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Dhapola R, Sharma P, Kumari S, Bhatti JS, HariKrishnaReddy D. Environmental Toxins and Alzheimer's Disease: a Comprehensive Analysis of Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Modulation. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3657-3677. [PMID: 38006469 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Inorganic and organic hazards, susceptibility to harmful metals, pesticides, agrochemicals, and air pollution are major environmental concerns. As merely 5% of AD cases are directly inherited indicating that these environmental factors play a major role in disease development. Long-term exposure to environmental toxins is believed to progress neuropathology, which leads to the development of AD. Numerous in-vitro and in-vivo studies have suggested the harmful impact of environmental toxins at cellular and molecular level. Common mechanisms involved in the toxicity of these environmental pollutants include oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal tau, and APP processing. Increased expression of GSK-3β, BACE-1, TNF-α, and pro-apoptotic molecules like caspases is observed upon exposure to these environmental toxins. In addition, the expression of neurotrophins like BDNF and GAP-43 have been found to be reduced as a result of toxicity. Further, modulation of signaling pathways involving PARP-1, PGC-1α, and MAPK/ERK induced by toxins have been reported to contribute in AD pathogenesis. These pathways are a promising target for developing novel AD therapeutics. Drugs like epigallocatechin-gallate, neflamapimod, salsalate, dexmedetomidine, and atabecestat are in different phases of clinical trials targeting the pathways for possible treatment of AD. This review aims to culminate the correlation between environmental toxicants and AD development. We emphasized upon the signaling pathways involved in the progression of the disease and the therapeutics under clinical trial targeting the altered pathways for possible treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishika Dhapola
- Advanced Pharmacology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 401, India
| | - Prajjwal Sharma
- Advanced Pharmacology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 401, India
| | - Sneha Kumari
- Advanced Pharmacology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 401, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 401, India
| | - Dibbanti HariKrishnaReddy
- Advanced Pharmacology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 401, India.
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Viskupicova J, Rezbarikova P, Kovacikova L, Kandarova H, Majekova M. Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease: Biological efficacy and toxicity aspects. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 92:105640. [PMID: 37419426 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the highly contagious respiratory disease, COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a significant global public health concern. To combat this virus, researchers have focused on developing antiviral strategies that target specific viral components, such as the main protease (Mpro), which plays a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 replication. While many compounds have been identified as potent inhibitors of Mpro, only a few have been translated into clinical use due to the potential risk-benefit trade-offs. Development of systemic inflammatory response and bacterial co-infection in patients belong to severe, frequent complications of COVID-19. In this context, we analysed available data on the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors for possible implementation in the treatment of complicated and long COVID-19 cases. Synthetic feasibility and ADME properties were calculated and included for better characterisation of the compounds' predicted toxicity. Analysis of the collected data resulted in several clusters pointing to the most prospective compounds for further study and design. The complete tables with collected data are attached in Supplementary material for use by other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Viskupicova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Lucia Kovacikova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Helena Kandarova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Magdalena Majekova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Basheer N, Smolek T, Hassan I, Liu F, Iqbal K, Zilka N, Novak P. Does modulation of tau hyperphosphorylation represent a reasonable therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease? From preclinical studies to the clinical trials. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2197-2214. [PMID: 37264120 PMCID: PMC10611587 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases (PKs) have emerged as one of the most intensively investigated drug targets in current pharmacological research, with indications ranging from oncology to neurodegeneration. Tau protein hyperphosphorylation was the first pathological post-translational modification of tau protein described in Alzheimer's disease (AD), highlighting the role of PKs in neurodegeneration. The therapeutic potential of protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs)) and protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A) activators in AD has recently been explored in several preclinical and clinical studies with variable outcomes. Where a number of preclinical studies demonstrate a visible reduction in the levels of phospho-tau in transgenic tauopathy models, no reduction in neurofibrillary lesions is observed. Amongst the few PKIs and PP2A activators that progressed to clinical trials, most failed on the efficacy front, with only a few still unconfirmed and potential positive trends. This suggests that robust preclinical and clinical data is needed to unequivocally evaluate their efficacy. To this end, we take a systematic look at the results of preclinical and clinical studies of PKIs and PP2A activators, and the evidence they provide regarding the utility of this approach to evaluate the potential of targeting tau hyperphosphorylation as a disease modifying therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Basheer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 845 10, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Smolek
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 845 10, Slovakia
| | - Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA
| | - Norbert Zilka
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 845 10, Slovakia.
- AXON Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Bratislava, 811 02, Slovakia.
| | - Petr Novak
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 845 10, Slovakia.
- AXON Neuroscience CRM Services SE, Bratislava, 811 02, Slovakia.
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Yao W, Yang H, Yang J. Small-molecule drugs development for Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1019412. [PMID: 36389082 PMCID: PMC9664938 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1019412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder with no effective therapeutic drugs currently. The complicated pathophysiology of AD is not well understood, although beta-amyloid (Aβ) cascade and hyperphosphorylated tau protein were regarded as the two main causes of AD. Other mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, deficiency of central cholinergic neurotransmitters, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation, were also proposed and studied as targets in AD. This review aims to summarize the small-molecule drugs that were developed based on the pathogenesis and gives a deeper understanding of the AD. We hope that it could help scientists find new and better treatments to gradually conquer the problems related to AD in future.
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Zhou X, Pan Y, Qu Y, Ke X. Tideglusib Inhibits Pif1 Helicase of Bacteroides sp. via an Irreversible and Cys-380-Dependent Mechanism. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31289-31298. [PMID: 36092604 PMCID: PMC9453980 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pif1 helicase plays multiple roles in maintaining genome stability, which is an attractive therapeutic target for helicase-related diseases, while small molecules targeting Pif1 are not yet available. In this study, we performed a fluorescence polarization-based high-throughput screening and identified that an FDA-approved drug, Tideglusib (TD), could inhibit the DNA-binding activity (IC50 = 6.2 ± 0.4 μM) and ATPase and helicase activity (IC50 = 2-4 μM) of Bacteroides sp. Pif1 (BaPif1), which was also confirmed with human Pif1. In addition, the TD analogue TDZD-8 displayed similar inhibitory effects on Pif1 activities. Notably, TD irreversibly inhibited BaPif1 and severely induced BaPif1 aggregation. Furthermore, inhibition of BaPif1 by TD was significantly attenuated in the presence of dithiothreitol, indicating that TD could be a thiol-reactive compound. We also identified that Cys-380 of BaPif1 is critical for the inhibition by TD, suggesting that TD inhibits BaPif1 via an irreversible and Cys-380-dependent mechanism.
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Rao AC, Venkatesh KV, Nandini V, Sihivahanan D, Alamoudi A, Bahammam HA, Bahammam SA, Zidane B, Bahammam MA, Chohan H, Albar NH, Yadalam PK, Patil S. Evaluating the Effect of Tideglusib-Loaded Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles as a Potential Dentine Regenerative Material. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134567. [PMID: 35806692 PMCID: PMC9267687 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Dental pulp treatment is the least intrusive procedure currently available for preserving the vitality of the pulp. Several studies are underway to improve the bioactivity of pulp capping materials. Tideglusib isa potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and a regenerative drug developed against Alzheimer’s disease and has been shown to be effective in the treatment of dental cavities. However, its bioactive properties encapsulated within the nanoparticles as a component of pulp capping material are largely unknown. In this study, tideglusib-loaded bioactive glass nanoparticles were synthesized (tideglusib-BgNPs) and mixed at various concentrations into the calcium silicate cement to testits physiomechanical and bioactivitiescompared with biodentine (control). The calcium silicate cement with 10wgt% tideglusib-BgNPs showed comparable physiomechanical properties to that of biodentine. Additionally, the assessment of cytotoxicity and bioactivity (cell proliferation, wound healing, and cell migration assays) showed increased bioactivity in terms of better wound healing, increased proliferation, and better migration of human dental pulp stem cells than biodentine. These findings suggest new opportunities to use tideglusib-BgNPs in pulp therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil C. Rao
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai 603203, India; (A.C.R.); (K.V.V.); (D.S.)
