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Du X, Zhang S, Khabbaz A, Cohen KL, Zhang Y, Chakraborty S, Smith GM, Wang H, Yadav AP, Liu N, Deng L. Regeneration of Propriospinal Axons in Rat Transected Spinal Cord Injury through a Growth-Promoting Pathway Constructed by Schwann Cells Overexpressing GDNF. Cells 2024; 13:1160. [PMID: 38995011 PMCID: PMC11240522 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Unsuccessful axonal regeneration in transected spinal cord injury (SCI) is mainly attributed to shortage of growth factors, inhibitory glial scar, and low intrinsic regenerating capacity of severely injured neurons. Previously, we constructed an axonal growth permissive pathway in a thoracic hemisected injury by transplantation of Schwann cells overexpressing glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor (SCs-GDNF) into the lesion gap as well as the caudal cord and proved that this novel permissive bridge promoted the regeneration of descending propriospinal tract (dPST) axons across and beyond the lesion. In the current study, we subjected rats to complete thoracic (T11) spinal cord transections and examined whether these combinatorial treatments can support dPST axons' regeneration beyond the transected injury. The results indicated that GDNF significantly improved graft-host interface by promoting integration between SCs and astrocytes, especially the migration of reactive astrocyte into SCs-GDNF territory. The glial response in the caudal graft area has been significantly attenuated. The astrocytes inside the grafted area were morphologically characterized by elongated and slim process and bipolar orientation accompanied by dramatically reduced expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein. Tremendous dPST axons have been found to regenerate across the lesion and back to the caudal spinal cord which were otherwise difficult to see in control groups. The caudal synaptic connections were formed, and regenerated axons were remyelinated. The hindlimb locomotor function has been improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Du
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (X.D.); (S.Z.); (A.K.); (K.L.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.)
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210005, China
| | - Shengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (X.D.); (S.Z.); (A.K.); (K.L.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.)
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Aytak Khabbaz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (X.D.); (S.Z.); (A.K.); (K.L.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.)
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kristen Lynn Cohen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (X.D.); (S.Z.); (A.K.); (K.L.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.)
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yihong Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (X.D.); (S.Z.); (A.K.); (K.L.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.)
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Samhita Chakraborty
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (X.D.); (S.Z.); (A.K.); (K.L.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.)
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - George M. Smith
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
| | - Hongxing Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Amol P. Yadav
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Naikui Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (X.D.); (S.Z.); (A.K.); (K.L.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.)
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lingxiao Deng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (X.D.); (S.Z.); (A.K.); (K.L.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.)
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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2
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Achenbach P, Hillerbrand L, Gerardo-Nava JL, Dievernich A, Hodde D, Sechi AS, Dalton PD, Pich A, Weis J, Altinova H, Brook GA. Function Follows Form: Oriented Substrate Nanotopography Overrides Neurite-Repulsive Schwann Cell-Astrocyte Barrier Formation in an In Vitro Model of Glial Scarring. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:6337-6346. [PMID: 37459449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cell (SC) transplantation represents a promising therapeutic approach for traumatic spinal cord injury but is frustrated by barrier formation, preventing cell migration, and axonal regeneration at the interface between grafted SCs and reactive resident astrocytes (ACs). Although regenerating axons successfully extend into SC grafts, only a few cross the SC-AC interface to re-enter lesioned neuropil. To date, research has focused on identifying and modifying the molecular mechanisms underlying such scarring cell-cell interactions, while the influence of substrate topography remains largely unexplored. Using a recently modified cell confrontation assay to model SC-AC barrier formation in vitro, highly oriented poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibers were observed to reduce AC reactivity, induce extensive oriented intermingling between SCs and ACs, and ultimately enable substantial neurite outgrowth from the SC compartment into the AC territory. It is anticipated that these findings will have important implications for the future design of biomaterial-based scaffolds for nervous tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Achenbach
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Hillerbrand
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - José L Gerardo-Nava
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Advanced Materials for Biomedicine (AMB), Institute of Applied Medical Engineering (AME), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Axel Dievernich
- FEG Textiltechnik Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, 52070 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Hodde
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio S Sechi
- Department of Cell and Tumor Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Paul D Dalton
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Haktan Altinova
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gary A Brook
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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3
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Validation of Recombinant Heparan Sulphate Reagents for CNS Repair. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030407. [PMID: 36979099 PMCID: PMC10044841 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapies that target the multicellular pathology of central nervous system (CNS) disease/injury are urgently required. Modified non-anticoagulant heparins mimic the heparan sulphate (HS) glycan family and have been proposed as therapeutics for CNS repair since they are effective regulators of numerous cellular processes. Our in vitro studies have demonstrated that low-sulphated modified heparan sulphate mimetics (LS-mHeps) drive CNS repair. However, LS-mHeps are derived from pharmaceutical heparin purified from pig intestines, in a supply chain at risk of shortages and contamination. Alternatively, cellular synthesis of heparin and HS can be achieved using mammalian cell multiplex genome engineering, providing an alternative source of recombinant HS mimetics (rHS). TEGA Therapeutics (San Diego) have manufactured rHS reagents with varying degrees of sulphation and we have validated their ability to promote repair in vitro using models that mimic CNS injury, making comparisons to LS-mHep7, a previous lead compound. We have shown that like LS-mHep7, low-sulphated rHS compounds promote remyelination and reduce features of astrocytosis, and in contrast, highly sulphated rHS drive neurite outgrowth. Cellular production of heparin mimetics may, therefore, offer potential clinical benefits for CNS repair.
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4
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Designing a Clinical Trial with Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation-Based Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: A Position Paper. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123153. [PMID: 36551909 PMCID: PMC9776288 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents an urgent unmet need for clinical reparative therapy due to its largely irreversible and devastating effects on patients, and the tremendous socioeconomic burden to the community. While different approaches are being explored, therapy to restore the lost function remains unavailable. Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is a promising approach in terms of feasibility, safety, and limited efficacy; however, high variability in reported clinical outcomes prevent its translation despite several clinical trials. The aims of this position paper are to present an in-depth analysis of previous OEC transplantation-based clinical trials, identify existing challenges and gaps, and finally propose strategies to improve standardization of OEC therapies. We have reviewed the study design and protocols of clinical trials using OEC transplantation for SCI repair to investigate how and why the outcomes show variability. With this knowledge and our experience as a team of biologists and clinicians with active experience in the field of OEC research, we provide recommendations regarding cell source, cell purity and characterisation, transplantation dosage and format, and rehabilitation. Ultimately, this position paper is intended to serve as a roadmap to design an effective clinical trial with OEC transplantation-based therapy for SCI repair.
