1
|
Gao R, Song SJ, Tian MY, Wang LB, Zhang Y, Li X. Myelin debris phagocytosis in demyelinating disease. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39073200 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases are often caused by a variety of triggers, including immune responses, viral infections, malnutrition, hypoxia, or genetic factors, all of which result in the loss of myelin in the nervous system. The accumulation of myelin debris at the lesion site leads to neuroinflammation and inhibits remyelination; therefore, it is crucial to promptly remove the myelin debris. Initially, Fc and complement receptors on cellular surfaces were the primary clearance receptors responsible for removing myelin debris. However, subsequent studies have unveiled the involvement of additional receptors, including Mac-2, TAM receptors, and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, in facilitating the removal process. In addition to microglia and macrophages, which serve as the primary effector cells in the disease phase, a variety of other cell types such as astrocytes, Schwann cells, and vascular endothelial cells have been demonstrated to engage in the phagocytosis of myelin debris. Furthermore, we have concluded that oligodendrocyte precursor cells, as myelination precursor cells, also exhibit this phagocytic capability. Moreover, our research group has innovatively identified the low-density lipoprotein receptor as a potential phagocytic receptor for myelin debris. In this article, we discuss the functional processes of various phagocytes in demyelinating diseases. We also highlight the alterations in signaling pathways triggered by phagocytosis, and provide a comprehensive overview of the various phagocytic receptors involved. Such insights are invaluable for pinpointing potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of demyelinating diseases by targeting phagocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sheng-Jiao Song
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Tian
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-Bin Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital/Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xing Li
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shahror RA, Shosha E, Morris C, Wild M, Mu S, Csanyi G, Boerma M, Rusch NJ, Fouda AY. Deletion of myeloid HDAC3 promotes efferocytosis to ameliorate retinal ischemic injury. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:170. [PMID: 38997746 PMCID: PMC11241909 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-induced retinopathy is a hallmark finding of common visual disorders including diabetic retinopathy (DR) and central retinal artery and vein occlusions. Treatments for ischemic retinopathies fail to improve clinical outcomes and the design of new therapies will depend on understanding the underlying disease mechanisms. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are an enzyme class that removes acetyl groups from histone and non-histone proteins, thereby regulating gene expression and protein function. HDACs have been implicated in retinal neurovascular injury in preclinical studies in which nonspecific HDAC inhibitors mitigated retinal injury. Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) is a class I histone deacetylase isoform that plays a central role in the macrophage inflammatory response. We recently reported that myeloid cells upregulate HDAC3 in a mouse model of retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. However, whether this cellular event is an essential contributor to retinal IR injury is unknown. In this study, we explored the role of myeloid HDAC3 in ischemia-induced retinal neurovascular injury by subjecting myeloid-specific HDAC3 knockout (M-HDAC3 KO) and floxed control mice to retinal IR. The M-HDAC3 KO mice were protected from retinal IR injury as shown by the preservation of inner retinal neurons, vascular integrity, and retinal thickness. Electroretinography confirmed that this neurovascular protection translated to improved retinal function. The retinas of M-HDAC3 KO mice also showed less proliferation and infiltration of myeloid cells after injury. Interestingly, myeloid cells lacking HDAC3 more avidly engulfed apoptotic cells in vitro and after retinal IR injury in vivo compared to wild-type myeloid cells, suggesting that HDAC3 hinders the reparative phagocytosis of dead cells, a process known as efferocytosis. Further mechanistic studies indicated that although HDAC3 KO macrophages upregulate the reparative enzyme arginase 1 (A1) that enhances efferocytosis, the inhibitory effect of HDAC3 on efferocytosis is not solely dependent on A1. Finally, treatment of wild-type mice with the HDAC3 inhibitor RGFP966 ameliorated the retinal neurodegeneration and thinning caused by IR injury. Collectively, our data show that HDAC3 deletion enhances macrophage-mediated efferocytosis and protects against retinal IR injury, suggesting that inhibiting myeloid HDAC3 holds promise as a novel therapeutic strategy for preserving retinal integrity after ischemic insult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Shahror
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, Office, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Esraa Shosha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, Office, AR, 72205, USA
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Carol Morris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, Office, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Melissa Wild
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, Office, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Shengyu Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, Office, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Gabor Csanyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nancy J Rusch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, Office, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Y Fouda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, Office, AR, 72205, USA.