| | - K. Vijay Venkatesh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai 603203, India; (A.C.R.); (K.V.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Vidyashree Nandini
- Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai 603203, India;
| | - Dhanasekaran Sihivahanan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai 603203, India; (A.C.R.); (K.V.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Ahmed Alamoudi
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80209, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hammam Ahmed Bahammam
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80209, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sarah Ahmed Bahammam
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia; or
| | - Bassam Zidane
- Restorative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maha A. Bahammam
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80209, Saudi Arabia;
- Executive Presidency of Academic Affairs, Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, Riyadh 11614, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hitesh Chohan
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.C.); (N.H.A.)
| | - Nassreen H. Albar
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.C.); (N.H.A.)
| | - Pradeep Kumar Yadalam
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 602117, India;
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
- Correspondence:
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Gianferrara T, Cescon E, Grieco I, Spalluto G, Federico S. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Involvement in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4631-4697. [PMID: 35170406 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220216113517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GSK-3β activity has been strictly related to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Alzheimer's disease is the most studied neurodegenerative disease, but GSK-3β seems to be involved in almost all neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease and the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to help researchers both working on this research topic or not to have a comprehensive overview on GSK-3β in the context of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. METHOD Literature has been searched using PubMed and SciFinder databases by inserting specific keywords. A total of more than 500 articles have been discussed. RESULTS First of all, the structure and regulation of the kinase were briefly discussed and then, specific GSK-3β implications in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases were illustrated also with the help of figures, to conclude with a comprehensive overview on the most important GSK-3β and multitarget inhibitors. For all discussed compounds, the structure and IC50 values at the target kinase have been reported. CONCLUSION GSK-3β is involved in several signaling pathways both in neurons as well as in glial cells and immune cells. The fine regulation and interconnection of all these pathways are at the base of the rationale use of GSK-3β inhibitors in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In fact, some compounds are now under clinical trials. Despite this, pharmacodynamic and ADME/Tox profiles of the compounds were often not fully characterized and this is deleterious in such a complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gianferrara
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cescon
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ilenia Grieco
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Tideglusib Ameliorates Ischemia/Reperfusion Damage by Inhibiting GSK-3β and Apoptosis in Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106349. [PMID: 35152130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), a serine/threonine protein kinase, gets activated and worsen stroke outcome after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by inducing inflammation and apoptosis. In this study, tideglusib, a selective irreversible and non-ATP competitive inhibitor of GSK-3β, was explored in cerebral I/R damage using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS MCAo was done for 90 min in male Wistar rats (250-280 g) using doccol suture. In pre-treatment group, tideglusib (50 mg/kg) was administered once daily for 2 days and on the day of surgery, 30 min before MCAo. Next day, rats were examined for neurobehavioral parameters and MRI was performed to assess brain damage. In post-treatment group, tideglusib was started at 30 min after MCAo and continued for the next 2 days. After 72 h of MCAo, behavioral parameters and brain damage by MRI were assessed. Further, oxidative stress markers (MDA and GSH), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10) and expression levels of pGSK-3β S9, Bcl-2 and Bax were estimated in pre-treatment group. RESULTS Tideglusib pre-treatment but not post-treatment significantly improved neurobehavioral parameters (p < 0.05) and reduced brain damage (p < 0.01) when compared with MCAo group. I/R induced changes in MDA (p < 0.01), TNF-α and IL-1β (p < 0.05) were significantly attenuated by pre-treatment. Further, tideglusib pre-treatment ameliorated MCAo induced altered expressions of pGSK-3β S9, Bcl-2 and Bax. CONCLUSION The results of our exploratory study indicated prophylactic potential of tideglusib in I/R injury by modulating pGSK-3β S9, apoptosis and neuro-inflammation.
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Arciniegas Ruiz SM, Eldar-Finkelman H. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibitors: Preclinical and Clinical Focus on CNS-A Decade Onward. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:792364. [PMID: 35126052 PMCID: PMC8813766 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.792364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase, GSK-3, participates in diverse biological processes and is now recognized a promising drug discovery target in treating multiple pathological conditions. Over the last decade, a range of newly developed GSK-3 inhibitors of diverse chemotypes and inhibition modes has been developed. Even more conspicuous is the dramatic increase in the indications that were tested from mood and behavior disorders, autism and cognitive disabilities, to neurodegeneration, brain injury and pain. Indeed, clinical and pre-clinical studies were largely expanded uncovering new mechanisms and novel insights into the contribution of GSK-3 to neurodegeneration and central nerve system (CNS)-related disorders. In this review we summarize new developments in the field and describe the use of GSK-3 inhibitors in the variety of CNS disorders. This remarkable volume of information being generated undoubtedly reflects the great interest, as well as the intense hope, in developing potent and safe GSK-3 inhibitors in clinical practice.
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Piazzi M, Bavelloni A, Cenni V, Faenza I, Blalock WL. Revisiting the Role of GSK3, A Modulator of Innate Immunity, in Idiopathic Inclusion Body Myositis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113255. [PMID: 34831477 PMCID: PMC8625526 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic or sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM) is the leading age-related (onset >50 years of age) autoimmune muscular pathology, resulting in significant debilitation in affected individuals. Once viewed as primarily a degenerative disorder, it is now evident that much like several other neuro-muscular degenerative disorders, IBM has a major autoinflammatory component resulting in chronic inflammation-induced muscle destruction. Thus, IBM is now considered primarily an inflammatory pathology. To date, there is no effective treatment for sporadic inclusion body myositis, and little is understood about the pathology at the molecular level, which would offer the best hopes of at least slowing down the degenerative process. Among the previously examined potential molecular players in IBM is glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3, whose role in promoting TAU phosphorylation and inclusion bodies in Alzheimer’s disease is well known. This review looks to re-examine the role of GSK3 in IBM, not strictly as a promoter of TAU and Abeta inclusions, but as a novel player in the innate immune system, discussing some of the recent roles discovered for this well-studied kinase in inflammatory-mediated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Piazzi
- “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza” Istituto di Genetica Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (V.C.)
- IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Bavelloni
- Laboratorio di Oncologia Sperimentale, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Vittoria Cenni
- “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza” Istituto di Genetica Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (V.C.)
- IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Faenza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche and Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - William L. Blalock
- “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza” Istituto di Genetica Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (V.C.)
- IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Gold PW. The PPARg System in Major Depression: Pathophysiologic and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9248. [PMID: 34502154 PMCID: PMC8430913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To an exceptional degree, and through multiple mechanisms, the PPARg system rapidly senses cellular stress, and functions in the CNS in glial cells, neurons, and cerebrovascular endothelial cell in multiple anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective ways. We now know that depression is associated with neurodegeneration in the subgenual prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, decreased neuroplasticity, and defective neurogenesis. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is markedly depleted in these areas, and is thought to contribute to the neurodegeneration of the subgenual prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. The PPARg system strongly increases BDNF levels and activity in these brain areas. The PPARg system promotes both neuroplasticity and neurogenesis, both via effects on BDNF, and through other mechanisms. Ample evidence exists that these brain areas transduce many of the cardinal features of depression, directly or through their projections to sites such as the amygdala and nucleus accumbens. Behaviorally, these include feelings of worthlessness, anxiety, dread of the future, and significant reductions in the capacity to anticipate and experience pleasure. Physiologically, these include activation of the CRH and noradrenergic system in brain and the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the periphery. Patients with depression are also insulin-resistant. The PPARg system influences each of these behavioral and physiological in ways that would ameliorate the manifestations of depressive illness. In addition to the cognitive and behavioral manifestations of depression, depressive illness is associated with the premature onsets of coronary artery disease, stroke, diabetes, and osteoporosis. As a consequence, patients with depressive illness lose approximately seven years of life. Inflammation and insulin resistance are two of the predominant processes that set into motion these somatic manifestations. PPARg agonists significantly ameliorate both pathological processes. In summary, PPARg augmentation can impact positively on multiple significant pathological processes in depression. These include loss of brain tissue, defective neuroplasticity and neurogenesis, widespread inflammation in the central nervous system and periphery, and insulin resistance. Thus, PPARg agonists could potentially have significant antidepressant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Gold
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Martínez-González L, Gonzalo-Consuegra C, Gómez-Almería M, Porras G, de Lago E, Martín-Requero Á, Martínez A. Tideglusib, a Non-ATP Competitive Inhibitor of GSK-3β as a Drug Candidate for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168975. [PMID: 34445680 PMCID: PMC8396476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is the most common degenerative motor neuron disease in adults. About 97% of ALS patients present TDP-43 aggregates with post-translational modifications, such as hyperphosphorylation, in the cytoplasm of affected cells. GSK-3β is one of the protein kinases involved in TDP-43 phosphorylation. Up-regulation of its expression and activity is reported on spinal cord and cortex tissues of ALS patients. Here, we propose the repurposing of Tideglusib, an in-house non-ATP competitive GSK-3β inhibitor that is currently in clinical trials for autism and myotonic dystrophy, as a promising therapeutic strategy for ALS. With this aim we have evaluated the efficacy of Tideglusib in different experimental ALS models both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we observed that GSK-3β activity is increased in lymphoblasts from sporadic ALS patients, with a simultaneous increase in TDP-43 phosphorylation and cytosolic TDP-43 accumulation. Treatment with Tideglusib decreased not only phospho-TDP-43 levels but also recovered its nuclear localization in ALS lymphoblasts and in a human TDP-43 neuroblastoma model. Additionally, we found that chronic oral treatment with Tideglusib is able to reduce the increased TDP-43 phosphorylation in the spinal cord of Prp-hTDP-43A315T mouse model. Therefore, we consider Tideglusib as a promising drug candidate for ALS, being proposed to start a clinical trial phase II by the end of the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Martínez-González
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Calle Ramiro Maétzu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.-G.); (G.P.)
| | - Claudia Gonzalo-Consuegra
- Instituto de Investigación en Neuroquίmica, Departamento de Bioquίmica y Biologίa Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.G.-A.); (E.d.L.)
| | - Marta Gómez-Almería
- Instituto de Investigación en Neuroquίmica, Departamento de Bioquίmica y Biologίa Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.G.-A.); (E.d.L.)
| | - Gracia Porras
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Calle Ramiro Maétzu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.-G.); (G.P.)
| | - Eva de Lago
- Instituto de Investigación en Neuroquίmica, Departamento de Bioquίmica y Biologίa Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.G.-A.); (E.d.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Martín-Requero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Calle Ramiro Maétzu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.-G.); (G.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (Á.M.-R.); (A.M.); Tel.: +34-918-37-12 (ext. 4222) (Á.M.-R.); +34-918-37-31-12 (ext. 4437) (A.M.)
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Calle Ramiro Maétzu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.-G.); (G.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (Á.M.-R.); (A.M.); Tel.: +34-918-37-12 (ext. 4222) (Á.M.-R.); +34-918-37-31-12 (ext. 4437) (A.M.)
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13
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Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease: Might Mitochondrial Dysfunction Help Deciphering the Common Path? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081257. [PMID: 34439505 PMCID: PMC8389322 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of clinical and epidemiological studies support the hypothesis of a tight correlation between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the development risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Indeed, the proposed definition of Alzheimer's disease as type 3 diabetes (T3D) underlines the key role played by deranged insulin signaling to accumulation of aggregated amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in the senile plaques of the brain. Metabolic disturbances such as hyperglycemia, peripheral hyperinsulinemia, dysregulated lipid metabolism, and chronic inflammation associated with T2DM are responsible for an inefficient transport of insulin to the brain, producing a neuronal insulin resistance that triggers an enhanced production and deposition of Aβ and concomitantly contributes to impairment in the micro-tubule-associated protein Tau, leading to neural degeneration and cognitive decline. Furthermore, the reduced antioxidant capacity observed in T2DM patients, together with the impairment of cerebral glucose metabolism and the decreased performance of mitochondrial activity, suggests the existence of a relationship between oxidative damage, mitochondrial impairment, and cognitive dysfunction that could further reinforce the common pathophysiology of T2DM and AD. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which insulin-signaling dysregulation in T2DM can contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of AD, deepening the analysis of complex mechanisms involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production under oxidative stress and their possible influence in AD and T2DM. In addition, the role of current therapies as tools for prevention or treatment of damage induced by oxidative stress in T2DM and AD will be debated.
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14
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Leite JP, Peixoto-Santos JE. Glia and extracellular matrix molecules: What are their importance for the electrographic and MRI changes in the epileptogenic zone? Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106542. [PMID: 31884121 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules are crucial for the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Especially because of their actions regarding neurotransmitter and ionic control, and synaptic function, these cells can potentially contribute to the hyperexcitability seen in the epileptogenic, while ECM changes are linked to synaptic reorganization. The present review will explore glial and ECM homeostatic roles and their potential contribution to tissue plasticity. Finally, we will address how glial, and ECM changes in the epileptogenic zone can be seen in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), pointing out their importance as markers for the extension of the epileptogenic area. This article is part of the Special Issue "NEWroscience 2018".
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Pereira Leite
- Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
| | - Jose Eduardo Peixoto-Santos
- Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Paulista School of Medicine, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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15
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İYİLİKCİ B, TAŞDEMİR U, ÖZMEN Ö, KIZILDAĞ A. Effect of Tideglusib with Bone Grafting on New Bone Formation. CUMHURIYET DENTAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.7126/cumudj.943229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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16
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Zhu H, Dronamraju V, Xie W, More SS. Sulfur-containing therapeutics in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:305-352. [PMID: 33613018 PMCID: PMC7889054 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur is widely existent in natural products and synthetic organic compounds as organosulfur, which are often associated with a multitude of biological activities. OBenzothiazole, in which benzene ring is fused to the 4,5-positions of the thiazolerganosulfur compounds continue to garner increasing amounts of attention in the field of medicinal chemistry, especially in the development of therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a fatal neurodegenerative disease and the primary cause of age-related dementia posing severe societal and economic burdens. Unfortunately, there is no cure for AD. A lot of research has been conducted on sulfur-containing compounds in the context of AD due to their innate antioxidant potential and some are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review, we have described emerging trends in the field, particularly the concept of multi-targeting and formulation of disease-modifying strategies. SAR, pharmacological targets, in vitro/vivo ADMET, efficacy in AD animal models, and applications in clinical trials of such sulfur compounds have also been discussed. This article provides a comprehensive review of organosulfur-based AD therapeutic agents and provides insights into their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhou Zhu
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Venkateshwara Dronamraju
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wei Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Swati S. More
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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17
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Xie Z, Yang X, Duan Y, Han J, Liao C. Small-Molecule Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Nononcologic Diseases. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1283-1345. [PMID: 33481605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Great successes have been achieved in developing small-molecule kinase inhibitors as anticancer therapeutic agents. However, kinase deregulation plays essential roles not only in cancer but also in almost all major disease areas. Accumulating evidence has revealed that kinases are promising drug targets for different diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system disorders, viral infections, and malaria. Indeed, the first small-molecule kinase inhibitor for treatment of a nononcologic disease was approved in 2011 by the U.S. FDA. To date, 10 such inhibitors have been approved, and more are in clinical trials for applications other than cancer. This Perspective discusses a number of kinases and their small-molecule inhibitors for the treatment of diseases in nononcologic therapeutic fields. The opportunities and challenges in developing such inhibitors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouling Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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18
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Benn CL, Dawson LA. Clinically Precedented Protein Kinases: Rationale for Their Use in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:242. [PMID: 33117143 PMCID: PMC7494159 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinases are an intensively studied drug target class in current pharmacological research as evidenced by the large number of kinase inhibitors being assessed in clinical trials. Kinase-targeted therapies have potential for treatment of a broad array of indications including central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In addition to the many variables which contribute to identification of a successful therapeutic molecule, drug discovery for CNS-related disorders also requires significant consideration of access to the target organ and specifically crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To date, only a small number of kinase inhibitors have been reported that are specifically designed to be BBB permeable, which nonetheless demonstrates the potential for success. This review considers the potential for kinase inhibitors in the context of unmet medical need for neurodegenerative disease. A subset of kinases that have been the focus of clinical investigations over a 10-year period have been identified and discussed individually. For each kinase target, the data underpinning the validity of each in the context of neurodegenerative disease is critically evaluated. Selected molecules for each kinase are identified with information on modality, binding site and CNS penetrance, if known. Current clinical development in neurodegenerative disease are summarized. Collectively, the review indicates that kinase targets with sufficient rationale warrant careful design approaches with an emphasis on improving brain penetrance and selectivity.