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5
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Reed CB, Feltri ML, Wilson ER. Peripheral glia diversity. J Anat 2022; 241:1219-1234. [PMID: 34131911 PMCID: PMC8671569 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen an evolving appreciation for the role of glial cells in the nervous system. As we move away from the typical neurocentric view of neuroscience, the complexity and variability of central nervous system glia is emerging, far beyond the three main subtypes: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Yet the diversity of the glia found in the peripheral nervous system remains rarely discussed. In this review, we discuss the developmental origin, morphology, and function of the different populations of glia found in the peripheral nervous system, including: myelinating Schwann cells, Remak Schwann cells, repair Schwann cells, satellite glia, boundary cap-derived glia, perineurial glia, terminal Schwann cells, glia found in the skin, olfactory ensheathing cells, and enteric glia. The morphological and functional heterogeneity of glia found in the periphery reflects the diverse roles the nervous system performs throughout the body. Further, it highlights a complexity that should be appreciated and considered when it comes to a complete understanding of the peripheral nervous system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey B Reed
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Emma R Wilson
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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6
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Gilmour AD, Reshamwala R, Wright AA, Ekberg JAK, St John JA. Optimizing Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. J Neurotrauma 2021; 37:817-829. [PMID: 32056492 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation constitutes an important avenue for development of new treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI). These therapies are aimed at supporting neural repair and/or replacing lost cells at the injury site. To date, various cell types have been trialed, with most studies focusing on different types of stem cells or glial cells. Here, we review commonly used cell transplantation approaches for spinal cord injury (SCI) repair, with focus on transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), the glial cells of the primary olfactory nervous system. OECs are promising candidates for promotion of neural repair given that they support continuous regeneration of the olfactory nerve that occurs throughout life. Further, OECs can be accessed from the nasal mucosa (olfactory neuroepithelium) at the roof of the nasal cavity and can be autologously transplanted. OEC transplantation has been trialed in many animal models of SCI, as well as in human clinical trials. While several studies have been promising, outcomes are variable and the method needs improvement to enhance aspects such as cell survival, integration, and migration. As a case study, we include the approaches used by our team (the Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia) to address the current problems with OEC transplantation and discuss how the therapeutic potential of OEC transplantation can be improved. Our approach includes discovery research to improve our knowledge of OEC biology, identifying natural and synthetic compounds to stimulate the neural repair properties of OECs, and designing three-dimensional cell constructs to create stable and transplantable cell structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Gilmour
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ronak Reshamwala
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alison A Wright
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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7
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Voronova AD, Stepanova OV, Chadin AV, Fursa GA, Karsuntseva EK, Valikhov MP, Semkina АS, Reshetov IV, Chekhonin VP. The Effect of Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells on the Size of Posttraumatic Spinal Cord Cysts. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 171:122-126. [PMID: 34046791 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of transplantation of ensheathing cells obtained from the olfactory mucosa of rats and humans on the size of posttraumatic spinal cord cysts. MRI examination showed that transplantation of these cells into experimental posttraumatic cysts of the spinal cord led to a significant decrease in cyst volume and even their complete disappearance in two animals receiving transplantation of rat or human cells. These findings attested to regenerative processes developing as a result of ensheathing cell transplantation. Further studies in this field will be aimed at elucidation of the mechanisms underlying spinal cord regeneration in the area of posttraumatic cysts after transplantation of ensheathing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Voronova
- V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - O V Stepanova
- V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Chadin
- V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - G A Fursa
- V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E K Karsuntseva
- V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M P Valikhov
- V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - А S Semkina
- V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Reshetov
- University Clinical Hospital No. 1, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - V P Chekhonin
- V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Ursavas S, Darici H, Karaoz E. Olfactory ensheathing cells: Unique glial cells promising for treatments of spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1579-1597. [PMID: 33605466 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is generally the consequence of physical damage, which may result in devastating consequences such as paraplegia or paralysis. Some certain candidates for SCI repair are olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which are unique glial cells located in the transition region of the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system and perform neuron regeneration in the olfactory system throughout life. Culture studies have clarified many properties of OECs, but their mechanisms of actions are not fully understood. Successful results achieved in animal models showcased that SCI treatment with OEC transplants is suitable for clinical trials. However, clinical trials are limited by difficulties like cell acquisition for autograft transplantation. Despite the improvements in both animal and clinical studies so far, there is still insufficient information about the mechanism of actions, adverse effects, proper application methods, effective subtypes, and sources of cells. This review summarizes pre-clinical and clinical literature focused on the cellular characterization of both OECs in vitro and post-transplantation. We highlight the roles and effects of OECs on (a) the injury-induced glial milieu, (b) neuronal growth/regeneration, and (c) functional recovery after injury. Due to the shown benefits of OECs with in vitro and animal studies and a limited number of clinical trials, where safety and effectivity were shown, it is necessary to conduct more studies on OECs to obtain effective and feasible treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Ursavas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Darici
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaoz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research & Practice, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Manufacturing, Liv Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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9
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Garcia-Diaz B, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Schwann cells: Rescuers of central demyelination. Glia 2020; 68:1945-1956. [PMID: 32027054 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The presence of peripheral myelinating cells in the central nervous system (CNS) has gained the neurobiologist attention over the years. Despite the confirmed presence of Schwann cells in the CNS in pathological conditions, and the long list of their beneficial effects on central remyelination, the cues that impede or allow Schwann cells to successfully conquer and remyelinate central axons remain partially undiscovered. A better knowledge of these factors stands out as crucial to foresee a rational therapeutic approach for the use of Schwann cells in CNS repair. Here, we review the diverse origins of Schwann cells into the CNS, both peripheral and central, as well as the CNS components that inhibit Schwann survival and migration into the central parenchyma. Namely, we analyze the astrocyte- and the myelin-derived components that restrict Schwann cells into the CNS. Finally, we highlight the unveiled mode of invasion of these peripheral cells through the central environment, using blood vessels as scaffolds to pave their ways toward demyelinated lesions. In short, this review presents the so far uncovered knowledge of this complex CNS-peripheral nervous system (PNS) relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcia-Diaz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Paris, France
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10
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Trout AL, Rutkai I, Biose IJ, Bix GJ. Review of Alterations in Perlecan-Associated Vascular Risk Factors in Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E679. [PMID: 31968632 PMCID: PMC7013765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Perlecan is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan protein in the extracellular matrix that structurally and biochemically supports the cerebrovasculature by dynamically responding to changes in cerebral blood flow. These changes in perlecan expression seem to be contradictory, ranging from neuroprotective and angiogenic to thrombotic and linked to lipid retention. This review investigates perlecan's influence on risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and amyloid that effect Vascular contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID). VCID, a comorbidity with diverse etiology in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), is thought to be a major factor that drives the overall clinical burden of dementia. Accordingly, changes in perlecan expression and distribution in response to VCID appears to be injury, risk factor, location, sex, age, and perlecan domain dependent. While great effort has been made to understand the role of perlecan in VCID, additional studies are needed to increase our understanding of perlecan's role in health and in cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Trout
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Ibolya Rutkai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (I.R.); (I.J.B.)
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Ifechukwude J. Biose
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (I.R.); (I.J.B.)
| | - Gregory J. Bix
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (I.R.); (I.J.B.)
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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11
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Stepanova OV, Voronova AD, Chadin AV, Valikhov MP, Semkina AS, Karsuntseva EK, Chekhonin IV, Shishkina VS, Reshetov IV, Chekhonin VP. Efficiency of Human Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation into Spinal Cysts to Improve Mobility of the Hind Limbs. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1253-1263. [PMID: 31310179 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological processes developing after spinal cord injuries often lead to formation of cysts. Existing surgical and medical methods are insufficient for treatment of post-traumatic spinal cord cysts. One of the emerging tools is cell therapy. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are perspective cells for cell therapy. In this study, we demonstrated that human OEC transplantation is effective in experimental spinal cysts. For our experiments, we selected animals only at the intermediate stage of recovery with scores from 8 to 13 according to the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale. Cells were transplanted in different quantities (0.75 and 1.5 million) into the fully formed cysts and in the areas of injury without cysts. Improvement of limb mobility after human OEC transplantation into post-traumatic cysts was shown. In the group of rats with cysts, time-dependent increase in the BBB score was observed in subgroups treated with 0.75 and 1.5 million OECs with no statistically significant time-dependent dynamics of BBB values in the control group. When all three subgroups (control and two OEC doses) were compared, the Kruskal-Wallis test showed the presence of differences between subgroups after 1, 3, and 4 weeks of treatment with evidence of divergence increase. There was no statistically significant difference between the two doses of OEC treatment. The human OECs in the experiments without cysts were not effective. It was also shown that PKH26-labeled human OECs survive throughout the experiment and migrate to nearby areas of the cyst. Therefore, it was found that it is effective to transplant human OECs into fully formed cysts. In the future, autologous OECs can be used to personalize the treatment of patients with spinal cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Stepanova
