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Brown TC, Crouse EC, Attaway CA, Oakes DK, Minton SW, Borghuis BG, McGee AW. Microglia are dispensable for experience-dependent refinement of mouse visual circuitry. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:1462-1467. [PMID: 38977886 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
To test the hypothesized crucial role of microglia in the developmental refinement of neural circuitry, we depleted microglia from mice of both sexes with PLX5622 and examined the experience-dependent maturation of visual circuitry and function. We assessed retinal function, receptive field tuning of visual cortex neurons, acuity and experience-dependent plasticity. None of these measurements detectibly differed in the absence of microglia, challenging the role of microglia in sculpting neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Brown
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Emily C Crouse
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Cecilia A Attaway
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dana K Oakes
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Sarah W Minton
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Bart G Borghuis
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Aaron W McGee
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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2
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Starkey J, Horstick EJ, Ackerman SD. Glial regulation of critical period plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1247335. [PMID: 38034592 PMCID: PMC10687281 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1247335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal behavior, from simple to complex, is dependent on the faithful wiring of neurons into functional neural circuits. Neural circuits undergo dramatic experience-dependent remodeling during brief developmental windows called critical periods. Environmental experience during critical periods of plasticity produces sustained changes to circuit function and behavior. Precocious critical period closure is linked to autism spectrum disorders, whereas extended synaptic remodeling is thought to underlie circuit dysfunction in schizophrenia. Thus, resolving the mechanisms that instruct critical period timing is important to our understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders. Control of critical period timing is modulated by neuron-intrinsic cues, yet recent data suggest that some determinants are derived from neighboring glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes). As glia make up 50% of the human brain, understanding how these diverse cells communicate with neurons and with each other to sculpt neural plasticity, especially during specialized critical periods, is essential to our fundamental understanding of circuit development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Starkey
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Eric J. Horstick
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Sarah D. Ackerman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Brain Immunology and Glia Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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3
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Brown TC, Crouse EC, Attaway CA, Oakes DK, Minton SW, Borghuis BG, McGee AW. Microglia are dispensable for experience-dependent refinement of visual circuitry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.17.562708. [PMID: 37905138 PMCID: PMC10614920 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.17.562708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are proposed to be critical for the refinement of developing neural circuitry. However, evidence identifying specific roles for microglia has been limited and often indirect. Here we examined whether microglia are required for the experience-dependent refinement of visual circuitry and visual function during development. We ablated microglia by administering the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor PLX5622, and then examined the consequences for retinal function, receptive field tuning of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1), visual acuity, and experience-dependent plasticity in visual circuitry. Eradicating microglia by treating mice with PLX5622 beginning at postnatal day (P) 14 did not alter visual response properties of retinal ganglion cells examined three or more weeks later. Mice treated with PLX5622 from P14 lacked more than 95% of microglia in V1 by P18, prior to the opening of the critical period. Despite the absence of microglia, the receptive field tuning properties of neurons in V1 were normal at P32. Similarly, eradicating microglia did not affect the maturation of visual acuity. Mice treated with PLX5622 displayed typical ocular dominance plasticity in response to brief monocular deprivation. Thus, none of these principal measurements of visual circuit development and function detectibly differed in the absence of microglia. We conclude that microglia are dispensable for experience-dependent refinement of visual circuitry. These findings challenge the proposed critical role of microglia in refining neural circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Brown
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202
| | - Emily C. Crouse
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202
| | - Cecilia A. Attaway
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202
| | - Dana K. Oakes
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202
| | - Sarah W. Minton
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202
| | - Bart G. Borghuis
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202
| | - Aaron W. McGee
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202
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4
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Brown TC, McGee AW. Monocular deprivation during the critical period alters neuronal tuning and the composition of visual circuitry. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002096. [PMID: 37083549 PMCID: PMC10155990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal visual experience during a developmental critical period degrades cortical responsiveness. Yet how experience-dependent plasticity alters the response properties of individual neurons and composition of visual circuitry is unclear. Here, we measured with calcium imaging in alert mice how monocular deprivation (MD) during the developmental critical period affects tuning for binocularity, orientation, and spatial frequency for neurons in primary visual cortex. MD of the contralateral eye did not uniformly shift ocular dominance (OD) of neurons towards the fellow ipsilateral eye but reduced the number of monocular contralateral neurons and increased the number of monocular ipsilateral neurons. MD also impaired matching of preferred orientation for binocular neurons and reduced the percentage of neurons responsive at most spatial frequencies for the deprived contralateral eye. Tracking the tuning properties for several hundred neurons before and after MD revealed that the shift in OD is complex and dynamic, with many previously monocular neurons becoming binocular and binocular neurons becoming monocular. Binocular neurons that became monocular were more likely to lose responsiveness to the deprived contralateral eye if they were better matched for orientation prior to deprivation. In addition, the composition of visual circuitry changed as population of neurons more responsive to the deprived eye were exchanged for neurons with tuning properties more similar to the network of responsive neurons altered by MD. Thus, plasticity during the critical period adapts to recent experience by both altering the tuning of responsive neurons and recruiting neurons with matching tuning properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Brown