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19
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Matsunaga S, Fujishiro H, Takechi H. Efficacy and Safety of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:1031-1039. [PMID: 31156177 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy and safety of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) inhibitors in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unknown. OBJECTIVE A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to test GSK-3 inhibitors on AD patients. METHODS We included RCTs of GSK-3 inhibitors in AD patients and subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), using cognitive function scores as a primary measure. RESULTS Five RCTs (three RCTs using lithium and two RCTs using tideglusib) with 568 patients were included. There was no significant difference in cognitive function scores between the GSK-3 inhibitors and placebo groups [standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.25, p = 0.11, I2 = 55% ]. However, significant heterogeneity remained. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the lithium subgroup was more effective on cognitive function scores than placebo for AD and MCI (lithium subgroup: SMD = -0.41, p = 0.04; tideglusib subgroup: SMD = -0.02, p = 0.89). Moreover, a meta-regression analysis showed that the effect size of GSK-3 inhibitors on cognitive function scores was associated with study duration (coefficient, -0.0116). For safety outcomes, tideglusib was associated with a higher incidence of increased aspartate aminotransferase than placebo. There were no significant differences in other secondary outcomes between treatments. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that GSK-3 inhibitors were ineffective in treating AD and MCI; however, several studies included in the present meta-analysis were small, and future studies using a larger sample size are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Matsunaga
- Department of Geriatrics and Cognitive Disorders, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Fujishiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Memorial Hospital, Miyamae, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hajime Takechi
- Department of Geriatrics and Cognitive Disorders, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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20
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Song T, Yang W, Huang L, Yang Z, Jiang S. Zearalenone exposure affects the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and related genes of porcine endometrial epithelial cells in vitro. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:993-1005. [PMID: 32898953 PMCID: PMC8100490 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Zearalenone (ZEA) has estrogen-like effects. Our previous study has shown that ZEA (0.5 to 1.5 mg/kg) could induce abnormal uterine proliferation through transforming growth factor signaling pathway. To further study the other regulatory networks of uterine hypertrophy caused by ZEA, the potential mechanism of ZEA on porcine endometrial epithelial cells (PECs) was explored by the Illumina Hiseq 2000 sequencing system. Methods The PECs were treated with ZEA at 0 (ZEA0), 5 (ZEA5), 20 (ZEA20), and 80 (ZEA80) μmol/L for 24 h. The collected cells were subjected to cell cycle, RNA-seq, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, and western blot analysis. Results The proportion of cells in the S and G2 phases decreased (p<0.05), but the proportion of cells in the G1 phase increased (p<0.05) in the ZEA80 treatment. Data analysis revealed that the expression of Wnt pathway-related genes, estrogen-related genes, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway-related genes increased (p<0.05), but the expression of genetic stability genes decreased (p<0.05) with increasing ZEA concentrations. The relative mRNA and protein expression of WNT1, β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) were increased (p<0.05) with ZEA increasing, while the relative mRNA and protein expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1) was decreased (p<0.05). Moreover, our immunofluorescence results indicate that β-catenin accumulated around the nucleus from the cell membrane and cytoplasm with increasing ZEA concentrations. Conclusion In summary, ZEA can activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by up-regulating WNT1 and β-catenin expression, to promote the proliferation and development of PECs. At the same time, the up-regulation of GSK-3β and down-regulation of CCND1, as well as the mRNA expression of other pathway related genes indicated that other potential effects of ZEA on the uterine development need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Song
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271 018, China
| | - Weiren Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271 018, China
| | - Libo Huang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271 018, China
| | - Zaibin Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271 018, China
| | - Shuzhen Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271 018, China
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21
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Liu P, Du J. Oridonin is an antidepressant molecule working through the PPAR-γ/AMPA receptor signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114136. [PMID: 32628930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oridonin is a diterpene compound that regulates the activity of PPAR-γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) transcription factor. Cumulative evidence indicates that AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid)-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) play an important role in the treatment of depression. In the article, we found that after treatment with oridonin, the immobility time of mice was significantly reduced in the tail suspension test (TST) and the forced-swim test (FST). After five consecutive days of treatment in mice, oridonin significantly enhanced the expression of PPAR-γ, GluA1 (Ser845) phosphorylation, and GluA1 in the total protein extract of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Blocking PPAR-γ was able to block antidepressant effects of oridonin. In synaptosome fractions of the PFC, oridonin treatment also significantly increased the GluA1 (Ser845) phosphorylation and GluA1 levels. Moreover, antidepressant actions of oridonin were blocked by AMPA receptor-specific antagonist GYKI 52466. This study demonstrates that oridonin regulates PPAR-γ/AMPA receptor signaling in the prefrontal cortex, and that oridonin can be identified as a novel antidepressant with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Jing Du
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China.
