1
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Xue B, Jian X, Peng L, Wu C, Fahira A, Syed AAS, Xia D, Wang B, Niu M, Jiang Y, Ding Y, Gao C, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Shi Y, Li Z. Dissecting the genetic and causal relationship between sleep-related traits and common brain disorders. Sleep Med 2024; 119:201-209. [PMID: 38703603 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a profound connection between abnormal sleep patterns and brain disorders, suggesting a shared influential association. However, the shared genetic basis and potential causal relationships between sleep-related traits and brain disorders are yet to be fully elucidated. METHODS Utilizing linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and bidirectional two-sample univariable Mendelian Randomization (UVMR) analyses with large-scale GWAS datasets, we investigated the genetic correlations and causal associations across six sleep traits and 24 prevalent brain disorders. Additionally, a multivariable Mendelian Randomization (MVMR) analysis evaluated the cumulative effects of various sleep traits on each brain disorder, complemented by genetic loci characterization to pinpoint pertinent genes and pathways. RESULTS LDSC analysis identified significant genetic correlations in 66 out of 144 (45.8 %) pairs between sleep-related traits and brain disorders, with the most pronounced correlations observed in psychiatric disorders (66 %, 48/72). UVMR analysis identified 29 causal relationships (FDR<0.05) between sleep traits and brain disorders, with 19 associations newly discovered according to our knowledge. Notably, major depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, cannabis use disorder, and anorexia nervosa showed bidirectional causal relations with sleep traits, especially insomnia's marked influence on major depression (IVW beta 0.468, FDR = 5.24E-09). MVMR analysis revealed a nuanced interplay among various sleep traits and their impact on brain disorders. Genetic loci characterization underscored potential genes, such as HOXB2, while further enrichment analyses illuminated the importance of synaptic processes in these relationships. CONCLUSIONS This study provides compelling evidence for the causal relationships and shared genetic backgrounds between common sleep-related traits and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiqiang Xue
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuemin Jian
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Lixia Peng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chuanhong Wu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Aamir Fahira
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ali Alamdar Shah Syed
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Disong Xia
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Baokun Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Mingming Niu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yajie Jiang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yonghe Ding
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengwen Gao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhong Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yongyong Shi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease & the Metabolic Disease Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; Institute of Social Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Institute of Neuropsychiatric Science and Systems Biological Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, 200030, China; Department of Psychiatry, the First Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China; Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, 200042, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease & the Metabolic Disease Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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2
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Matern MS, Durruthy-Durruthy R, Birol O, Darmanis S, Scheibinger M, Groves AK, Heller S. Transcriptional dynamics of delaminating neuroblasts in the mouse otic vesicle. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112545. [PMID: 37227818 PMCID: PMC10592509 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An abundance of research has recently highlighted the susceptibility of cochleovestibular ganglion (CVG) neurons to noise damage and aging in the adult cochlea, resulting in hearing deficits. Furthering our understanding of the transcriptional cascades that contribute to CVG development may provide insight into how these cells can be regenerated to treat inner ear dysfunction. Here we perform a high-depth single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of the E10.5 otic vesicle and its surrounding tissues, including CVG precursor neuroblasts and emerging CVG neurons. Clustering and trajectory analysis of otic-lineage cells reveals otic markers and the changes in gene expression that occur from neuroblast delamination toward the development of the CVG. This dataset provides a valuable resource for further identifying the mechanisms associated with CVG development from neurosensory competent cells within the otic vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie S Matern
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Durruthy-Durruthy
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Onur Birol
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Spyros Darmanis
- Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mirko Scheibinger
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stefan Heller
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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Bone Tissue and the Nervous System: What Do They Have in Common? Cells 2022; 12:cells12010051. [PMID: 36611845 PMCID: PMC9818711 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative diseases affecting bone tissues and the brain represent important problems with high socio-economic impact. Certain bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, are considered risk factors for the progression of neurological disorders. Often, patients with neurodegenerative diseases have bone fractures or reduced mobility linked to osteoarthritis. The bone is a dynamic tissue involved not only in movement but also in the maintenance of mineral metabolism. Bone is also associated with the generation of both hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and thus the generation of the immune system, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Bone marrow is a lymphoid organ and contains MSCs and HSCs, both of which are involved in brain health via the production of cytokines with endocrine functions. Hence, it seems clear that bone is involved in the regulation of the neuronal system and vice versa. This review summarizes the recent knowledge on the interactions between the nervous system and bone and highlights the importance of the interaction between nerve and bone cells. In addition, experimental models that study the interaction between nerve and skeletal cells are discussed, and innovative models are suggested to better evaluate the molecular interactions between these two cell types.
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4
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Singh NP, Krumlauf R. Diversification and Functional Evolution of HOX Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:798812. [PMID: 35646905 PMCID: PMC9136108 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.798812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene duplication and divergence is a major contributor to the generation of morphological diversity and the emergence of novel features in vertebrates during evolution. The availability of sequenced genomes has facilitated our understanding of the evolution of genes and regulatory elements. However, progress in understanding conservation and divergence in the function of proteins has been slow and mainly assessed by comparing protein sequences in combination with in vitro analyses. These approaches help to classify proteins into different families and sub-families, such as distinct types of transcription factors, but how protein function varies within a gene family is less well understood. Some studies have explored the functional evolution of closely related proteins and important insights have begun to emerge. In this review, we will provide a general overview of gene duplication and functional divergence and then focus on the functional evolution of HOX proteins to illustrate evolutionary changes underlying diversification and their role in animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robb Krumlauf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- *Correspondence: Robb Krumlauf,
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5
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Kitazawa T, Minoux M, Ducret S, Rijli FM. Different Ectopic Hoxa2 Expression Levels in Mouse Cranial Neural Crest Cells Result in Distinct Craniofacial Anomalies and Homeotic Phenotypes. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10010009. [PMID: 35225962 PMCID: PMC8883995 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Providing appropriate positional identity and patterning information to distinct rostrocaudal subpopulations of cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) is central to vertebrate craniofacial morphogenesis. Hox genes are not expressed in frontonasal and first pharyngeal arch (PA1) CNCCs, whereas a single Hox gene, Hoxa2, is necessary to provide patterning information to second pharyngeal arch (PA2) CNCCs. In frog, chick and mouse embryos, ectopic expression of Hoxa2 in Hox-negative CNCCs induced hypoplastic phenotypes of CNCC derivatives of variable severity, associated or not with homeotic transformation of a subset of PA1 structures into a PA2-like identity. Whether these different morphological outcomes are directly related to distinct Hoxa2 overexpression levels is unknown. To address this issue, we selectively induced Hoxa2 overexpression in mouse CNCCs, using a panel of mouse lines expressing different Hoxa2 ectopic expression levels, including a newly generated Hoxa2 knocked-in mouse line. While ectopic Hoxa2 expression at only 60% of its physiological levels was sufficient for pinna duplication, ectopic Hoxa2 expression at 100% of its normal level was required for complete homeotic repatterning of a subset of PA1 skeletal elements into a duplicated set of PA2-like elements. On the other hand, ectopic Hoxa2 overexpression at non-physiological levels (200% of normal levels) led to an almost complete loss of craniofacial skeletal structures. Moreover, ectopic Hoxa5 overexpression in CNCCs, while also resulting in severe craniofacial defects, did not induce homeotic changes of PA1-derived CNCCs, indicating Hoxa2 specificity in repatterning a subset of Hox-negative CNCCs. These results reconcile some discrepancies in previously published experiments and indicate that distinct subpopulations of CNCCs are differentially sensitive to ectopic levels of Hox expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kitazawa
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (T.K.); (M.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Maryline Minoux
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (T.K.); (M.M.); (S.D.)