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine; University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Aaron W McGee
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine; University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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5
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Chan J, Hao X, Liu Q, Cang J, Gu Y. Closing the Critical Period Is Required for the Maturation of Binocular Integration in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:749265. [PMID: 34899187 PMCID: PMC8663722 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.749265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Binocular matching of orientation preference between the two eyes is a common form of binocular integration that is regarded as the basis for stereopsis. How critical period plasticity enables binocular matching under the guidance of normal visual experience has not been fully demonstrated. To investigate how critical period closure affects the binocular matching, a critical period prolonged mouse model was constructed through the administration of bumetanide, an NKCC1 transporter antagonist. Using acute in vivo extracellular recording and molecular assay, we revealed that binocular matching was transiently disrupted due to heightened plasticity after the normal critical period, together with an increase in the density of spines and synapses, and the upregulation of GluA1 expression. Diazepam (DZ)/[(R, S)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl) propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP)] could reclose the extended critical period, and rescue the deficits in binocular matching. Furthermore, the extended critical period, alone, with normal visual experience is sufficient for the completion of binocular matching in amblyopic mice. Similarly, prolonging the critical period into adulthood by knocking out Nogo-66 receptor can prevent the normal maturation of binocular matching and depth perception. These results suggest that maintaining an optimal plasticity level during adolescence is most beneficial for the systemic maturation. Extending the critical period provides new clues for the maturation of binocular vision and may have critical implications for the treatment of amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangwen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Cang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Duménieu M, Marquèze-Pouey B, Russier M, Debanne D. Mechanisms of Plasticity in Subcortical Visual Areas. Cells 2021; 10:3162. [PMID: 34831385 PMCID: PMC8621502 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual plasticity is classically considered to occur essentially in the primary and secondary cortical areas. Subcortical visual areas such as the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) or the superior colliculus (SC) have long been held as basic structures responsible for a stable and defined function. In this model, the dLGN was considered as a relay of visual information travelling from the retina to cortical areas and the SC as a sensory integrator orienting body movements towards visual targets. However, recent findings suggest that both dLGN and SC neurons express functional plasticity, adding unexplored layers of complexity to their previously attributed functions. The existence of neuronal plasticity at the level of visual subcortical areas redefines our approach of the visual system. The aim of this paper is therefore to review the cellular and molecular mechanisms for activity-dependent plasticity of both synaptic transmission and cellular properties in subcortical visual areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dominique Debanne
- INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université, UNIS, 13015 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (B.M.-P.); (M.R.)
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7
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Metzdorf K, Fricke S, Balia MT, Korte M, Zagrebelsky M. Nogo-A Modulates the Synaptic Excitation of Hippocampal Neurons in a Ca 2+-Dependent Manner. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092299. [PMID: 34571950 PMCID: PMC8467072 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A tight regulation of the balance between inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission is a prerequisite for synaptic plasticity in neuronal networks. In this context, the neurite growth inhibitor membrane protein Nogo-A modulates synaptic plasticity, strength, and neurotransmitter receptor dynamics. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these actions are unknown. We show that Nogo-A loss-of-function in primary mouse hippocampal cultures by application of a function-blocking antibody leads to higher excitation following a decrease in GABAARs at inhibitory and an increase in the GluA1, but not GluA2 AMPAR subunit at excitatory synapses. This unbalanced regulation of AMPAR subunits results in the incorporation of Ca2+-permeable GluA2-lacking AMPARs and increased intracellular Ca2+ levels due to a higher Ca2+ influx without affecting its release from the internal stores. Increased neuronal activation upon Nogo-A loss-of-function prompts the phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB and the expression of c-Fos. These results contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of the excitation/inhibition balance and thereby of plasticity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Metzdorf
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.M.); (M.T.B.); (M.K.)
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steffen Fricke
- Division of Cell Physiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Maria Teresa Balia
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.M.); (M.T.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Martin Korte
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.M.); (M.T.B.); (M.K.)