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22
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Sethi J, Van Bulck M, Suhail A, Safarzadeh M, Perez-Castillo A, Pan G. A label-free biosensor based on graphene and reduced graphene oxide dual-layer for electrochemical determination of beta-amyloid biomarkers. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:288. [PMID: 32333119 PMCID: PMC7182627 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A label-free biosensor is developed for the determination of plasma-based Aβ1–42 biomarker in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The platform is based on highly conductive dual-layer of graphene and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The modification of dual-layer with 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Pyr-NHS) is achieved to facilitate immobilization of H31L21 antibody. The effect of these modifications were studied with morphological, spectral and electrochemical techniques. The response of the biosensor was evaluated using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The data was acquired at a working potential of ~ 180 mV and a scan rate of 50 mV s−1. A low limit of detection (LOD) of 2.398 pM is achieved over a wide linear range from 11 pM to 55 nM. The biosensor exhibits excellent specificity over Aβ1–40 and ApoE ε4 interfering species. Thus, it provides a viable tool for electrochemical determination of Aβ1–42. Spiked human and mice plasmas were used for the successful validation of the sensing platform in bio-fluidic samples. The results obtained from mice plasma analysis concurred with the immunohistochemistry (IHC) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data obtained from brain analysis. Schematic representation of the electrochemical system proposed for Aβ1–42 determination: (a) modification of graphene screen-printed electrode (SPE) with monolayer graphene oxide (GO) followed by its electrochemical reduction generating graphene/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) dual-layer (b), modification of dual-layer with linker (c), Aβ1–42 antibody (H31L21) (d), bovine serum albumin (BSA) (e) and Aβ1–42 peptide (f). ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagriti Sethi
- Wolfson Nanomagnetics Laboratory, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Michiel Van Bulck
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valderrebollo, 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ahmed Suhail
- Wolfson Nanomagnetics Laboratory, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Mina Safarzadeh
- Wolfson Nanomagnetics Laboratory, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Ana Perez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valderrebollo, 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Genhua Pan
- Wolfson Nanomagnetics Laboratory, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
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23
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Wei L, Wen W, Rao L, Huang Y, Lei M, Liu K, Hu S, Song R, Ren Y, Wan J. Cov_FB3D: A De Novo Covalent Drug Design Protocol Integrating the BA-SAMP Strategy and Machine-Learning-Based Synthetic Tractability Evaluation. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:4388-4402. [PMID: 32233478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
De novo drug design actively seeks to use sets of chemical rules for the fast and efficient identification of structurally new chemotypes with the desired set of biological properties. Fragment-based de novo design tools have been successfully applied in the discovery of noncovalent inhibitors. Nevertheless, these tools are rarely applied in the field of covalent inhibitor design. Herein, we present a new protocol, called Cov_FB3D, which involves the in silico assembly of potential novel covalent inhibitors by identifying the active fragments in the covalently binding site of the target protein. In this protocol, we propose a BA-SAMP strategy, which combines the noncovalent moiety score with the X-Score as the molecular mechanism (MM) level, and the covalent candidate score with the PM7 as the QM level. The synthetic accessibility of each suggested compound could be further evaluated with machine-learning-based synthetic complexity evaluation (SCScore). An in-depth test of this protocol against the crystal structures of 15 covalent complexes consisting of BTK inhibitors, KRAS inhibitors, EGFR inhibitors, EphB1 inhibitors, MAGL inhibitors, and MAPK inhibitors revealed that most of these inhibitors could be de novo reproduced from the fragments by Cov_FB3D. The binding modes of most generated reference poses could accurately reproduce the known binding mode of most of the reference covalent adduct in the binding site (RMSD ≤ 2 Å). In particular, most of these inhibitors were ranked in the top 2%, using the BA-SAMP strategy. Notably, the novel human ALDOA inhibitor (T1) with potent inhibitory activity (0.34 ± 0.03 μM) and greater synthetic accessibility was successfully de novo designed by this protocol. The positive results confirm the abilities of Cov_FB3D protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wei
- International Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis (Hubei), Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wuqiang Wen
- International Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis (Hubei), Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Li Rao
- International Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis (Hubei), Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yunyuan Huang
- International Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis (Hubei), Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Mengting Lei
- International Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis (Hubei), Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, People's Republic of China
| | - Saiya Hu
- International Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis (Hubei), Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Rongrong Song
- International Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis (Hubei), Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yanliang Ren
- International Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis (Hubei), Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jian Wan
- International Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis (Hubei), Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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Saravanan K, Hunday G, Kumaradhas P. Binding and stability of indirubin-3-monoxime in the GSK3β enzyme: a molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:957-974. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1591301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Saravanan
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Govindasamy Hunday
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Poomani Kumaradhas
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
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25
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Armagan G, Sevgili E, Gürkan FT, Köse FA, Bilgiç T, Dagcı T, Saso L. Regulation of the Nrf2 Pathway by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β in MPP⁺-Induced Cell Damage. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071377. [PMID: 30965670 PMCID: PMC6480928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, nuclear translocation and stability of nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) have gained increasing attention in the prevention of oxidative stress. The present study was aimed to evaluate the regulatory role of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibition by tideglusib through the Nrf2 pathway in a cellular damage model. Gene silencing (siRNA-mediated) was performed to examine the responses of Nrf2-target genes (i.e., heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase1) to siRNA depletion of Nrf2 in MPP⁺-induced dopaminergic cell death. Nrf2 and its downstream regulated genes/proteins were analyzed using Real-time PCR and Western Blotting techniques, respectively. Moreover, free radical production, the changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, total glutathione, and glutathione-S-transferase were examined. The possible contribution of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) to tideglusib-mediated neuroprotection was evaluated. The number of viable cells and mitochondrial membrane potential were increased following GSK-3β enzyme inhibition against MPP⁺. HO-1, NQO1 mRNA/protein expressions and Nrf2 nuclear translocation significantly triggered by tideglusib. Moreover, the neuroprotection by tideglusib was not observed in the presence of siRNA Nrf2. Our study supports the idea that GSK-3β enzyme inhibition may modulate the Nrf2/ARE pathway in cellular damage and the inhibitory role of tideglusib on GSK-3β along with PPARγ activation may be responsible for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güliz Armagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Elvin Sevgili
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Fulya Tuzcu Gürkan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Fadime Aydın Köse
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Tuğçe Bilgiç
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Taner Dagcı
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Shoeibi A, Olfati N, Litvan I. Preclinical, phase I, and phase II investigational clinical trials for treatment of progressive supranuclear palsy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:349-361. [PMID: 29602288 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1460356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our understanding of the pathological basis of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), as the most common atypical parkinsonian syndrome, has greatly increased in recent years and a number of disease-modifying therapies are under evaluation as a result of these advances. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss disease-modifying therapeutic options which are currently under evaluation or have been evaluated in preclinical or clinical trials based on their targeted pathophysiologic process. The pathophysiologic mechanisms are broadly divided into three main categories: genetic mechanisms, abnormal post-translational modifications of tau protein, and transcellular tau spread. EXPERT OPINION Once the best therapeutic approaches are identified, it is likely that some combination of interventions will need to be evaluated, but this will take time. It is critical to treat patients at early stages, and development of the Movement Disorder Society PSP diagnostic criteria is an important step in this direction. In addition, development of biological biomarkers such as tau PET and further refinement of tau ligands may help both diagnose early and measure disease progression. In the meantime, a comprehensive, personalized interdisciplinary approach to this disease is absolutely necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shoeibi
- a Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Nahid Olfati
- a Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Irene Litvan
- b UC San Diego Department of Neurosciences , Parkinson and Other Movement Disorder Center , La Jolla , CA , USA
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Dou X, Jiang L, Wang Y, Jin H, Liu Z, Zhang L. Discovery of new GSK-3β inhibitors through structure-based virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:160-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Vohwinkel CU, Buchäckert Y, Al-Tamari HM, Mazzocchi LC, Eltzschig HK, Mayer K, Morty RE, Herold S, Seeger W, Pullamsetti SS, Vadász I. Restoration of Megalin-Mediated Clearance of Alveolar Protein as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Acute Lung Injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:589-602. [PMID: 28678521 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0358oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome constitutes a significant disease burden with regard to both morbidity and mortality. Current therapies are mostly supportive and do not address the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. Removal of protein-rich alveolar edema-a clinical hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome-is critical for survival. Here, we describe a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-triggered mechanism, in which megalin, the primary mediator of alveolar protein transport, is negatively regulated by glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β, with protein phosphatase 1 and nuclear inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 being involved in the signaling cascade. Inhibition of GSK3β rescued transepithelial protein clearance in primary alveolar epithelial cells after TGF-β treatment. Moreover, in a bleomycin-based model of acute lung injury, megalin+/- animals (the megalin-/- variant is lethal due to postnatal respiratory failure) showed a marked increase in intra-alveolar protein and more severe lung injury compared with wild-type littermates. In contrast, wild-type mice treated with the clinically relevant GSK3β inhibitors, tideglusib and valproate, exhibited significantly decreased alveolar protein concentrations, which was associated with improved lung function and histopathology. Together, we discovered that the TGF-β-GSK3β-megalin axis is centrally involved in disturbances of alveolar protein clearance in acute lung injury and provide preclinical evidence for therapeutic efficacy of GSK3β inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine U Vohwinkel
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany.,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yasmin Buchäckert
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hamza M Al-Tamari
- 3 Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and
| | - Luciana C Mazzocchi
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- 4 Organ Protection Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany.,3 Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and
| | - Susanne Herold
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany.,3 Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and
| | - Soni S Pullamsetti
- 3 Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and
| | - István Vadász
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
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Saini NK, Suresh PS, Lella M, Bhamidipati RK, Rajagopal S, Mullangi R. LC-MS/MS determination of tideglusib, a novel GSK-3β inhibitor in mice plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in mice. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 148:100-107. [PMID: 28982059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, specific and rapid LC-ESI-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the quantification of tideglusib in mice plasma using warfarin as an internal standard (I.S.) as per regulatory guidelines. Sample preparation was accomplished through liquid-liquid extraction process. Chromatographic separation was performed on Atlantis dC18 column using mobile phase A (acetonitrile) and B (5mM ammonium acetate in water) in a flow-gradient mode. Elution of tideglusib and the I.S. occurred at ∼2.06 and 1.29min, respectively. The total chromatographic run time was 3.2min. A linear response function was established in the concentration range of 20.2-1008ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were in the range of 4.61-12.6 and 6.04-11.8%, respectively. This novel method has been applied to a pharmacokinetic study in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar Saini
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys Ltd., Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
| | - P S Suresh
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys Ltd., Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
| | - Mahalakhsmi Lella
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys Ltd., Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
| | - Ravi Kanth Bhamidipati
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys Ltd., Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
| | - Sriram Rajagopal
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys Ltd., Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
| | - Ramesh Mullangi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys Ltd., Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560 022, India.