- INSERM UMR 1121, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67 000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sebastien Ducret
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (T.K.); (M.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Filippo M. Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (T.K.); (M.M.); (S.D.)
- Departement Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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6
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Joshi R, Sipani R, Bakshi A. Roles of Drosophila Hox Genes in the Assembly of Neuromuscular Networks and Behavior. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:786993. [PMID: 35071230 PMCID: PMC8777297 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.786993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox genes have been known for specifying the anterior-posterior axis (AP) in bilaterian body plans. Studies in vertebrates have shown their importance in developing region-specific neural circuitry and diversifying motor neuron pools. In Drosophila, they are instrumental for segment-specific neurogenesis and myogenesis early in development. Their robust expression in differentiated neurons implied their role in assembling region-specific neuromuscular networks. In the last decade, studies in Drosophila have unequivocally established that Hox genes go beyond their conventional functions of generating cellular diversity along the AP axis of the developing central nervous system. These roles range from establishing and maintaining the neuromuscular networks to controlling their function by regulating the motor neuron morphology and neurophysiology, thereby directly impacting the behavior. Here we summarize the limited knowledge on the role of Drosophila Hox genes in the assembly of region-specific neuromuscular networks and their effect on associated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Joshi
- Laboratory of Drosophila Neural Development, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rashmi Sipani
- Laboratory of Drosophila Neural Development, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Asif Bakshi
- Laboratory of Drosophila Neural Development, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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7
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Birkhoff JC, Brouwer RWW, Kolovos P, Korporaal AL, Bermejo-Santos A, Boltsis I, Nowosad K, van den Hout MCGN, Grosveld FG, van IJcken WFJ, Huylebroeck D, Conidi A. Targeted chromatin conformation analysis identifies novel distal neural enhancers of ZEB2 in pluripotent stem cell differentiation. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:2535-2550. [PMID: 32628253 PMCID: PMC7471508 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor zinc finger E-box binding protein 2 (ZEB2) controls embryonic and adult cell fate decisions and cellular maturation in many stem/progenitor cell types. Defects in these processes in specific cell types underlie several aspects of Mowat–Wilson syndrome (MOWS), which is caused by ZEB2 haplo-insufficiency. Human ZEB2, like mouse Zeb2, is located on chromosome 2 downstream of a ±3.5 Mb-long gene-desert, lacking any protein-coding gene. Using temporal targeted chromatin capture (T2C), we show major chromatin structural changes based on mapping in-cis proximities between the ZEB2 promoter and this gene desert during neural differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells, including at early neuroprogenitor cell (NPC)/rosette state, where ZEB2 mRNA levels increase significantly. Combining T2C with histone-3 acetylation mapping, we identified three novel candidate enhancers about 500 kb upstream of the ZEB2 transcription start site. Functional luciferase-based assays in heterologous cells and NPCs reveal co-operation between these three enhancers. This study is the first to document in-cis Regulatory Elements located in ZEB2’s gene desert. The results further show the usability of T2C for future studies of ZEB2 REs in differentiation and maturation of multiple cell types and the molecular characterization of newly identified MOWS patients that lack mutations in ZEB2 protein-coding exons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C Birkhoff
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger W W Brouwer
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands.,Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Petros Kolovos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - Anne L Korporaal
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Bermejo-Santos
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Ilias Boltsis
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Karol Nowosad
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland
| | - Mirjam C G N van den Hout
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands.,Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F J van IJcken
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands.,Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Andrea Conidi
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
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8
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Ghelman J, Grewing L, Windener F, Albrecht S, Zarbock A, Kuhlmann T. SKAP2 as a new regulator of oligodendroglial migration and myelin sheath formation. Glia 2021; 69:2699-2716. [PMID: 34324225 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendroglial progenitor cells (OPCs) are highly proliferative and migratory cells, which differentiate into complex myelin forming and axon ensheathing mature oligodendrocytes during myelination. Recent studies indicate that the oligodendroglial cell population is heterogeneous on transcriptional and functional level depending on the location in the central nervous system. Here, we compared intrinsic properties of OPC from spinal cord and brain on functional and transcriptional level. Spinal cord OPC demonstrated increased migration as well as differentiation capacity. Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of several genes between both OPC populations. In spinal cord OPC, we confirmed upregulation of SKAP2, a cytoplasmatic adaptor protein known for its implication in cytoskeletal remodeling and migration in other cell types. Recent findings suggest that actin dynamics determine not only oligodendroglial migration, but also differentiation: Whereas actin polymerization is important for process extension, actin destabilization and depolymerization is required for myelin sheath formation. Downregulation or complete lack of SKAP2 in OPC resulted in reduced migration and impaired morphological maturation in oligodendrocytes. In contrast, overexpression of SKAP2 as well as constitutively active SKAP2 increased OPC migration suggesting that SKAP2 function is dependent on activation by phosphorylation. Furthermore, lack of SKAP2 enhanced the positive effect on OPC migration after integrin activation suggesting that SKAP2 acts as modulator of integrin dependent migration. In summary, we demonstrate the presence of intrinsic differences between spinal cord and brain OPC and identified SKAP2 as a new regulator of oligodendroglial migration and sheath formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ghelman
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Laureen Grewing
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Farina Windener
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Albrecht
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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9
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Yoshioka K, Nagahisa H, Miura F, Araki H, Kamei Y, Kitajima Y, Seko D, Nogami J, Tsuchiya Y, Okazaki N, Yonekura A, Ohba S, Sumita Y, Chiba K, Ito K, Asahina I, Ogawa Y, Ito T, Ohkawa Y, Ono Y. Hoxa10 mediates positional memory to govern stem cell function in adult skeletal muscle. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/24/eabd7924. [PMID: 34108202 PMCID: PMC8189581 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd7924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (satellite cells) are distributed throughout the body and have heterogeneous properties among muscles. However, functional topographical genes in satellite cells of adult muscle remain unidentified. Here, we show that expression of Homeobox-A (Hox-A) cluster genes accompanied with DNA hypermethylation of the Hox-A locus was robustly maintained in both somite-derived muscles and their associated satellite cells in adult mice, which recapitulates their embryonic origin. Somite-derived satellite cells were clearly separated from cells derived from cranial mesoderm in Hoxa10 expression. Hoxa10 inactivation led to genomic instability and mitotic catastrophe in somite-derived satellite cells in mice and human. Satellite cell-specific Hoxa10 ablation in mice resulted in a decline in the regenerative ability of somite-derived muscles, which were unobserved in cranial mesoderm-derived muscles. Thus, our results show that Hox gene expression profiles instill the embryonic history in satellite cells as positional memory, potentially modulating region-specific pathophysiology in adult muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Yoshioka