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Neurohumoral and Immunological Research, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia D Voronova
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Medical Nanobiotechnologies, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V Chadin
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marat P Valikhov
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Neurohumoral and Immunological Research, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alevtina S Semkina
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Medical Nanobiotechnologies, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ivan V Chekhonin
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Igor V Reshetov
- Department of Plastic Surgery, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Chekhonin
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Medical Nanobiotechnologies, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Hu Y, Butts T, Poopalasundaram S, Graham A, Bouloux P. Extracellular matrix protein anosmin‐1 modulates olfactory ensheathing cell maturation in chick olfactory bulb development. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3472-3486. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youli Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University/Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing China
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology UCL Medical School London UK
| | - Thomas Butts
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology King's College London London UK
- School of Life Sciences and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | | | - Anthony Graham
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology King's College London London UK
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13
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McCanney GA, Lindsay SL, McGrath MA, Willison HJ, Moss C, Bavington C, Barnett SC. The Use of Myelinating Cultures as a Screen of Glycomolecules for CNS Repair. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8030052. [PMID: 31261710 PMCID: PMC6784161 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell-based assays have been fundamental in modern drug discovery and have led to the identification of novel therapeutics. We have developed complex mixed central nervous system (CNS) cultures, which recapitulate the normal process of myelination over time and allow the study of several parameters associated with CNS damage, both during development and after injury or disease. In particular, they have been used as a reliable screen to identify drug candidates that may promote (re)myelination and/or neurite outgrowth. Previously, using these cultures, we demonstrated that a panel of low sulphated heparin mimetics, with structures similar to heparan sulphates (HSs), can reduce astrogliosis, and promote myelination and neurite outgrowth. HSs reside in either the extracellular matrix or on the surface of cells and are thought to modulate cell signaling by both sequestering ligands, and acting as co-factors in the formation of ligand-receptor complexes. In this study, we have used these cultures as a screen to address the repair potential of numerous other commercially available sulphated glycomolecules, namely heparosans, ulvans, and fucoidans. These compounds are all known to have certain characteristics that mimic cellular glycosaminoglycans, similar to heparin mimetics. We show that the N-sulphated heparosans promoted myelination. However, O-sulphated heparosans did not affect myelination but promoted neurite outgrowth, indicating the importance of structure in HS function. Moreover, neither highly sulphated ulvans nor fucoidans had any effect on remyelination but CX-01, a low sulphated porcine intestinal heparin, promoted remyelination in vitro. These data illustrate the use of myelinating cultures as a screen and demonstrate the potential of heparin mimetics as CNS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A McCanney
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Susan L Lindsay
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Michael A McGrath
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Hugh J Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Claire Moss
- GlycoMar Limited, Malin House, European Marine Science Park, Dunbeg, Oban Argyll, Scotland PA37 1SZ, UK
| | - Charles Bavington
- GlycoMar Limited, Malin House, European Marine Science Park, Dunbeg, Oban Argyll, Scotland PA37 1SZ, UK
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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14
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McCanney GA, McGrath MA, Otto TD, Burchmore R, Yates EA, Bavington CD, Willison HJ, Turnbull JE, Barnett SC. Low sulfated heparins target multiple proteins for central nervous system repair. Glia 2019; 67:668-687. [PMID: 30585359 PMCID: PMC6492281 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The lack of endogenous repair following spinal cord injury (SCI) accounts for the frequent permanent deficits for which effective treatments are absent. Previously, we demonstrated that low sulfated modified heparin mimetics (LS-mHeps) attenuate astrocytosis, suggesting they may represent a novel therapeutic approach. mHeps are glycomolecules with structural similarities to resident heparan sulfates (HS), which modulate cell signaling by both sequestering ligands, and acting as cofactors in the formation of ligand-receptor complexes. To explore whether mHeps can affect the myelination and neurite outgrowth necessary for repair after SCI, we created lesioned or demyelinated neural cell co-cultures and exposed them with a panel of mHeps with varying degrees and positions of their sulfate moieties. LS-mHep7 enhanced neurite outgrowth and myelination, whereas highly sulfated mHeps (HS-mHeps) had attenuating effects. LS-mHeps had no effects on myelination or neurite extension in developing, uninjured myelinating cultures, suggesting they might exert their proregenerating effects by modulating or sequestering inhibitory factors secreted after injury. To investigate this, we examined conditioned media from cultures using chemokine arrays and conducted an unbiased proteomics approach by applying TMT-LC/MS to mHep7 affinity purified conditioned media from these cultures. Multiple protein factors reported to play a role in damage or repair mechanisms were identified, including amyloid betaA4. Amyloid beta peptide (1-42) was validated as an important candidate by treating myelination cultures and shown to inhibit myelination. Thus, we propose that LS-mHeps exert multiple beneficial effects on mechanisms supporting enhanced repair, and represent novel candidates as therapeutics for CNS damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. McCanney
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Michael A. McGrath
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Thomas D. Otto
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Richard Burchmore
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Integrative Biology, University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Charles D. Bavington
- GlycoMar Limited, European Centre for Marine Biotechnology, Dunstaffnage Marine LaboratoryObanArgyllScotland, UK
| | - Hugh J. Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Jeremy E. Turnbull
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Integrative Biology, University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Susan C. Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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15
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Abstract
Located at the interface of the circulation system and the CNS, the basement membrane (BM) is well positioned to regulate blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Given the important roles of BBB in the development and progression of various neurological disorders, the BM has been hypothesized to contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases. After stroke, a cerebrovascular disease caused by rupture (hemorrhagic) or occlusion (ischemic) of cerebral blood vessels, the BM undergoes constant remodeling to modulate disease progression. Although an association between BM dissolution and stroke is observed, how each individual BM component changes after stroke and how these components contribute to stroke pathogenesis are mostly unclear. In this review, I first briefly introduce the composition of the BM in the brain. Next, the functions of the BM and its major components in BBB maintenance under homeostatic conditions are summarized. Furthermore, the roles of the BM and its major components in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke are discussed. Last, unsolved questions and potential future directions are described. This review aims to provide a comprehensive reference for future studies, stimulate the formation of new ideas, and promote the generation of new genetic tools in the field of BM/stroke research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Yao Yao, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 340 Pharmacy South Building, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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16
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Kefalakes E, Böselt S, Sarikidi A, Ettcheto M, Bursch F, Naujock M, Stanslowsky N, Schmuck M, Barenys M, Wegner F, Grothe C, Petri S. Characterizing the multiple roles of FGF-2 in SOD1 G93A ALS mice in vivo and in vitro. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7395-7410. [PMID: 30370540 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that knockout of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and potential compensatory effects of other growth factors result in amelioration of disease symptoms in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS is a rapidly progressive neurological disorder leading to degeneration of cortical, brain stem, and spinal motor neurons followed by subsequent denervation and muscle wasting. Mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene are responsible for approximately 20% of familial ALS cases and SOD1 mutant mice still are among the models best mimicking clinical and neuropathological characteristics of ALS. The aim of the present study was a thorough characterization of FGF-2 and other growth factors and signaling effectors in vivo in the SOD1G93A mouse model. We observed tissue-specific opposing gene regulation of FGF-2 and overall dysregulation of other growth factors, which in the gastrocnemius muscle was associated with reduced downstream extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and protein kinase B (AKT) activation. To further investigate whether the effects of FGF-2 on motor neuron death are mediated by glial cells, astrocytes lacking FGF-2 were cocultured together with mutant SOD1 G93A motor neurons. FGF-2 had an impact on motor neuron maturation indicating that astrocytic FGF-2 affects motor neurons at a developmental stage. Moreover, neuronal gene expression patterns showed FGF-2- and SOD1 G93A -dependent changes in ciliary neurotrophic factor, glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor, and ERK2, implying a potential involvement in ALS pathogenesis before the onset of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterini Kefalakes
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Böselt
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Miren Ettcheto
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, University of Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Franziska Bursch
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximilian Naujock
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Nancy Stanslowsky
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Schmuck
- DAVIS School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, California
| | - Marta Barenys
- GRET, INSA-UB and Toxicology Unit, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
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17
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Wright AA, Todorovic M, Tello-Velasquez J, Rayfield AJ, St John JA, Ekberg JA. Enhancing the Therapeutic Potential of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Spinal Cord Repair Using Neurotrophins. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:867-878. [PMID: 29852748 PMCID: PMC6050907 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718759472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is a promising therapy for