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun L, Cen Y, Liu X, Wei J, Ke X, Wang Y, Liao Q, Chang M, Zhou M, Wu W. Systemic whole transcriptome analysis identified underlying molecular characteristics and regulatory networks implicated in the retina following optic nerve injury. Exp Eye Res 2024; 244:109929. [PMID: 38750783 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Optic nerve injuries are severely disrupt the structural and functional integrity of the retina, often leading to visual impairment or blindness. Despite the profound impact of these injuries, the molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed a comprehensive whole-transcriptome analysis of mouse retina samples after optic nerve crush (ONC) to elucidate changes in gene expression and regulatory networks. Transcriptome analysis revealed a variety of molecular alterations, including 256 mRNAs, 530 lncRNAs, and 37 miRNAs, associated with metabolic, inflammatory, signaling, and biosynthetic pathways in the injured retina. The integrated analysis of co-expression and protein-protein interactions identified an active interconnected module comprising 5 co-expressed proteins (Fga, Serpina1a, Hpd, Slc38a4, and Ahsg) associated with the complement and coagulation cascades. Finally, 5 mRNAs (Fga, Serpinala, Hpd, Slc38a4, and Ahsg), 2 miRNAs (miR-671-5p and miR-3057-5p), and 6 lncRNAs (MSTRG. 1830.1, Gm10814, A530013C23Rik, Gm40634, MSTRG.9514.1, A330023F24Rik) were identified by qPCR in the injured retina, and some of them were validated as critical components of a ceRNA network active in 661W and HEK293T cells through dual-luciferase reporter assays. In conclusion, our study provides comprehensive insight into the complex and dynamic biological mechanisms involved in retinal injury responses and highlights promising potential targets to enhance neuroprotection and restore vision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yixin Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiaojiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jinfei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Qianling Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Mengchun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Wencan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Passino R, Finneran MC, Hafner H, Feng Q, Huffman LD, Zhao XF, Johnson CN, Kawaguchi R, Oses-Prieto JA, Burlingame AL, Geschwind DH, Benowitz LI, Giger RJ. Neutrophil-inflicted vasculature damage suppresses immune-mediated optic nerve regeneration. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113931. [PMID: 38492223 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
In adult mammals, injured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) fail to spontaneously regrow severed axons, resulting in permanent visual deficits. Robust axon growth, however, is observed after intra-ocular injection of particulate β-glucan isolated from yeast. Blood-borne myeloid cells rapidly respond to β-glucan, releasing numerous pro-regenerative factors. Unfortunately, the pro-regenerative effects are undermined by retinal damage inflicted by an overactive immune system. Here, we demonstrate that protection of the inflamed vasculature promotes immune-mediated RGC regeneration. In the absence of microglia, leakiness of the blood-retina barrier increases, pro-inflammatory neutrophils are elevated, and RGC regeneration is reduced. Functional ablation of the complement receptor 3 (CD11b/integrin-αM), but not the complement components C1q-/- or C3-/-, reduces ocular inflammation, protects the blood-retina barrier, and enhances RGC regeneration. Selective targeting of neutrophils with anti-Ly6G does not increase axogenic neutrophils but protects the blood-retina barrier and enhances RGC regeneration. Together, these findings reveal that protection of the inflamed vasculature promotes neuronal regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Passino
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew C Finneran
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hannah Hafner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Qian Feng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lucas D Huffman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Craig N Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Program in Neurogenetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Juan A Oses-Prieto
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Program in Neurogenetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Larry I Benowitz
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA; Departmant of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shahror RA, Morris CA, Mohammed AA, Wild M, Zaman B, Mitchell CD, Phillips PH, Rusch NJ, Shosha E, Fouda AY. Role of myeloid cells in ischemic retinopathies: recent advances and unanswered questions. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:65. [PMID: 38454477 PMCID: PMC10918977 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells including microglia and macrophages play crucial roles in retinal homeostasis by clearing cellular debris and regulating inflammation. These cells are activated in several blinding ischemic retinal diseases including diabetic retinopathy, where they may exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on neurovascular function and angiogenesis. Myeloid cells impact the progression of retinal pathologies and recent studies suggest that targeting myeloid cells is a promising therapeutic strategy to mitigate diabetic retinopathy and other ischemic retinal diseases. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of the role of microglia and macrophages in retinal diseases and focuses on the effects of myeloid cells on neurovascular injury and angiogenesis in ischemic retinopathies. We highlight gaps in knowledge and advocate for a more detailed understanding of the role of myeloid cells in retinal ischemic injury to fully unlock the potential of targeting myeloid cells as a therapeutic strategy for retinal ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Shahror
