Antibiotic-induced gut microbial dysbiosis established prior to TBI significantly worsened neuronal loss and reduced microglia activation in the injured hippocampus with concomitant changes in fear memory response. Importantly, antibiotic exposure for 1 week after TBI reduced cortical infiltration of Ly6Chigh monocytes, increased microglial pro-inflammatory markers, and decreased T lymphocyte infiltration, which persisted through 1 month post-injury. Moreover, microbial dysbiosis was associated with reduced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus 1 week after TBI. By 3 months after injury (11 weeks after discontinuation of the antibiotics), we observed increased microglial proliferation, increased hippocampal neuronal loss, and modulation of fear memory response. These data demonstrate that antibiotic-induced gut microbial dysbiosis after TBI impacts neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, and fear memory and implicate gut microbial modulation as a potential therapeutic intervention for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Celorrio
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Miguel A Abellanas
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Departamento de Bioquímica Y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIMA, Programa de Neurociencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - James Rhodes
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Victoria Goodwin
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Jennie Moritz
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Sangeetha Vadivelu
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Leran Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Rachel Rodgers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Sophia Xiao
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Ilakkia Anabayan
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Camryn Payne
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Alexandra M Perry
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Maria S Aymerich
- Departamento de Bioquímica Y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIMA, Programa de Neurociencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ashley Steed
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Stuart H Friess
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA.
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36
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Lyu J, Xie D, Bhatia TN, Leak RK, Hu X, Jiang X. Microglial/Macrophage polarization and function in brain injury and repair after stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:515-527. [PMID: 33650313 PMCID: PMC8025652 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality, with limited treatment options. After stroke injury, microglia and CNS‐resident macrophages are rapidly activated and regulate neuropathological processes to steer the course of functional recovery. To accelerate this recovery, microglia can engulf dying cells and clear irreparably‐damaged tissues, thereby creating a microenvironment that is more suitable for the formation of new neural circuitry. In addition, monocyte‐derived macrophages cross the compromised blood‐brain barrier to infiltrate the injured brain. The specific functions of myeloid lineage cells in brain injury and repair are diverse and dependent on phenotypic polarization statuses. However, it remains to be determined to what degree the CNS‐invading macrophages occupy different functional niches from CNS‐resident microglia. In this review, we describe the physiological characteristics and functions of microglia in the developing and adult brain. We also review (a) the activation and phenotypic polarization of microglia and macrophages after stroke, (b) molecular mechanisms that control polarization status, and (c) the contribution of microglia to brain pathology versus repair. Finally, we summarize current breakthroughs in therapeutic strategies that calibrate microglia/macrophage responses after stroke. The present review summarizes recent advances in microglial research in relation to stroke with emphases on microglial/macrophage phenotypic polarization and function in brain injury and repair. It also reviews the physiological characteristics and functions of microglia in the developing and adult brain, and describes current breakthroughs in therapeutic strategies that calibrate microglia/macrophage responses after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxuan Lyu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Di Xie
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tarun N Bhatia
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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37
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Heng Y, Zhang X, Borggrewe M, van Weering HRJ, Brummer ML, Nijboer TW, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Boddeke EWGM, Laman JD, Eggen BJL. Systemic administration of β-glucan induces immune training in microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:57. [PMID: 33618716 PMCID: PMC7901224 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An innate immune memory response can manifest in two ways: immune training and immune tolerance, which refers to an enhanced or suppressed immune response to a second challenge, respectively. Exposing monocytes to moderate-to-high amounts of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces immune tolerance, whereas fungal β-glucan (BG) induces immune training. In microglia, it has been shown that different LPS inocula in vivo can induce either immune training or tolerance. Few studies focused on impact of BG on microglia and were only performed in vitro. The aim of the current study was to determine whether BG activates and induces immune memory in microglia upon peripheral administration in vivo. Methods Two experimental designs were used. In the acute design, mice received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with PBS, 1 mg/kg LPS or 20 mg/kg BG and were terminated after 3 h, 1 or 2 days. In the preconditioning design, animals were first challenged i.p. with PBS, 1 mg/kg LPS or 20 mg/kg BG. After 2, 7 or 14 days, mice received a second injection with PBS or 1 mg/kg LPS and were sacrificed 3 h later. Microglia were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and cytokine gene expression levels were determined. In addition, a self-developed program was used to analyze microglia morphological changes. Cytokine concentrations in serum were determined by a cytokine array. Results Microglia exhibited a classical inflammatory response to LPS, showing significant upregulation of Tnf, Il6, Il1β, Ccl2, Ccl3 and Csf1 expression, three h after injection, and obvious morphological changes 1 and 2 days after injection. With an interval of 2 days between two challenges, both BG and LPS induced immune training in microglia. The training effect of LPS changed into immune tolerance after a 7-day interval between 2 LPS challenges. Preconditioning with BG and LPS resulted in increased morphological changes in microglia in response to a systemic LPS challenge compared to naïve microglia. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that preconditioning with BG and LPS both induced immune training of microglia at two days after the first challenge. However, with an interval of 7 days between the first and second challenge, LPS-preconditioning resulted in immune tolerance in microglia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02103-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Heng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Malte Borggrewe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilmar R J van Weering