- Department of Muscle Development and Regeneration, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- Musculoskeletal Molecular Biology Research Group, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagahisa
- Department of Muscle Development and Regeneration, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Fumihito Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Araki
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasutomi Kamei
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kitajima
- Department of Muscle Development and Regeneration, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- Musculoskeletal Molecular Biology Research Group, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Daiki Seko
- Department of Muscle Development and Regeneration, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- Musculoskeletal Molecular Biology Research Group, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Jumpei Nogami
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Tsuchiya
- Department of Muscle Development and Regeneration, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- Musculoskeletal Molecular Biology Research Group, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Narihiro Okazaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yonekura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Seigo Ohba
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sumita
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Ko Chiba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kosei Ito
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Izumi Asahina
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Department of Muscle Development and Regeneration, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
- Musculoskeletal Molecular Biology Research Group, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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10
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de Leeuw VC, Pennings JLA, Hessel EVS, Piersma AH. Exploring the biological domain of the neural embryonic stem cell test (ESTn): Morphogenetic regulators, Hox genes and cell types, and their usefulness as biomarkers for embryotoxicity screening. Toxicology 2021; 454:152735. [PMID: 33636252 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal-free assessment of compound-induced developmental neurotoxicity will most likely be based on batteries of multiple in vitro tests. The optimal battery is built by combining tests with complementary biological domains that together ideally cover all relevant toxicity pathways. Thus, biological domain definition, i.e. which biological processes and cell types are represented, is an important assay characteristic for determining the place of assays in testing strategies. The murine neural embryonic stem cell test (ESTn) is employed to predict the developmental neurotoxicity of compounds. The aim of this study was to explore the biological domain of ESTn according to three groups of biomarker genes of early (neuro)development: morphogenetic regulators, Hox genes and cell type markers for the ectodermal and neural lineages. These biomarker groups were selected based on their crucial regulatory role in (neuro)development. Analysis of these genes in a series of previously generated whole transcriptome datasets of ESTn showed that at day 7 in culture cell differentiation resembled hindbrain/branchial/thoracic development between E6.5-E12.5 in vivo, with subsequent development into a mixed cell culture containing different neural subtypes, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes by day 13. In addition, the selected biomarkers showed common and distinct responses to compound exposure. Monitoring the biological domain of ESTn through gene expression patterns of morphogenetic regulators, Hox genes and cell type markers proved instrumental in providing mechanistic understanding of compound effects on neural differentiation in ESTn, and can aid in positioning of the test in a battery of complementary in vitro tests in integrated approaches to testing and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C de Leeuw
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen V S Hessel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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11
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Patel SK, Hartley RM, Wei X, Furnish R, Escobar-Riquelme F, Bear H, Choi K, Fuller C, Phoenix TN. Generation of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma mouse models by brainstem-targeted in utero electroporation. Neuro Oncol 2021; 22:381-392. [PMID: 31638150 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) are highly lethal childhood brain tumors. Their unique genetic makeup, pathological heterogeneity, and brainstem location all present challenges to treatment. Developing mouse models that accurately reflect each of these distinct features will be critical to advance our understanding of DIPG development, progression, and therapeutic resistance. The aims of this study were to generate new mouse models of DIPG and characterize the role of specific oncogenic combinations in DIPG pathogenesis. METHODS We used in utero electroporation (IUE) to transfect neural stem cells in the developing brainstem with PiggyBac DNA transposon plasmids. Combinations of platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB), PdgfraD842V, or PdgfraWT, combined with dominant negative Trp53 (DNp53) and H3.3K27M expression, induced fully penetrant brainstem gliomas. RESULTS IUE enabled the targeted transfection of brainstem neural stem cells. PDGFB + DNp53 + H3.3K27M induced the rapid development of grade IV gliomas. PdgfraD842V + DNp53 + H3.3K27M produced slower forming grade III gliomas. PdgfraWT + DNp53 + H3.3K27M produced high- and low-grade gliomas with extended latencies. PDGFB, PdgfraD842V, and PdgfraWT DIPG models display unique histopathological and molecular features found in human DIPGs. H3.3K27M induced both overlapping and unique gene expression changes in PDGFB and PdgfraD842V tumors. Paracrine effects of PDGFB promote disruption of pericyte-endothelial interactions and angiogenesis in PDGFB DIPG mouse models. CONCLUSION Brainstem-targeted IUE provides a rapid and flexible system to generate diverse DIPG mouse models. Using IUE to investigate mutation and pathohistological heterogeneity of DIPG will provide a valuable tool for future genetic and preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruti K Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rachel M Hartley
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Xin Wei
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robin Furnish
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Fernanda Escobar-Riquelme
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Heather Bear
- Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kwangmin Choi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christine Fuller
- Department of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Timothy N Phoenix
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio
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12