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De Simone A, Fiori J, Naldi M, D’Urzo A, Tumiatti V, Milelli A, Andrisano V. Application of an ESI-QTOF method for the detailed characterization of GSK-3β inhibitors. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 144:159-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Liao L, Zhang X, Li J, Zhang Z, Yang C, Rao C, Zhou C, Zeng L, Zhao L, Fang L, Yang D, Xie P. Pioglitazone attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like behaviors, modulates NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3, CREB/BDNF pathways and central serotonergic neurotransmission in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 49:178-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Hermida MA, Dinesh Kumar J, Leslie NR. GSK3 and its interactions with the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling network. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 65:5-15. [PMID: 28712664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK3 or GSK-3) is a promiscuous protein kinase and its phosphorylation of its diverse substrates has major influences on many areas of physiology and pathology, including cellular metabolism, lineage commitment and neuroscience. GSK3 was one of the first identified substrates of the heavily studied oncogenic kinase AKT, phosphorylation by which inhibits GSK3 activity via the formation of an autoinhibitory pseudosubstrate sequence. This has led to investigation of the role of GSK3 inhibition as a key component of the cellular responses to growth factors and insulin, which stimulate the class I PI 3-Kinases and in turn AKT activity and GSK3 phosphorylation. GSK3 has been shown to phosphorylate several upstream and downstream components of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling network, including AKT itself, RICTOR, TSC1 and 2, PTEN and IRS1 and 2, with the potential to apply feedback control within the network. However, it has been clear for some time that functionally distinct, insulated pools of GSK3 exist which are regulated independently, so that for some GSK3 substrates such as β-catenin, phosphorylation by GSK3 is not controlled by input from PI3K and AKT. Instead, as almost all GSK3 substrates require a priming phosphorylated residue to be 4 amino acids C-terminal to the Ser/Thr phosphorylated by GSK3, the predominant form of regulation of the activity of GSK3 often appears to be through control over these priming events, specific to individual substrates. Therefore, a major role of GSK3 can be viewed as an amplifier of the electrostatic effects on protein function which are caused by these priming phosphorylation events. Here we discuss these different aspects to GSK3 regulation and function, and the functions of GSK3 as it integrates with signalling through the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Hermida
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - J Dinesh Kumar
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Nick R Leslie
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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Peña-Altamira E, Petralla S, Massenzio F, Virgili M, Bolognesi ML, Monti B. Nutritional and Pharmacological Strategies to Regulate Microglial Polarization in Cognitive Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28638339 PMCID: PMC5461295 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of microglia, the immune cells of the brain, has experienced a renaissance after the discovery of microglia polarization. In fact, the concept that activated microglia can shift into the M1 pro-inflammatory or M2 neuroprotective phenotypes, depending on brain microenvironment, has completely changed the understanding of microglia in brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia polarization is particularly important in aging since an increased inflammatory status of body compartments, including the brain, has been reported in elderly people. In addition, inflammatory markers, mainly derived from activated microglia, are widely present in neurodegenerative diseases. Microglial inflammatory dysfunction, also linked to microglial senescence, has been extensively demonstrated and associated with cognitive impairment in neuropathological conditions related to aging. In fact, microglia polarization is known to influence cognitive function and has therefore become a main player in neurodegenerative diseases leading to dementia. As the life span of human beings increases, so does the prevalence of cognitive dysfunction. Thus, therapeutic strategies aimed to modify microglia polarization are currently being developed. Pharmacological approaches able to shift microglia from M1 pro-inflammatory to M2 neuroprotective phenotype are actually being studied, by acting on many different molecular targets, such as glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) β, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), histone deacetylases (HDACs), etc. Furthermore, nutritional approaches can also modify microglia polarization and, consequently, impact cognitive function. Several bioactive compounds normally present in foods, such as polyphenols, can have anti-inflammatory effects on microglia. Both pharmacological and nutritional approaches seem to be promising, but still need further development. Here we review recent data on these approaches and propose that their combination could have a synergistic effect to counteract cognitive aging impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD) through immunomodulation of microglia polarization, i.e., by driving the shift of activated microglia from the pro-inflammatory M1 to the neuroprotective M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabrina Petralla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Massenzio
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Marco Virgili
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Maria L Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
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de Matos AM, de Macedo MP, Rauter AP. Bridging Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease: Assembling the Puzzle Pieces in the Quest for the Molecules With Therapeutic and Preventive Potential. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:261-324. [PMID: 28422298 DOI: 10.1002/med.21440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two age-related amyloid diseases that affect millions of people worldwide. Broadly supported by epidemiological data, the higher incidence of AD among type 2 diabetic patients led to the recognition of T2D as a tangible risk factor for the development of AD. Indeed, there is now growing evidence on brain structural and functional abnormalities arising from brain insulin resistance and deficiency, ultimately highlighting the need for new approaches capable of preventing the development of AD in type 2 diabetic patients. This review provides an update on overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms and pathways in T2D and AD, such as amyloidogenic events, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, aberrant enzymatic activity, and even shared genetic background. These events will be presented as puzzle pieces put together, thus establishing potential therapeutic targets for drug discovery and development against T2D and diabetes-induced cognitive decline-a heavyweight contributor to the increasing incidence of dementia in developed countries. Hoping to pave the way in this direction, we will present some of the most promising and well-studied drug leads with potential against both pathologies, including their respective bioactivity reports, mechanisms of action, and structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marta de Matos
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.,CEDOC Chronic Diseases, Nova Medical School, Rua Câmara Pestana n 6, 6-A, Ed. CEDOC II, 1150-082, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula de Macedo
- CEDOC Chronic Diseases, Nova Medical School, Rua Câmara Pestana n 6, 6-A, Ed. CEDOC II, 1150-082, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Amélia Pilar Rauter
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
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Simeone TA, Matthews SA, Samson KK, Simeone KA. Regulation of brain PPARgamma2 contributes to ketogenic diet anti-seizure efficacy. Exp Neurol 2016; 287:54-64. [PMID: 27527983 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) is an effective therapy primarily used in pediatric patients whom are refractory to current anti-seizure medications. The mechanism of the KD is not completely understood, but is thought to involve anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant processes. The nutritionally-regulated transcription factor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, PPARγ, regulates genes involved in anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant pathways. Moreover, endogenous ligands of PPARγ include fatty acids suggesting a potential role in the effects of the KD. Here, we tested the hypothesis that PPARγ contributes to the anti-seizure efficacy of the KD. We found that the KD increased nuclear protein content of the PPARγ2 splice variant by 2-4 fold (P<0.05) in brain homogenates from wild-type (WT) and epileptic Kv1.1 knockout (KO) mice, while not affecting PPARγ1. The KD reduced the frequency of seizures in Kv1.1KO mice by ~70% (P<0.01). GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist, prevented KD-mediated changes in PPARγ2 expression and prevented the anti-seizure efficacy of the KD in Kv1.1KO mice. Further supporting the association of PPARγ2 in mediating KD actions, the KD significantly prolonged the latency to flurothyl-induced seizure in WT mice by ~20-35% (P<0.01), but was ineffective in PPARγ2KO mice and neuron-specific PPARγKO mice. Finally, administering the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone increased PPARγ2 expression by 2-fold (P<0.01) and reduced seizures in Kv1.1KO mice by ~80% (P<0.01). Our findings implicate brain PPARγ2 among the mechanisms by which the KD reduces seizures and strongly support the development of PPARγ2 as a therapeutic target for severe, refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Simeone
- Creighton University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Omaha, NE 68174, USA.