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike L Brummer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjalling W Nijboer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Erik W G M Boddeke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Kim E, Cho S. CNS and peripheral immunity in cerebral ischemia: partition and interaction. Exp Neurol 2021; 335:113508. [PMID: 33065078 PMCID: PMC7750306 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke elicits excessive immune activation in the injured brain tissue. This well-recognized neural inflammation in the brain is not just an intrinsic organ response but also a result of additional intricate interactions between infiltrating peripheral immune cells and the resident immune cells in the affected areas. Given that there is a finite number of immune cells in the organism at the time of stroke, the partitioned immune systems of the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery must appropriately distribute the limited pool of immune cells between the two domains, mounting a necessary post-stroke inflammatory response by supplying a sufficient number of immune cells into the brain while maintaining peripheral immunity. Stroke pathophysiology has mainly been neurocentric in focus, but understanding the distinct roles of the CNS and peripheral immunity in their concerted action against ischemic insults is crucial. This review will discuss stroke-induced influences of the peripheral immune system on CNS injury/repair and of neural inflammation on peripheral immunity, and how comorbidity influences each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Kim
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sunghee Cho
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States of America; Feil Brain Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America.
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Pedragosa J, Miró-Mur F, Otxoa-de-Amezaga A, Justicia C, Ruíz-Jaén F, Ponsaerts P, Pasparakis M, Planas AM. CCR2 deficiency in monocytes impairs angiogenesis and functional recovery after ischemic stroke in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:S98-S116. [PMID: 32151226 PMCID: PMC7687030 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20909055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory Ly6ChiCCR2+ monocytes infiltrate the brain after stroke but their functions are not entirely clear. We report that CCR2+ monocytes and CCR2+ lymphocytes infiltrate the brain after permanent ischemia. To underscore the role of CCR2+ monocytes, we generated mice with selective CCR2 deletion in monocytes. One day post-ischemia, these mice showed less infiltrating monocytes and reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, markers of alternatively macrophage activation, and angiogenesis. Accordingly, Ly6Chi monocytes sorted from the brain of wild type mice 24 h post-ischemia expressed pro-inflammatory genes, M2 genes, and pro-angiogenic genes. Flow cytometry showed heterogeneous phenotypes within the infiltrating Ly6ChiCCR2+ monocytes, including a subgroup of Arginase-1+ cells. Mice with CCR2-deficient monocytes displayed a delayed inflammatory rebound 15 days post-ischemia that was not found in wild type mice. Furthermore, they showed reduced angiogenesis and worse behavioral performance. Administration of CCR2+/+ bone-marrow monocytes to mice with CCR2-deficient monocytes did not improve the behavioral performance suggesting that immature bone-marrow monocytes lack pro-reparative functions. The results show that CCR2+ monocytes contribute to acute post-ischemic inflammation and participate in functional recovery. The study unravels heterogeneity in the population of CCR2+ monocytes infiltrating the ischemic brain and suggests that pro-reparative monocyte subsets promote functional recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Pedragosa
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Area of Neurociences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Miró-Mur
- Area of Neurociences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Fundació Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amaia Otxoa-de-Amezaga
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Area of Neurociences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Justicia
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Area of Neurociences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisca Ruíz-Jaén
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Area of Neurociences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- CECAD Research Center, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna M Planas
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Area of Neurociences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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The role of peripheral monocytes and macrophages in ischemic stroke. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:3589-3607. [PMID: 33009963 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
After acute ischemic stroke (AIS), peripheral monocytes infiltrate into the lesion site within 24 h, peak at 3 to 7 days, and then differentiate into macrophages. Traditionally, monocytes/macrophages (MMs) are thought to play a deleterious role in AIS. Depletion of MMs in the acute phase can alleviate brain injury induced by ischemia. However, several studies have shown that MMs have anti-inflammatory functions, participate in angiogenesis, phagocytose necrotic neurons, and promote neurovascular repair. Therefore, MMs play dual roles in ischemic stroke, depending mainly upon the MM microenvironment and the window of time post-stroke. Because activated microglia and MMs are similar in morphology and function, previous studies have often investigated them together. However, recent studies have used special methods to distinguish MMs from microglia and have found that MMs have properties which differ from microglia. Here, we review the unique role of MMs and the interaction between MMs and neurovascular units, including neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and microvessels. Future therapeutics targeting MMs should regulate the polarization and subset transformation of the MMs at different stages of AIS rather than comprehensively suppressing MM infiltration and differentiation. In addition, more studies are needed to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of MM subsets and polarization during ischemic stroke.