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Pan X, Liu W, Chai Y, Wang J, Zhang Y. Genetic and Clinical Characterization of HOXB2 in Glioma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10465-10473. [PMID: 33116626 PMCID: PMC7569082 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s268635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is a highly aggressive and heterogeneous cancer with poor survival rates. Homeobox (HOX) genes are transcription factors that play pivotal roles in many aspects of cellular physiology, embryonic development, and tissue homeostasis. Mutations in HOX genes can lead to increased cancer predisposition. Abnormal expression of HOXB2 may result in the development and progression of tumors. However, its prognostic value and mechanism of dysregulation remain unclear. Methods The present study included 1001 glioma patients. The correlations between the expression of HOXB2 and subgroups of glioma were investigated by t-test analyses. The prognostic value of HOXB2 was explored by Kaplan–Meier analysis as well as univariate and multivariate Cox analyses. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were employed to detect the biological function of HOXB2 in glioma. CCK-8 and transwell assays were performed to determine the role of HOXB2 in cell proliferation and invasion. Results HOXB2 was positively correlated with tumor grade and enriched in patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 wild-type and age >41 years. HOXB2 was identified as an independent prognostic biomarker in glioma patients. HOXB2 was associated with cell invasion and promoted the proliferation of glioma cells in vitro. Conclusion HOXB2 is an independent prognostic factor and contributes to tumor invasion in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yuquan Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100040, People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yuquan Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100040, People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Chai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yuquan Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100040, People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yuquan Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100040, People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yuquan Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100040, People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, People's Republic of China
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13
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Zhang T, Guan P, Liu W, Zhao G, Fang Y, Fu H, Gui JF, Li G, Liu JX. Copper stress induces zebrafish central neural system myelin defects via WNT/NOTCH-hoxb5b signaling and pou3f1/fam168a/fam168b DNA methylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194612. [PMID: 32745624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Unbalanced copper (Cu) homeostasis is associated with neurological development defects and diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, central neural system (CNS) myelin defects and the down-regulated expression of WNT/NOTCH signaling and its down-stream mediator hoxb5b were observed in Cu2+ stressed zebrafish larvae. The loss/knockdown-of-function of hoxb5b phenocopied the myelin and axon defects observed in Cu2+ stressed embryos. Meanwhile, the activation of WNT/NOTCH signaling and ectopic expression of hoxb5b could rescue Cu induced myelin defects. Additionally, fam168b, similar to pou3f1/2, exhibited significant promoter hypermethylation and reduced expression in Cu2+ stressed embryos. The hypermethylated locus in fam168b promoter acted pivotally in its transcription, and the loss/knockdown of fam168b/pou3f1 also induced myelin defects. This study also demonstrated that fam168b/pou3f1 and hoxb5b axis acted in a seesaw manner during fish embryogenesis: Cu induced the down-regulated expression of the WNT&NOTCH-hoxb5b axis through the function of copper transporter cox17, coupled with the promoter methylation of genes fam168b/pou3f1, and its subsequent down-regulated expression through the function of another transporter atp7b, making joint contributions to myelin defects in embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - PengPeng Guan
- College of Informatics, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Big Data, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - WenYe Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guang Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - YaPing Fang
- College of Informatics, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Big Data, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - GuoLiang Li
- College of Informatics, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Big Data, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jing-Xia Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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14
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Li M, Wang JF, Liu B, Wang XM. Homeobox B2 is a potential prognostic biomarker of glioblastoma. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2020; 66:794-799. [PMID: 32696872 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.66.6.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY OBJECTIVES HOXB2 is a new prognostic indicator for lung cancer. But it is unclear whether HOXB2 holds an effect in glioblastoma (GBM) progression. The purpose of this article was to probe the influences of HOXB2 on GBM pathogenesis. METHODS HOXB2 expression level and prognostic power in GBM patients were analyzed. Then the mRNA and protein expression levels of HOXB2 in GBM cell lines were tested by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Cell proliferation, invasion, and migration were determined by CCK8 and transwell assay, severally. The protein levels of PI3K/AKT-pathway associated proteins were analyzed by western blotting. RESULTS The results indicated that HOXB2 was distinctly overexpressed in GBM patients and high expression of HOXB2 was related to a poor prognosis. Moreover, the expression of HOXB2 was higher in all GBM cell lines U251, U-87MG, GOS-3 than that in HEB cells (normal control). Meanwhile, decreased expression of p-PI3K and p-AKT were identified after HOXB2 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated that HOXB2 had a vital role in GBM progression and could serve as a promising target for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, China
| | | | - Bo Liu
- Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, China
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15
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Katsel P, Fam P, Tan W, Khan S, Yang C, Jouroukhin Y, Rudchenko S, Pletnikov MV, Haroutunian V. Overexpression of Truncated Human DISC1 Induces Appearance of Hindbrain Oligodendroglia in the Forebrain During Development. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:515-524. [PMID: 28981898 PMCID: PMC5890457 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetic, neuroimaging, and gene expression studies suggest a role for oligodendrocyte (OLG) dysfunction in schizophrenia (SZ). Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a risk gene for major psychiatric disorders, including SZ. Overexpression of mutant truncated (hDISC1), but not full-length sequence of human DISC1 in forebrain influenced OLG differentiation and proliferation of glial progenitors in the developing cerebral cortex concurrently with reduction of OLG progenitor markers in the hindbrain. We examined gene and protein expression of the molecular determinants of hindbrain OLG development and their interactions with DISC1 in mutant hDISC1 mice. We found ectopic upregulation of hindbrain glial progenitor markers (early growth response 2 [Egr2] and NK2 homeobox 2 [Nkx2-2]) in the forebrain of hDISC1 (E15) embryos. DISC1 and Nkx2-2 were coexpressed and interacted in progenitor cells. Overexpression of truncated hDISC1 impaired interactions between DISC1 and Nkx2-2, which was associated with increased differentiation of OLG and upregulation of hindbrain mature OLG markers (laminin alpha-1 [LAMA1] and myelin protein zero [MPZ]) suggesting a suppressive function of endogenous DISC1 in OLG specialization of hindbrain glial progenitors during embryogenesis. Consistent with findings in hDISC1 mice, several hindbrain OLG markers (PRX, LAMA1, and MPZ) were significantly upregulated in the superior temporal cortex of persons with SZ. These findings show a significant effect of truncated hDISC1 on glial identity cells along the rostrocaudal axis and their OLG specification. Appearance of hindbrain OLG lineage cells and their premature differentiation may affect cerebrocortical organization and contribute to the pathophysiology of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Katsel
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY,To whom correspondence should be addressed; JJ Peters VA Medical Center, 151 Research Build, Room 5F-04C, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468; tel: 718-584-9000 ext. 6067, fax: 718-741-4746, e-mail:
| | - Peter Fam