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Carol A Morris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Aya A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Melissa Wild
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Bushra Zaman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Christian D Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Paul H Phillips
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvey & Bernice Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nancy J Rusch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Esraa Shosha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman Y Fouda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
De Lima S, Mietto BS, Ribas VT, Ribeiro-Resende VT, Oliveira ALR, Park KK. Editorial: Promoting nervous system regeneration by treatments targeting neuron-glia interactions. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1355469. [PMID: 38273976 PMCID: PMC10808721 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1355469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silmara De Lima
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bruno Siqueira Mietto
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Juiz de Fora Federal University, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Toledo Ribas
- Morphology Department, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kevin K. Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pollock NM, Fernandes JP, Woodfield J, Moussa E, Hlavay B, Branton WG, Wuest M, Mohammadzadeh N, Schmitt L, Plemel JR, Julien O, Wuest F, Power C. Gasdermin D activation in oligodendrocytes and microglia drives inflammatory demyelination in progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:374-393. [PMID: 37914099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation coupled with demyelination and neuro-axonal damage in the central nervous system (CNS) contribute to disease advancement in progressive multiple sclerosis (P-MS). Inflammasome activation accompanied by proteolytic cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD) results in cellular hyperactivation and lytic death. Using multiple experimental platforms, we investigated the actions of GSDMD within the CNS and its contributions to P-MS. Brain tissues from persons with P-MS showed significantly increased expression of GSDMD, NINJ1, IL-1β, and -18 within chronic active demyelinating lesions compared to MS normal appearing white matter and nonMS (control) white matter. Conditioned media (CM) from stimulated GSDMD+/+ human macrophages caused significantly greater cytotoxicity of oligodendroglial and neuronal cells, compared to CM from GSDMD-/- macrophages. Oligodendrocytes and CNS macrophages displayed increased Gsdmd immunoreactivity in the central corpus callosum (CCC) of cuprizone (CPZ)-exposed Gsdmd+/+ mice, associated with greater demyelination and reduced oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation, compared to CPZ-exposed Gsdmd-/- animals. CPZ-exposed Gsdmd+/+ mice exhibited significantly increased G-ratios and reduced axonal densities in the CCC compared to CPZ-exposed Gsdmd-/- mice. Proteomic analyses revealed increased brain complement C1q proteins and hexokinases in CPZ-exposed Gsdmd-/- animals. [18F]FDG PET imaging showed increased glucose metabolism in the hippocampus and whole brain with intact neurobehavioral performance in Gsdmd-/- animals after CPZ exposure. GSDMD activation in CNS macrophages and oligodendrocytes contributes to inflammatory demyelination and neuroaxonal injury, offering mechanistic and potential therapeutic insights into P-MS pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Schmitt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada.
| | | | | | | | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Benowitz LI, Xie L, Yin Y. Inflammatory Mediators of Axon Regeneration in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15359. [PMID: 37895039 PMCID: PMC10607492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most pathways in the mature central nervous system cannot regenerate when injured, research beginning in the late 20th century has led to discoveries that may help reverse this situation. Here, we highlight research in recent years from our laboratory identifying oncomodulin (Ocm), stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1, and chemokine CCL5 as growth factors expressed by cells of the innate immune system that promote axon regeneration in the injured optic nerve and elsewhere in the central and peripheral nervous systems. We also review the role of ArmC10, a newly discovered Ocm receptor, in mediating many of these effects, and the synergy between inflammation-derived growth factors and complementary strategies to promote regeneration, including deleting genes encoding cell-intrinsic suppressors of axon growth, manipulating transcription factors that suppress or promote the expression of growth-related genes, and manipulating cell-extrinsic suppressors of axon growth. In some cases, combinatorial strategies have led to unprecedented levels of nerve regeneration. The identification of some similar mechanisms in human neurons offers hope that key discoveries made in animal models may eventually lead to treatments to improve outcomes after neurological damage in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larry I. Benowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.X.); (Y.Y.)