spinal cord injury; however, the efficacy varies between trials in both animals and
humans. The main reason for this variability is that the purity and phenotype of the
transplanted cells differs between studies. OECs are susceptible to modulation with
neurotrophic factors, and thus, neurotrophins can be used to manipulate the transplanted
cells into an optimal, consistent phenotype. OEC transplantation can be divided into 3
phases: (1) cell preparation, (2) cell administration, and (3) continuous support to the
transplanted cells in situ. The ideal behaviour of OECs differs between these 3 phases; in
the cell preparation phase, rapid cell expansion is desirable to decrease the time between
damage and transplantation. In the cell administration phase, OEC survival and integration
at the injury site, in particular migration into the glial scar, are the most critical
factors, along with OEC-mediated phagocytosis of cellular debris. Finally, continuous
support needs to be provided to the transplantation site to promote survival of both
transplanted cells and endogenous cells within injury site and to promote long-term
integration of the transplanted cells and angiogenesis. In this review, we define the 3
phases of OEC transplantation into the injured spinal cord and the optimal cell behaviors
required for each phase. Optimising functional outcomes of OEC transplantation can be
achieved by modulation of cell behaviours with neurotrophins. We identify the key growth
factors that exhibit the strongest potential for optimizing the OEC phenotype required for
each phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Wright
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Todorovic
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Tello-Velasquez
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - A J Rayfield
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - J A St John
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - J A Ekberg
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Gómez RM, Sánchez MY, Portela-Lomba M, Ghotme K, Barreto GE, Sierra J, Moreno-Flores MT. Cell therapy for spinal cord injury with olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Glia 2018; 66:1267-1301. [PMID: 29330870 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prospects of achieving regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) have changed, as most recent findings indicate that several species, including humans, can produce neurons in adulthood. Studies targeting this property may be considered as potential therapeutic strategies to respond to injury or the effects of demyelinating diseases in the CNS. While CNS trauma may interrupt the axonal tracts that connect neurons with their targets, some neurons remain alive, as seen in optic nerve and spinal cord (SC) injuries (SCIs). The devastating consequences of SCIs are due to the immediate and significant disruption of the ascending and descending spinal pathways, which result in varying degrees of motor and sensory impairment. Recent therapeutic studies for SCI have focused on cell transplantation in animal models, using cells capable of inducing axon regeneration like Schwann cells (SchCs), astrocytes, genetically modified fibroblasts and olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Nevertheless, and despite the improvements in such cell-based therapeutic strategies, there is still little information regarding the mechanisms underlying the success of transplantation and regarding any secondary effects. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify these issues. In this review, we highlight the properties of OECs that make them suitable to achieve neuroplasticity/neuroregeneration in SCI. OECs can interact with the glial scar, stimulate angiogenesis, axon outgrowth and remyelination, improving functional outcomes following lesion. Furthermore, we present evidence of the utility of cell therapy with OECs to treat SCI, both from animal models and clinical studies performed on SCI patients, providing promising results for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Gómez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Magdy Y Sánchez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Maestría en Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Maria Portela-Lomba
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kemel Ghotme
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Sierra
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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19
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O'Neill P, Lindsay SL, Pantiru A, Guimond SE, Fagoe N, Verhaagen J, Turnbull JE, Riddell JS, Barnett SC. Sulfatase-mediated manipulation of the astrocyte-Schwann cell interface. Glia 2016; 65:19-33. [PMID: 27535874 PMCID: PMC5244676 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cell (SC) transplantation following spinal cord injury (SCI) may have therapeutic potential. Functional recovery is limited however, due to poor SC interactions with host astrocytes and the induction of astrogliosis. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are closely related to SCs, but intermix more readily with astrocytes in culture and induce less astrogliosis. We previously demonstrated that OECs express higher levels of sulfatases, enzymes that remove 6-O-sulfate groups from heparan sulphate proteoglycans, than SCs and that RNAi knockdown of sulfatase prevented OEC-astrocyte mixing in vitro. As human OECs are difficult to culture in large numbers we have genetically engineered SCs using lentiviral vectors to express sulfatase 1 and 2 (SC-S1S2) and assessed their ability to interact with astrocytes. We demonstrate that SC-S1S2s have increased integrin-dependent motility in the presence of astrocytes via modulation of NRG and FGF receptor-linked PI3K/AKT intracellular signaling and do not form boundaries with astrocytes in culture. SC-astrocyte mixing is dependent on local NRG concentration and we propose that sulfatase enzymes influence the bioavailability of NRG ligand and thus influence SC behavior. We further demonstrate that injection of sulfatase expressing SCs into spinal cord white matter results in less glial reactivity than control SC injections comparable to that of OEC injections. Our data indicate that sulfatase-mediated modification of the extracellular matrix can influence glial interactions with astrocytes, and that SCs engineered to express sulfatase may be more OEC-like in character. This approach may be beneficial for cell transplant-mediated spinal cord repair. GLIA 2016 GLIA 2017;65:19-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O'Neill
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Susan L Lindsay
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Andreea Pantiru
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Scott E Guimond
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Glycobiology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Nitish Fagoe
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, BA, 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, BA, 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Jeremy E Turnbull
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Glycobiology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - John S Riddell
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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20
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Plaza N, Simón D, Sierra J, Moreno-Flores MT. Transduction of an immortalized olfactory ensheathing glia cell line with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene: Evaluation of its neuroregenerative capacity as a proof of concept. Neurosci Lett 2016; 612:25-31. [PMID: 26655478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) cells are known to foster axonal regeneration of central nervous system (CNS) neurons. Several lines of reversibly immortalized human OEG (ihOEG) have been previously established that enabled to develop models for their validation in vitro and in vivo. In this work, a constitutively GFP-expressing ihOEG cell line was obtained, and named Ts14-GFP. Ts14-GFP neuroregenerative ability was similar to that found for the parental line Ts14 and it can be assayed using in vivo transplantation experimental paradigms, after spinal cord or optic nerve damage. Additionally, we have engineered a low-regenerative ihOEG line, hTL2, using lentiviral transduction of the large T antigen from SV40 virus, denominated from now on Ts12. Ts12 can be used as a low regeneration control in these experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Plaza
- Neuroregeneration Group, Biotechnology Department, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km. 1.800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Simón
- Neuroregeneration Group, Biotechnology Department, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km. 1.800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Sierra
- Neuroregeneration Group, Biotechnology Department, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km. 1.800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - M T Moreno-Flores
- Neuroregeneration Group, Biotechnology Department, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km. 1.800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
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21
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The role of neuronal versus astrocyte-derived heparan sulfate proteoglycans in brain development and injury. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1263-9. [PMID: 25233401 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes modulate many aspects of neuronal function, including synapse formation and the response to injury. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) mediate some of the effects of astrocytes on synaptic function, and participate in the astrocyte-mediated brain injury response. HSPGs are a highly conserved class of proteoglycans, with variable heparan sulfate (HS) chains that play a major role in determining the function of these proteins, such as binding to growth factors and receptors. Expression of both the core proteins and their HS chains can vary depending on cellular origin, thus the functional impact of HSPGs may be determined by the cell type in which they are expressed. In the brain, HSPGs are expressed by both neurons and astrocytes; however, the specific contribution of neuronal HSPGs compared with astrocyte-derived HSPGs to development and the injury response is largely unknown. The present review examines the current evidence regarding the roles of HSPGs in the brain, describes the cellular origins of HSPGs, and interrogates the roles of HSPGs from astrocytes and neurons in synaptogenesis and injury. The importance of considering cell-type-specific expression of HSPGs when studying brain function is discussed.
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22
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Dubessy AL, Zujovic V, Papeix C, Stankoff B. Biotherapies in multiple sclerosis: a step toward remyelination and neuroprotection? Rev Neurol (Paris) 2014; 170:770-8. [PMID: 25459127 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by CNS-restricted inflammation with subsequent demyelination and neurodegeneration. Current disease-modifying therapies efficiently reduce relapse rate and new lesions appearance, but still fail to impact the progressive course of the disease. There is a great need for the avenue of new therapies aimed at promoting myelin repair or reducing neurodegeneration that should result in the prevention of neurological disability in this chronic disease. This review will focus on the potentials and limitations of biotherapies that are currently developed for the promotion of CNS repair in MS, either monoclonal antibodies targeting axonal growth and remyelination, or cell therapies aimed at replacing the depleted myelinating cells within the CNS. As other researches aimed at promoting neuroprotection or remyelination are following a classical pharmacological approach, they will not be described in this review, which will focus on antibody-based therapies and cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-L Dubessy
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, and Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 4, place Jussieu, 75013 Paris, France; 75005 Paris, France
| | - V Zujovic
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, and Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 4, place Jussieu, 75013 Paris, France; 75005 Paris, France
| | - C Papeix
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, and Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 4, place Jussieu, 75013 Paris, France; 75005 Paris, France; 75005 Paris, France
| | - B Stankoff
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, and Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 4, place Jussieu, 75013 Paris, France; 75005 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, hôpital Tenon-HUEP, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France.