| | - Stephanie A Matthews
- Creighton University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Omaha, NE 68174, USA
| | - Kaeli K Samson
- Creighton University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Omaha, NE 68174, USA
| | - Kristina A Simeone
- Creighton University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Omaha, NE 68174, USA
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Wang H, Huang S, Yan K, Fang X, Abussaud A, Martinez A, Sun HS, Feng ZP. Tideglusib, a chemical inhibitor of GSK3β, attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2076-85. [PMID: 27378458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia-ischemia is an important cause of brain injury and neurological morbidity in the newborn infants. The activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is up-regulated following neonatal stroke. Tideglusib is a GSK-3β inhibitor which has neuroprotective effects against neurodegenerative diseases in clinical trials. However, the effect of tideglusib on hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury in neonates is still unknown. METHODS Postnatal day 7 (P7) mouse pups subjected to unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by 1h of hypoxia or sham surgery was performed. HI animals were administered tideglusib (5mg/kg) or vehicle intraperitoneally 20min prior to the onset of ischemia. The brain infarct volume and whole brain images, were used in conjunction with Nissl staining to evaluate the protective effects of tideglusib. Protein levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Notch1, cleaved caspase-3/9, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), GSK-3β and protein kinase B (Akt) were detected to identify potentially involved molecules. RESULTS Tideglusib significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume at both 24h and 7days after HI injury. Tideglusib also increased phosphorylated GSK-3β(Ser9) and Akt(Ser473), and reduced the expression of GFAP and p-STAT3(Tyr705). In addition, pretreatment with tideglusib also enhanced the protein level of Notch1. Moreover, tideglusib reduced the cleavage of pro-apoptotic signal caspase proteins, including caspase 3 and caspase 9 following HI. CONCLUSION These results indicate that tideglusib shows neuroprotection against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Tideglusib is a potential compound for the prevention or treatment of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sammen Huang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kuipo Yan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Fang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed Abussaud
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Direct determination of GSK-3β activity and inhibition by UHPLC-UV–vis diode arrays detector (DAD). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 124:104-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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38
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Sun A, Li C, Chen R, Huang Y, Chen Q, Cui X, Liu H, Thrasher JB, Li B. GSK-3β controls autophagy by modulating LKB1-AMPK pathway in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2016; 76:172-83. [PMID: 26440826 PMCID: PMC5408751 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3B, GSK-3β) is a multi-functional protein kinase involved in various cellular processes and its activity elevates after serum deprivation. We have shown that inhibition of GSK-3β activity triggered a profound autophagic response and subsequent necrotic cell death after serum deprivation in prostate cancer cells. In this study, we dissected the mechanisms involved in GSK-3β inhibition-triggered autophagy. METHODS Prostate cancer PC-3 and DU145 cells were used in the study. Multiple GSK-3β specific inhibitors were used including small chemicals TDZD8, Tideglusib, TWS119, and peptide L803-mts. Western blot assay coupled with phospho-specific antibodies were used in detecting signal pathway activation. ATP levels were assessed with ATPLite kit and HPLC methods. Autophagy response was determined by evaluating Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3B) processing and p62 protein stability in Western blot assays. Immunofluorescent microscopy was used to detect LKB1 translocation. RESULTS Inhibition of GSK-3β activity resulted in a significant decline of cellular ATP production, leading to a significant increase of AMP/ATP ratio, a strong trigger of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. In parallel with increased LC-3B biosynthesis and p62 protein reduction, the classical sign of autophagy induction, AMPK was activated after inhibition of GSK-3β activity. Further analysis revealed that Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) but not Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) is involved in AMPK activation and autophagy induction triggered by GSK-3β inhibition. Meanwhile, GSK-3β inhibition promoted LKB1 translocation from nuclear to cytoplasmic compartment and enhanced LKB1 interaction with its regulatory partners Mouse protein-25 (MO25) and STE20-related adaptor (STRAD). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our data suggest that GSK-3β plays an important role in controlling autophagy induction by modulating the activation of LKB1-AMPK pathway after serum deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shaoxing University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Changlin Li
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Ruibao Chen
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yiling Huang
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Department of Pathology, China Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Xiangjun Cui
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Yichang Renmin Hospital, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Huafeng Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Kidney Institute, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | | | - Benyi Li
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Department of Pathology, China Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Yichang Renmin Hospital, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine and Kidney Institute, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
- Correspondence to: Benyi Li, MD/PhD, KUMC Urology, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 3035, Kansas City, KS 66160.
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Armagan G, Keser A, Atalayın Ç, Dagcı T. Tideglusib protects neural stem cells against NMDA receptor overactivation. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:823-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Structure-based design of benzo[e]isoindole-1,3-dione derivatives as selective GSK-3β inhibitors to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Bioorg Chem 2015; 61:21-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Castro-Torres RD, Chaparro-Huerta V, Flores-Soto ME, Jave-Suárez L, Camins A, Armendáriz-Borunda J, Beas-Zárate C, Mena-Munguía S. Pirfenidone Attenuates Microglial Reactivity and Reduces Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase mRNA Expression After Kainic Acid-Mediated Excitotoxicity in Pubescent Rat Hippocampus. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:245-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bhowmik M, Khanam R, Saini N, Vohora D. Activation of AKT/GSK3β pathway by TDZD-8 attenuates kainic acid induced neurodegeneration but not seizures in mice. Neurotoxicology 2015; 46:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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43
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Abdou E, Hazell AS. Thiamine deficiency: an update of pathophysiologic mechanisms and future therapeutic considerations. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:353-61. [PMID: 25297573 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine is an essential vitamin that is necessary to maintain the functional integrity of cells in the brain. Its deficiency is the underlying cause of Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE), a disorder primarily associated with, but not limited to, chronic alcoholism. Thiamine deficiency leads to the development of impaired energy metabolism due to mitochondrial dysfunction in focal regions of the brain resulting in cerebral vulnerability. The consequences of this include oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, inflammatory responses, decreased neurogenesis, blood-brain barrier disruption, lactic acidosis and a reduction in astrocyte functional integrity involving a loss of glutamate transporters and other astrocyte-specific proteins which together contribute in a major way to the resulting neurodegeneration. Exactly how these factors acting in concert lead to the demise of neurons is unclear. In this review we reassess their relative importance in the light of more recent findings and discuss therapeutic possibilities that may provide hope for the future for individuals with WE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Abdou
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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44
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Bowes AL, Yip PK. Modulating inflammatory cell responses to spinal cord injury: all in good time. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:1753-66. [PMID: 24934600 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury can have a range of debilitating effects, permanently impacting a patient's quality of life. Initially thought to be an immune privileged site, the spinal cord is able to mount a timely and well organized inflammatory response to injury. Intricate immune cell interactions are triggered, typically consisting of a staggered multiphasic immune cell response, which can become deregulated if left unchecked. Although several immunomodulatory compounds have yielded success in experimental rodent spinal cord injury models, their translation to human clinical studies needs further consideration. Because temporal differences between rodent and human inflammatory responses to spinal cord injury do exist, drug delivery timing will be a crucial component in recovery from spinal cord injury. Given too early, immunomodulatory therapies may impede beneficial inflammatory reactions to the injured spinal cord or even miss the opportunity to dampen delayed harmful autoimmune processes. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the temporal inflammatory response to spinal cord injury, as well as detailing specific immune cell functions. By clearly defining the chronological order of inflammatory events after trauma, immunomodulatory drug delivery timing can be better optimized. Further, we compare spinal cord injury-induced inflammatory responses in rodent and human studies, enabling clinicians to consider these differences when initiating clinical trials. Improved understanding of the cellular immune response after spinal cord injury would enhance the efficacy of immunomodulatory agents, enabling combined therapies to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Bowes
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London, United Kingdom