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lili Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yuqin Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yao K, Mou Q, Lou X, Ye M, Zhao B, Hu Y, Luo J, Zhang H, Li X, Zhao Y. Microglial SIRT1 activation attenuates synapse loss in retinal inner plexiform layer via mTORC1 inhibition. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:202. [PMID: 37670386 PMCID: PMC10481494 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optic nerve injury (ONI) is a key cause of irreversible blindness and triggers retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) change and synapse loss. Microglia is the resistant immune cell in brain and retina and has been demonstrated to be highly related with neuron and synapse injury. However, the function of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a neuroprotective molecule, in mediating microglial activation, retinal synapse loss and subsequent retinal ganglion cells death in optic nerve injury model as well as the regulatory mechanism remain unclear. METHOD To this end, optic nerve crush (ONC) model was conducted to mimic optic nerve injury. Resveratrol and EX527, highly specific activator and inhibitor of SIRT1, respectively, were used to explore the function of SIRT1 in vivo and vitro. Cx3Cr1-CreERT2/RaptorF/F mice were used to delete Raptor for inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity in microglia. HEK293 and BV2 cells were transfected with plasmids to explore the regulatory mechanism of SIRT1. RESULTS We discovered that microglial activation and synapse loss in retinal inner plexiform layer (IPL) occurred after optic nerve crush, with later-development retinal ganglion cells death. SIRT1 activation induced by resveratrol inhibited microglial activation and attenuated synapse loss and retinal ganglion cells injury. After injury, microglial phagocytosed synapse and SIRT1 inhibited this process to protect synapse and retinal ganglion cells. Moreover, SIRT1 exhibited neuron protective effects via activating tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) through deacetylation, and enhancing the inhibition effect of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 on mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity. CONCLUSION Our research provides novel insights into microglial SIRT1 in optic nerve injury and suggests a potential strategy for neuroprotective treatment of optic nerve injury disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qianxue Mou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaotong Lou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Bowen Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wong NK, Yip SP, Huang CL. Establishing Functional Retina in a Dish: Progress and Promises of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Retinal Neuron Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13652. [PMID: 37686457 PMCID: PMC10487913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human eye plays a critical role in vision perception, but various retinal degenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can lead to vision loss or blindness. Although progress has been made in understanding retinal development and in clinical research, current treatments remain inadequate for curing or reversing these degenerative conditions. Animal models have limited relevance to humans, and obtaining human eye tissue samples is challenging due to ethical and legal considerations. Consequently, researchers have turned to stem cell-based approaches, specifically induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), to generate distinct retinal cell populations and develop cell replacement therapies. iPSCs offer a novel platform for studying the key stages of human retinogenesis and disease-specific mechanisms. Stem cell technology has facilitated the production of diverse retinal cell types, including retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and photoreceptors, and the development of retinal organoids has emerged as a valuable in vitro tool for investigating retinal neuron differentiation and modeling retinal diseases. This review focuses on the protocols, culture conditions, and techniques employed in differentiating retinal neurons from iPSCs. Furthermore, it emphasizes the significance of molecular and functional validation of the differentiated cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nonthaphat Kent Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shea Ping Yip
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chien-Ling Huang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou J, Lin S, Hu Q, Li X, Chen X, Luo L, Ye S, Liu W, Ye J. Microglial CD11b Knockout Contributes to Axonal Debris Clearance and Axonal Degradation Attenuation via IGF-1 After Acute Optic Nerve Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:7. [PMID: 37145604 PMCID: PMC10168008 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.5.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Microglial clearance of axonal debris is an essential response for management of traumatic optic neuropathy. Inadequate removal of axonal debris leads to increased inflammation and axonal degeneration after traumatic optic neuropathy. The present study investigated the role of CD11b (Itgam) in axonal debris clearance and axonal degeneration. Methods Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect CD11b expression in the mouse optic nerve crush (ONC) model. Bioinformatics analysis predicted the possible role of CD11b. Cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) and zymosan were used to assay phagocytosis by microglia in vivo and in vitro, respectively. CTB was also used to label functionally intact axons after ONC. Results CD11b is abundantly expressed after ONC and participates in phagocytosis. Microglia from Itgam-/- mice exhibited more significant phagocytosis of axonal debris than wild-type microglia. In vitro experiments confirmed that the CD11b gene defect in M2 microglia leads to increased insulin-like growth factor-1 secretion and thus promotes phagocytosis. Lastly, following ONC, Itgam-/- mice exhibited elevated expression of neurofilament heavy peptide and Tuj1, along with more intact CTB-labeled axons when compared with wild-type mice. Moreover, the inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-1 decreased CTB labeling in Itgam-/- mice after injury. Conclusions CD11b limits microglial phagocytosis of axonal debris in traumatic optic neuropathy, as demonstrated by increased phagocytosis with CD11b knockout. The inhibition of CD11b activity may be a novel approach to promote central nerve repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qiumei Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Linlin Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyang Ye