- Department of Psychiatry, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Weilun Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Sonia Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Chunxia Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yan Jouroukhin
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY,Department of Neuroscience, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY,Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY
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16
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Minoux M, Holwerda S, Vitobello A, Kitazawa T, Kohler H, Stadler MB, Rijli FM. Gene bivalency at Polycomb domains regulates cranial neural crest positional identity. Science 2017; 355:355/6332/eaal2913. [PMID: 28360266 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cranial neural crest cells are multipotent cells that provide head skeletogenic mesenchyme and are crucial for craniofacial patterning. We analyzed the chromatin landscapes of mouse cranial neural crest subpopulations in vivo. Early postmigratory subpopulations contributing to distinct mouse craniofacial structures displayed similar chromatin accessibility patterns yet differed transcriptionally. Accessible promoters and enhancers of differentially silenced genes carried H3K27me3/H3K4me2 bivalent chromatin marks embedded in large enhancer of zeste homolog 2-dependent Polycomb domains, indicating transcriptional poising. These postmigratory bivalent chromatin regions were already present in premigratory progenitors. At Polycomb domains, H3K27me3 antagonized H3K4me2 deposition, which was restricted to accessible sites. Thus, bivalent Polycomb domains provide a chromatin template for the regulation of cranial neural crest cell positional identity in vivo, contributing insights into the epigenetic regulation of face morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Minoux
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.,INSERM UMR 1121, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67 000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sjoerd Holwerda
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Vitobello
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Taro Kitazawa
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hubertus Kohler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael B Stadler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland. .,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Filippo M Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Horiuchi M, Suzuki-Horiuchi Y, Akiyama T, Itoh A, Pleasure D, Carstens E, Itoh T. Differing intrinsic biological properties between forebrain and spinal oligodendroglial lineage cells. J Neurochem 2017; 142:378-391. [PMID: 28512742 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitor cells (OPCs) into myelinating oligodendrocytes is known to be regulated by the microenvironment where they differentiate. However, current research has not verified whether or not oligodendroglial lineage cells (OLCs) derived from different anatomical regions of the central nervous system (CNS) respond to microenvironmental cues in the same manner. Here, we isolated pure OPCs from rat neonatal forebrain (FB) and spinal cord (SC) and compared their phenotypes in the same in vitro conditions. We found that although FB and SC OLCs responded differently to the same external factors; they were distinct in proliferation response to mitogens, oligodendrocyte phenotype after differentiation, and cytotoxic responses to α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate-type glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity at immature stages of differentiation in a cell-intrinsic manner. Moreover, transcriptome analysis identified genes differentially expressed between these OPC populations, including those encoding transcription factors (TFs), cell surface molecules, and signaling molecules. Particularly, FB and SC OPCs retained the expression of FB- or SC-specific TFs, such as Foxg1 and Hoxc8, respectively, even after serial passaging in vitro. Given the essential role of these TFs in the regional identities of CNS cells along the rostrocaudal axis, our results suggest that CNS region-specific gene regulation by these TFs may cause cell-intrinsic differences in cellular responses between FB and SC OLCs to extracellular molecules. Further understanding of the regional differences among OPC populations will help to improve treatments for demyelination in different CNS regions and to facilitate the development of stem cell-derived OPCs for cell transplantation therapies for demyelination. Cover Image for this issue: doi. 10.1111/jnc.13809.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Horiuchi
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yoko Suzuki-Horiuchi
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tasuku Akiyama
- Temple Itch Center, Department of Dermatology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aki Itoh
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - David Pleasure
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Earl Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Takayuki Itoh
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, California, USA
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18
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Nuclear derivatives and axonal projections originating from rhombomere 4 in the mouse hindbrain. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3509-3542. [PMID: 28470551 PMCID: PMC5676809 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The r4-derived territory is located in the pontine region of the brainstem, forming a wedge-shaped slice that broadens from the choroidal roof to the ventral midline. R4-derived neuronal populations migrate radially inside and tangentially outside this rhombomere, forming nuclei of the sensorimotor auditory, vestibular, trigeminal and reticular systems. R4-derived fibre tracts contribute to the lateral lemniscus, the trigeminothalamic tracts, the medial tegmental tract and the medial forebrain bundle, which variously project to the midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus and telencephalon. Other tracts such as the trigeminocerebellar and vestibulocerebellar tracts reach the cerebellum, while the medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts, and the reticulospinal and trigeminal oro-spinal tracts extend into the spinal cord. Many r4-derived fibres are crossed; they decussate to the contralateral side traversing the midline through the cerebellar, collicular and intercollicular commissures, as well as the supraoptic decussation. Moreover, some fibres enter into the posterior and anterior commissures and some terminals reach the septum. Overall, this study provides an overview of all r4 neuronal populations and axonal tracts from their embryonic origin to the adult final location and target.
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19
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Identification of proliferative progenitors associated with prominent postnatal growth of the pons. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11628. [PMID: 27188978 PMCID: PMC4873968 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The pons controls crucial sensorimotor and autonomic functions. In humans, it grows sixfold postnatally and is a site of paediatric gliomas; however, the mechanisms of pontine growth remain poorly understood. We show that the murine pons quadruples in volume postnatally; growth is fastest during postnatal days 0–4 (P0–P4), preceding most myelination. We identify three postnatal proliferative compartments: ventricular, midline and parenchymal. We find no evidence of postnatal neurogenesis in the pons, but each progenitor compartment produces new astroglia and oligodendroglia; the latter expand 10- to 18-fold postnatally, and are derived mostly from the parenchyma. Nearly all parenchymal progenitors at P4 are Sox2+Olig2+, but by P8 a Sox2− subpopulation emerges, suggesting a lineage progression from Sox2+ ‘early' to Sox2− ‘late' oligodendrocyte progenitor. Fate mapping reveals that >90% of adult oligodendrocytes derive from P2–P3 Sox2+ progenitors. These results demonstrate the importance of postnatal Sox2+Olig2+ progenitors in pontine growth and oligodendrogenesis. Postnatal growth of the pons is not well characterized. Here the authors show that growth of the murine pons is fastest during postnatal day 0–4, a period preceding myelination, and is primarily driven by an expansion of the oligodendrocyte population that derive from Sox2+Olig2+ progenitors.