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Zhang J, Liu Z, Chen H, Duan Z, Zhang L, Chen L, Li B. Synergic effects of EPI-NCSCs and OECs on the donor cells migration, the expression of neurotrophic factors, and locomotor recovery of contused spinal cord of rats. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:760-9. [PMID: 25239519 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0416-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy is a promising strategy for the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI), and the synergic effects of donor cells are emphasized in recent years. In this study, epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSCs) and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) were transplanted into the contused spinal cord of rats separately or jointly at 1 week after injury. At 3 and 9 weeks posttransplantation, migration of the donor cells, expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and functional recovery of the contused cord were determined by techniques of histopathology, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunohistochemistry and Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score. The results showed that the migration and distribution of EPI-NCSCs in vivo were promoted by OECs at 3 weeks after transplantation, but they vanished at 9 weeks. The expression of BDNF and GDNF was significantly increased by co-transplantation at molecular and protein level. Although the expression of both factors in EPI-NCSCs- and OECs-injected group was lower than in co-injected group, it was higher than in control groups. Similarly, the best locomotor recovery of the contused cord was acquired from co-injected animals. As we know, this is the first time to study the synergic effects of EPI-NCSCs and OECs, and the data indicates that donor cells migration, expression of neurotrophic factors (NTFs), and recovery of motor function can be improved by EPI-NCSCs and OECs synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyuan Zhang
- Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, People's Republic of China,
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24
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Madigan NN, Chen BK, Knight AM, Rooney GE, Sweeney E, Kinnavane L, Yaszemski MJ, Dockery P, O'Brien T, McMahon SS, Windebank AJ. Comparison of cellular architecture, axonal growth, and blood vessel formation through cell-loaded polymer scaffolds in the transected rat spinal cord. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2985-97. [PMID: 24854680 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of multichannel polymer scaffolds in a complete spinal cord transection injury serves as a deconstructed model that allows for control of individual variables and direct observation of their effects on regeneration. In this study, scaffolds fabricated from positively charged oligo[poly(ethylene glycol)fumarate] (OPF(+)) hydrogel were implanted into rat spinal cords following T9 complete transection. OPF(+) scaffold channels were loaded with either syngeneic Schwann cells or mesenchymal stem cells derived from enhanced green fluorescent protein transgenic rats (eGFP-MSCs). Control scaffolds contained extracellular matrix only. The capacity of each scaffold type to influence the architecture of regenerated tissue after 4 weeks was examined by detailed immunohistochemistry and stereology. Astrocytosis was observed in a circumferential peripheral channel compartment. A structurally separate channel core contained scattered astrocytes, eGFP-MSCs, blood vessels, and regenerating axons. Cells double-staining with glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and S-100 antibodies populated each scaffold type, demonstrating migration of an immature cell phenotype into the scaffold from the animal. eGFP-MSCs were distributed in close association with blood vessels. Axon regeneration was augmented by Schwann cell implantation, while eGFP-MSCs did not support axon growth. Methods of unbiased stereology provided physiologic estimates of blood vessel volume, length and surface area, mean vessel diameter, and cross-sectional area in each scaffold type. Schwann cell scaffolds had high numbers of small, densely packed vessels within the channels. eGFP-MSC scaffolds contained fewer, larger vessels. There was a positive linear correlation between axon counts and vessel length density, surface density, and volume fraction. Increased axon number also correlated with decreasing vessel diameter, implicating the importance of blood flow rate. Radial diffusion distances in vessels significantly correlated to axon number as a hyperbolic function, showing a need to engineer high numbers of small vessels in parallel to improving axonal densities. In conclusion, Schwann cells and eGFP-MSCs influenced the regenerating microenvironment with lasting effect on axonal and blood vessel growth. OPF(+) scaffolds in a complete transection model allowed for a detailed comparative, histologic analysis of the cellular architecture in response to each cell type and provided insight into physiologic characteristics that may support axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas N Madigan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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25
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Chen CR, Kachramanoglou C, Li D, Andrews P, Choi D. Anatomy and cellular constituents of the human olfactory mucosa: a review. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2014; 75:293-300. [PMID: 25302141 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1361837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies using animal models have recently suggested that the olfactory mucosa may be a source of cells capable of stimulating and contributing to complex neurologic regeneration. Several groups have already transplanted cell derivatives from the olfactory mucosa into injury models, and the results so far have been promising. To fully appreciate the meaning of these experiments, a better understanding of the cellular biology and physiology of the olfactory system is necessary. It is therefore of utmost importance for us to first identify and understand its constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Russell Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Kachramanoglou
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daqing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Andrews
- Department of ENT, Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Roet KCD, Verhaagen J. Understanding the neural repair-promoting properties of olfactory ensheathing cells. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:594-609. [PMID: 24842489 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing glial cells (OECs) are a specialized type of glia that form a continuously aligned cellular pathway that actively supports unprecedented regeneration of primary olfactory axons from the periphery into the central nervous system. Implantation of OECs stimulates neural repair in experimental models of spinal cord, brain and peripheral nerve injury and delays disease progression in animal models for neurodegenerative diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. OECs implanted in the injured spinal cord display a plethora of pro-regenerative effects; they promote axonal regeneration, reorganize the glial scar, remyelinate axons, stimulate blood vessel formation, have phagocytic properties and modulate the immune response. Recently genome wide transcriptional profiling and proteomics analysis combined with classical or larger scale "medium-throughput" bioassays have provided novel insights into the molecular mechanism that endow OECs with their pro-regenerative properties. Here we review these studies and show that the gaps that existed in our understanding of the molecular basis of the reparative properties of OECs are narrowing. OECs express functionally connected sets of genes that can be linked to at least 10 distinct processes directly relevant to neural repair. The data indicate that OECs exhibit a range of synergistic cellular activities, including active and passive stimulation of axon regeneration (by secretion of growth factors, axon guidance molecules and basement membrane components) and critical aspects of tissue repair (by structural remodeling and support, modulation of the immune system, enhancement of neurotrophic and antigenic stimuli and by metabolizing toxic macromolecules). Future experimentation will have to further explore the newly acquired knowledge to enhance the therapeutic potential of OECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper C D Roet
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands.
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27
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Kang K, Lee SW, Han JE, Choi JW, Song MR. The complex morphology of reactive astrocytes controlled by fibroblast growth factor signaling. Glia 2014; 62:1328-44. [PMID: 24796693 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell-type of the human brain and play a variety of roles in brain homeostasis and synaptic maturation, under normal conditions. However, astrocytes undergo dramatic pathological changes in response to brain injury, such as reactive gliosis and glial scar formation. Although abnormal hypertrophy and massive proliferation of astrocytes are obvious, the molecular identity and cues that dictate the structural changes in reactive astrocytes remain unclear. This study proposes that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is responsible for making astrocyte morphology more complex and hypertrophic in response to an inflammatory stimulus such as lipopolysaccharide. Primary astrocytes isolated from perinatal brains developed more branches in the presence of FGF8 or lesser branches in the presence of FGF2. Introduction of the constitutively active form of the FGF receptor 3 (caFGFR3) into the brain increases the structural complexity, with greater glial fibrillary acidic protein level in astrocytes, while overexpression of a dominant-negative form of FGFR3 (dnFGFR3) reduces it. Treatment of FGF8 facilitated the wound-healing process of primary astrocytes in vitro by changing their morphology, indicating that the FGF signal may control the responsiveness of astrocytes in injury conditions. Finally, the blockade of FGF signaling by introducing dnFGFR3 at the site of reactive gliosis reduces astrocyte branch formation and minimizes hypertrophic responses during reactive gliosis. Taken together, these results indicate that FGF8-FGFR3 signaling controls structural changes in astrocytes during reactive gliosis, under pathogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungjoon Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Bioimaging Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-712, Republic of Korea
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28
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Schwann cells but not olfactory ensheathing cells inhibit CNS myelination via the secretion of connective tissue growth factor. J Neurosci 2014; 33:18686-97. [PMID: 24259589 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3233-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation is a promising strategy to promote CNS repair and has been studied for several decades with a focus on glial cells. Promising candidates include Schwann cells (SCs) and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). Both cell types are thought to be neural crest derived and share many properties in common, although OECs appear to be a better candidate for transplantation by evoking less astrogliosis. Using CNS mixed myelinating rat cultures plated on to a monolayer of astrocytes, we demonstrated that SCs, but not OECs, secrete a heat labile factor(s) that inhibits oligodendrocyte myelination. Comparative qRT-PCR and ELISA showed that SCs expressed higher levels of mRNA and protein for connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) than OECs. Anti-CTGF reversed the SCM-mediated effects on myelination. Both SCM and CTGF inhibited the differentiation of purified rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Furthermore, pretreatment of astrocyte monolayers with SCM inhibited CNS myelination and led to transcriptional changes in the astrocyte, corresponding to upregulation of bone morphogenic protein 4 mRNA and CTGF mRNA (inhibitors of OPC differentiation) and the downregulation of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA (promoter of OPC differentiation). CTGF pretreatment of astrocytes increased their expression of CTGF, suggesting that this inhibitory factor can be positively regulated in astrocytes. These data provide evidence for the advantages of using OECs, and not mature SCs, for transplant-mediated repair and provide more evidence that they are a distinct and unique glial cell type.