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pitts KM, Margeta MA. Myeloid masquerade: Microglial transcriptional signatures in retinal development and disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1106547. [PMID: 36779012 PMCID: PMC9909491 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1106547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are dynamic guardians of neural tissue and the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). The disease-associated microglial signature (DAM), also known as the microglial neurodegenerative phenotype (MGnD), has gained significant attention in recent years as a fundamental microglial response common to various neurodegenerative disease pathologies. Interestingly, this signature shares many features in common with developmental microglia, suggesting the existence of recycled gene programs which play a role both in early neural circuit formation as well as in response to aging and disease. In addition, recent advances in single cell RNA sequencing have revealed significant heterogeneity within the original DAM signature, with contributions from both yolk sac-derived microglia as well as bone marrow-derived macrophages. In this review, we examine the role of the DAM signature in retinal development and disease, highlighting crosstalk between resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes which may critically contribute to the underlying mechanisms of age-related neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Pitts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass, Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Milica A. Margeta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass, Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shen B, Yu H, Zhang M, Chen J, Zhang Y, Xu S, Han R, Huang S, Huang P, Zhong Y. Establishment of a minimally invasive distal traumatic optic neuropathy model in mice to investigate cascade reactions of retinal glial cells. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22682. [PMID: 36468758 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200861r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is a complication of craniocerebral, orbital and facial injuries, leading to irreversible vision loss. At present, there is no reliable, widely used animal model, although it has been confirmed that TON can cause the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). However, the cascade reaction of retinal glial cells underlying TON is unclear. Therefore, the establishment of an animal model to explore the pathological mechanism of TON would be of great interest to the scientific community. In this study, we propose a novel mouse model utilizing a 3D stereotaxic apparatus combined with a 27G needle to evaluate damage to the optic nerve by micro-CT, anatomy, SD-OCT and F-VEP. Immunofluorescence, western blotting, qPCR experiments were conducted to investigate the loss of RGCs and activation or inactivation of microglia, astrocytes and Müller glial cells in the retina from the first week to the fourth week after modeling. The results showed that this minimally invasive method caused damage to the distal optic nerve and loss of RGC after optic nerve injury. Microglia cells were found to be activated from the first week to the third week; however, they were inactivated at the fourth week; astrocytes were activated at the second week of injury, while Müller glial cells were gradually inactivated following injury. In conclusion, this method can be used as a novel animal model of distal TON, that results in a series of cascade reactions of retinal glial cells, which will provide a basis for future studies aimed at exploring the mechanism of TON and the search for effective treatment methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqiao Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingui Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjue Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shushu Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqi Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouyue Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yisheng Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang W, Chen Y, Pei H. C1q and central nervous system disorders. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145649. [PMID: 37033981 PMCID: PMC10076750 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
C1q is a crucial component of the complement system, which is activated through the classical pathway to perform non-specific immune functions, serving as the first line of defense against pathogens. C1q can also bind to specific receptors to carry out immune and other functions, playing a vital role in maintaining immune homeostasis and normal physiological functions. In the developing central nervous system (CNS), C1q functions in synapse formation and pruning, serving as a key player in the development and homeostasis of neuronal networks in the CNS. C1q has a close relationship with microglia and astrocytes, and under their influence, C1q may contribute to the development of CNS disorders. Furthermore, C1q can also have independent effects on neurological disorders, producing either beneficial or detrimental outcomes. Most of the evidence for these functions comes from animal models, with some also from human specimen studies. C1q is now emerging as a promising target for the treatment of a variety of diseases, and clinical trials are already underway for CNS disorders. This article highlights the role of C1q in CNS diseases, offering new directions for the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of General Practice, Xingyang Sishui Central Health Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Pei