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Rezsohazy R, Saurin AJ, Maurel-Zaffran C, Graba Y. Cellular and molecular insights into Hox protein action. Development 2016; 142:1212-27. [PMID: 25804734 DOI: 10.1242/dev.109785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hox genes encode homeodomain transcription factors that control morphogenesis and have established functions in development and evolution. Hox proteins have remained enigmatic with regard to the molecular mechanisms that endow them with specific and diverse functions, and to the cellular functions that they control. Here, we review recent examples of Hox-controlled cellular functions that highlight their versatile and highly context-dependent activity. This provides the setting to discuss how Hox proteins control morphogenesis and organogenesis. We then summarise the molecular modalities underlying Hox protein function, in particular in light of current models of transcription factor function. Finally, we discuss how functional divergence between Hox proteins might be achieved to give rise to the many facets of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Rezsohazy
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Andrew J Saurin
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille 13288, Cedex 09, France
| | | | - Yacine Graba
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille 13288, Cedex 09, France
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21
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Dong X, Chen K, Cuevas-Diaz Duran R, You Y, Sloan SA, Zhang Y, Zong S, Cao Q, Barres BA, Wu JQ. Comprehensive Identification of Long Non-coding RNAs in Purified Cell Types from the Brain Reveals Functional LncRNA in OPC Fate Determination. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005669. [PMID: 26683846 PMCID: PMC4980008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) (> 200 bp) play crucial roles in transcriptional regulation during numerous biological processes. However, it is challenging to comprehensively identify lncRNAs, because they are often expressed at low levels and with more cell-type specificity than are protein-coding genes. In the present study, we performed ab initio transcriptome reconstruction using eight purified cell populations from mouse cortex and detected more than 5000 lncRNAs. Predicting the functions of lncRNAs using cell-type specific data revealed their potential functional roles in Central Nervous System (CNS) development. We performed motif searches in ENCODE DNase I digital footprint data and Mouse ENCODE promoters to infer transcription factor (TF) occupancy. By integrating TF binding and cell-type specific transcriptomic data, we constructed a novel framework that is useful for systematically identifying lncRNAs that are potentially essential for brain cell fate determination. Based on this integrative analysis, we identified lncRNAs that are regulated during Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell (OPC) differentiation from Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) and that are likely to be involved in oligodendrogenesis. The top candidate, lnc-OPC, shows highly specific expression in OPCs and remarkable sequence conservation among placental mammals. Interestingly, lnc-OPC is significantly up-regulated in glial progenitors from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse models compared to wild-type mice. OLIG2-binding sites in the upstream regulatory region of lnc-OPC were identified by ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation)-Sequencing and validated by luciferase assays. Loss-of-function experiments confirmed that lnc-OPC plays a functional role in OPC genesis. Overall, our results substantiated the role of lncRNA in OPC fate determination and provided an unprecedented data source for future functional investigations in CNS cell types. We present our datasets and analysis results via the interactive genome browser at our laboratory website that is freely accessible to the research community. This is the first lncRNA expression database of collective populations of glia, vascular cells, and neurons. We anticipate that these studies will advance the knowledge of this major class of non-coding genes and their potential roles in neurological development and diseases. Between 70 and 90% of the mammalian genome is transcribed at some point during development; however, only < 2% of the genome is associated with protein-coding genes. Emerging evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs; > 200 bp) play important roles in cell fate determination. In the present study, we broadened the lncRNA catalog by ab initio reconstruction of the transcriptomes of purified mouse cortex cell populations. More than 5000 lncRNAs were detected in the brain cell types studied. Predicting lncRNA functions using a ‘guilt-by-association’ approach revealed potential functions of lncRNAs in Central Nervous System development. Additionally, we analyzed transcription factor occupancy in the upstream regulatory regions of the lncRNAs. By integrating differential gene expression and transcription factor occupancy information, lncRNAs that are likely involved in oligodendrocyte precursor cell formation were identified. Loss-of-function experiments confirmed that the top candidate, lnc-OPC (long non-coding RNA in OPC), significantly reduces OPC differentiation from NSCs. Interestingly, lnc-OPC is up-regulated in glial progenitors of mouse models for multiple sclerosis. Our results demonstrated the role of lncRNA in the context of oligodendrocyte cell fate determination, and provided an extensive resource and a powerful analysis framework for future functional investigations of lncRNAs in CNS cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Dong
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kenian Chen
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Raquel Cuevas-Diaz Duran
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yanan You
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Sloan
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Shan Zong
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qilin Cao
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ben A. Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jia Qian Wu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Bechara A, Laumonnerie C, Vilain N, Kratochwil CF, Cankovic V, Maiorano NA, Kirschmann MA, Ducret S, Rijli FM. Hoxa2 Selects Barrelette Neuron Identity and Connectivity in the Mouse Somatosensory Brainstem. Cell Rep 2015; 13:783-797. [PMID: 26489473 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse whiskers are somatotopically mapped in brainstem trigeminal nuclei as neuronal modules known as barrelettes. Whisker-related afferents form barrelettes in ventral principal sensory (vPrV) nucleus, whereas mandibular input targets dorsal PrV (dPrV). How barrelette neuron identity and circuitry is established is poorly understood. We found that ectopic Hoxa2 expression in dPrV neurons is sufficient to attract whisker-related afferents, induce asymmetrical dendrite arbors, and allow ectopic barrelette map formation. Moreover, the thalamic area forming whisker-related barreloids is prenatally targeted by both vPrV and dPrV axons followed by perinatal large-scale pruning of dPrV axons and refinement of vPrV barrelette input. Ectopic Hoxa2 expression allows topographically directed targeting and refinement of dPrV axons with vPrV axons into a single whisker-related barreloid map. Thus, a single HOX transcription factor is sufficient to switch dPrV into a vPrV barrelette neuron program and coordinate input-output topographic connectivity of a dermatome-specific circuit module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Bechara
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Laumonnerie
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Vilain
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudius F Kratochwil
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanja Cankovic
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicola A Maiorano
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Moritz A Kirschmann
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Ducret
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Filippo M Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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23
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Zalc B. The acquisition of myelin: An evolutionary perspective. Brain Res 2015; 1641:4-10. [PMID: 26367449 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been postulated that the emergence of vertebrates was made possible by the acquisition of neural crest cells, which then led to the development of evolutionarily advantageous complex head structures (Gans and Northcutt, 1983). In this regard the contribution of one important neural crest derivative-the peripheral myelin sheath-to the success of the vertebrates has to be pointed out. Without this structure, the vertebrates, as we know them, simply could not exist. After briefly reviewing the major functions of the myelin sheath we will ask and provide tentative answers to the following three questions: when during evolution has myelin first appeared? Where has myelin initially appeared: in the CNS or in the PNS? Was it necessary to acquire a new cell type to form a myelin sheath? Careful examination of fossils lead us to conclude that myelin was acquired 425 MY ago by placoderms, the earliest hinge-jaw fishes. I argue that the acquisition of myelin during evolution has been a necessary prerequisite to permit gigantism of gnathostome species, including the sauropods. I propose that this acquisition occurred simultaneously in the PNS and CNS and that myelin forming cells are the descendants of ensheathing glia, already present in invertebrates, that have adapted their potential to synthesize large amount of membrane in response to axonal requirements. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Myelin Evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zalc
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière (ICM), GH Pitie-Salpêtrière, Bâtiment ICM, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France.