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Ophelders DR, Gussenhoven R, Klein L, Jellema RK, Westerlaken RJ, Hütten MC, Vermeulen J, Wassink G, Gunn AJ, Wolfs TG. Preterm Brain Injury, Antenatal Triggers, and Therapeutics: Timing Is Key. Cells 2020; 9:E1871. [PMID: 32785181 PMCID: PMC7464163 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With a worldwide incidence of 15 million cases, preterm birth is a major contributor to neonatal mortality and morbidity, and concomitant social and economic burden Preterm infants are predisposed to life-long neurological disorders due to the immaturity of the brain. The risks are inversely proportional to maturity at birth. In the majority of extremely preterm infants (<28 weeks' gestation), perinatal brain injury is associated with exposure to multiple inflammatory perinatal triggers that include antenatal infection (i.e., chorioamnionitis), hypoxia-ischemia, and various postnatal injurious triggers (i.e., oxidative stress, sepsis, mechanical ventilation, hemodynamic instability). These perinatal insults cause a self-perpetuating cascade of peripheral and cerebral inflammation that plays a critical role in the etiology of diffuse white and grey matter injuries that underlies a spectrum of connectivity deficits in survivors from extremely preterm birth. This review focuses on chorioamnionitis and hypoxia-ischemia, which are two important antenatal risk factors for preterm brain injury, and highlights the latest insights on its pathophysiology, potential treatment, and future perspectives to narrow the translational gap between preclinical research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan R.M.G. Ophelders
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth Gussenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
| | - Luise Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Reint K. Jellema
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
| | - Rob J.J. Westerlaken
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias C. Hütten
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Vermeulen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Guido Wassink
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (G.W.); (A.J.G.)
| | - Alistair J. Gunn
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (G.W.); (A.J.G.)
| | - Tim G.A.M. Wolfs
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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La Russa D, Frisina M, Secondo A, Bagetta G, Amantea D. Modulation of Cerebral Store-operated Calcium Entry-regulatory Factor (SARAF) and Peripheral Orai1 Following Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Preconditioning in Mice. Neuroscience 2020; 441:8-21. [PMID: 32569806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) contributes to Ca2+ refilling of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but also provides Ca2+ influx involved in physiological and pathological signalling functions. Upon depletion of Ca2+ store, the sensor protein stromal interaction molecule (STIM) activates Orai1, forming an ion-conducting pore highly selective for Ca2+. SOCE-associated regulatory factor (SARAF) associates with STIM1 to facilitate a slow form of Ca2+-dependent inactivation of SOCE or interacts with Orai1 to stimulate SOCE in STIM1-independent manner. We have investigated whether cerebral ischemic damage and neuroprotection conferred by ischemic preconditioning (PC) in mouse are associated with changes in the expression of the molecular components of SOCE. Ischemic PC induced by 15-min occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAo) resulted in significant amelioration of histological and functional outcomes produced, 72 h later, by a more severe ischemia (1 h MCAo). Neither ischemia, nor PC affected the expression of Orai1 in the frontoparietal cortex. However, the number of Orai1-immunopositive cells, mostly corresponding to Ly-6G+ neutrophils, was significantly elevated in the blood after the ischemic insult, regardless of previous PC. The expression of Stim1 and SARAF, mainly localised in NeuN-immunopositive neurons, was reduced in the ischemic cortex. Interestingly, neuroprotection by ischemic PC prevented the reduction of SARAF expression in the lesioned cortex and this could be interpreted as a compensatory mechanism to restore ER Ca2+ refilling in neurons in the absence of STIM1. Thus, preventing SARAF downregulation may represent a pivotal mechanism implicated in neuroprotection provided by ischemic PC and should be exploited as an original target for novel stroke therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele La Russa
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Marialaura Frisina
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, "Federico II" University of Naples, Italy
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy.