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marta Zagrebelsky
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.M.); (M.T.B.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-531-3913225
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8
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Chen K, Ma X, Nehme A, Wei J, Cui Y, Cui Y, Yao D, Wu J, Anderson T, Ferguson D, Levitt P, Qiu S. Time-delimited signaling of MET receptor tyrosine kinase regulates cortical circuit development and critical period plasticity. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3723-3736. [PMID: 31900430 PMCID: PMC7332377 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Normal development of cortical circuits, including experience-dependent cortical maturation and plasticity, requires precise temporal regulation of gene expression and molecular signaling. Such regulation, and the concomitant impact on plasticity and critical periods, is hypothesized to be disrupted in neurodevelopmental disorders. A protein that may serve such a function is the MET receptor tyrosine kinase, which is tightly regulated developmentally in rodents and primates, and exhibits reduced cortical expression in autism spectrum disorder and Rett Syndrome. We found that the peak of MET expression in developing mouse cortex coincides with the heightened period of synaptogenesis, but is precipitously downregulated prior to extensive synapse pruning and certain peak periods of cortical plasticity. These results reflect a potential on-off regulatory synaptic mechanism for specific glutamatergic cortical circuits in which MET is enriched. In order to address the functional significance of the 'off' component of the proposed mechanism, we created a controllable transgenic mouse line that sustains cortical MET signaling. Continued MET expression in cortical excitatory neurons disrupted synaptic protein profiles, altered neuronal morphology, and impaired visual cortex circuit maturation and connectivity. Remarkably, sustained MET signaling eliminates monocular deprivation-induced ocular dominance plasticity during the normal cortical critical period; while ablating MET signaling leads to early closure of critical period plasticity. The results demonstrate a novel mechanism in which temporal regulation of a pleiotropic signaling protein underlies cortical circuit maturation and timing of cortical critical period, features that may be disrupted in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
- MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Sciences Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Xiaokuang Ma
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Antoine Nehme
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Jing Wei
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Yan Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Sciences Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Yuehua Cui
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Dezhong Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Sciences Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Trent Anderson
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Deveroux Ferguson
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Pat Levitt
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Developmental Neuroscience and Neurogenetics, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
| | - Shenfeng Qiu
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
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9
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Spiegel I. Experience-regulated molecular mechanisms in cortical GABAergic interneurons: from cellular functions to control over circuit plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 67:145-154. [PMID: 33316573 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Experience-induced changes in GABAergic interneurons (INs) are thought to control the plasticity of neural circuits in the developing and adult cortex. However, it remains poorly understood how experience and the ensuing neuronal activity alter the properties and connectivity of specific IN subtypes and how these cellular changes, in turn, control the plasticity of cortical circuits. Here, I discuss recent experimental and theoretical studies that point to specific experience-induced changes in select IN subtypes as central regulators of plasticity in the cortex. In particular, I focus on the recent identification of several experience-regulated secreted molecules that modulate specific sets of synapses in IN subtypes. I argue that elucidating these molecular mechanisms will allow us to test experimentally the predictions made by theoretical models about the plasticity functions of specific IN subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Spiegel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
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10
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Petratos S, Theotokis P, Kim MJ, Azari MF, Lee JY. That's a Wrap! Molecular Drivers Governing Neuronal Nogo Receptor-Dependent Myelin Plasticity and Integrity. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:227. [PMID: 32848619 PMCID: PMC7417613 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is a dynamic membrane that is important for coordinating the fast propagation of action potentials along small or large caliber axons (0.1-10 μm) some of which extend the entire length of the spinal cord. Due to the heterogeneity of electrical and energy demands of the variable neuronal populations, the axo-myelinic and axo-glial interactions that regulate the biophysical properties of myelinated axons also vary in terms of molecular interactions at the membrane interfaces. An important topic of debate in neuroscience is how myelin is maintained and modified under neuronal control and how disruption of this control (due to disease or injury) can initiate and/or propagate neurodegeneration. One of the key molecular signaling cascades that have been investigated in the context of neural injury over the past two decades involves the myelin-associated inhibitory factors (MAIFs) that interact with Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1). Chief among the MAIF superfamily of molecules is a reticulon family protein, Nogo-A, that is established as a potent inhibitor of neurite sprouting and axon