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24
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Boeckx C, Benítez-Burraco A. Osteogenesis and neurogenesis: a robust link also for language evolution. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:291. [PMID: 26283924 PMCID: PMC4516893 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Boeckx
- Catalan Institute for Advanced Studies and Research Barcelona, Spain ; Linguistics, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Identifying rare variants for genetic risk through a combined pedigree and phenotype approach: application to suicide and asthma. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e471. [PMID: 25335167 PMCID: PMC4350517 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicidal behavior is a complex disorder, with evidence for genetic risk independent of other genetic risk factors including psychiatric disorders. Since 1996, over 3000 DNA samples from Utah suicide decedents have been collected and banked for research use through the Utah Medical Examiner. In addition, over 12,000 Utah suicides were identified through examination of death certificates back to 1904. By linking this data with the Utah Population Database, we have identified multiple extended pedigrees with increased risk for suicide completion. A number of medical conditions co-occur with suicide, including asthma, and this study was undertaken to identify genetic risk common to asthma and suicide. This study tests the hypothesis that a particular comorbid condition may identify a more homogeneous genetic subgroup, facilitating the identification of specific genetic risk factors in that group. From pedigrees at increased risk for suicide, we identified three pedigrees also at significantly increased familial risk for asthma. Five suicide decedents from each of these pedigrees, plus an additional three decedents not from these pedigrees with diagnosed asthma, and 10 decedents with close relatives with asthma were genotyped. Results were compared with 183 publicly available unaffected control exomes from 1000 Genomes and CEPH (Centre d'etude du polymorphisme humain) samples genotyped on the same platform. A further 432 suicide decedents were also genotyped as non-asthma suicide controls. Genotyping was done using the Infinium HumanExome BeadChip. For analysis, we used the pedigree extension of Variant Annotation, Analysis and Search Tool (pVAAST) to calculate the disease burden of each gene. The Phenotype Driven Variant Ontological Re-ranking tool (Phevor) then re-ranked our pVAAST results in context of the phenotype. Using asthma as a seed phenotype, Phevor traversed biomedical ontologies and identified genes with similar biological properties to those known to result in asthma. Our top associated genes included those related to neurodevelopment or neural signaling (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (SMPD2), homeobox b2 (HOXB2), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM2), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A0 (HNRNPA0)), inflammation (free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2)) and inflammation with additional evidence of neuronal involvement (oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 (OLR1), toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)). Of particular interest, BDNF has been previously implicated in both psychiatric disorders and asthma. Our results demonstrate the utility of combining pedigree and co-occurring phenotypes to identify rare variants associated with suicide risk in conjunction with specific co-occurring conditions.
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26
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Dimou L, Götz M. Glial cells as progenitors and stem cells: new roles in the healthy and diseased brain. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:709-37. [PMID: 24987003 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse functions of glial cells prompt the question to which extent specific subtypes may be devoted to a specific function. We discuss this by reviewing one of the most recently discovered roles of glial cells, their function as neural stem cells (NSCs) and progenitor cells. First we give an overview of glial stem and progenitor cells during development; these are the radial glial cells that act as NSCs and other glial progenitors, highlighting the distinction between the lineage of cells in vivo and their potential when exposed to a different environment, e.g., in vitro. We then proceed to the adult stage and discuss the glial cells that continue to act as NSCs across vertebrates and others that are more lineage-restricted, such as the adult NG2-glia, the most frequent progenitor type in the adult mammalian brain, that remain within the oligodendrocyte lineage. Upon certain injury conditions, a distinct subset of quiescent astrocytes reactivates proliferation and a larger potential, clearly demonstrating the concept of heterogeneity with distinct subtypes of, e.g., astrocytes or NG2-glia performing rather different roles after brain injury. These new insights not only highlight the importance of glial cells for brain repair but also their great potential in various aspects of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda Dimou
- Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, HelmholtzZentrum, Neuherberg, Germany; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, HelmholtzZentrum, Neuherberg, Germany; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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27
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Di Bonito M, Glover JC, Studer M. Hox genes and region-specific sensorimotor circuit formation in the hindbrain and spinal cord. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:1348-68. [PMID: 23996673 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeobox (Hox) genes were originally discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila, where they function through a conserved homeodomain as transcriptional regulators to control embryonic morphogenesis. In vertebrates, 39 Hox genes have been identified and like their Drosophila counterparts they are organized within chromosomal clusters. Hox genes interact with various cofactors, such as the TALE homeodomain proteins, in recognition of consensus sequences within regulatory elements of their target genes. In vertebrates, Hox genes display spatially restricted patterns of expression within the developing hindbrain and spinal cord, and are considered crucial determinants of segmental identity and cell specification along the anterioposterior and dorsoventral axes of the embryo. Here, we review their later roles in the assembly of neuronal circuitry, in stereotypic neuronal migration, axon pathfinding, and topographic connectivity. Importantly, we will put some emphasis on how their early-segmented expression patterns can influence the formation of complex vital hindbrain and spinal cord circuitries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Di Bonito
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, F-06108, Nice, France; INSERM, iBV, UMR 1091, F-06108, Nice, France
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28
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Bergiers I, Bridoux L, Nguyen N, Twizere JC, Rezsöhazy R. The homeodomain transcription factor Hoxa2 interacts with and promotes the proteasomal degradation of the E3 ubiquitin protein ligase RCHY1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80387. [PMID: 24244684 PMCID: PMC3820564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox proteins are conserved homeodomain transcription factors known to be crucial regulators of animal development. As transcription factors, the functions and modes of action (co-factors, target genes) of Hox proteins have been very well studied in a multitude of animal models. However, a handful of reports established that Hox proteins may display molecular activities distinct from gene transcription regulation. Here, we reveal that Hoxa2 interacts with 20S proteasome subunits and RCHY1 (also known as PIRH2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets p53 for degradation. We further show that Hoxa2 promotes proteasome-dependent degradation of RCHY1 in an ubiquitin-independent manner. Correlatively, Hoxa2 alters the RCHY1-mediated ubiquitination of p53 and promotes p53 stabilization. Together, our data establish that Hoxa2 can regulate the proteasomal degradation of RCHY1 and stabilization of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bergiers