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Pei,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu K, Yu L, Wang Z, Lin P, Zhang N, Xing Y, Yang N. Use of gene therapy for optic nerve protection: Current concepts. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1158030. [PMID: 37090805 PMCID: PMC10117674 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1158030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy has become an essential treatment for optic nerve injury (ONI) in recent years, and great strides have been made using animal models. ONI, which is characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and axons, can induce abnormalities in the pupil light reflex, visual field defects, and even vision loss. The eye is a natural organ to target with gene therapy because of its high accessibility and certain immune privilege. As such, numerous gene therapy trials are underway for treating eye diseases such as glaucoma. The aim of this review was to cover research progress made in gene therapy for ONI. Specifically, we focus on the potential of gene therapy to prevent the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and protect both RGCs and axons. We cover the basic information of gene therapy, including the classification of gene therapy, especially focusing on genome editing therapy, and then we introduce common editing tools and vector tools such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) -Cas9 and adeno-associated virus (AAV). We also summarize the progress made on understanding the roles of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), phosphatase-tensin homolog (PTEN), suppressor of cytokine signal transduction 3 (SOCS3), histone acetyltransferases (HATs), and other important molecules in optic nerve protection. However, gene therapy still has many challenges, such as misalignment and mutations, immunogenicity of AAV, time it takes and economic cost involved, which means that these issues need to be addressed before clinical trials can be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pei Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ningzhi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yiqiao Xing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Yiqiao Xing,
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Ning Yang,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zheng Y, Fan L, Xia S, Yang Q, Zhang Z, Chen H, Zeng H, Fu X, Peng Y, Xu C, Yu K, Liu F, Cao S. Role of complement C1q/C3-CR3 signaling in brain injury after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage and the effect of minocycline treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:919444. [PMID: 36189326 PMCID: PMC9520460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.919444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AimThe complement cascade is activated and may play an important pathophysiologic role in brain injury after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, the exact mechanism of specific complement components has not been well studied. This study determined the role of complement C1q/C3-CR3 signaling in brain injury after ICH in mice. The effect of minocycline on C1q/C3-CR3 signaling-induced brain damage was also examined.MethodsThere were three parts to the study. First, the natural time course of C1q and CR3 expression was determined within 7 days after ICH. Second, mice had an ICH with CR3 agonists, LA-1 or vehicle. Behavioral score, neuronal cell death, hematoma volume, and oxidative stress response were assessed at 7 days after ICH. Third, the effect of minocycline on C1q/C3-CR3 signaling and brain damage was examined.ResultsThere were increased numbers of C1q-positive and CR3-positive cells after ICH. Almost all perihematomal C1q-positive and CR3-positive cells were microglia/macrophages. CR3 agonist LA-1 aggravated neurological dysfunction, neuronal cell death, and oxidative stress response on day 7 after ICH, as well as enhancing the expression of the CD163/HO-1 pathway and accelerating hematoma resolution. Minocycline treatment exerted neuroprotective effects on brain injury following ICH, partly due to the inhibition of C1q/C3-CR3 signaling, and that could be reversed by LA-1.ConclusionsThe complement C1q/C3-CR3 signaling is upregulated after ICH. The activation of C1q/C3-CR3 signaling by LA-1 aggravates brain injury following ICH. The neuroprotection of minocycline, at least partly, is involved with the repression of the C1q/C3-CR3 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fuyi Liu
- *Correspondence: Fuyi Liu, ; Shenglong Cao,
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wong KA, Benowitz LI. Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Axon Regeneration after Optic Nerve Injury: Role of Inflammation and Other Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710179. [PMID: 36077577 PMCID: PMC9456227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The optic nerve, like most pathways in the mature central nervous system, cannot regenerate if injured, and within days, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the neurons that extend axons through the optic nerve, begin to die. Thus, there are few clinical options to improve vision after traumatic or ischemic optic nerve injury or in neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma, dominant optic neuropathy, or optic pathway gliomas. Research over the past two decades has identified several strategies to enable RGCs to regenerate axons the entire length of the optic nerve, in some cases leading to modest reinnervation of di- and mesencephalic visual relay centers. This review primarily focuses on the role of the innate immune system in improving RGC survival and axon regeneration, and its synergy with manipulations of signal transduction pathways, transcription factors, and cell-extrinsic suppressors of axon growth. Research in this field provides hope that clinically effective strategies to improve vision in patients with currently untreatable losses could become a reality in 5-10 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Wong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (K.A.W.); (L.I.B.)