regeneration. However, an understated role for NgR1 is its ability to control axo-myelin interactions and Nogo-A specific ligand binding. These interactions may occur at axo-dendritic and axo-glial synapses regulating their functional and dynamic membrane domains. The current review provides a comprehensive analysis of how neuronal NgR1 can regulate myelin thickness and plasticity under normal and disease conditions. Specifically, we discuss how NgR1 plays an important role in regulating paranodal and juxtaparanodal domains through specific signal transduction cascades that are important for microdomain molecular architecture and action potential propagation. Potential therapeutics designed to target NgR1-dependent signaling during disease are being developed in animal models since interference with the involvement of the receptor may facilitate neurological recovery. Hence, the regulatory role played by NgR1 in the axo-myelinic interface is an important research field of clinical significance that requires comprehensive investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael F Azari
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
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11
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Frantz MG, Crouse EC, Sokhadze G, Ikrar T, Stephany CÉ, Nguyen C, Xu X, McGee AW. Layer 4 Gates Plasticity in Visual Cortex Independent of a Canonical Microcircuit. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2962-2973.e5. [PMID: 32589913 PMCID: PMC7919382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Disrupting binocular vision during a developmental critical period can yield enduring changes to ocular dominance (OD) in primary visual cortex (V1). Here we investigated how this experience-dependent plasticity is coordinated within the laminar circuitry of V1 by deleting separately in each cortical layer (L) a gene required to close the critical period, nogo-66 receptor (ngr1). Deleting ngr1 in excitatory neurons in L4, but not in L2/3, L5, or L6, prevented closure of the critical period, and adult mice remained sensitive to brief monocular deprivation. Intracortical disinhibition, but not thalamocortical disinhibition, accompanied this OD plasticity. Both juvenile wild-type mice and adult mice lacking ngr1 in L4 displayed OD plasticity that advanced more rapidly L4 than L2/3 or L5. Interestingly, blocking OD plasticity in L2/3 with the drug AM-251 did not impair OD plasticity in L5. We propose that L4 restricts disinhibition and gates OD plasticity independent of a canonical cortical microcircuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Frantz
- Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Emily C Crouse
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Guela Sokhadze
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Taruna Ikrar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Céleste-Élise Stephany
- Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Collins Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Aaron W McGee
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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12
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McKenna JT, Thankachan S, Uygun DS, Shukla C, McNally JM, Schiffino FL, Cordeira J, Katsuki F, Zant JC, Gamble MC, Deisseroth K, McCarley RW, Brown RE, Strecker RE, Basheer R. Basal Forebrain Parvalbumin Neurons Mediate Arousals from Sleep Induced by Hypercarbia or Auditory Stimuli. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2379-2385.e4. [PMID: 32413301 PMCID: PMC7757019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to rapidly arouse from sleep is important for survival. However, increased arousals in patients with sleep apnea and other disorders prevent restful sleep and contribute to cognitive, metabolic, and physiologic dysfunction [1, 2]. Little is currently known about which neural systems mediate these brief arousals, hindering the development of treatments that restore normal sleep. The basal forebrain (BF) receives inputs from many nuclei of the ascending arousal system, including the brainstem parabrachial neurons, which promote arousal in response to elevated blood carbon dioxide levels, as seen in sleep apnea [3]. Optical inhibition of the terminals of parabrachial neurons in the BF impairs cortical arousals to hypercarbia [4], but which BF cell types mediate cortical arousals in response to hypercarbia or other sensory stimuli is unknown. Here, we tested the role of BF parvalbumin (PV) neurons in arousal using optogenetic techniques in mice. Optical stimulation of BF-PV neurons produced rapid transitions to wakefulness from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep but did not affect REM-wakefulness transitions. Unlike previous studies of BF glutamatergic and cholinergic neurons, arousals induced by stimulation of BF-PV neurons were brief and only slightly increased total wake time, reminiscent of clinical findings in sleep apnea [5, 6]. Bilateral optical inhibition of BF-PV neurons increased the latency to arousal produced by exposure to hypercarbia or auditory stimuli. Thus, BF-PV neurons are an important component of the brain circuitry that generates brief arousals from sleep in response to stimuli, which may indicate physiological dysfunction or danger to the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T McKenna
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Stephen Thankachan
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - David S Uygun
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Charu Shukla
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - James M McNally
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Felipe L Schiffino
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Joshua Cordeira
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Western Connecticut State University, Danbury, CT 06810, USA
| | - Fumi Katsuki
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Janneke C Zant
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | | | - Karl Deisseroth
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert W McCarley
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Ritchie E Brown
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Robert E Strecker
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Radhika Basheer
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA.