- Molecular and Cellular Animal Embryology Group, Life Sciences Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Laure Bridoux
- Molecular and Cellular Animal Embryology Group, Life Sciences Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nathan Nguyen
- Molecular and Cellular Animal Embryology Group, Life Sciences Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Twizere
- Laboratory of Signaling and Protein Interactions, GIGA-R, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - René Rezsöhazy
- Molecular and Cellular Animal Embryology Group, Life Sciences Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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29
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Minoux M, Kratochwil CF, Ducret S, Amin S, Kitazawa T, Kurihara H, Bobola N, Vilain N, Rijli FM. Mouse Hoxa2 mutations provide a model for microtia and auricle duplication. Development 2013; 140:4386-97. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.098046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
External ear abnormalities are frequent in newborns ranging from microtia to partial auricle duplication. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms orchestrating external ear morphogenesis. In humans, HOXA2 partial loss of function induces a bilateral microtia associated with an abnormal shape of the auricle. In mice, Hoxa2 inactivation at early gestational stages results in external auditory canal (EAC) duplication and absence of the auricle, whereas its late inactivation results in a hypomorphic auricle, mimicking the human HOXA2 mutant condition. By genetic fate mapping we found that the mouse auricle (or pinna) derives from the Hoxa2-expressing neural crest-derived mesenchyme of the second pharyngeal arch, and not from a composite of first and second arch mesenchyme as previously proposed based on morphological observation of human embryos. Moreover, the mouse EAC is entirely lined by Hoxa2-negative first arch mesenchyme and does not develop at the first pharyngeal cleft, as previously assumed. Conditional ectopic Hoxa2 expression in first arch neural crest is sufficient to induce a complete duplication of the pinna and a loss of the EAC, suggesting transformation of the first arch neural crest-derived mesenchyme lining the EAC into an ectopic pinna. Hoxa2 partly controls the morphogenesis of the pinna through the BMP signalling pathway and expression of Eya1, which in humans is involved in branchio-oto-renal syndrome. Thus, Hoxa2 loss- and gain-of-function approaches in mice provide a suitable model to investigate the molecular aetiology of microtia and auricle duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Minoux
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
- INSERM UMR 1121, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 1, place de l’hôpital, 67 000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Claudius F. Kratochwil
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Ducret
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shilu Amin
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Taro Kitazawa
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nicoletta Bobola
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nathalie Vilain
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Filippo M. Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Philippidou P, Dasen JS. Hox genes: choreographers in neural development, architects of circuit organization. Neuron 2013; 80:12-34. [PMID: 24094100 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The neural circuits governing vital behaviors, such as respiration and locomotion, are comprised of discrete neuronal populations residing within the brainstem and spinal cord. Work over the past decade has provided a fairly comprehensive understanding of the developmental pathways that determine the identity of major neuronal classes within the neural tube. However, the steps through which neurons acquire the subtype diversities necessary for their incorporation into a particular circuit are still poorly defined. Studies on the specification of motor neurons indicate that the large family of Hox transcription factors has a key role in generating the subtypes required for selective muscle innervation. There is also emerging evidence that Hox genes function in multiple neuronal classes to shape synaptic specificity during development, suggesting a broader role in circuit assembly. This Review highlights the functions and mechanisms of Hox gene networks and their multifaceted roles during neuronal specification and connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Philippidou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-forming cells of the CNS. They differentiate from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) that are produced from progenitors throughout life but more actively during the neonatal period and in response to demyelinating insults. An accurate regulation of oligodendrogenesis is required to generate oligodendrocytes during these developmental or repair processes. We hypothesized that this regulation implicates transcription factors, which are expressed by OPCs and/or their progenitors. Ascl1/Mash1 is a proneural transcription factor previously implicated in embryonic oligodendrogenesis and operating in genetic interaction with Olig2, an essential transcriptional regulator in oligodendrocyte development. Herein, we have investigated the contribution of Ascl1 to oligodendrocyte development and remyelination in the postnatal cortex. During the neonatal period, Ascl1 expression was detected in progenitors of the cortical subventricular zone and in cortical OPCs. Different genetic approaches to delete Ascl1 in cortical progenitors or OPCs reduced neonatal oligodendrogenesis, showing that Ascl1 positively regulated both OPC specification from subventricular zone progenitors as well as the balance between OPC differentiation and proliferation. Examination of remyelination processes, both in the mouse model for focal demyelination of the corpus callosum and in multiple sclerosis lesions in humans, indicated that Ascl1 activity was upregulated along with increased oligodendrogenesis observed in remyelinating lesions. Additional genetic evidence indicated that remyelinating oligodendrocytes derived from Ascl1(+) progenitors/OPCs and that Ascl1 was required for proper remyelination. Together, our results show that Ascl1 function modulates multiple steps of OPC development in the postnatal brain and in response to demyelinating insults.
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32
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Vieux-Rochas M, Mascrez B, Krumlauf R, Duboule D. Combined function of HoxA and HoxB clusters in neural crest cells. Dev Biol 2013; 382:293-301. [PMID: 23850771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of chordates was accompanied by critical anatomical innovations in craniofacial development, along with the emergence of neural crest cells. The potential of these cells to implement a craniofacial program in part depends upon the (non-)expression of Hox genes. For instance, the development of jaws requires the inhibition of Hox genes function in the first pharyngeal arch. In contrast, Hox gene products induce craniofacial structures in more caudal territories. To further investigate which Hox gene clusters are involved in this latter role, we generated HoxA;HoxB cluster double mutant animals in cranial neural crest cells. We observed the appearance of a supernumerary dentary-like bone with an endochondral ossification around a neo-Meckel's cartilage matrix and an attachment of neo-muscle demonstrating that HoxB genes enhance the phenotype induced by the deletion of the HoxA cluster alone. In addition, a cervical and hypertrophic thymus was associated with the supernumerary dentary-like bone, which may reflect its ancestral position near the filtrating system. Altogether these results show that the HoxA and HoxB clusters cooperated during evolution to lead to present craniofacial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Vieux-Rochas
- School of Life Sciences, Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
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