| | - Larry I. Benowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (K.A.W.); (L.I.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gonzalez A, Hammock EAD. Oxytocin and microglia in the development of social behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210059. [PMID: 35858111 PMCID: PMC9272152 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin is a well-established regulator of social behaviour. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, regulate brain development and maintenance in health and disease. Oxytocin and microglia interact: microglia appear to regulate the oxytocin system and are, in turn, regulated by oxytocin, which appears to have anti-inflammatory effects. Both microglia and oxytocin are regulated in sex-specific ways. Oxytocin and microglia may work together to promote experience-dependent circuit refinement through multiple developmental-sensitive periods contributing to individual differences in social behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue 'Interplays between oxytocin and other neuromodulators in shaping complex social behaviours'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. D. Hammock
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tsai NY, Welsbie DS, Duan X. Live, die, or regenerate? New insights from multi-omic analyses. Neuron 2022; 110:2516-2519. [PMID: 35981522 PMCID: PMC9521179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, three studies establish new strategies to uncover mediators of retinal neuroprotection and optic nerve regeneration. Tian et al. (2022) carry out a multi-omics screen and identify transcriptional regulators of axon injury signaling leading to cell death; Jacobi et al. (2022) and Li et al. (2022) combine retrograde tracing and single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) to uncover molecular targets for axon regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Y Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Derek S Welsbie
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xin Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li L, Fang F, Feng X, Zhuang P, Huang H, Liu P, Liu L, Xu AZ, Qi LS, Cong L, Hu Y. Single-cell transcriptome analysis of regenerating RGCs reveals potent glaucoma neural repair genes. Neuron 2022; 110:2646-2663.e6. [PMID: 35952672 PMCID: PMC9391304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Axon regeneration holds great promise for neural repair of CNS axonopathies, including glaucoma. Pten deletion in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) promotes potent optic nerve regeneration, but only a small population of Pten-null RGCs are actually regenerating RGCs (regRGCs); most surviving RGCs (surRGCs) remain non-regenerative. Here, we developed a strategy to specifically label and purify regRGCs and surRGCs, respectively, from the same Pten-deletion mice after optic nerve crush, in which they differ only in their regeneration capability. Smart-Seq2 single-cell transcriptome analysis revealed novel regeneration-associated genes that significantly promote axon regeneration. The most potent of these, Anxa2, acts synergistically with its ligand tPA in Pten-deletion-induced axon regeneration. Anxa2, its downstream effector ILK, and Mpp1 dramatically protect RGC somata and axons and preserve visual function in a clinically relevant model of glaucoma, demonstrating the exciting potential of this innovative strategy to identify novel effective neural repair candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Fang Fang
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Pei Zhuang
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Haoliang Huang
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Pingting Liu
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Liang Liu
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Adam Z Xu
- Saratoga High School, Saratoga, CA 95070, USA
| | - Lei S Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Le Cong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schulz K, Trendelenburg M. C1q as a target molecule to treat human disease: What do mouse studies teach us? Front Immunol 2022; 13:958273. [PMID: 35990646 PMCID: PMC9385197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a field of growing interest for pharmacological intervention. Complement protein C1q, the pattern recognition molecule at the start of the classical pathway of the complement cascade, is a versatile molecule with additional non-canonical actions affecting numerous cellular processes. Based on observations made in patients with hereditary C1q deficiency, C1q is protective against systemic autoimmunity and bacterial infections. Accordingly, C1q deficient mice reproduce this phenotype with susceptibility to autoimmunity and infections. At the same time, beneficial effects of C1q deficiency on disease entities such as neurodegenerative diseases have also been described in murine disease models. This systematic review provides an overview of all currently available literature on the C1q knockout mouse in disease models to identify potential target diseases for treatment strategies focusing on C1q, and discusses potential side-effects when depleting and/or inhibiting C1q.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Schulz
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Kristina Schulz,
| | - Marten Trendelenburg
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jenkner S, O'Hare Doig R. Complementing Neuroregeneration: Deciphering the Role of Neuro-Immune Interactions in CNS Repair. J Neurosci 2022; 42:2850-2852. [PMID: 35387879 PMCID: PMC8985858 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2196-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jenkner