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Iadecola C, Buckwalter MS, Anrather J. Immune responses to stroke: mechanisms, modulation, and therapeutic potential. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2777-2788. [PMID: 32391806 PMCID: PMC7260029 DOI: 10.1172/jci135530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and a leading cause of disability. Most strokes are caused by occlusion of a major cerebral artery, and substantial advances have been made in elucidating how ischemia damages the brain. In particular, increasing evidence points to a double-edged role of the immune system in stroke pathophysiology. In the acute phase, innate immune cells invade brain and meninges and contribute to ischemic damage, but may also be protective. At the same time, danger signals released into the circulation by damaged brain cells lead to activation of systemic immunity, followed by profound immunodepression that promotes life-threatening infections. In the chronic phase, antigen presentation initiates an adaptive immune response targeted to the brain, which may underlie neuropsychiatric sequelae, a considerable cause of poststroke morbidity. Here, we briefly review these pathogenic processes and assess the potential therapeutic value of targeting immunity in human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marion S. Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Fornai F, Orzi F. Editorial: The Anatomical Basis of the Cross Talk Between Immune System and Brain. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:24. [PMID: 32457581 PMCID: PMC7225333 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Francesco Orzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sense Organs NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Wang R, Liu Y, Ye Q, Hassan SH, Zhao J, Li S, Hu X, Leak RK, Rocha M, Wechsler LR, Chen J, Shi Y. RNA sequencing reveals novel macrophage transcriptome favoring neurovascular plasticity after ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:720-738. [PMID: 31722596 PMCID: PMC7168800 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19888630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Blood monocytes/macrophages infiltrate the brain after ischemic stroke and critically influence brain injury and regeneration. We investigated stroke-induced transcriptomic changes of monocytes/macrophages by RNA sequencing profiling, using a mouse model of permanent focal cerebral ischemia. Compared to non-ischemic conditions, brain ischemia induced only moderate genomic changes in blood monocytes, but triggered robust genomic reprogramming in monocytes/macrophages invading the brain. Surprisingly, functional enrichment analysis of the transcriptome of brain macrophages revealed significant overrepresentation of biological processes linked to neurovascular remodeling, such as angiogenesis and axonal regeneration, as early as five days after stroke, suggesting a previously underappreciated role for macrophages in initiating post-stroke brain repair. Upstream Regulator analysis predicted peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) as a master regulator driving the transcriptional reprogramming in post-stroke brain macrophages. Importantly, myeloid cell-specific PPARγ knockout (mKO) mice demonstrated lower post-stroke angiogenesis and neurogenesis than wild-type mice, which correlated significantly with the exacerbation of post-stroke neurological deficits in mKO mice. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel repair-enhancing transcriptome in brain macrophages during post-stroke neurovascular remodeling. As a master switch controlling genomic reprogramming, PPARγ is a rational therapeutic target for promoting and maintaining beneficial macrophage functions, facilitating neurorestoration, and improving long-term functional recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yaan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sulaiman H Hassan
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jingyan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sicheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marcelo Rocha
- Department of Neurology, UPMC Stroke Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence R Wechsler
- Department of Neurology, UPMC Stroke Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Nwafor DC, Chakraborty S, Brichacek AL, Jun S, Gambill CA, Wang W, Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Dakhlallah D, Pinkerton AB, Millán JL, Benkovic SA, Brown CM. Loss of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) enzyme activity in cerebral microvessels is coupled to persistent neuroinflammation and behavioral deficits in late sepsis. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 84:115-131. [PMID: 31778743 PMCID: PMC7010562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a host response to systemic inflammation and infection that may lead to multi-organ dysfunction and eventual death. While acute brain dysfunction is common among all sepsis patients, chronic neurological impairment is prevalent among sepsis survivors. The brain microvasculature has emerged as a major determinant of sepsis-associated brain dysfunction, yet the mechanisms that underlie its associated neuroimmune perturbations and behavioral deficits are not well understood. An emerging body of data suggests that inhibition of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) enzyme activity in cerebral microvessels may be associated with changes in endothelial cell barrier integrity. The objective of this study was to elucidate the connection between alterations in cerebrovascular TNAP enzyme activity and brain microvascular dysfunction in late sepsis. We hypothesized that the disruption of TNAP enzymatic activity in cerebral microvessels would be coupled to the sustained loss of brain microvascular integrity, elevated neuroinflammatory responses, and behavioral deficits. Male mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), a model of experimental sepsis, and assessed up to seven days post-sepsis. All mice were