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29
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Barbour HR, Plant CD, Harvey AR, Plant GW. Tissue sparing, behavioral recovery, supraspinal axonal sparing/regeneration following sub-acute glial transplantation in a model of spinal cord contusion. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:106. [PMID: 24070030 PMCID: PMC3849889 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been shown that olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) and Schwann cell (SCs) transplantation are beneficial as cellular treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI), especially acute and sub-acute time points. In this study, we transplanted DsRED transduced adult OEG and SCs sub-acutely (14 days) following a T10 moderate spinal cord contusion injury in the rat. Behaviour was measured by open field (BBB) and horizontal ladder walking tests to ascertain improvements in locomotor function. Fluorogold staining was injected into the distal spinal cord to determine the extent of supraspinal and propriospinal axonal sparing/regeneration at 4 months post injection time point. The purpose of this study was to investigate if OEG and SCs cells injected sub acutely (14 days after injury) could: (i) improve behavioral outcomes, (ii) induce sparing/regeneration of propriospinal and supraspinal projections, and (iii) reduce tissue loss. Results OEG and SCs transplanted rats showed significant increased locomotion when compared to control injury only in the open field tests (BBB). However, the ladder walk test did not show statistically significant differences between treatment and control groups. Fluorogold retrograde tracing showed a statistically significant increase in the number of supraspinal nuclei projecting into the distal spinal cord in both OEG and SCs transplanted rats. These included the raphe, reticular and vestibular systems. Further pairwise multiple comparison tests also showed a statistically significant increase in raphe projecting neurons in OEG transplanted rats when compared to SCs transplanted animals. Immunohistochemistry of spinal cord sections short term (2 weeks) and long term (4 months) showed differences in host glial activity, migration and proteoglycan deposits between the two cell types. Histochemical staining revealed that the volume of tissue remaining at the lesion site had increased in all OEG and SCs treated groups. Significant tissue sparing was observed at both time points following glial SCs transplantation. In addition, OEG transplants showed significantly decreased chondroitin proteoglycan synthesis in the lesion site, suggesting a more CNS tolerant graft. Conclusions These results show that transplantation of OEG and SCs in a sub-acute phase can improve anatomical outcomes after a contusion injury to the spinal cord, by increasing the number of spared/regenerated supraspinal fibers, reducing cavitation and enhancing tissue integrity. This provides important information on the time window of glial transplantation for the repair of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Barbour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Stanford University, Lorry I Lokey Stem Cell Research Building, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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30
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Roet KCD, Franssen EHP, de Bree FM, Essing AHW, Zijlstra SJJ, Fagoe ND, Eggink HM, Eggers R, Smit AB, van Kesteren RE, Verhaagen J. A multilevel screening strategy defines a molecular fingerprint of proregenerative olfactory ensheathing cells and identifies SCARB2, a protein that improves regenerative sprouting of injured sensory spinal axons. J Neurosci 2013; 33:11116-35. [PMID: 23825416 PMCID: PMC6618611 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1002-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have neuro-restorative properties in animal models for spinal cord injury, stroke, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here we used a multistep screening approach to discover genes specifically contributing to the regeneration-promoting properties of OECs. Microarray screening of the injured olfactory pathway and of cultured OECs identified 102 genes that were subsequently functionally characterized in cocultures of OECs and primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Selective siRNA-mediated knockdown of 16 genes in OECs (ADAMTS1, BM385941, FZD1, GFRA1, LEPRE1, NCAM1, NID2, NRP1, MSLN, RND1, S100A9, SCARB2, SERPINI1, SERPINF1, TGFB2, and VAV1) significantly reduced outgrowth of cocultured DRG neurons, indicating that endogenous expression of these genes in OECs supports neurite extension of DRG neurons. In a gain-of-function screen for 18 genes, six (CX3CL1, FZD1, LEPRE1, S100A9, SCARB2, and SERPINI1) enhanced and one (TIMP2) inhibited neurite growth. The most potent hit in both the loss- and gain-of-function screens was SCARB2, a protein that promotes cholesterol secretion. Transplants of fibroblasts that were genetically modified to overexpress SCARB2 significantly increased the number of regenerating DRG axons that grew toward the center of a spinal cord lesion in rats. We conclude that expression of SCARB2 enhances regenerative sprouting and that SCARB2 contributes to OEC-mediated neuronal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper C D Roet
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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31
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Differential sulfation remodelling of heparan sulfate by extracellular 6-O-sulfatases regulates fibroblast growth factor-induced boundary formation by glial cells: implications for glial cell transplantation. J Neurosci 2013; 32:15902-12. [PMID: 23136428 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6340-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, it has been shown that rat Schwann cells (SCs), but not olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), form a boundary with astrocytes, due to a SC-specific secreted factor. Here, we identify highly sulfated heparan sulfates (HSs) and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 1 and 9 as possible determinants of boundary formation induced by rat SCs. Disaccharide analysis of HS in SC-conditioned and rat OEC-conditioned media showed that SCs secrete more highly sulfated HS than OECs. The dependence of the boundary-forming activity on high levels of sulfation was confirmed using a panel of semisynthetic modified heparins with variable levels of sulfation. Furthermore, extracellular HS 6-O-endosulfatase enzymes, Sulf 1 and Sulf 2, were expressed at a significantly lower level by SCs compared with OECs, and siRNA reduction of Sulfs in OECs was, in itself, sufficient to induce boundary formation. This demonstrates a key role for remodelling (reduction) of HS 6-O-sulfation by OECs, compared with SCs, to suppress boundary formation. Furthermore, specific anti-FGF1 and anti-FGF9 antibodies disrupted SC-astrocyte boundary formation, supporting a role for an HS sulfation-dependent FGF signaling mechanism via FGF receptors on astrocytes. We propose a model in which FGF1 and FGF9 signaling is differentially modulated by patterns of glial cell HS sulfation, dependent on Sulf 1 and Sulf 2 expression, to control FGF receptor 3-IIIb-mediated astrocytic responses. Moreover, these data suggest manipulation of HS sulfation after CNS injury as a potential novel approach for therapeutic intervention in CNS repair.
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32
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Toft A, Tome M, Barnett SC, Riddell JS. A comparative study of glial and non-neural cell properties for transplant-mediated repair of the injured spinal cord. Glia 2013; 61:513-28. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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33
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Rao Y, Zhu W, Guo Y, Jia C, Qi R, Qiao R, Cao D, Zhang H, Cui Z, Yang L, Wang Y. Long-Term outcome of Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation in Six Patients with Chronic Complete Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2013; 22 Suppl 1:S21-5. [PMID: 23992752 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x672127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the clinical efficacy and safety of olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation for treating patients with chronic, complete spinal cord injury (SCI). Six patients with six chronic complete spinal cord injuries were recruited and treated with autologous OEC transplantation and followed for 24 months. The scores from before and after transplantation were analyzed. This was a self-control experiment. There was significant amelioration in the scores of the standard neurological classification of spinal cord injury made by the America Spinal Cord Injury Association (ASIA) and the International Association of Neurorestoratology–Spinal Cord Injury Functional Rating Scale (IANR-SCIFRS) following OEC transplantation with 24 months of follow-up. No clinical complications were observed. OEC transplantation would appear to be clinically safe and may promote the neurofunctional recovery of SCI based on data from six patients. This manuscript is published as part of the International Association of Neurorestoratology (IANR) supplement issue of Cell Transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojian Rao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiao Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, P.R. China
| | - Yanxing Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, P.R. China
| | - Chunxia Jia
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, P.R. China
| | - Ran Qi
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, P.R. China
| | - Ruofei Qiao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, P.R. China
| | - Danna Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, P.R. China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, P.R. China
| | - Zesheng Cui