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Ryan O'Hare Doig
- Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Au NPB, Ma CHE. Neuroinflammation, Microglia and Implications for Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Axon Regeneration in Traumatic Optic Neuropathy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:860070. [PMID: 35309305 PMCID: PMC8931466 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.860070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) refers to a pathological condition caused by a direct or indirect insult to the optic nerves, which often leads to a partial or permanent vision deficit due to the massive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axonal fibers. Retinal microglia are immune-competent cells residing in the retina. In rodent models of optic nerve crush (ONC) injury, resident retinal microglia gradually become activated, form end-to-end alignments in the vicinity of degenerating RGC axons, and actively internalized them. Some activated microglia adopt an amoeboid morphology that engulf dying RGCs after ONC. In the injured optic nerve, the activated microglia contribute to the myelin debris clearance at the lesion site. However, phagocytic capacity of resident retinal microglia is extremely poor and therefore the clearance of cellular and myelin debris is largely ineffective. The presence of growth-inhibitory myelin debris and glial scar formed by reactive astrocytes inhibit the regeneration of RGC axons, which accounts for the poor visual function recovery in patients with TON. In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of resident retinal microglia in RGC survival and axon regeneration after ONC. Resident retinal microglia play a key role in facilitating Wallerian degeneration and the subsequent axon regeneration after ONC. However, they are also responsible for producing pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species that possess neurotoxic effects on RGCs. Intraocular inflammation triggers a massive influx of blood-borne myeloid cells which produce oncomodulin to promote RGC survival and axon regeneration. However, intraocular inflammation induces chronic neuroinflammation which exacerbates secondary tissue damages and limits visual function recovery after ONC. Activated retinal microglia is required for the proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs); however, sustained activation of retinal microglia suppress the differentiation of OPCs into mature oligodendrocytes for remyelination after injury. Collectively, controlled activation of retinal microglia and infiltrating myeloid cells facilitate axon regeneration and nerve repair. Recent advance in single-cell RNA-sequencing and identification of microglia-specific markers could improve our understanding on microglial biology and to facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies aiming to switch resident retinal microglia’s phenotype to foster neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngan Pan Bennett Au
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Him Eddie Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Chi Him Eddie Ma,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ricci L, Salmon B, Olivier C, Andreoni-Pham R, Chaurasia A, Alié A, Tiozzo S. The Onset of Whole-Body Regeneration in Botryllus schlosseri: Morphological and Molecular Characterization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:843775. [PMID: 35237607 PMCID: PMC8882763 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.843775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonial tunicates are the only chordates that regularly regenerate a fully functional whole body as part of their asexual life cycle, starting from specific epithelia and/or mesenchymal cells. In addition, in some species, whole-body regeneration (WBR) can also be triggered by extensive injuries, which deplete most of their tissues and organs and leave behind only small fragments of their body. In this manuscript, we characterized the onset of WBR in Botryllus schlosseri, one colonial tunicate long used as a laboratory model. We first analyzed the transcriptomic response to a WBR-triggering injury. Then, through morphological characterization, in vivo observations via time-lapse, vital dyes, and cell transplant assays, we started to reconstruct the dynamics of the cells triggering regeneration, highlighting an interplay between mesenchymal and epithelial cells. The dynamics described here suggest that WBR in B. schlosseri is initiated by extravascular tissue fragments derived from the injured individuals rather than particular populations of blood-borne cells, as has been described in closely related species. The morphological and molecular datasets here reported provide the background for future mechanistic studies of the WBR ontogenesis in B. schlosseri and allow to compare it with other regenerative processes occurring in other tunicate species and possibly independently evolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ricci
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging in Nice (IRCAN), CNRS, INSERM, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Bastien Salmon
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Olivier
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Rita Andreoni-Pham
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging in Nice (IRCAN), CNRS, INSERM, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Ankita Chaurasia
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Alié
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
It is time for a moonshot to find “Cures” for diabetic retinal disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 90:101051. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|