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13
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Liu J, Wang M, Sun L, Pan NC, Zhang C, Zhang J, Zuo Z, He S, Wu Q, Wang X. Integrative analysis of in vivo recording with single-cell RNA-seq data reveals molecular properties of light-sensitive neurons in mouse V1. Protein Cell 2020; 11:417-432. [PMID: 32350740 PMCID: PMC7251024 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vision formation is classically based on projections from retinal ganglion cells (RGC) to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the primary visual cortex (V1). Neurons in the mouse V1 are tuned to light stimuli. Although the cellular information of the retina and the LGN has been widely studied, the transcriptome profiles of single light-stimulated neuron in V1 remain unknown. In our study, in vivo calcium imaging and whole-cell electrophysiological patch-clamp recording were utilized to identify 53 individual cells from layer 2/3 of V1 as light-sensitive (LS) or non-light-sensitive (NS) by single-cell light-evoked calcium evaluation and action potential spiking. The contents of each cell after functional tests were aspirated in vivo through a patch-clamp pipette for mRNA sequencing. Moreover, the three-dimensional (3-D) morphological characterizations of the neurons were reconstructed in a live mouse after the whole-cell recordings. Our sequencing results indicated that V1 neurons with a high expression of genes related to transmission regulation, such as Rtn4r and Rgs7, and genes involved in membrane transport, such as Na+/K+ ATPase and NMDA-type glutamatergic receptors, preferentially responded to light stimulation. Furthermore, an antagonist that blocks Rtn4r signals could inactivate the neuronal responses to light stimulation in live mice. In conclusion, our findings of the vivo-seq analysis indicate the key role of the strength of synaptic transmission possesses neurons in V1 of light sensory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mengdi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Le Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Na Clara Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Changjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhentao Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Sheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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14
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Murase S, Winkowski D, Liu J, Kanold PO, Quinlan EM. Homeostatic regulation of perisynaptic matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) activity in the amblyopic visual cortex. eLife 2019; 8:52503. [PMID: 31868167 PMCID: PMC6961978 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dark exposure (DE) followed by light reintroduction (LRx) reactivates robust synaptic plasticity in adult mouse primary visual cortex (V1), which allows subsequent recovery from amblyopia. Previously we showed that perisynaptic proteolysis by MMP9 mediates the enhancement of plasticity by LRx in binocular adult mice (Murase et al., 2017). However, it was unknown if a visual system compromised by amblyopia could engage this pathway. Here we show that LRx to adult amblyopic mice induces perisynaptic MMP2/9 activity and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation in deprived and non-deprived V1. Indeed, LRx restricted to the amblyopic eye is sufficient to induce robust MMP2/9 activity at thalamo-cortical synapses and ECM degradation in deprived V1. Two-photon live imaging demonstrates that the history of visual experience regulates MMP2/9 activity in V1, and that DE lowers the threshold for the proteinase activation. The homeostatic reduction of the MMP2/9 activation threshold by DE enables visual input from the amblyopic pathway to trigger robust perisynaptic proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Murase
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States.,Neuroscience Cognitive Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Dan Winkowski
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States.,Neuroscience Cognitive Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States.,Neuroscience Cognitive Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States.,Neuroscience Cognitive Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Quinlan
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States.,Neuroscience Cognitive Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
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15
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Ocular Dominance Plasticity in Binocular Primary Visual Cortex Does Not Require C1q. J Neurosci 2019; 40:769-783. [PMID: 31801811 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1011-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
C1q, the initiator of the classical complement cascade, mediates synapse elimination in the postnatal mouse dorsolateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and sensorimotor cortex. Here, we asked whether C1q plays a role in experience-dependent synaptic refinement in the visual system at later stages of development. The binocular zone of primary visual cortex (V1b) undergoes spine loss and changes in neuronal responsiveness following the closure of one eye during a defined critical period [a process referred to as ocular dominance plasticity (ODP)]. We therefore hypothesized that ODP would be impaired in the absence of C1q, and that V1b development would also be abnormal without C1q-mediated synapse elimination. However, when we examined several features of V1b development in mice lacking C1q, we found that the densities of most spine populations on basal and proximal apical dendrites, as well as firing rates and ocular dominance, were normal. C1q was only transiently required for the development of spines on apical, but not basal, secondary dendrites. Dendritic morphologies were also unaffected. Although we did not observe the previously described spine loss during ODP in either genotype, our results reveal that the animals lacking C1q had normal shifts in neuronal responsiveness following eye closure. Experiments were performed in both male and female mice. These results suggest that the development and plasticity of the mouse V1b is grossly normal in the absence of C1q.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT These findings illustrate that the development and experience-dependent plasticity of V1b is mostly normal in the absence of C1q, even though C1q has previously been shown to be required for developmental synapse elimination in the mouse visual thalamus as well as sensorimotor cortex. The V1b phenotypes in mice lacking C1q are more similar to the mild defects previously observed in the hippocampus of these mice, emphasizing that the contribution of C1q to synapse elimination appears to be dependent on context.