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Ziege S, Baumgärtner W, Wewetzer K. Toward defining the regenerative potential of olfactory mucosa: establishment of Schwann cell-free adult canine olfactory ensheathing cell preparations suitable for transplantation. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:355-67. [PMID: 23006619 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x656108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory mucosa (OM)-derived olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are attractive candidates for autologous cell transplantation-based therapy of nervous system injury. However, defining the regenerative capacity of OM-derived OECs is impeded by the fact that cell cultures used for transplantation may contain significant amounts of contaminating trigeminal nerve Schwann cells that escape identification by sharing in vitro expression of OEC markers. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to quantify contaminating Schwann cells in OEC preparations and to develop a protocol for their specific depletion. Based on the observation that freshly dissociated, but not cultured, OECs and Schwann cells display differential expression of HNK-1 and p75(NTR), magnet-activated cell sorting (MACS) was used to deplete myelinating (HNK-1-positive) and nonmyelinating (p75(NTR)-positive) Schwann cells from primary cell suspensions containing HNK-1-/p75(NTR)-negative OECs. Upregulation of p75(NTR) expression in OECs during culturing allowed their subsequent MACS-based separation from fibroblasts. Immunofluorescence analysis of freshly dissociated OM prior to MACS depletion revealed that 21% of the total and 56% of all CNPase-positive cells, representing both OECs and Schwann cells, expressed the Schwann cell antigens HNK-1 or p75(NTR), indicating that freshly dissociated OM prior to culturing contained as many Schwann cells as OECs, while olfactory bulb (OB) primary cell suspensions revealed lower levels of Schwann cell contamination. Interestingly, neurite growth of neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons cocultured with OM-OECs, OB-OECs, and fibular nerve (FN) Schwann cells used as control was significantly higher in the presence of OECs than of Schwann cells. The first report on identification and specific depletion of Schwann cells from OEC preparations provides a solid basis for future efforts to fully define the regenerative potential of nasal mucosa OECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ziege
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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35
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Zujovic V, Doucerain C, Hidalgo A, Bachelin C, Lachapelle F, Weissert R, Stadelmann C, Linington C, Evercooren ABV. Exogenous schwann cells migrate, remyelinate and promote clinical recovery in experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42667. [PMID: 22984406 PMCID: PMC3439443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell (SC) transplantation is currently being discussed as a strategy that may promote functional recovery in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). However this assumes they will not only survive but also remyelinate demyelinated axons in the chronically inflamed CNS. To address this question we investigated the fate of transplanted SCs in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the Dark Agouti rat; an animal model that reproduces the complex inflammatory demyelinating immunopathology of MS. We now report that SCs expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP-SCs) allografted after disease onset not only survive but also migrate to remyelinate lesions in the inflamed CNS. GFP-SCs were detected more frequently in the parenchyma after direct injection into the spinal cord, than via intra-thecal delivery into the cerebrospinal fluid. In both cases the transplanted cells intermingled with astrocytes in demyelinated lesions, aligned with axons and by twenty one days post transplantation had formed Pzero protein immunoreactive internodes. Strikingly, GFP-SCs transplantation was associated with marked decrease in clinical disease severity in terms of mortality; all GFP-SCs transplanted animals survived whilst 80% of controls died within 40 days of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Zujovic
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Doucerain
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Hidalgo
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Bachelin
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - François Lachapelle
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Robert Weissert
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Chris Linington
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, Fédération de Neurologie, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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36
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Li BC, Xu C, Zhang JY, Li Y, Duan ZX. Differing Schwann Cells and Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Behaviors, from Interacting with Astrocyte, Produce Similar Improvements in Contused Rat Spinal Cord's Motor Function. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:35-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lee MJ, Chen CJ, Huang WC, Huang MC, Chang WC, Kuo HS, Tsai MJ, Lin YL, Cheng H. Regulation of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan and reactive gliosis after spinal cord transection: effects of peripheral nerve graft and fibroblast growth factor 1. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 37:585-99. [PMID: 21486314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The combined treatment of peripheral nerve (PN) graft and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 for spinal cord injury produces functional recovery, but how it affects injury events is still unknown. This project studied the effect of PN graft and FGF-1 on white matter degeneration following spinal cord injury. METHODS Rats were divided into four groups: (i) complete spinal cord transection and T8 segment removed; the remaining three groups underwent transection followed by (ii) PN grafting; (iii) supply of exogenous FGF-1; and (iv) PN grafting plus FGF-1 treatment. Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG) deposition, astrocytes and macrophage activation, cavity size, and calcitonin gene-related peptide and synaptophysin immunoreactivity were compared. RESULTS Peripheral nerve grafting increased CSPG levels compared to transection surgery alone. This CSPG was associated with the proximity to the PN graft. FGF-1 reduced CSPG deposition in grafted animals regardless of the proximity to the graft. The CSPG reduction was accompanied by reduced GFAP expression and macrophage activation. The amount of CSPG with dissociated glycosaminoglycan did not differ between groups. FGF-1 in Schwann cell-astrocyte coculture did not reduce CSPG deposition. Furthermore, the PN graft increased the calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity and altered the distribution of synaptophysin-positive axons. CONCLUSION Peripheral nerve graft supported sensory re-innervation and partial protection of the grey matter, but up-regulated CSPG in the graft-stump junction compared to non-grafted rats. The reduction of CSPG was caused by FGF-1-PN synergy, and did not involve dissociation of CSPG or the suppression of a general immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-J Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences and Technology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
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38
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Abstract
Schwann cells are one of the cellular candidates used in repair strategies following trauma and demyelination of the spinal cord. One of the major obstacles in the use of Schwann cells is their limited migratory ability within the astrocytic environment of the CNS and boundary formation between the Schwann cells of the graft and the host astrocytes. This boundary creates an abrupt obstacle for regenerating axons attempting to exit the Schwann cell graft back to the CNS. To facilitate the study of mechanisms underlying these interactions, in vitro coculture assays of Schwann-Astrocytes have been developed. In this chapter, we have described the methodology for two commonly used coculture systems known as the Schwann-Astrocyte boundary assay and the inverted coverslip migration assay.
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39
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Raisman G, Barnett SC, Ramón-Cueto A. Repair of central nervous system lesions by transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 109:541-549. [PMID: 23098735 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52137-8.00033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinical conditions affecting the central nervous system (CNS) fall into two main categories - degenerative conditions in which nerve cells are lost (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's disease, etc.), and traumatic insults which sever nerve fibers but leave their cell bodies and initial parts of the severed axons intact (spinal cord injury, cerebrovascular accidents, or tumors affecting fiber tracts). After injuries of this second type, the survival of the nerve cell bodies and the local sprouting at the severed ends of the proximal stumps of the axons raise the tantalizing possibility of one day learning how to induce these severed fibers to regenerate to their original targets and restore lost functions. This chapter gives an overview of current research into the strategy of transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells into axotomizing injuries.
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40
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Transforming growth factor α transforms astrocytes to a growth-supportive phenotype after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2011; 31:15173-87. [PMID: 22016551 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3441-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are both detrimental and beneficial for repair and recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). These dynamic cells are primary contributors to the growth-inhibitory glial scar, yet they are also neuroprotective and can form growth-supportive bridges on which axons traverse. We have shown that intrathecal administration of transforming growth factor α (TGFα) to the contused mouse spinal cord can enhance astrocyte infiltration and axonal growth within the injury site, but the mechanisms of these effects are not well understood. The present studies demonstrate that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is upregulated primarily by astrocytes and glial progenitors early after SCI. TGFα directly activates the EGFR on these cells in vitro, inducing their proliferation, migration, and transformation to a phenotype that supports robust neurite outgrowth. Overexpression of TGFα in vivo by intraparenchymal adeno-associated virus injection adjacent to the injury site enhances cell proliferation, alters astrocyte distribution, and facilitates increased axonal penetration at the rostral lesion border. To determine whether endogenous EGFR activation is required after injury, SCI was also performed on Velvet (C57BL/6J-Egfr(Vel)/J) mice, a mutant strain with defective EGFR activity. The affected mice exhibited malformed glial borders, larger lesions, and impaired recovery of function, indicating that intrinsic EGFR activation is necessary for neuroprotection and normal glial scar formation after SCI. By further stimulating precursor proliferation and modifying glial activation to promote a growth-permissive environment, controlled stimulation of EGFR at the lesion border may be considered in the context of future strategies to enhance endogenous cellular repair after injury.