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45
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Silva T, Reis J, Teixeira J, Borges F. Alzheimer's disease, enzyme targets and drug discovery struggles: from natural products to drug prototypes. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:116-45. [PMID: 24726823 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incapacitating neurodegenerative disease that slowly destroys brain cells. This disease progressively compromises both memory and cognition, culminating in a state of full dependence and dementia. Currently, AD is the main cause of dementia in the elderly and its prevalence in the developed world is increasing rapidly. Classic drugs, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), fail to decline disease progression and display several side effects that reduce patient's adhesion to pharmacotherapy. The past decade has witnessed an increasing focus on the search for novel AChEIs and new putative enzymatic targets for AD, like β- and γ-secretases, sirtuins, caspase proteins and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). In addition, new mechanistic rationales for drug discovery in AD that include autophagy and synaptogenesis have been discovered. Herein, we describe the state-of-the-art of the development of recent enzymatic inhibitors and enhancers with therapeutic potential on the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Reis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Teixeira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Wang Q, Wang C, Shu Z, Chan K, Huang S, Li Y, Xiao Y, Wu L, Kuang H, Sun X. Valeriana amurensis improves Amyloid-beta 1-42 induced cognitive deficit by enhancing cerebral cholinergic function and protecting the brain neurons from apoptosis in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:318-325. [PMID: 24269774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHAMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Valeriana amurensis, a perennial medicinal herb, has been widely used as anxiolytic, antidepressant, antispasmodic, and sedative in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Moreover, it has been used to treat dementia in Mongolia preparations. In our previous study, we reported that AD-effective fraction of Valeriana amurensis (AD-EFV) has protective effect on Aβ-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. Up to now, however, the therapeutic effect of Valeriana amurensis on Alzheimer disease (AD) has not been explored. This study was designed to determine whether the AD-EFV could improve the Amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced cognitive deficit and to explore the mechanism of AD-EFV improves cognitive deficit in intact animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS The constituents of AD-EFV were isolated with silica gel, octadecyl silica gel (ODS) column chromatography (CC) and preparative HPLC. The structures of compounds were determined by detailed NMR and ESI-MS data analyses. AD mice model was established by injecting A(β1-42) (1 μL, 200 μmol) into the bilateral ventricle. Cognitive performance was evaluated by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. The level of cerebral acetylcholine (ACh), the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were investigated using Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) kits. Brain sections were processed and neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus were evaluated by Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE), Nissl, and Tunel stainings. The analyses of p-ERK/ERK and Bcl-2/Bax protein expression by western blot assay were used to explore the anti-neuronal apoptosis mechanism of AD-EFV. RESULTS Seventeen compounds (15 lignans and two iridoids) were isolated from AD-EFV. A significant improvement in cognitive function was observed in administrated AD-EFV AD model mice. AD-EFV increased the ACh level by enhancing the ChAT activity but has no effect on AChE activity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in mice. Moreover, the histological injury in hippocampus CA1 induced by A(β1-42) was inhibited following administration of the AD-EFV. As well as the expression ratios of Bcl-2 to Bax and p-ERK to ERK were increased significantly in the mice which were administrated AD-EFV. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that AD-EFV could ameliorate Aβ induced cognitive dysfunction through two underlying mechanisms: AD-EFV enhances the cerebral cholinergic function by increasing the secretion of ACh and enhancing the ChAT activity, and AD-EFV protects the brain neurons from Aβ induced apoptosis via activating the p-ERK and Bcl-2 signaling and suppressing the Bax pathways. Besides, the main constituents of AD-EFV are lignans which might be responsible for the AD-activity of Valeriana amurensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Changfu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zunpeng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Kelvin Chan
- Centre for Complementary Medicine Research, University of Western Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shuming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Centre for Complementary Medicine Research, University of Western Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lihua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Tolosa E, Litvan I, Höglinger GU, Burn D, Lees A, Andrés MV, Gómez-Carrillo B, León T, Del Ser T. A phase 2 trial of the GSK-3 inhibitor tideglusib in progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord 2014; 29:470-8. [PMID: 24532007 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It is believed that glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) hyperphosphorylates tau protein in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). The Tau Restoration on PSP (TAUROS) study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of tideglusib, a GSK-3 inhibitor, as potential treatment for PSP. The study enrolled 146 PSP patients with mild-to-moderate disease who were randomized to receive once-daily 600 mg tideglusib, 800 mg tideglusib, or placebo (ratio, 2:2:1) administered orally over 52 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline to week 52 on the PSP rating scale. Secondary endpoints were safety and tolerability of tideglusib, changes in motor function (the Timed Up and Go Test), cognition (Dementia Rating Scale-2, Frontal Assessment Battery, verbal fluency), apathy (Starkstein scale), activities of daily living (Schwab and England scale; Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, part II), quality of life (EuroQol), and Global Clinical Assessment. Brain atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging and several biomarkers in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid also were examined. No significant differences were detected in the primary or secondary endpoints at week 52 between placebo and either dose of tideglusib. Tideglusib was safe, with the exception of some asymptomatic, transient, and reversible transaminase elevations (mainly alanine aminotransferase) in 9% of patients, and diarrhea in 13% of patients. Tideglusib was generally well tolerated but it did not show clinical efficacy in patients with mild-to-moderate PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Tolosa
- Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universidad de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
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Léger GC, Massoud F. Novel disease-modifying therapeutics for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 6:423-42. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2013.811237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia. The early stages of AD are characterized by short-term memory loss. Once the disease progresses, patients experience difficulties in sense of direction, oral communication, calculation, ability to learn, and cognitive thinking. The median duration of the disease is 10 years. The pathology is characterized by deposition of amyloid beta peptide (so-called senile plaques) and tau protein in the form of neurofibrillary tangles. Currently, two classes of drugs are licensed by the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of AD, ie, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for mild to moderate AD, and memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, for moderate and severe AD. Treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or memantine aims at slowing progression and controlling symptoms, whereas drugs under development are intended to modify the pathologic steps leading to AD. Herein, we review the clinical features, pharmacologic properties, and cost-effectiveness of the available acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, and focus on disease-modifying drugs aiming to interfere with the amyloid beta peptide, including vaccination, passive immunization, and tau deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ghezzi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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50
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Tell V, Hilgeroth A. Recent developments of protein kinase inhibitors as potential AD therapeutics. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:189. [PMID: 24312003 PMCID: PMC3832900 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Present Alzheimer’s disease (AD) therapies suffer from inefficient effects on AD symptoms like memory or cognition, especially in later states of the disease. Used acteylcholine esterase inhibitors or the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine address one target structure which is involved in a complex, multifactorial disease progression. So the benefit for patients is presently poor. A more close insight in the AD progression identified more suggested target structures for drug development. Strategies of AD drug development concentrate on novel target structures combined with the established ones dedicated for combined therapy regimes, preferably by the use of one drug which may address two target structures. Protein kinases have been identified as promising target structures because they are involved in AD progression pathways like pathophysiological tau protein phosphorylations and amyloid β toxicity. The review article will shortly view early inhibitors of single protein kinases like glycogen synthase kinase (gsk3) β and cyclin dependent kinase 5. Novel inhibitors will be discussed which address novel AD relevant protein kinases like dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A). Moreover, multitargeting inhibitors will be presented which target several protein kinases and those which are suspected in influencing other AD relevant processes. Such a multitargeting is the most promising strategy to effectively hamper the multifactorial disease progression and thus gives perspective hopes for a future better patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkmar Tell
- Research Group of Drug Development and Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle, Germany
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