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16
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Emerging Roles of Synapse Organizers in the Regulation of Critical Periods. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:1538137. [PMID: 31565044 PMCID: PMC6745111 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1538137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Experience remodels cortical connectivity during developmental windows called critical periods. Experience-dependent regulation of synaptic strength during these periods establishes circuit functions that are stabilized as critical period plasticity wanes. These processes have been extensively studied in the developing visual cortex, where critical period opening and closure are orchestrated by the assembly, maturation, and strengthening of distinct synapse types. The synaptic specificity of these processes points towards the involvement of distinct molecular pathways. Attractive candidates are pre- and postsynaptic transmembrane proteins that form adhesive complexes across the synaptic cleft. These synapse-organizing proteins control synapse development and maintenance and modulate structural and functional properties of synapses. Recent evidence suggests that they have pivotal roles in the onset and closure of the critical period for vision. In this review, we describe roles of synapse-organizing adhesion molecules in the regulation of visual critical period plasticity and we discuss the potential they offer to restore circuit functions in amblyopia and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
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17
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Grieco SF, Holmes TC, Xu X. Neuregulin directed molecular mechanisms of visual cortical plasticity. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:668-678. [PMID: 29464684 PMCID: PMC6103898 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Experience-dependent critical period (CP) plasticity has been extensively studied in the visual cortex. Monocular deprivation during the CP affects ocular dominance, limits visual performance, and contributes to the pathological etiology of amblyopia. Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) signaling through its tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB4 is essential for the normal development of the nervous system and has been linked to neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. We discovered recently that NRG1/ErbB4 signaling in PV neurons is critical for the initiation of CP visual cortical plasticity by controlling excitatory synaptic inputs onto PV neurons and thus PV-cell mediated cortical inhibition that occurs following visual deprivation. Building on this discovery, we review the existing literature of neuregulin signaling in developing and adult cortex and address the implication of NRG/ErbB4 signaling in visual cortical plasticity at the cellular and circuit levels. NRG-directed research may lead to therapeutic approaches to reactivate plasticity in the adult cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Grieco
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Todd C Holmes
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California
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18
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Ribic A, Crair MC, Biederer T. Synapse-Selective Control of Cortical Maturation and Plasticity by Parvalbumin-Autonomous Action of SynCAM 1. Cell Rep 2019; 26:381-393.e6. [PMID: 30625321 PMCID: PMC6345548 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical plasticity peaks early in life and tapers in adulthood, as exemplified in the primary visual cortex (V1), wherein brief loss of vision in one eye reduces cortical responses to inputs from that eye during the critical period but not in adulthood. The synaptic locus of cortical plasticity and the cell-autonomous synaptic factors determining critical periods remain unclear. We here demonstrate that the immunoglobulin protein Synaptic Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (SynCAM 1/Cadm1) is regulated by visual experience and limits V1 plasticity. Loss of SynCAM 1 selectively reduces the number of thalamocortical inputs onto parvalbumin (PV+) interneurons, impairing the maturation of feedforward inhibition in V1. SynCAM 1 acts in PV+ interneurons to actively restrict cortical plasticity, and brief PV+-specific knockdown of SynCAM 1 in adult visual cortex restores juvenile-like plasticity. These results identify a synapse-specific, cell-autonomous mechanism for thalamocortical visual circuit maturation and closure of the visual critical period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adema Ribic
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Michael C Crair
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Thomas Biederer
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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19
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Refractive adaptation and efficacy of occlusion therapy in untreated amblyopic patients aged 12 to 40 years. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 257:379-389. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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20
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Stephany CÉ, Ma X, Dorton HM, Wu J, Solomon AM, Frantz MG, Qiu S, McGee AW. Distinct Circuits for Recovery of Eye Dominance and Acuity in Murine Amblyopia. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1914-1923.e5. [PMID: 29887305 PMCID: PMC6008222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Degrading vision by one eye during a developmental critical period yields enduring deficits in both eye dominance and visual acuity. A predominant model is that "reactivating" ocular dominance (OD) plasticity after the critical period is required to improve acuity in amblyopic adults. However, here we demonstrate that plasticity of eye dominance and acuity are independent and restricted by the nogo-66 receptor (ngr1) in distinct neuronal populations. Ngr1 mutant mice display greater excitatory synaptic input onto both inhibitory and excitatory neurons with restoration of normal vision. Deleting ngr1 in excitatory cortical neurons permits recovery of eye dominance but not acuity. Reciprocally, deleting ngr1 in thalamus is insufficient to rectify eye dominance but yields improvement of acuity to normal. Abolishing ngr1 expression in adult mice also promotes recovery of acuity. Together, these findings challenge the notion that mechanisms for OD plasticity contribute to the alterations in circuitry that restore acuity in amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céleste-Élise Stephany
- Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Xiaokuang Ma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 Guangdong, China
| | - Hilary M Dorton
- Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 Guangdong, China; Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Alexander M Solomon
- Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Michael G Frantz
- Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Shenfeng Qiu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 Guangdong, China.