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41
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Toft A, Tomé M, Lindsay SL, Barnett SC, Riddell JS. Transplant-mediated repair properties of rat olfactory mucosal OM-I and OM-II sphere-forming cells. J Neurosci Res 2011; 90:619-31. [PMID: 22057888 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory mucosa is a source of cells for transplant-mediated repair of spinal cord injury (SCI) and is currently being assessed in clinical trials. We previously reported that olfactory mucosa can generate two types of sphere-forming cells with stem cell-like properties. Here we have assessed the repair potential of these cells in a rodent SCI model. Sphere-forming cells transplanted into a dorsal column injury integrated with the host spinal cord, filling the injury cavity, but showed no evidence of differentiation in vivo. Moreover, transplants supported robust axonal regeneration, particularly when suspensions of smaller spheres, rather than large aggregates, were transplanted. However, tract-tracing of dorsal column fibers showed that regenerating axons did not extend beyond the transplant. These observations show that undifferentiated olfactory spheres, though capable of supporting axonal regeneration, do not show any advantage over olfactory ensheathing cells isolated from adult olfactory tissue. In addition, olfactory spheres induced a greater astrocytic hypertrophy at the injury site than previously observed for purified olfactory ensheathing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Toft
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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42
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Interaction of olfactory ensheathing cells with other cell types in vitro and after transplantation: Glial scars and inflammation. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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43
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Higginson JR, Barnett SC. The culture of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs)--a distinct glial cell type. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:2-9. [PMID: 20816825 PMCID: PMC3089736 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have become a popular candidate for the transplant-mediated repair of the damaged CNS. In this review a description is made of the origins of these cells and a historical development of their purification and maintenance in culture. In addition, we illustrate the cellular and molecular characteristics of OECs and emphasise that although they share many properties with Schwann cells, they possess several inherent differences which may allow them to be more beneficial for CNS repair. In summary, OECs are distinct glial cells and the detailed understanding of their biological and molecular properties is essential in ensuring their clinical efficacy after cell transplantation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Understanding olfactory ensheathing glia and their prospect for nervous system repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan C. Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (MVLS), Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre (GBRC), 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
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44
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King-Robson J. Encouraging regeneration in the central nervous system: Is there a role for olfactory ensheathing cells? Neurosci Res 2011; 69:263-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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45
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Wang M, Zhai P, Chen X, Schreyer DJ, Sun X, Cui F. Bioengineered scaffolds for spinal cord repair. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:177-94. [PMID: 21338266 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury can lead to devastating and permanent loss of neurological function, affecting all levels below the site of trauma. Unfortunately, the injured adult mammalian spinal cord displays little regenerative capacity and little functional recovery in large part due to a tissue environment that is nonpermissive for regenerative axon growth. Artificial tissue repair scaffolds may provide a physical guide to allow regenerative axon growth that bridges the lesion cavity and restores functional neural connectivity. By integrating different strategies, including the use of various biomaterials and microstructures as well as incorporation of bioactive molecules and living cells, combined or synergistic effects for spinal cord repair through regenerative axon growth may be achieved. This article briefly reviews the development of bioengineered scaffolds for spinal cord repair, focusing on spinal cord injury and the subsequent cellular response, scaffold materials, fabrication techniques, and current therapeutic strategies. Key issues and challenges are also identified and discussed along with recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindan Wang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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46
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Roet KCD, Bossers K, Franssen EHP, Ruitenberg MJ, Verhaagen J. A meta-analysis of microarray-based gene expression studies of olfactory bulb-derived olfactory ensheathing cells. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:10-45. [PMID: 21396936 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genome wide transcriptional profiling and large scale proteomics have emerged as two powerful methods to dissect the molecular properties of specific neural tissues or cell types on a global scale. Several genome-wide transcriptional profiling and proteomics studies have been published on cultured olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC). In this article we present a meta-analysis of all five published and publicly available micro-array gene expression datasets of cultured early-passage-OB-OEC with other cell types (Schwann cells, late-passage-OB-OEC, mucosa-OEC, an OEC cell line, and acutely dissected OEC). The aim of this meta-analysis is to identify genes and molecular pathways that are found in multiple instead of one isolated study. 454 Genes were detected in at least three out of five microarray datasets. In this "Top-list", genes involved in the biological processes "growth of neurites", "blood vessel development", "migration of cells" and "immune response" were strongly overrepresented. By applying network analysis tools, molecular networks were constructed and Hub-genes were identified that may function as key genes in the above mentioned interrelated processes. We also identified 7 genes (ENTPD2, MATN2, CTSC, PTHLH, GLRX1, COL27A1 and ID2) with uniformly higher or lower expression in early-passage-OB-OEC in all five microarray comparisons. These genes have diverse but intriguing roles in neuroprotection, neurite extension and/or tissue repair. Our meta-analysis provides novel insights into the molecular basis of OB-OEC-mediated neural repair and can serve as a repository for investigators interested in the molecular biology of OEC. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Understanding olfactory ensheathing glia and their prospect for nervous system repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper C D Roet
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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47
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Deng LX, Hu J, Liu N, Wang X, Smith GM, Wen X, Xu XM. GDNF modifies reactive astrogliosis allowing robust axonal regeneration through Schwann cell-seeded guidance channels after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:238-50. [PMID: 21316362 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis impedes axonal regeneration after injuries to the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Here we report that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), combined with transplanted Schwann cells (SCs), effectively reversed the inhibitory properties of astrocytes at graft-host interfaces allowing robust axonal regeneration, concomitant with vigorous migration of host astrocytes into SC-seeded semi-permeable guidance channels implanted into a right-sided spinal cord hemisection at the 10th thoracic (T10) level. Within the graft, migrated host astrocytes were in close association with regenerated axons. Astrocyte processes extended parallel to the axons, implying that the migrated astrocytes were not inhibitory and might have promoted directional growth of regenerated axons. In vitro, GDNF induced migration of SCs and astrocytes toward each other in an astrocyte-SC confrontation assay. GDNF also enhanced migration of astrocytes on a SC monolayer in an inverted coverslip migration assay, suggesting that this effect is mediated by direct cell-cell contact between the two cell types. Morphologically, GDNF administration reduced astrocyte hypertrophy and induced elongated process extension of these cells, similar to what was observed in vivo. Notably, GDNF treatment significantly reduced production of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), two hallmarks of astrogliosis, in both the in vivo and in vitro models. Thus, our study demonstrates a novel role of GDNF in modifying spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced astrogliosis resulting in robust axonal regeneration in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Xiao Deng
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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48
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Irmady K, Zechel S, Unsicker K. Fibroblast growth factor 2 regulates astrocyte differentiation in a region-specific manner in the hindbrain. Glia 2011; 59:708-19. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.21141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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49
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Bonkowski D, Katyshev V, Balabanov RD, Borisov A, Dore-Duffy P. The CNS microvascular pericyte: pericyte-astrocyte crosstalk in the regulation of tissue survival. Fluids Barriers CNS 2011; 8:8. [PMID: 21349156 PMCID: PMC3042982 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The French scientist Charles Benjamin Rouget identified the pericyte nearly 140 years ago. Since that time the role of the pericyte in vascular function has been difficult to elucidate. It was not until the development of techniques to isolate and culture pericytes that scientists have begun to understand the true impact of this unique cell in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In the brain the pericyte is an integral cellular component of the blood-brain barrier and, together with other cells of the neurovascular unit (endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons) the pericyte makes fine-tuned regulatory adjustments and adaptations to promote tissue survival. These regulatory changes involve trans-cellular communication networks between cells. In this review we consider evidence for cell-to-cell crosstalk between pericytes and astrocytes during development and in adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Bonkowski
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 East Canfield Road, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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50
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Afshari FT, Kwok JC, Fawcett JW. Analysis of Schwann-astrocyte interactions using in vitro assays. J Vis Exp 2011:2214. [PMID: 21304451 DOI: 10.3791/2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells are one of the commonly used cells in repair strategies following spinal cord injuries. Schwann cells are capable of supporting axonal regeneration and sprouting by secreting growth factors (1,2) and providing growth promoting adhesion molecules (3) and extracellular matrix molecules (4). In addition they myelinate the demyelinated axons at the site of injury (5). However following transplantation, Schwann cells do not migrate from the site of implant and do not intermingle with the host astrocytes (6,7). This results in formation of a sharp boundary between the Schwann cells and astrocytes, creating an obstacle for growing axons trying to exit the graft back into the host tissue proximally and distally. Astrocytes in contact with Schwann cells also undergo hypertrophy and up-regulate the inhibitory molecules (8-13). In vitro assays have been used to model Schwann cell-astrocyte interactions and have been important in understanding the mechanism underlying the cellular behaviour. These in vitro assays include boundary assay, where a co-culture is made using two different cells with each cell type occupying different territories with only a small gap separating the two cell fronts. As the cells divide and migrate, the two cellular fronts get closer to each other and finally collide. This allows the behaviour of the two cellular populations to be analyzed at the boundary. Another variation of the same technique is to mix the two cellular populations in culture and over time the two cell types segregate with Schwann cells clumped together as islands in between astrocytes together creating multiple Schwann-astrocyte boundaries. The second assay used in studying the interaction of two cell types is the migration assay where cellular movement can be tracked on the surface of the other cell type monolayer (14,15). This assay is commonly known as inverted coverslip assay. Schwann cells are cultured on small glass fragments and they are inverted face down onto the surface of astrocyte monolayers and migration is assessed from the edge of coverslip. Both assays have been instrumental in studying the underlying mechanisms involved in the cellular exclusion and boundary formation. Some of the molecules identified using these techniques include N-Cadherins 15, Chondroitin Sulphate proteoglycans(CSPGs) (16,17), FGF/Heparin (18), Eph/Ephrins(19). This article intends to describe boundary assay and migration assay in stepwise fashion and elucidate the possible technical problems that might occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardad T Afshari
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge.
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