observed daily for sickness behavior and underwent behavioral testing. Our results showed a significant decrease in brain microvascular TNAP enzyme activity in the somatosensory cortex and spinal cord of septic mice but not in the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal regions. Furthermore, we showed that loss of cerebrovascular TNAP enzyme activity was coupled to a loss of claudin-5 and increased perivascular IgG infiltration in the somatosensory cortex. Analyses of whole brain myeloid and T-lymphoid cell populations also revealed a persistent elevation of infiltrating leukocytes, which included both neutrophil and monocyte myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Regional analyses of the somatosensory cortex, hippocampus, and spinal cord revealed significant astrogliosis and microgliosis in the cortex and spinal cord of septic mice that was accompanied by significant microgliosis in the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal regions. Assessment of behavioral deficits revealed no changes in learning and memory or evoked locomotion. However, the hot plate test uncovered a novel anti-nociceptive phenotype in our septic mice, and we speculate that this phenotype may be a consequence of sustained GFAP astrogliosis and loss of TNAP activity in the somatosensory cortex and spinal cord of septic mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the loss of TNAP enzyme activity in cerebral microvessels during late sepsis is coupled to sustained neuroimmune dysfunction which may underlie, in part, the chronic neurological impairments observed in sepsis survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divine C. Nwafor
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University Health Science Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Sreeparna Chakraborty
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University Health Science Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Allison L. Brichacek
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University Health Science Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Sujung Jun
- Wilmer Eye Institute, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Catheryne A. Gambill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University Health Science Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University Health Science Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | | | - Duaa Dakhlallah
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University Health Science Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Cancer Institute, West Virginia University Health Science Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | | | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Stanley A. Benkovic
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University Health Science Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Candice M. Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University Health Science Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University Health Science Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA,Corresponding Author: Candice M. Brown, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Neuroscience, 108 Biomedical Road, Box 9303, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, Phone: 304-293-0589,
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Jin R, Zhong W, Liu S, Li G. CD147 as a key mediator of the spleen inflammatory response in mice after focal cerebral ischemia. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:198. [PMID: 31666088 PMCID: PMC6822438 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The splenic inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia has been implicated in secondary brain injury. We have recently reported that CD147 plays an important role in driving brain inflammation after ischemic stroke. In this study, we hypothesized that CD147 may play a role in the splenic inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia. Methods Transient (60 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in wild-type mice treated with an anti-CD147 antibody (αCD147) 1 h before ischemia onset. The splenic inflammatory response was evaluated at 4 and 24 h, representing the peak and early stage of splenic inflammatory activation in this model. Changes in mRNA and protein expression of CD147 and inflammatory markers were measured using RT-qPCR and western blot, respectively. Immune cells in the spleen and brain were measured using flow cytometry. Results CD147 expression was rapidly upregulated in the spleen at 4 and 24 h after ischemia onset. The splenic inflammatory response induced by cerebral ischemia was inhibited by αCD147 treatment as demonstrated by the reduced expression of cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the spleen at 4 and 24 h after ischemia onset. Furthermore, reduced expression of Ly-6C and CCR2 coincided with a decrease in the number of Ly-6Chigh MMs subset in the spleen at 4 h after ischemia onset. This suggests αCD147 treatment abrogates cerebral ischemia-induced inflammatory activation of splenic monocytes/macrophages (MMs). In addition, the experiment in splenectomized mice showed the spleen as the major source of infiltrated Ly-6Chigh MMs subset in the ischemic brain and that brain infiltration of Ly-6Chigh MMs was reduced by αCD147 treatment. These results reveal CD147 as a key mediator of the spleen’s inflammatory activation in response to cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.,Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiefang road 438, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Guohong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Cai W, Dai X, Chen J, Zhao J, Xu M, Zhang L, Yang B, Zhang W, Rocha M, Nakao T, Kofler J, Shi Y, Stetler RA, Hu X, Chen J. STAT6/Arg1 promotes microglia/macrophage efferocytosis and inflammation resolution in stroke mice. JCI Insight 2019; 4:131355. [PMID: 31619589 PMCID: PMC6824303 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis, or phagocytic clearance of dead/dying cells