| | - Aaron W McGee
- Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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21
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The Extracellular Environment of the CNS: Influence on Plasticity, Sprouting, and Axonal Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:2952386. [PMID: 29849554 PMCID: PMC5932463 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2952386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular environment of the central nervous system (CNS) becomes highly structured and organized as the nervous system matures. The extracellular space of the CNS along with its subdomains plays a crucial role in the function and stability of the CNS. In this review, we have focused on two components of the neuronal extracellular environment, which are important in regulating CNS plasticity including the extracellular matrix (ECM) and myelin. The ECM consists of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and tenascins, which are organized into unique structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs associate with the neuronal cell body and proximal dendrites of predominantly parvalbumin-positive interneurons, forming a robust lattice-like structure. These developmentally regulated structures are maintained in the adult CNS and enhance synaptic stability. After injury, however, CSPGs and tenascins contribute to the structure of the inhibitory glial scar, which actively prevents axonal regeneration. Myelin sheaths and mature adult oligodendrocytes, despite their important role in signal conduction in mature CNS axons, contribute to the inhibitory environment existing after injury. As such, unlike the peripheral nervous system, the CNS is unable to revert to a “developmental state” to aid neuronal repair. Modulation of these external factors, however, has been shown to promote growth, regeneration, and functional plasticity after injury. This review will highlight some of the factors that contribute to or prevent plasticity, sprouting, and axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury.
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22
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Synaptic and circuit development of the primary sensory cortex. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-9. [PMID: 29628505 PMCID: PMC5938038 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals, including humans, optimize their primary sensory cortex through the use of input signals, which allow them to adapt to the external environment and survive. The time window at the beginning of life in which external input signals are connected sensitively and strongly to neural circuit optimization is called the critical period. The critical period has attracted the attention of many neuroscientists due to the rapid activity-/experience-dependent circuit development that occurs, which is clearly differentiated from other developmental time periods and brain areas. This process involves various types of GABAergic inhibitory neurons, the extracellular matrix, neuromodulators, transcription factors, and neurodevelopmental factors. In this review, I discuss recent progress regarding the biological nature of the critical period that contribute to a better understanding of brain development.
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23
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Feese BD, Pafundo DE, Schmehl MN, Kuhlman SJ. Binocular deprivation induces both age-dependent and age-independent forms of plasticity in parvalbumin inhibitory neuron visual response properties. J Neurophysiol 2017; 119:738-751. [PMID: 29118195 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00386.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity of cortical inhibitory interneurons is rapidly reduced in response to monocular deprivation during the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity and in response to salient events encountered during learning. In the case of primary sensory cortex, a decrease in mean evoked firing rate of parvalbumin-positive (PV) inhibitory neurons is causally linked to a reorganization of excitatory networks following sensory perturbation. Converging evidence indicates that it is deprivation, and not an imbalance between open- and closed-eye inputs, that triggers rapid plasticity in PV neurons. However, this has not been directly tested in vivo. Using two-photon guided cell-attached recording, we examined the impact of closing both eyes for 24 h on PV neuron response properties in mouse primary visual cortex. We found that binocular deprivation induces a 30% reduction in stimulus-evoked mean firing rate and that this reduction is specific to critical period-aged mice. The number of PV neurons showing detectable tuning to orientation increased after 24 h of deprivation, and this effect was also specific to critical period-aged mice. In contrast to evoked mean firing rate and orientation tuning, measurements of trial-to-trial variability revealed that stimulus-driven decreases in variability are significantly dampened by deprivation during both the critical period and the postcritical period. These data establish that open-eye inputs are not required to drive deprivation-induced weakening of PV neuron evoked activity and that other aspects of in vivo PV neuron activity are malleable throughout life. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Parvalbumin-positive (PV) neurons in sensory cortex are generally considered to be mediators of experience-dependent plasticity, and their plasticity is restricted to the critical period. However, in regions outside of sensory cortex, accumulating evidence demonstrates that PV neurons are plastic in adults, raising the possibility that aspects of PV response properties may be plastic throughout life. Here we identify a feature of in vivo PV neuron activity that remains plastic past the critical period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berquin D Feese
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Diego E Pafundo
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Meredith N Schmehl
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sandra J Kuhlman
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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24
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Pronker MF, Tas RP, Vlieg HC, Janssen BJC. Nogo Receptor crystal structures with a native disulfide pattern suggest a novel mode of self-interaction. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 73:860-876. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798317013791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Nogo Receptor (NgR) is a glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored cell-surface protein and is a receptor for three myelin-associated inhibitors of regeneration: myelin-associated glycoprotein, Nogo66 and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein. In combination with different co-receptors, NgR mediates signalling that reduces neuronal plasticity. The available structures of the NgR ligand-binding leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain have an artificial disulfide pattern owing to truncated C-terminal construct boundaries. NgR has previously been shown to self-associateviaits LRR domain, but the structural basis of this interaction remains elusive. Here, crystal structures of the NgR LRR with a longer C-terminal segment and a native disulfide pattern are presented. An additional C-terminal loop proximal to the C-terminal LRR cap is stabilized by two newly formed disulfide bonds, but is otherwise mostly unstructured in the absence of any stabilizing interactions. NgR crystallized in six unique crystal forms, three of which share a crystal-packing interface. NgR crystal-packing interfaces from all eight unique crystal forms are compared in order to explore how NgR could self-interact on the neuronal plasma membrane.
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25
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Murase S, Lantz CL, Quinlan EM. Light reintroduction after dark exposure reactivates plasticity in adults via perisynaptic activation of MMP-9. eLife 2017; 6:27345. [PMID: 28875930 PMCID: PMC5630258 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of ocular dominance to regulation by monocular deprivation is the canonical model of plasticity confined to a critical period. However, we have previously shown that visual deprivation through dark exposure (DE) reactivates critical period plasticity in adults. Previous work assumed that the elimination of visual input was sufficient to enhance plasticity in the adult mouse visual cortex. In contrast, here we show that light reintroduction (LRx) after DE is responsible for the reactivation of plasticity. LRx triggers degradation of the ECM, which is blocked by pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). LRx induces an increase in MMP-9 activity that is perisynaptic and enriched at thalamo-cortical synapses. The reactivation of plasticity by LRx is absent in Mmp9−/− mice, and is rescued by hyaluronidase, an enzyme that degrades core ECM components. Thus, the LRx-induced increase in MMP-9 removes constraints on structural and functional plasticity in the mature cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Murase
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, Department of Biology, University of Maryland, Maryland, United States
| | - Crystal L Lantz
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, Department of Biology, University of Maryland, Maryland, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Quinlan
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, Department of Biology, University of Maryland, Maryland, United States
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Karlsson TE, Wellfelt K, Olson L. Spatiotemporal and Long Lasting Modulation of 11 Key Nogo Signaling Genes in Response to Strong Neuroexcitation. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:94. [PMID: 28442990 PMCID: PMC5386981 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of nerve growth and plasticity in the CNS is to a large part mediated by Nogo-like signaling, now encompassing a plethora of ligands, receptors, co-receptors and modulators. Here we describe the distribution and levels of mRNA encoding 11 key genes involved in Nogo-like signaling (Nogo-A, Oligodendrocyte-Myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1), NgR2, NgR3, Lingo-1, TNF receptor orphan Y (Troy), Olfactomedin, Lateral olfactory tract usher substance (Lotus) and membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MT3-MPP)), as well as BDNF and GAPDH. Expression was analyzed in nine different brain areas before, and at eight time points during the first 3 days after a strong neuroexcitatory stimulation, caused by one kainic acid injection. A temporo-spatial pattern of orderly transcriptional regulations emerges that strengthens the role of Nogo-signaling mechanisms for synaptic plasticity in synchrony with transcriptional increases of BDNF mRNA. For most Nogo-type signaling genes, the largest alterations of mRNA levels occur in the dentate gyrus, with marked alterations also in the CA1 region. Changes occurred somewhat later in several areas of the cerebral cortex. The detailed spatio-temporal pattern of mRNA presence and kainic acid-induced transcriptional response is gene-specific. We reveal that several different gene alterations combine to decrease (and later increase) Nogo-like signaling, as expected to allow structural plasticity responses. Other genes are altered in the opposite direction, suggesting that the system prepares in advance in order to rapidly restore balance. However, the fact that Lingo-1 shows a seemingly opposite, plasticity inhibiting response to kainic acid (strong increase of mRNA in the dentate gyrus), may instead suggest a plasticity-enhancing intracellular function of this presumed NgR1 co-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrin Wellfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
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