by brain-resident microglia and/or infiltrating macrophages, is instrumental for inflammation resolution and restoration of brain homeostasis after stroke. Here, we identify the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6/arginase1 (STAT6/Arg1) signaling axis as a potentially novel mechanism that orchestrates microglia/macrophage responses in the ischemic brain. Activation of STAT6 was observed in microglia/macrophages in the ischemic territory in a mouse model of stroke and in stroke patients. STAT6 deficiency resulted in reduced clearance of dead/dying neurons, increased inflammatory gene signature in microglia/macrophages, and enlarged infarct volume early after experimental stroke. All of these pathological changes culminated in an increased brain tissue loss and exacerbated long-term functional deficits. Combined in vivo analyses using BM chimeras and in vitro experiments using microglia/macrophage-neuron cocultures confirmed that STAT6 activation in both microglia and macrophages was essential for neuroprotection. Adoptive transfer of WT macrophages into STAT6-KO mice reduced accumulation of dead neurons in the ischemic territory and ameliorated brain infarction. Furthermore, decreased expression of Arg1 in STAT6-/- microglia/macrophages was responsible for impairments in efferocytosis and loss of antiinflammatory modality. Our study suggests that efferocytosis via STAT6/Arg1 modulates microglia/macrophage phenotype, accelerates inflammation resolution, and improves stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xuejiao Dai
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jingyan Zhao
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mingyue Xu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lili Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Boyu Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcelo Rocha
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Toshimasa Nakao
- T.E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julia Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R. Anne Stetler
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Faustino J, Chip S, Derugin N, Jullienne A, Hamer M, Haddad E, Butovsky O, Obenaus A, Vexler ZS. CX3CR1-CCR2-dependent monocyte-microglial signaling modulates neurovascular leakage and acute injury in a mouse model of childhood stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1919-1935. [PMID: 30628839 PMCID: PMC6775594 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18817663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is among the top 10 causes of death in children. The developmental stage of the brain is central to stroke pathophysiology. The incidence of childhood arterial ischemic stroke (CAIS) is lower than of perinatal arterial ischemic stroke but the rate of recurrence is strikingly high. Vascular inflammation is seen as major contributor to CAIS but the mechanisms that govern structural-functional basis of vascular abnormalities remain poorly understood. To identify the contribution of immune-neurovascular interactions to CAIS, we established stroke model in postnatal day 21 (P21) mice. We demonstrate acute functional deficits and histological injury and chronic MRI-identifiable injury, brain atrophy and marked derangements in the vascular network. In contrast to negligible albumin leakage and neutrophil infiltration following acute perinatal stroke, CAIS leads to significantly increased albumin leakage and neutrophil infiltration in injured regions of wild type mice and mice with functional CX3CR1-CCR2 receptors. In mice with dysfunctional CX3CR1-CCR2 signaling, extravascular albumin leakage is significantly attenuated, infiltration of injurious Ccr2+-monocytes essentially aborted, accumulation of Ly6G+ neutrophils reduced and acute injury attenuated. Unique identifiers of microglia and monocytes revealed phenotypic changes in each cell subtype of the monocyte lineage after CAIS. Taken together, CX3CR1-CCR2-dependent microglia-monocyte signaling contributes to cerebrovascular leakage, inflammation and CAIS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Faustino
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sophorn Chip
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nikita Derugin
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Mary Hamer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Basic Sciences Department, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zinaida S Vexler
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, CA, USA
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van de Wouw M, Boehme M, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Monocyte mobilisation, microbiota & mental illness. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:74-91. [PMID: 31330299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiome has emerged as a key player in regulating brain and behaviour. This has led to the strategy of targeting the gut microbiota to ameliorate disorders of the central nervous system. Understanding the underlying signalling pathways in which the microbiota impacts these disorders is crucial for the development of future therapeutics for improving CNS functionality. One of the major pathways through which the microbiota influences the brain is the immune system, where there is an increasing appreciation for the role of monocyte trafficking in regulating brain homeostasis. In this review, we will shed light on the role of monocyte trafficking as a relay of microbiota signals in conditions where the central nervous system is in disorder, such as stress, peripheral inflammation, ageing, traumatic brain injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We also cover how the gastrointestinal microbiota is implicated in these mental illnesses. In addition, we aim to discuss how the monocyte system can be modulated by the gut microbiota to mitigate disorders of the central nervous system, which will lead to novel microbiota-targeted strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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